Chemical reactivity and surface chemistry of porous silicon

Handbook of Porous Silicon

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 355-380

  Sailor, Michael J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONIZATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; GRAFTING (CHEMICAL); HYDROGEN BONDS; HYDROSILYLATION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULES; OXIDANTS; POROUS SILICON; REDOX REACTIONS; REDUCING AGENTS; SILICON OXIDES; SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

BIOLOGICAL RECEPTORS; CHEMICAL OXIDANTS; COVALENT CHEMISTRY; ELECTROCHEMICAL GRAFTING; FUNCTIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES; FUNCTIONAL SPECIES; OXIDATION CHEMISTRY; SI-C BOND FORMATION;

SILICON COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84949298634     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05744-6_37     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Anderson SHC, Elliott H, Wallis DJ, Canham LT, Powell JJ (2003) Dissolution of different forms of partially porous silicon wafers under simulated physiological conditions. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197: 331-335
2. Anderson AS, Dattelbaum AM, Montano GA, Price DN, Schmidt JG, Martinez JS, Grace WK, Grace KM, Swanson BI (2008) Functional PEG-modified thin films for biological detection. Langmuir 24: 2240-2247
3. Andrew JS, Anglin EJ, Wu EC, Chen MY, Cheng L, Freeman WR, Sailor MJ (2010) Sustained release of a monoclonal antibody from electrochemically prepared mesoporous silicon oxide. Adv Funct Mater 20: 4168-4174
4. Anglin EJ, Cheng L, Freeman WR, Sailor MJ (2008) Porous silicon in drug delivery devices and materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60: 1266-1277
5. Bansal A, Lewis NS (1998) Stabilization of Si photoanodes in aqueous electrolytes through surface alkylation. J Phys Chem B 102: 4058-4060
6. Bansal A, Li XL, Lauermann I, Lewis NS, Yi SI, Weinberg WH (1996) Alkylation of Si surfaces using a two-step halogenation Grignard route. J Am Chem Soc 118: 7225-7226
7. Bimbo LM, Sarparanta M, Santos HA, Airaksinen AJ, Mäkilä E, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Lehto VP, Hirvonen J, Salonen J (2010) Biocompatibility of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles and their Biodistribution in rats. ACS Nano 4: 3023-3032
8. Bjorkqvist M, Salonen J, Laine E, Niinisto L (2003) Comparison of stabilizing treatments on porous silicon for sensor applications. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197: 374-377
9. Bjorkqvist M, Salonen J, Laine E (2004a) Humidity behavior of thermally carbonized porous silicon. Appl Surf Sci 222: 269-274
10. Bjorkqvist M, Salonen J, Paski J, Laine E (2004b) Characterization of thermally carbonized porous silicon humidity sensor. Sens Actuator A-Phys 112: 244-247
11. Bjorkqvist M, Paski J, Salonen J, Lehto VP (2005) Temperature dependence of thermallycarbonized porous silicon humidity sensor. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Mater 202: 1653-1657
12. Bonanno LM, DeLouise LA (2007) Steric crowding effects on target detection in an affinity biosensor. Langmuir 23: 5817-5823
13. Boukherroub R, Morin S, Sharpe P, Wayner DDM, Allongue P (2000a) Insights into the formation mechanisms of Si-OR monolayers from the thermal reactions of alcohols and aldehydes with Si(111)-H. Langmuir 16: 7429-7434
14. Boukherroub R, Morin S, Wayner DDM, Lockwood DJ (2000b) Thermal route for chemical modification and photoluminescence stabilization of porous silicon. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 117-121
15. Boukherroub R, Morin S, Wayner DDM, Bensebaa F, Sproule GI, Baribeau JM, Lockwood DJ (2001) Ideal passivation of luminescent porous silicon by thermal, noncatalytic reaction with alkenes and aldehydes. Chem Mater 13: 2002-2011
