Stimulation of incretin secreting cells

Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 24-42

  Pais, Ramona ^a   Gribble, Fiona M ^a   Reimann, Frank ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1); Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP); Incretin

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; CYTOKINE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 119; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 40; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; INCRETIN; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CELL METABOLISM; CELL STIMULATION; ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL; FOOD INTAKE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE INNERVATION; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STIMULUS; TASTE BUD;

EID: 84957803403     PISSN: 20420188     EISSN: 20420196     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2042018815618177     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. J.AbelloF.YeA.BosshardC.BernardJ.CuberJ.Chayvialle (1994) Stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion by muscarinic agonist in a murine intestinal endocrine cell line. Endocrinology134: 2011–2017.
2. G.AblesK.YangS.VogelA.Hernandez-OnoS.YuJ.Yuen. (2012) Intestinal DGAT1 deficiency reduces postprandial triglyceride and retinyl ester excursions by inhibiting chylomicron secretion and delaying gastric emptying. J Lipid Res53: 2364–2379.
3. A.AdriaenssensB.Yee Hong LamL.BillingK.SkeffingtonS.SewingF.Reimann. (2015) A transcriptome-led exploration of molecular mechanisms regulating somatostatin-producing D-cells in the gastric epithelium. Endocrinology: en20151301.
4. T.AdrianG.BallantyneW.LongoA.BilchikS.GrahamM.Basson. (1993) Deoxycholate is an important releaser of peptide YY and enteroglucagon from the human colon. Gut34: 1219–1224.
5. T.AdrianS.GariballaK.ParekhS.ThomasH.SaadiJ.Al Kaabi. (2012) Rectal Taurocholate increases L cell and insulin secretion, and decreases blood glucose and food intake in obese type 2 diabetic volunteers. Diabetologia55: 2343–2347.
6. Y.AniniP.Brubaker (2003) Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes52: 252–259.
7. Y.AniniT.HansotiaP.Brubaker (2002) Muscarinic receptors control postprandial release of glucagon-like peptide-1: in vivo and in vitro studies in rats. Endocrinology143: 2420–2426.
8. T.AraniasA.GrosfeldC.PoitouA.OmarM.Le GallS.Miquel. (2015) Lipid-rich diet enhances L-Cell density in obese subjects and in mice through improved L-cell differentiation. J Nutr Sci4: e22.
9. R.BatterhamH.HeffronS.KapoorJ.ChiversK.ChandaranaH.Herzog. (2006) Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metab4: 223–233.
10. W.BaylissE.Starling (1902) The mechanism of pancreatic secretion. J Physiol28: 325–353.
11. S.BeglingerJ.DreweJ.SchirraB.GökeM.D’amatoC.Beglinger (2010) Role of fat hydrolysis in regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab95: 879–886.
12. D.BohórquezR.ChandraL.SamsaS.VignaR.Liddle (2011) Characterization of basal pseudopod-like processes in ileal and colonic PYY cells. J Mol Histol42: 3–13.
13. C.BrightonJ.RievajR.KuhreL.GlassK.SchoonjansJ.Holst. (2015) Bile Acids trigger GLP-1 release predominantly by accessing basolaterally-located G-protein coupled bile acid receptors. Endocrinology: en20151321.
14. C.BriscoeM.TadayyonJ.AndrewsW.BensonJ.ChambersM.Eilert. (2003) The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 Is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem278: 11303–11311.
15. 2+-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid’, Nature (1995), 366: 575–580 by E.Brown. Comments. Scientist9: 15–15.
16. P.CaniJ.HolstD.DruckerN.DelzenneB.ThorensR.Burcelin. (2007a) GLUT2 and the incretin receptors are involved in glucose-induced incretin secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol276: 18–23.
17. P.CaniS.HosteY.GuiotN.Delzenne (2007b) Dietary Non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats. Br J Nutr98: 32–37.
18. P.CaniE.LecourtE.DewulfF.SohetB.PachikianD.Naslain. (2009a) Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr90: 1236–1243.
19. P.CaniS.PossemiersT.Van De WieleY.GuiotA.EverardO.Rottier. (2009b) Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut58: 1091–1103.
