Damage control resuscitation

Blood Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 251-262

  Pohlman, Timothy H ^a   Walsh, Mark ^b   Aversa, John ^b   Hutchison, Emily M ^c   Olsen, Kristen P ^d   Lawrence Reed, R ^a  

^a METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY SOUTH BEND   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d INDIANA UNIVERSITY HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Complications of transfusion; Damage control resuscitation; Hemorrhage associated coagulopathy; Hemorrhagic shock; Hemostatic resuscitation

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 13 CONCENTRATE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR CONCENTRATE; ENDOTHELIAL PROTEIN C RECEPTOR; FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; NOVOSEVEN RT; PLACEBO; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; THROMBOMODULIN; TISSUE FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR; TRANEXAMIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CRYOPRECIPITATE; DAMAGE CONTROL RESUSCITATION; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; DRUG EFFICACY; ERYTHROCYTE DISORDER; ERYTHROCYTE PRESERVATION; FIXED RATIO PROTOCOL; GOAL DIRECTED PROTOCOL; HEMOPHILIA A; HEMOPHILIA B; HEMORRHAGE ASSOCIATED COAGULOPATHY; HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK; HEMOSTASIS; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPOTHERMIA; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE; PLASMA TRANSFUSION; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RED CELL STORAGE LESION; REPERFUSION INJURY; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; TRAUMA ASSOCIATED COAGULOPATHY; TRAUMA INDUCED COAGULOPATHY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VENOUS RETURN; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; HUMAN; PROCEDURES; SHOCK, HEMORRHAGIC;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; HUMANS; RESUSCITATION; SHOCK, HEMORRHAGIC;