16. Boukherroub R, Wojtyk JTC, Wayner DDM, Lockwood DJ (2002) Thermal hydrosilylation of undecylenic acid with porous silicon. J Electrochem Soc 149: 59-63
17. Boukherroub R, Petit A, Loupy A, Chazalviel JN, Ozanam F (2003) Microwave-assisted chemical functionalization of hydrogen-terminated porous silicon surfaces. J Phys Chem B 107: 13459-13462
18. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW (1990) Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of Sol-gel processing. Academic, San Diego
19. Buriak JM (1999) Organometallic chemistry on silicon surfaces: formation of functional monolayers bound through Si-C bonds. Chem Commun 12: 1051-1060
20. Buriak JM (2002) Organometallic chemistry on silicon and germanium surfaces. Chem Rev 102: 1272-1308
21. Buriak JM, Allen MJ (1998) Lewis acid mediated functionalization of porous silicon with substituted alkenes and alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 120: 1339-1340
22. Canaria CA, Huang M, Cho Y, Heinrich JL, Lee LI, Shane MJ, Smith RC, Sailor MJ, Miskelly GM (2002) The effect of surfactants on the reactivity and photophysics of luminescent nanocrystalline porous silicon. Adv Funct Mater 12: 495-500
23. Canham LT (1995) Bioactive silicon structure fabrication through nanoetching techniques. Adv Mater 7: 1033-1037
24. Canham LT, Newey JP, Reeves CL, Houlton MR, Loni A, Simmons AJ, Cox TI (1996) The effects of DC electric currents on the in-vitro calcification of bioactive Si wafers. Adv Mater 8: 847-849
25. Canham LT, Reeves CL, Loni A, Houlton MR, Newey JP, Simons AJ, Cox TI (1997) Calcium phosphate nucleation on porous silicon: factors influencing kinetics in acellular simulated body fluids. Thin Solid Films 297: 304-307
26. Canham LT, Reeves CL, Newey JP, Houlton MR, Cox TI, Buriak JM, Stewart MP (1999) Derivatized mesoporous silicon with dramatically improved stability in simulated human blood plasma. Adv Mater 11: 1505-1507
27. Canham LT, Stewart MP, Buriak JM, Reeves CL, Anderson M, Squire EK, Allcock P, Snow PA (2000) Derivatized porous silicon mirrors: implantable optical components with slow resorbability. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 521-525
28. Cheng L, Anglin E, Cunin F, Kim D, Sailor MJ, Falkenstein I, Tammewar A, Freeman WR (2008) Intravitreal properties of porous silicon photonic crystals: a potential self-reporting intraocular drug delivery vehicle. Br J Ophthalmol 92: 705-711
29. Chhablani J, Nieto A, Hou H, Wu EC, Freeman WR, Sailor MJ, Cheng L (2013) Oxidized porous silicon particles covalently grafted with daunorubicin as a sustained intraocular drug delivery system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54: 1268-1279
30. Chiappini C, Tasciotti E, Fakhoury JR, Fine D, Pullan L, Wang YC, Fu LF, Liu XW, Ferrari M (2010) Tailored porous silicon microparticles: fabrication and properties. Chemphyschem 11: 1029-1035
31. Coffer JL, Montchamp JL, Aimone JB, Weis RP (2003) Routes to calcified porous silicon: implications for drug delivery and biosensing. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197: 336-339
32. Coulthard I, Sham TK (1997) Synthesis of nanophase noble metal systems utilizing porous silicon. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 457: 161-165
33. Cullis AG, Canham LT, Calcott PDJ (1997) The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon. J Appl Phys 82: 909-965
34. Dancil K-PS, Greiner DP, Sailor MJ (1999) A porous silicon optical biosensor: detection of reversible binding of IgG to a protein A-modified surface. J Am Chem Soc 121: 7925-7930
35. Dubois T, Ozanam F, Chazalviel J-N (1997) Stabilization of the porous silicon surface by grafting of organic groups: direct electrochemical methylation. Proc Electrochem Soc 97-7: 296-311
36. Ferrati S, Mack A, Chiappini C, Liu XW, Bean AJ, Ferrari M, Serda RE (2010) Intracellular trafficking of silicon particles and logic-embedded vectors. Nanoscale 2: 1512-1520