20. R.ChandraL.SamsaS.VignaR.Liddle (2010) Pseudopod-Like basal cell processes in intestinal cholecystokinin cells. Cell Tissue Res341: 289–297.
21. C.ChimerelE.EmeryD.SummersU.KeyserF.GribbleF.Reimann (2014) Bacterial metabolite indole modulates incretin secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells. Cell Rep9: 1202–1208.
22. S.ChoiM.LeeA.ShiuS.YoG.HalldénG.Aponte (2007) GPR93 activation by protein hydrolysate induces CCK transcription and secretion in STC-1 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol292: G1366–1375.
23. L.ChristensenR.KuhreC.JanusB.SvendsenJ.Holst (2015) Vascular, but not luminal, activation of FFAR1 (GPR40) stimulates GLP-1 Secretion from isolated perfused rat small intestine. Physiol Rep3: 312551.
24. Z.ChuC.CarrollJ.AlfonsoV.GutierrezH.HeA.Lucman. (2008) A role for intestinal endocrine cell-expressed G Protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release. Endocrinology149: 2038–2047.
25. R.ConsidineM.SinhaM.HeimanA.KriauciunasT.StephensM.Nyce. (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med334: 292–295.
26. M.Cordier-BussatC.BernardF.LevenezN.KlagesB.Laser-RitzJ.Philippe. (1998) Peptones stimulate both the secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 and the transcription of the proglucagon gene. Diabetes47: 1038–1045.
27. K.DalyM.Al-RammahiA.MoranM.MarcelloY.NinomiyaS.Shirazi-Beechey (2013) Sensing of Amino acids by the gut-expressed taste receptor T1R1-T1R3 Stimulates cck secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol304: G271–282.
28. A.DamholtA.BuchanH.Kofod (1998) Glucagon-like-peptide-1 secretion from canine L-cells is increased by glucose-dependent-insulinotropic peptide but unaffected by glucose. Endocrinology139: 2085–2091.
29. H.Daniel (2004) Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport. Annu Rev Physiol66: 361–384.
30. E.DiakogiannakiR.PaisG.TolhurstH.ParkerJ.HorscroftB.Rauscher. (2013) Oligopeptides Stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in mice through proton-coupled uptake and the calcium-sensing receptor. Diabetologia56: 2688–2696.
31. C.DirksenD.HansenS.MadsbadL.HvolrisL.NaverJ.Holst. (2010) Postprandial diabetic glucose tolerance is normalized by gastric bypass feeding as opposed to gastric feeding and is associated with exaggerated GLP-1 secretion: a case report. Diabetes Care33: 375–377.
32. J.DreweA.GadientL.RovatiC.Beglinger (1992) Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans. Gastroenterology102: 1654–1659.
33. D.DruckerM.Nauck (2006) The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet368: 1696–1705.
34. V.DumoulinT.DakkaP.PlaisancieJ.ChayvialleJ.Cuber (1995) Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide, peptide YY, and neurotensin secretion by neurotransmitters and gut hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat ileum. Endocrinology136: 5182–5188.
35. J.DupreS.RossD.WatsonJ.Brown (1973) Stimulation of insulin secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab37: 826–828.
36. J.DyerK.SalmonL.ZibrikS.Shirazi-Beechey (2005) Expression of sweet taste receptors of the T1R family in the intestinal tract and enteroendocrine cells. Biochem Soc Trans33: 302–305.
37. K.EderN.BaffyA.FalusA.Fulop (2009) The major inflammatory mediator interleukin-6 and obesity. Inflamm Res58: 727–736.
38. S.EdfalkP.StenebergH.Edlund (2008) GPR40 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells and mediates free fatty acid stimulation of incretin secretion. Diabetes57: 2280–2287.
39. K.EgerodM.EngelstoftK.GrunddalM.NøhrA.SecherI.Sakata. (2012) A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin. Endocrinology153: 5782–5795.
40. R.EisseleR.GökeS.WillemerH.HarthusH.VermeerR.Arnold. (1992) Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest22: 283–291.
41. H.EllingsgaardI.HauselmannB.SchulerA.HabibL.BaggioD.Meier. (2011) Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L cells and alpha cells. Nat Med17: 1481–1489.