37. Fuertes MC, Marchena M, Marchi MC, Wolosiuk A, Soler-Illia G (2009) Controlled deposition of silver nanoparticles in mesoporous single- or multilayer thin films: from tuned pore fitting to selective spatial location of nanometric objects. Small 5: 272-280
38. Fukami K, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto T, Kawamura YL, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2008) Electrodeposition of noble metals into ordered macropores in p-type silicon. J Electrochem Soc 155: D443-D448
39. Fukami K, Tanaka Y, Chourou ML, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2009) Filling of mesoporous silicon with copper by electrodeposition from an aqueous solution. Electrochim Acta 54: 2197-2202
40. Gelloz B, Koshida N (2009) Long-lived blue phosphorescence of oxidized and annealed nanocrystalline silicon. Appl Phys Lett 94: 201903
41. Gelloz B, Shibata T, Koshida N (2006) Stable electroluminescence of nanocrystalline silicon device activated by high pressure water vapor annealing. Appl Phys Lett 89: 191103
42. Gelloz B, Mentek R, Koshida N (2009) Specific blue light emission from nanocrystalline porous Si treated by high-pressure water vapor annealing. Jpn J Appl Phys 48: 04c119
43. Ghulinyan M, Gelloz B, Ohta T, Pavesi L, Lockwood DJ, Koshida N (2008) Stabilized porous silicon optical superlattices with controlled surface passivation. Appl Phys Lett 93: 061113
44. Godin B, Gu JH, Serda RE, Bhavane R, Tasciotti E, Chiappini C, Liu XW, Tanaka T, Decuzzi P, Ferrari M (2010) Tailoring the degradation kinetics of mesoporous silicon structures through PEGylation. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 94A: 1236-1243
45. Gorostiza P, de Villeneuve CH, Sun QY, Sanz F, Wallart X, Boukherroub R, Allongue P (2006) Water exclusion at the nanometer scale provides long-term passivation of silicon(111) grafted with alkyl monolayers. J Phys Chem B 110: 5576-5585
46. Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1984) Chemistry of the elements. Pergamon Press, Oxford
47. Gu L, Park J-H, Duong KH, Ruoslahti E, Sailor MJ (2010) Magnetic luminescent porous silicon microparticles for localized delivery of molecular drug payloads. Small 6: 2546-2552
48. Gu L, Ruff LE, Qin Z, Corr M, Hedrick SM, Sailor MJ (2012) Multivalent porous silicon nanoparticles enhance the immune activation potency of agonistic CD40 antibody. Adv Mater 24: 3981-3987
49. 2O decomposition on porous silicon. Surf Sci 245: 360-372
50. Gurtner C, Wun AW, Sailor MJ (1999) Surface modification of porous silicon by electrochemical reduction of organo halides. Angew Chem Int Ed 38: 1966-1968
51. Hamadache F, Duvail JL, Scheuren V, Piraux L, Poleunis C, Bertrand P, Belkaid MS (2002) Electrodeposition of Fe-Co alloys into nanoporous p-type silicon: influence of the electrolyte composition. J Mater Res 17: 1074-1084
52. Hamm D, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2004) Immersion plating of copper onto porous silicon with different thickness. Electrochim Acta 49: 4949-4955
53. Harper TF, Sailor MJ (1997) Using porous silicon as a hydrogenating agent: derivatization of the surface of luminescent nanocrystalline silicon with benzoquinone. J Am Chem Soc 119: 6943-6944
54. (2)Cu onto porous silicon from organic solutions. Electrochim Acta 46: 2805-2810
55. Harraz FA, Tsuboi T, Sasano J, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2002a) Metal deposition onto a porous silicon layer by immersion plating from aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. J Electrochem Soc 149: C456-C463
56. Harraz FA, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2002b) Effect of chloride ions on immersion plating of copper onto porous silicon from a methanol solution. Electrochim Acta 47: 1249-1257
57. Harraz FA, Sasano J, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2003a) Different behavior in immersion plating of nickel on porous silicon from acidic and alkaline fluoride media. J Electrochem Soc 150: C277-C284
58. Harraz FA, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2003b) Immersion plating of nickel onto a porous silicon layer from fluoride solutions. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197: 51-56
59. Heikkila T, Salonen J, Tuura J, Kumar N, Salmi T, Murzin DY, Hamdy MS, Mul G, Laitinen L, Kaukonen AM, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2007) Evaluation of mesoporous TCPSi, MCM-41, SBA-15, and TUD-1 materials as API carriers for oral drug delivery. Drug Deliv 15: 337-347
60. Hermanson GT (1996) Bioconjugate techniques. Academic, San Diego, p 785
61. Husseini GA, Peacock J, Sathyapalan A, Zilch LW, Asplund MC, Sevy ET, Linford MR (2003) Alkyl monolayers on silica surfaces prepared using neat, heated dimethylmonochlorosilanes with low vapor pressures. Langmuir 19: 5169-5171
62. Iijima M, Kamiya H (2008) Surface modification of silicon carbide nanoparticles by azo radical initiators. J Phys Chem C 112: 11786-11790
63. Jalkanen T, Torres-Costa V, Salonen J, Björkqvist M, Mäkilä E, Martínez-Duart JM, Lehto VP (2009) Optical gas sensing properties of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon Bragg reflectors. Opt Express 17: 5446-5456
64. James TD, Keating A, Parish G, Musca CA (2009) Low temperature N(2)-based passivation technique for porous silicon thin films. Solid State Commun 149: 1322-1325
65. James TD, Parish G, Musca CA, Keating AJ (2010) N(2)-based thermal passivation of porous silicon to achieve long-term optical stability. Electrochem Solid State Lett 13: H428-H431
66. Janshoff A, Dancil K-PS, Steinem C, Greiner DP, Lin VS-Y, Gurtner C, Motesharei K, Sailor MJ, Ghadiri MR (1998) Macroporous p-type silicon Fabry-Perot layers. Fabrication, characterization, and applications in biosensing. J Am Chem Soc 120: 12108-12116
67. Jeske M, Schultze JW, Thonissen M, Munder H (1995) Electrodeposition of metals into porous Si. Thin Solid Films 255: 63-66
68. Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Salonen J, Tuura J, Heikkila T, Limnell T, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2007) Enhanced in vitro permeation of furosemide loaded into thermally carbonized mesoporous silicon (TCPSi) microparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 66: 348-356
69. Kawamura YL, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2005) Photoassisted control of Pt electrodeposition on p-type Si. J Electrochem Soc 152: C701-C705
70. Kelly TL, Gao T, Sailor MJ (2011) Carbon and carbon/silicon composites templated in microporous silicon rugate filters for the adsorption and detection of organic vapors. Adv Mater 23: 1776-1781
71. Kilian KA, Bocking T, Gaus K, Gal M, Gooding JJ (2007a) Si-C linked oligo(ethylene glycol) layers in silicon-based photonic crystals: optimization for implantable optical materials. Biomaterials 28: 3055-3062
72. Kilian KA, Böcking T, Gaus K, Gal M, Gooding JJ (2007b) Peptide-modified optical filters for detecting protease activity. ACS Nano 1: 355-361
73. 4nanoparticles trapped in a porous silicon nanoparticle host. Adv Mater 23: H248-H253
74. Kolasinski KW (2005) Silicon nanostructures from electroless electrochemical etching. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 9: 73-83
75. Laaksonen T, Santos H, Vihola H, Salonen J, Riikonen J, Heikkila T, Peltonen L, Kumar N, Murzin DY, Lehto V-P, Hirvonen J (2007) Failure of MTT as a toxicity testing agent for mesoporous silicon microparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 20: 1913-1918
76. Lai MF, Parish G, Liu YN, Dell JM, Keating AJ (2011) Development of an alkaline-compatible porous-silicon photolithographic process. J Microelectromech Syst 20: 418-423
77. Lees IN, Lin H, Canaria CA, Gurtner C, Sailor MJ, Miskelly GM (2003) Chemical stability of porous silicon surfaces electrochemically modified with functional alkyl species. Langmuir 19: 9812-9817