42. R.ElliottL.MorganJ.TredgerS.DeaconJ.WrightV.Marks (1993) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36)amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns. J Endocrinol138: 159–166.
43. M.EllrichmannM.KapelleP.RitterJ.HolstK.HerzigW.Schmidt. (2008) Orlistat inhibition of intestinal lipase acutely increases appetite and attenuates postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36)-amide-1, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab93: 3995–3998.
44. A.EverardC.BelzerL.GeurtsJ.OuwerkerkC.DruartL.Bindels. (2013) Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A110: 9066–9071.
45. A.EverardV.LazarevicM.DerrienM.GirardG.MuccioliG.Muccioli. (2011) Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes60: 2775–2786.
46. Y.FalkénP.HellströmJ.HolstE.Näslund (2011) Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab96: 2227–2235.
47. C.Feinle-BissetM.PattersonM.GhateiS.BloomM.Horowitz (2005) Fat digestion is required for suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide secretion by intraduodenal lipid. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab289: E948–E953.
48. C.FeinleD.O’DonovanS.DoranJ.AndrewsJ.WishartI.Chapman. (2003) Effects of fat digestion on appetite, APD motility, and gut hormones in response to duodenal fat infusion in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol284: G798–G807.
49. K.FeltrinT.LittleJ.MeyerM.HorowitzA.SmoutJ.Wishart. (2004) Effects of intraduodenal fatty acids on appetite, antropyloroduodenal motility, and plasma CCK and GLP-1 in humans vary with their chain length. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol287: R524–533.
50. J.FengC.PetersenD.CoyJ.JiangC.ThomasM.Pollak. (2010) Calcium-Sensing receptor is a physiologic multimodal chemosensor regulating gastric G-cell growth and gastrin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A107: 17791–17796.
51. G.FlockX.CaoM.MaziarzD.Drucker (2013) Activation of enteroendocrine membrane progesterone receptors promotes incretin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Diabetes62: 283–290.
52. S.ForbesS.StaffordG.CoopeH.HeffronK.RealR.Newman. (2015) Selective FFA2 agonism appears to act via intestinal PYY to reduce transit and food intake, but does not improve glucose tolerance in mouse models. Diabetes64: 3763–3771.
53. Y.FujitaR.WidemanM.SpeckA.AsadiD.KingT.Webber. (2009) Incretin release from gut is acutely enhanced by sugar but not by sweeteners in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab296: E473–E479.
54. J.GagnonL.BaggioD.DruckerP.Brubaker (2015a) Ghrelin is a novel regulator of GLP-1 secretion. Diabetes64: 1513–1521.
55. J.GagnonM.SauvéW.ZhaoH.StaceyS.WiberS.Bolz. (2015b) Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor Α impairs secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Endocrinology: en20151361.
56. A.GameiroF.ReimannA.HabibD.O’MalleyL.WilliamsA.Simpson. (2005) The neurotransmitters glycine and GABA stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the GLUTag cell line. J Physiol569: 761–772.
57. M.GejlH.SøndergaardC.StecherB.BibbyN.MøllerH.Bøtker. (2012) Exenatide alters myocardial glucose transport and uptake depending on insulin resistance and increases myocardial blood flow in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab97: E1165–1169.
58. M.Gil-LozanoE.MingomatajW.WuS.RidoutP.Brubaker (2014) Circadian Secretion of the intestinal hormone GLP-1 by the rodent L cell. Diabetes63: 3674–3685.
59. G.GlassmeierK.HerzigM.HöpfnerK.LemmerA.JansenH.Scherubl (1998) Expression of functional GABAA receptors in cholecystokinin-secreting gut neuroendocrine murine STC-1 cells. J Physiol510: 805–814.
60. R.GómezM.NavarroB.FerrerJ.TrigoA.BilbaoI.Del Arco. (2002) A peripheral mechanism for CB1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent modulation of feeding. J Neurosci22: 9612–9617.
61. V.GorboulevA.SchürmannV.VallonH.KippA.JaschkeD.Klessen. (2012) Na(+)-D-SGLT1 is pivotal for intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-dependent incretin secretion. Diabetes61: 187–196.