78. Lehmann V (2002) Electrochemistry of silicon: instrumentation, science, materials, and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 51-75
79. Lehto VP, Vaha-Heikkila K, Paski J, Salonen J (2005) Use of thermoanalytical methods in quantification of drug load in mesoporous silicon microparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim 80: 393-397
80. Létant SE, Content S, Tan TT, Zenhausern F, Sailor MJ (2000) Integration of porous silicon chips in an electronic artificial nose. Sens Actuators B 69: 193-198
81. 2produces porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 77: 2572
82. Limnell T, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2006) The effect of different surface treatment and pore size on the dissolution of ibuprofen from mesoporous silicon particles. Eur J Pharm Sci 28: S34-S34
83. Limnell T, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2007) Surface chemistry and pore size affect carrier properties of mesoporous silicon microparticles. Int J Pharm 343: 141-147
84. Lin H, Gao T, Fantini J, Sailor MJ (2001) A porous silicon-palladium composite film for optical interferometric sensing of hydrogen. Langmuir 20: 5104-5108
85. Lin H, Mock J, Smith D, Gao T, Sailor MJ (2004) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from silverplated porous silicon. J Phys Chem B 108: 11654-11659
86. Linford MR, Chidsey CED (1993) Alkyl monolayers covalently attached to silicon surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 115: 12631-12632
87. Linford MR, Fenter P, Eisenberger PM, Chidsey CED (1995) Alkyl monolayers on silicon prepared from 1-alkenes and hydrogen-terminated silicon. J Am Chem Soc 117: 3145-3155
88. Liu YM, Chen BL, Cao F, Chan HLW, Zhao XZ, Yuan JK (2011) One-pot synthesis of threedimensional silver-embedded porous silicon micronparticles for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem 21: 17083-17086
89. Lowe RD, Szili EJ, Kirkbride P, Thissen H, Siuzdak G, Voelcker NH (2010) Combined immunocapture and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon. Anal Chem 82: 4201-4208
90. Mattei G, Valentini V (2003) In situ functionalization of porous silicon during the electrochemical formation process in ethanoic hydrofluoric acid solution. J Am Chem Soc 125: 9608-9609
91. Mattei G, Alieva EV, Petrov JE, Yakovlev VA (2000) Quick oxidation of porous silicon in presence of pyridine vapor. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 139-143
92. Mescheder U (2004) Porous silicon: technology and applications for micromachining andMEMS. In: Yurish SY, Gomes MTSR (eds) Smart sensors and MEMS. Springer, Hague, pp 273-288
93. Meskini O, Abdelghani A, Tlili A, Mgaieth R, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C (2007) Porous silicon as functionalized material for immunosensor application. Talanta 71: 1430-1433
94. Mikhael B, Elise B, Xavier M, Sebastian S, Johann M, Laetitia P (2011) New silicon architectures by gold-assisted chemical etching. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3: 3866-3873
95. Mischki TK, Donkers RL, Eves BJ, Lopinski GP, Wayner DDM (2006) Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen-terminated and photooxidized silicon surfaces. A comparison of thermal and photochemical processes. Langmuir 22: 8359-8365
96. Morazzani V, Cantin JL, Ortega C, Pajot B, Rahbi R, Rosenbauer M, vonBardeleben HJ, Vazsonyi E (1996) Thermal nitridation of p-type porous silicon in ammonia. Thin Solid Films 276: 32-35
97. Niederhauser TL, Lua YY, Sun Y, Jiang GL, Strossman GS, Pianetta P, Linford MR (2002) Formation of (functionalized) monolayers and simultaneous surface patterning by scribing silicon in the presence of alkyl halides. Chem Mater 14: 27-29
98. Nijdam AJ, Cheng MMC, Geho DH, Fedele R, Herrmann P, Killian K, Espina V, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Ferrari M (2007) Physicochemically modified silicon as a substrate for protein microarrays. Biomaterials 28: 550-558
99. Ogata Y, Niki H, Sakka T, Iwasaki M (1995) Oxidation of porous silicon under water-vapor environment. J Electrochem Soc 142: 1595-1601
100. Ogata YH, Sasano J, Jorne J, Tsuboi T, Harraz FA, Sakka T (2000) Immersion plating of copper on porous silicon in various solutions. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 71-77
101. Ogata YH, Kobayashi K, Motoyama M (2006) Electrochemical metal deposition on silicon. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 10: 163-172
102. Orosco MM, Pacholski C, Miskelly GM, Sailor MJ (2006) Protein-coated porous silicon photonic crystals for amplified optical detection of protease activity. Adv Mater 18: 1393-1396
103. Pacholski C, Sartor M, Sailor MJ, Cunin F, Miskelly GM (2005) Biosensing using porous silicon double-layer interferometers: reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 127: 11636-11645
104. Panarin AY, Terekhov SN, Khodasevich IA, Turpin PY (2007) Silver-coated nanoporous silicon as SERS-active substrate for investigation of tetrapyrrolic molecules - ar. no. 672828. In: Aktsipetrov OA, Shalaev SV, Gaponenko SV, Zheludev NI (eds) Icono 2007: novel photonics materials; optics and optical diagnostics of nanostructures, vol 6728, Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, bellingham, WA, p 72828
105. Parbukov AN, Beklemyshev VI, Gontar VM, Makhonin II, Gavrilov SA, Bayliss SC (2001) The production of a novel stain-etched porous silicon, metallization of the porous surface and application in hydrocarbon sensors. Mater Sci Eng C 15: 121-123
106. Park JS, Lim SH, Sim SJ, Chae H, Yoon HC, Yang SS, Kim BW (2006) Enhancement of sensitivity in interferometric biosensing by using a new biolinker and prebinding antibody. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16: 1968-1976
107. Park JS, Kinsella JM, Jandial DD, Howell SB, Sailor MJ (2011) Cisplatin-loaded porous Si microparticles capped by electroless deposition of platinum. Small 7: 2061-2069
108. Peng KQ, Zhu J (2004) Morphological selection of electroless metal deposits on silicon in aqueous fluoride solution. Electrochim Acta 49: 2563-2568
109. Peng KQ, Xu Y, Wu Y, Yan YJ, Lee ST, Zhu J (2005) Aligned single-crystalline Si nanowire arrays for photovoltaic applications. Small 1: 1062-1067
110. Petrova-Koch V, Muschik T, Kux A, Meyer BK, Koch F, Lehmann V (1992) Rapid thermal oxidized porous Si- the superior photoluminescent Si. Appl Phys Lett 61: 943-945
111. Presting H, Konle J, Starkov V, Vyatkin A (2004) Porous silicon for micro-sized fuel cell reformer units. U Konig Mater Sci Eng B 108: 162-165
112. Rossi AM, Wang L, Reipa V, Murphy TE (2007) Porous silicon biosensor for detection of viruses. Biosens Bioelectron 23: 741-745
113. Ruminski AM, King BH, Salonen J, Snyder JL, Sailor MJ (2010) Porous silicon-based optical microsensors for volatile organic analytes: effect of surface chemistry on stability and specificity. Adv Funct Mater 20: 2874-2883
114. Sailor MJ (2012) Porous silicon in practice: preparation, characterization, and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 249
115. Sailor MJ, Lee EJ (1997) Surface chemistry of luminescent silicon nanocrystallites. Adv Mater 9: 783-793
116. Sailor MJ, Park JH (2012) Hybrid nanoparticles for detection and treatment of cancer. Adv Mater 24: 3779-3802
117. Sakka T, Tsuboi T, Ogata YH, Mabuchi M (2000) Raman scattering from metal-deposited porous silicon. J Porous Mater 7: 397-400
118. Salhi B, Gelloz B, Koshida N, Patriarche G, Boukherroub R (2007) Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of silicon nanowires treated by high-pressure water vapor annealing. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Mater 204: 1302-1306