62. J.GreenfieldI.FarooqiJ.KeoghE.HenningA.HabibA.Blackwood. (2009) Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr89: 106–113.
63. F.GribbleL.WilliamsA.SimpsonF.Reimann (2003) A novel glucose-sensing mechanism contributing to glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the GLUTag cell line. Diabetes52: 1147–1154.
64. J.GrosseH.HeffronK.BurlingM.Akhter HossainA.HabibG.Rogers. (2014) Insulin-like peptide 5 is an orexigenic gastrointestinal hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A111: 11133–11138.
65. P.GunnarssonM.WinzellC.DeaconM.LarsenK.JelicR.Carr. (2006) Glucose-Induced incretin hormone release and inactivation are differently modulated by oral fat and protein in mice. Endocrinology147: 3173–3180.
66. A.HabibP.RichardsL.CairnsG.RogersC.BannonH.Parker. (2012) Overlap of endocrine hormone expression in the mouse intestine revealed by transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry. Endocrinology153: 3054–3065.
67. K.HansenM.RosenkildeF.KnopN.WellnerT.DiepJ.Rehfeld. (2011) 2-Oleoyl glycerol is a GPR119 agonist and signals GLP-1 release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab96: E1409–E1417.
68. T.HarachT.PolsM.NomuraA.MaidaM.WatanabeJ.Auwerx. (2012) TGR5 potentiates GLP-1 secretion in response to anionic exchange resins. Sci Rep2: 430.
69. T.HataY.MeraY.IshiiH.TadakiD.TomimotoY.Kuroki. (2011) JTT-130, a novel intestine-specific inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, suppresses food intake and gastric emptying with the elevation of plasma peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in a dietary fat-dependent manner. J Pharmacol Exp Ther336: 850–856.
70. H.HayashiR.YamadaS.DasT.SatoA.TakahashiM.Hiratsuka. (2014) Glucagon-Like peptide-1 production in the GLUTag cell line is impaired by free fatty acids via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Metabolism63: 800–811.
71. A.HirasawaK.TsumayaT.AwajiS.KatsumaT.AdachiM.Yamada. (2005) Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120. Nat Med11: 90–94.
72. G.HotamisligilN.ShargillB.Spiegelman (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science259: 87–91.
73. R.IakoubovA.AhmedL.LaufferR.BazinetP.Brubaker (2011) Essential role for protein kinase Cζ in oleic acid-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in vivo in the rat. Endocrinology152: 1244–1252.
74. R.IakoubovA.IzzoA.YeungC.WhitesideP.Brubaker (2007) Protein kinase Czeta is required for oleic acid-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 by intestinal endocrine L cells. Endocrinology148: 1089–1098.
75. K.IwasakiN.HaradaK.SasakiS.YamaneK.IidaK.Suzuki. (2015) Free fatty acid receptor GPR120 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine K cells of the upper small intestine and has a critical role in GIP secretion after fat ingestion. Endocrinology156: 837–846.
76. A.IzzoK.Sharkey (2010) Cannabinoids and the gut: new developments and emerging concepts. Pharmacol Ther126: 21–38.
77. H.JangZ.KokrashviliM.TheodorakisO.CarlsonB.KimJ.Zhou. (2007) Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A104: 15069–15074.
78. Y.JiangA.RoseT.SijmonsmaA.BröerA.PfenningerS.Herzig. (2015) Mice lacking neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (SlC6A19) have elevated levels of FGF21 and GLP-1 and improved glycaemic control. Mol Metab4: 406–417.
79. A.JiménezR.CasamitjanaL.FloresJ.ViaplanaR.CorcellesA.Lacy. (2012) Long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg256: 1023–1029.
80. S.KatsumaA.HirasawaG.Tsujimoto (2005) Bile acids promote glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through TGR5 in a murine enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun329: 386–390.
81. L.KatzJ.GambaleP.RothenbergS.VanapalliN.VaccaroL.Xi. (2012) Effects of JNJ-38431055, a novel GPR119 receptor agonist, in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab14: 709–716.
82. G.KellettP.Helliwell (2000) The diffusive component of intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by the glucose-induced recruitment of GLUT2 to the brush-border membrane. Biochem J350: 155–162.