119. Salonen J, Lehto VP, Bjorkqvist M, Laine E, Niinisto L (2000) Studies of thermally-carbonized porous silicon surfaces. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 123-126
120. Salonen J, Laine E, Niinisto L (2002) Thermal carbonization of porous silicon surface by acetylene. J Appl Phys 91: 456-461
121. Salonen J, Bjorkqvist M, Laine E, Niinisto L (2004) Stabilization of porous silicon surface by thermal decomposition of acetylene. Appl Surf Sci 225: 389-394
122. Salonen J, Laitinen L, Kaukonen AM, Tuura J, Bjorkqvist M, Heikkila T, Vaha-Heikkila K, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2005a) Mesoporous silicon microparticles for oral drug delivery: loading and release of five model drugs. J Control Release 108: 362-374
123. Salonen J, Paski J, Vaha-Heikkila K, Heikkila T, Bjorkqvist M, Lehto VP (2005b) Determination of drug load in porous silicon microparticles by calorimetry. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Mater 202: 1629-1633
124. Salonen J, Tuura J, Bjorkqvist M, Lehto VP (2006) Sub-ppm trace moisture detection with a simple thermally carbonized porous silicon sensor. Sens Actuator B-Chem 114: 423-426
125. Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2008) Mesoporous silicon in drug delivery applications. J Pharm Sci 97: 632-653
126. Sasano J, Schmuki P, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2003a) Laser-assisted nickel deposition onto porous silicon. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197: 46-50
127. Sasano J, Murota R, Yamauchi Y, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2003b) Re-dissolution of copper deposited onto porous silicon in immersion plating. J Electroanal Chem 559: 125-130
128. Sasano J, Schmuki P, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2004) Laser-assisted maskless Cu patterning on porous silicon. Electrochem Solid State Lett 7: G98-G101
129. Sasano J, Schmuki P, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2005) Maskless patterning of various kinds of metals onto porous silicon. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Mater Sci 202: 1571-1575
130. Schwartz MP, Cunin F, Cheung RW, Sailor MJ (2005) Chemical modification of silicon surfaces for biological applications. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Mater 202: 1380-1384
131. Sciacca B, Alvarez SD, Geobaldo F, Sailor MJ (2010) Bioconjugate functionalization of thermally carbonized porous silicon using a radical coupling reaction. Dalton Trans 39: 10847-10853
132. Serda RE, Mack A, Pulikkathara M, Zaske AM, Chiappini C, Fakhoury JR, Webb D, Godin B, Conyers JL, Liu XW, Bankson JA, Ferrari M (2010) Cellular association and assembly of a multistage delivery system. Small 6: 1329-1340
133. Sieval AB, Demirel AL, Nissink JWM, Linford MR, van der Maas JH, de Jeu WH, Zuilhof H, Sudholter EJR (1998) Highly stable Si-C linked functionalized monolayers on the silicon (100) surface. Langmuir 14: 1759-1768
134. Sieval AB, Linke R, Zuilhof H, Sudholter EJR (2000) High-quality alkyl monolayers on silicon surfaces. Adv Mater 12: 1457-1460
135. Song JH, Sailor MJ (1998a) Dimethyl sulfoxide as a mild oxidizing agent for porous silicon and its effect on photoluminescence. Inorg Chem 37: 3355-3360
136. Song JH, Sailor MJ (1998b) Functionalization of nanocrystalline porous silicon surfaces with aryllithium reagents: formation of silicon-carbon bonds by cleavage of silicon-silicon bonds. J Am Chem Soc 120: 2376-2381
137. Song JH, Sailor MJ (1999) Chemical modification of crystalline porous silicon surfaces. Comment Inorg Chem 21: 69-84
138. Starodub NF, Fedorenko LL, Starodub VM, Dikij SP, Svechnikov SV (1996) Use of the silicon crystals photoluminescence to control immunocomplex formation. Sens Actuators B 35: 44-47
139. Stefano LD, Oliviero G, Amato J, Borbone N, Piccialli G, Mayol L, Rendina I, Terracciano M, Rea I (2013) Aminosilane functionalizations of mesoporous oxidized silicon for oligonucleotide synthesis and detection. J R Soc Interface 10: 20130160