83. M.KeophiphathC.RouaultA.DivouxK.ClémentD.Lacasa (2010) CCl5 promotes macrophage recruitment and survival in human adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol30: 39–45.
84. T.KiefferJ.Habener (1999) The glucagon-like peptides. Endocrine Reviews20: 876–913.
85. Z.KokrashviliB.MosingerR.Margolskee (2009) T1R3 and alpha-gustducin in gut regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Ann N Y Acad Sci1170: 91–94.
86. J.KornerM.BesslerL.CiriloI.ConwellA.DaudN.Restuccia. (2005) Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab90: 359–365.
87. J.KornerM.BesslerW.InabnetC.TaverasJ.Holst (2007) Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide-1 and blunted glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion are associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not adjustable gastric banding. Surg Obes Relat Dis3: 597–601.
88. B.KreymannG.WilliamsM.GhateiS.Bloom (1987) Glucagon-like peptide-1 7–36: a physiological incretin in man. Lancet2: 1300–1304.
89. R.KuhreC.FrostB.SvendsenJ.Holst (2015) Molecular mechanisms of glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion from perfused rat small intestine. Diabetes64: 370–382.
90. R.KuhreF.GribbleB.HartmannF.ReimannJ.WindeløvJ.Rehfeld. (2014) Fructose stimulates GLP-1 but not GIP secretion in mice, rats, and humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol306: G622–G630.
91. H.LanG.VassilevaA.CoronaL.LiuH.BakerA.Golovko. (2009) GPR119 Is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis. J Endocrinol201: 219–230.
92. L.LaufferR.IakoubovP.Brubaker (2009) GPR119 Is essential for oleoylethanolamide-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the intestinal enteroendocrine L-cell. Diabetes58: 1058–1066.
93. R.LeyF.BäckhedP.TurnbaughC.LozuponeR.KnightJ.Gordon (2005) Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A102: 11070–11075.
94. T.LiS.R.HolmstromS.KirM.UmetaniD.R.SchmidtS.A.KliewerD.J.Mangelsdorf (2011) The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, stimulates gallbladder filling. Mol Endocrinol25: 1066–1071.
95. G.LimG.HuangN.FloraD.LeroithC.RhodesP.Brubaker (2009) Insulin regulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the enteroendocrine L cell. Endocrinology150: 580–591.
96. H.LinA.FrassettoE.KowalikA.NawrockiM.LuJ.Kosinski. (2012) Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One7: e35240.
97. A.LiouY.SeiX.ZhaoJ.FengX.LuC.Thomas. (2011) The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is required for cholecystokinin secretion in response to L-phenylalanine in acutely isolated intestinal I cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol300: G538–G546.
98. T.LittleK.FeltrinM.HorowitzA.SmoutT.RadesJ.Meyer. (2005) Dose-related effects of lauric acid on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol289: R1090–R1098.
99. W.LuQ.YangL.YangD.LeeD.D’alessioP.Tso (2012) Chylomicron formation and secretion is required for lipid-stimulated release of incretins GLP-1 and GIP. Lipids47: 571–580.
100. J.MaM.BellonJ.WishartR.YoungL.BlackshawK.Jones. (2009) Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol296: G735–G739.
101. O.MaceM.SchindlerS.Patel (2012) The regulation of K- and L-cell activity by GLUT2 and the calcium-sensing receptor CASR in rat small intestine. J Physiol590: 2917–2936.
102. M.MandøeK.HansenB.HartmannJ.RehfeldJ.HolstH.Hansen (2015) The 2-monoacylglycerol moiety of dietary fat appears to be responsible for the fat-induced release of GLP-1 in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.106799.
103. C.MartinsL.MorganS.BloomM.Robertson (2007) Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite. J Endocrinol193: 251–258.
104. R.MorínigoJ.VidalA.LacyS.DelgadoR.CasamitjanaR.Gomis (2008) Circulating peptide YY, weight loss, and glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg247: 270–275.
105. R.MoriyaT.ShirakuraJ.ItoS.MashikoT.Seo (2009) Activation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 ameliorates hyperglycemia by mediating incretin secretion in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab297: E1358–E1365.
106. C.MossL.GlassE.DiakogiannakiR.PaisC.LenaghanD.Smith. (2015) Lipid derivatives activate GPR119 and trigger GLP-1 secretion in primary murine L-cells. Peptides. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.012.
107. C.MossW.MarshH.ParkerE.Ogunnowo-BadaC.RichesA.Habib. (2012) Somatostatin receptor 5 and cannabinoid receptor 1 activation inhibit secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from intestinal K cells in rodents. Diabetologia55: 3094–3103.
108. M.NauckM.HeimesaatC.OrskovJ.HolstR.EbertW.Creutzfeldt (1993) Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7–36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest91: 301–307.
109. H.OgataY.SeinoN.HaradaA.IidaK.SuzukiT.Izumoto. (2014) KATP channel as well as SGLT1 participates in GIP secretion in the diabetic state. J Endocrinol222: 191–200.
110. S.Oh-IH.ShimizuT.SatohS.OkadaS.AdachiK.Inoue. (2006) Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus. Nature443: 709–712.
111. M.OkawaK.FujiiK.OhbuchiM.OkumotoK.AraganeH.Sato. (2009) Role of MGAT2 and DGAT1 in the release of gut peptides after triglyceride ingestion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun390: 377–381.
112. H.OvertonA.BabbsS.DoelM.FyfeL.GardnerG.Griffin. (2006) Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents. Cell Metab3: 167–175.
113. M.OyaT.KitaguchiR.PaisF.ReimannF.GribbleT.Tsuboi (2013) The G Protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 subtype a (GPRC6a) receptor is involved in amino acid-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from GLUTag cells. J Biol Chem288: 4513–4521.
114. R.PaisF.GribbleF.Reimann (2015) Signalling pathways involved in the detection of peptones by murine small intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells. Peptides. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.07.019.
115. R.PaisT.ZietekH.HaunerH.DanielT.Skurk (2014) Rantes (CCL5) reduces glucose-dependent secretion of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 and impairs glucose-induced insulin secretion in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol307: G330–G337.
116. H.ParkerA.AdriaenssensG.RogersP.RichardsH.KoepsellF.Reimann. (2012) Predominant role of active versus facilitative glucose transport for glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetologia55: 2445–2455.
117. H.ParkerA.HabibG.RogersF.GribbleF.Reimann (2009) Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells. Diabetologia52: 289–298.
118. H.ParkerK.WallisC.Le RouxK.WongF.ReimannF.Gribble (2012) Molecular mechanisms underlying bile acid-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Br J Pharmacol165: 414–423.
119. M.PattiS.HoutenA.BiancoR.BernierP.LarsenJ.Holst. (2009) Serum bile acids are higher in humans with prior gastric bypass: potential contribution to improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity17: 1671–1677.
120. M.PerleyD.Kipnis (1967) Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest46: 1954–1962.
121. K.PerssonR.GingerichS.NayakK.WadaE.WadaB.Ahrén (2000) Reduced GLP-1 and insulin responses and glucose intolerance after gastric glucose in GRP receptor-deleted mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab279: E956–E962.
122. N.PetersenF.ReimannS.BartfeldH.FarinF.RingnaldaR.Vries. (2014) Generation of L cells in mouse and human small intestine organoids. Diabetes63: 410–420.
123. N.PetersenF.ReimannJ.Van EsB.Van Den BergC.KrooneR.Pais. (2015) Targeting development of incretin-producing cells increases insulin secretion. J Clin Invest125: 379–385.
124. P.PlaisancieC.BernardJ.ChayvialleJ.Cuber (1994) Regulation of Glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide secretion by intestinal neurotransmitters and hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon. Endocrinology135: 2398–2403.
125. M.PorebaC.DongS.LiA.StahlJ.MinerP.Brubaker (2012) Role of fatty acid transport protein 4 in oleic acid-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from murine intestinal L cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab303: E899–907.
126. D.PowellC.DacostaJ.GayZ.DingM.SmithJ.Greer. (2013a) Improved glycemic control in mice lacking SGLT1 and SGLT2. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab304: E117–E130.
127. D.PowellM.SmithJ.GreerA.HarrisS.ZhaoC.Dacosta. (2013b) Lx4211 increases serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther345: 250–259.