140. Steiner P, Kozlowski F, Lang W (1995a) Electroluminescence from porous Si after metal deposition into the pores. Thin Solid Films 255: 49-51
141. Steiner P, Kozlowski F, Lang W (1995b) Depositing metals into porous Si- the impact on luminescence. Materials Research Society, Boston, pp 665-670
142. Stewart MP, Buriak JM (1998) Photopatterned hydrosilylation on porous silicon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 37: 3257-3260
143. Stewart MP, Buriak JM (2001) Exciton-mediated hydrosilylation on photoluminescent nanocrystalline silicon. J Am Chem Soc 123: 7821-7830
144. Sweryda-Krawiek B, Chandler-Henderson RR, Coffer JL, Rho YG, Pinizzotto RF (1996) A comparison of porous silicon and silicon nanocrystallite photoluminescence quenching with amines. J Phys Chem 100: 13776-13780
145. Terry J, Linford MR, Wigren C, Cao R, Pianetta P, Chidsey CED (1997) Determination of the bonding of alkyl monolayers to the Si(111) surface using chemical-shift, scanned-energy photoelectron diffraction. Appl Phys Lett 71: 1056-1058
146. Terry J, Linford MR, Wigren C, Cao RY, Pianetta P, Chidsey CED (1999) Alkyl-terminated Si(111) surfaces: a high-resolution, core level photoelectron spectroscopy study. J Appl Phys 85: 213-221
147. Thomas JC, Pacholski C, Sailor MJ (2006) Delivery of nanogram payloads using magnetic porous silicon microcarriers. Lab Chip 6: 782-787
148. Thompson CM, Nieuwoudt M, Ruminski AM, Sailor MJ, Miskelly GM (2010) Electrochemical preparation of pore wall modification gradients across thin porous silicon layers. Langmuir 26: 7598-7603
149. Tinsley-Bown AM, Canham LT, Hollings M, Anderson MH, Reeves CL, Cox TI, Nicklin S, Squirrell DJ, Perkins E, Hutchinson A, Sailor MJ, Wun A (2000) Tuning the pore size and surface chemistry of porous silicon for immunoassays. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 182: 547-553
150. Tsang CK, Kelly TL, Sailor MJ, Li YY (2012) Highly stable porous silicon carbon composites as label-free optical biosensors. ACS Nano 6: 10546-10554
151. Tsuboi T, Sakka T, Ogata YH (1998) Metal deposition into a porous silicon layer by immersion plating: influence of halogen ions. J Appl Phys 83: 4501-4506
152. Van Dyck K, Robberecht H, Van Cauwenbergh R, Van Vlaslaer V, Deelstra H (2000) Indication of silicon essentiality in humans - serum concentrations in Belgian children and adults, including pregnant women. Biol Trace Elem Res 77: 25-32
153. Voelcker NH, Alfonso I, Ghadiri MR (2008) Catalyzed oxidative corrosion of porous silicon used as an optical transducer for ligand-receptor interactions. Chem Biochem 9: 1776-1786
154. Wu EC, Park J-H, Park J, Segal E, Cunin F, Sailor MJ (2008) Oxidation-triggered release of fluorescent molecules or drugs from mesoporous Si microparticles. ACS Nano 2: 2401-2409
155. Wu C-C, Alvarez SD, Rang CU, Chao L, Sailor MJ (2009) Label-free optical detection of bacteria on a 1-D photonic crystal of porous silicon. Proc SPIE 7167: 71670Z-71670Z-71610
156. Wu EC, Andrew JS, Buyanin A, Kinsella JM, Sailor MJ (2011a) Suitability of porous silicon microparticles for the long-term delivery of redox-active therapeutics. Chem Commun 47: 5699-5701
157. Wu EC, Andrew JS, Cheng L, Freeman WR, Pearson L, Sailor MJ (2011b) Real-time monitoring of sustained drug release using the optical properties of porous silicon photonic crystal particles. Biomaterials 32: 1957-1966
158. Yang YJ, Meng GW (2010) Ag dendritic nanostructures for rapid detection of polychlorinated biphenyls based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect. J Appl Phys 107: 044315
159. Zangooie S, Bjorklund R, Arwin H (1998) Protein adsorption in thermally oxidized porous silicon layers. Thin Solid Films 313-314: 825-830
160. Zhang XG (2004) Morphology and formation mechanisms of porous silicon. J Electrochem Soc 151: C69-C80