128. J.PrawittS.CaronB.Staels (2014) Glucose-Lowering effects of intestinal bile acid sequestration through enhancement of splanchnic glucose utilization. Trends Endocrinol Metab25: 235–244.
129. J.QinY.LiZ.CaiS.LiJ.ZhuF.Zhang. (2012) A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature490: 55–60.
130. N.RameshS.MortazaviS.Unniappan (2015) Nesfatin-1 stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion from STC-1 cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun462: 124–130.
131. F.ReimannA.HabibG.TolhurstH.ParkerG.RogersF.Gribble (2008) Glucose sensing in L cells: a primary cell study. Cell Metabolism8: 532–539.
132. F.ReimannL.WilliamsG.Da Silva XavierG.RutterF.Gribble (2004) Glutamine potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from GLUTag cells. Diabetologia47: 1592–1601.
133. R.Reimer (2006) Meat hydrolysate and essential amino acid-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion, in the human NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cell line, is regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Endocrinol191: 159–170.
134. P.RichardsR.PaisA.HabibC.BrightonG.YeoF.Reimann. (2015) High Fat diet impairs the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 producing L-cells. Peptides. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.006.
135. U.RitzelA.FrommeM.OttlebenU.LeonhardtG.Ramadori (1997) Release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by carbohydrates in the perfused rat ileum. Acta Diabetol34: 18–21.
136. J.RobergeP.Brubaker (1993) Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in a novel enteroendocrine loop. Endocrinology133: 233–240.
137. J.RobergeK.GronauP.Brubaker (1996) Gastrin-releasing peptide is a novel mediator of proximal nutrient-induced proglucagon-derived peptide secretion from the distal gut. Endocrinology137: 2383–2388.
138. P.RöderK.GeillingerT.ZietekB.ThorensH.KoepsellH.Daniel (2014) The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. PLoS One9: e89977.
139. F.Rodríguez De FonsecaM.NavarroR.GómezL.EscuredoF.NavaJ.Fu. (2001) An anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding. Nature414: 209–212.
140. N.RozengurtS.WuM.ChenC.HuangC.SterniniE.Rozengurt (2006) Colocalization of the alpha-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol291: G792–G802.
141. D.Samocha-BonetO.WongE.SynnottN.PiyaratnaA.DouglasF.Gribble. (2011) Glutamine reduces postprandial glycemia and augments the glucagon-like peptide-1 response in type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr141: 1233–1238.
142. J.SennP.KloverI.NowakR.Mooney (2002) Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes51: 3391–3399.
143. Y.SeinoH.OgataR.MaekawaT.IzumotoA.IidaN.HaradaT.MikiS.SeinoN.InagakiS.TsunekawaY.OisoY.Hamada (2015) Fructose induces glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin secretion: Role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+) channels. J Diabetes Investig6: 522–526.
144. K.ShibueS.YamaneN.HaradaA.HamasakiK.SuzukiE.Joo. (2015) Fatty acid-binding protein 5 regulates diet-induced obesity via GIP secretion from enteroendocrine K cells in response to fat ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab308: E583–E591.
145. K.ShimaT.SudaK.NishimotoS.Yoshimoto (1990) Relationship between molecular structures of sugars and their ability to stimulate the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 from canine ileal loops. Acta Endocrinol123: 464–470.
146. A.ShimotoyodomeD.FukuokaJ.SuzukiY.FujiiT.MizunoS.Meguro. (2009) Coingestion of acylglycerols differentially affects glucose-induced insulin secretion via glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in C57BL/6J mice. Endocrinology150: 2118–2126.
147. A.K.SimpsonP.S.WardK.Y.WongG.J.CollordA.M.HabibF.ReimannF.M.Gribble (2007) Cyclic AMP triggers glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the GLUTag enteroendocrine cell line. Diabetologia50: 2181–2189.
148. T.SogaT.OhishiT.MatsuiT.SaitoM.MatsumotoJ.Takasaki. (2005) Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion via an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun326: 744–751.
149. R.SteinertA.GerspachH.GutmannL.AsarianJ.DreweC.Beglinger (2011) The functional involvement of gut-expressed sweet taste receptors in glucose-stimulated secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (Pyy). Clin Nutr30: 524–532.
150. J.StephensT.BodvarsdottirK.WarehamS.PriorR.BrackenG.Lowe. (2011) Effects of short-term therapy with glibenclamide and repaglinide on incretin hormones and oxidative damage associated with postprandial hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract94: 199–206.
151. K.SugiyamaH.ManakaT.KatoK.YamataniM.TominagaH.Sasaki (1994) Stimulation of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the isolated perfused canine ileum by glucose absorption. Digestion55: 24–28.
152. K.SuzukiN.HaradaS.YamaneY.NakamuraK.SasakiD.Nasteska. (2013) Transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (RFX6) increases gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) expression in enteroendocrine K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in high fat diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem288: 1929–1938.
153. B.SvendsenJ.PedersenN.AlbrechtsenB.HartmannS.TorängJ.Rehfeld. (2015) An analysis of cosecretion and coexpression of gut hormones from male rat proximal and distal small intestine. Endocrinology156: 847–857.
154. A.SykarasC.DemenisL.ChengT.PisitkunJ.McLaughlinR.Fenton. (2014) Duodenal CCK cells from male mice express multiple hormones including ghrelin. Endocrinology155: 3339–3351.
155. C.TangK.AhmedA.GilleS.LuH.GröneS.Tunaru. (2015) Loss of FFA2 and FFA3 Increases insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. Nat Med21: 173–177.
156. M.TheodorakisO.CarlsonS.MichopoulosM.DoyleM.JuhaszovaK.Petraki. (2006) Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab290: E550–E559.
157. C.ThomasA.GioielloL.NoriegaA.StrehleJ.OuryG.Rizzo. (2009) TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab10: 167–177.
158. G.TolhurstH.HeffronY.LamH.ParkerA.HabibE.Diakogiannaki. (2012) Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the g-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes61: 364–371.
159. G.TolhurstY.ZhengH.ParkerA.HabibF.ReimannF.Gribble (2011) Glutamine triggers and potentiates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion by raising cytosolic Ca2+ and camp. Endocrinology152: 405–413.
160. M.TrabelsiM.DaoudiJ.PrawittS.DucastelV.ToucheS.Sayin. (2015) Farnesoid X receptor inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 production by enteroendocrine L cells. Nat Commun6: 7629.
161. V.TremaroliF.Bäckhed (2012) Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature489: 242–249.
162. C.UllmerR.Alvarez SanchezU.SprecherS.RaabP.MatteiH.Dehmlow. (2013) Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Br J Pharmacol169: 671–684.
163. F.WangQ.YangS.HuesmanM.XuX.LiD.Lou. (2015) The role of apolipoprotein a-IV in regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol309: G680–G687.
164. Y.WangR.ChandraL.SamsaB.GoochB.FeeJ.Cook. (2011) Amino Acids stimulate cholecystokinin release through the Ca2+-sensing receptor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol300: G528–G537.
165. I.WelchK.SaundersN.Read (1985) Effect of ileal and intravenous infusions of fat emulsions on feeding and satiety in human volunteers. Gastroenterology89: 1293–1297.
166. A.WichmannA.AllahyarT.GreinerH.PlovierG.LundénT.Larsson. (2013) Microbial modulation of energy availability in the colon regulates intestinal transit. Cell Host Microbe14: 582–590.
167. H.WuS.GhoshX.PerrardL.FengG.GarciaJ.Perrard. (2007) T-cell accumulation and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted upregulation in adipose tissue in obesity. Circulation115: 1029–1038.
168. R.YoungB.ChiaN.IsaacsJ.MaJ.KhooT.Wu. (2013) Disordered Control of intestinal sweet taste receptor expression and glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes62: 3532–3541.
169. W.ZawalichS.CoteV.Diaz (1986) Influence of cholecystokinin on insulin output from isolated perifused pancreatic islets. Endocrinology119: 616–621.
170. Y.ZhangR.ProencaM.MaffeiM.BaroneL.LeopoldJ.M.Friedman (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature372: 425–432.
171. T.ZietekH.Daniel (2015) Intestinal nutrient sensing and blood glucose control. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care18: 381–388.