EID: 84937116138     PISSN: 0268960X     EISSN: 15321681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. Hess J.R., Holcomb J.B., Hoyt D.B. Damage control resuscitation: the need for specific blood products to treat the coagulopathy of trauma. Transfusion 2006, 46:685-686.
2. Beekley A.C. Damage control resuscitation: a sensible approach to the exsanguinating surgical patient. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:S267-S274.
3. Duchesne J.C., McSwain N.E., Cotton B.A., Hunt J.P., Dellavolpe J., Lafaro K., et al. Damage control resuscitation: the new face of damage control. J Trauma 2010, 69:976-990.
4. Duchesne J.C., Kimonis K., Marr A.B., Rennie K.V., Wahl G., Wells J.E., et al. Damage control resuscitation in combination with damage control laparotomy: a survival advantage. J Trauma 2010, 69:46-52.
5. Cohen M.J. Towards hemostatic resuscitation: the changing understanding of acute traumatic biology, massive bleeding, and damage-control resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am 2012, 92:877-891.
6. Kutcher M.E., Kornblith L.Z., Narayan R., Curd V., Daley A.T., Redick B.J., et al. A paradigm shift in trauma resuscitation: evaluation of evolving massive transfusion practices. JAMA Surg 2013, 148:834-840.
7. Hoyt D.C. (Trauma and Chair Management Committee). Randomized Outcomes Consortium (ROC) [Accessed October 31, 2014]. https://roc.uwctc.org/tiki/tiki-index.php.
8. Holcomb J.B. Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR). Houston Clinical Coordinating Center (HCCC). [Accessed October 31, 2014]. http://www.uth.tmc.edu/cetir/PROPPR/index.html.
9. Holcomb J.B., Pati S. Optimal trauma resuscitation with plasma as the primary resuscitative fluid: the surgeon's perspective. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2013, 2013:656-659.
10. Cotton B.A., Au B.K., Nunez T.C., Gunter O.L., Robertson A.M., Young P.P. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. J Trauma 2009, 66:41-48.
11. Cotton B.A., Reddy N., Hatch Q.M., LeFebvre E., Wade C.E., Kozar R.A., et al. Damage control resuscitation is associated with a reduction in resuscitation volumes and improvement in survival in 390 damage control laparotomy patients. Ann Surg 2011, 254:598-605.
12. Milligan C., Higginson I., Smith J.E. Emergency department staff knowledge of massive transfusion for trauma: the need for an evidence based protocol. Emerg Med J 2011, 28:870-872.
13. Cotton B.A., Dossett L.A., Au B.K., Nunez T.C., Robertson A.M., Young P.P. Room for (performance) improvement: provider-related factors associated with poor outcomes in massive transfusion. J Trauma 2009, 67:1004-1012.
14. Kashuk J.L., Moore E.E., Johnson J.L., Haenel J., Wilson M., Moore J.B., et al. Postinjury life threatening coagulopathy: is 1:1 fresh frozen plasma:packed red blood cells the answer?. J Trauma 2008, 65:261-270.
15. Mhyre J.M., Shilkrut A., Kuklina E.V., Callaghan W.M., Creanga A.A., Kaminsky S., et al. Massive blood transfusion during hospitalization for delivery in new york state, 1998-2007. Obstet Gynecol 2013, 122:1288-1294.
16. Stensballe J., Ostrowski S.R., Johansson P.I. Viscoelastic guidance of resuscitation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014, 27:212-218.
17. Levy J.H., Dutton R.P., Hemphill J.C., Shander A., Cooper D., Paidas M.J., et al. Multidisciplinary approach to the challenge of hemostasis. Anesth Analg 2010, 110:354-364.
18. Johansson P.I., Stensballe J., Oliveri R., Wade C.E., Ostrowski S.R., Holcomb J.B. How I treat patients with massive hemorrhage. Blood Oct 7 2014, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1182/blood-2014-05-575340.
19. Paluszkiewicz P., Mayzner-Zawadzka E., Baranowski W., Breborowicz G.H., Brzezinski M., Durek G., et al. Recommendations for the management of trauma or surgery-related massive blood loss. Pol Przegl Chir 2011, 83:465-476.
20. Rajoriya N., Tripathi D. Historical overview and review of current day treatment in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol 2014, 20:6481-6494.
21. Chovanes J., Cannon J.W., Nunez T.C. The evolution of damage control surgery. Surg Clin North Am 2012, 92:859-875.
22. Lopera J.E. Embolization in trauma: principles and techniques. Semin Interv Cardiol 2010, 27:14-28.
23. D'Amours S.K., Rastogi P., Ball C.G. Utility of simultaneous interventional radiology and operative surgery in a dedicated suite for seriously injured patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2013, 19:587-593.
24. Kirkpatrick A.W., Vis C., Dube M., Biesbroek S., Ball C.G., Laberge J., et al. The evolution of a purpose designed hybrid trauma operating room from the trauma service perspective: The RAPTOR (resuscitation with angiography percutaneous treatments and operative resuscitations). Injury 2014, 45:1413-1421.
25. Wohlauer M.V., Moore E.E., Droz N.M., Harr J., Gonzalez E., Fragoso M., et al. Hemodilution is not critical in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma. J Surg Res 2012, 173:26-30.
26. Reed R.L., Ciavarella D., Heimbach D.M., Baron L., Pavlin E., Counts R.B., et al. Prophylactic platelet administration during massive transfusion. A prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study. Ann Surg 1986, 203:40-48.
27. Ciavarella D., Reed R.L., Counts R.B., Baron L., Pavlin E., Heimbach D.M., et al. Clotting factor levels and the risk of diffuse microvascular bleeding in the massively transfused patient. Br J Haematol 1987, 67:365-368.
28. Brohi K., Singh J., Heron M., Coats T. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma 2003, 54:1127-1130.
29. Floccard B., Rugeri L., Faure A., Denis M.S., Boyle E.M., Peguet O., et al. Early coagulopathy in trauma patients: an on-scene and hospital admission study. Injury 2012, 43:26-32.
30. MacLeod J.B. Trauma and coagulopathy: a new paradigm to consider. Arch Surg 2008, 143:797-801.
31. MacLeod J.B., Lynn M., McKenney M.G., Cohn S.M., Murtha M. Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. J Trauma 2003, 55:39-44.
32. Brohi K. Prediction of acute traumatic coagulopathy and massive transfusion - is this the best we can do?. Resuscitation 2011, 82:1128-1129.
33. Davis P.K., Musunuru H., Walsh M., Cassady R., Yount R., Losiniecki A., et al. Platelet dysfunction is an early marker for traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy. Neurocrit Care 2013, 18:201-208.
34. Kutcher M.E., Redick B.J., McCreery R.C., Crane I.M., Greenberg M.D., Cachola L.M., et al. Characterization of platelet dysfunction after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 73:13-19.
35. Solomon C., Traintinger S., Ziegler B., Hanke A., Rahe-Meyer N., Voelckel W., et al. Platelet function following trauma. A multiple electrode aggregometry study. Thromb Haemost 2011, 106:322-330.
36. Windelov N.A., Sorensen A.M., Perner A., Wanscher M., Larsen C.F., Ostrowski S.R., et al. Platelet aggregation following trauma: a prospective study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014, 25:67-73.
37. Frith D., Brohi K. The pathophysiology of trauma-induced coagulopathy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2012, 18:631-636.
38. Frith D., Davenport R., Brohi K. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012, 25:229-234.
39. Gando S. Acute coagulopathy of trauma shock and coagulopathy of trauma: a rebuttal. You are now going down the wrong path. J Trauma 2009, 67:381-383.
40. Gando S., Sawamura A., Hayakawa M. Trauma, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation: lessons from the classical literature. Ann Surg 2011, 254:10-19.
41. Genet G.F., Johansson P.I., Meyer M.A., Solbeck S., Sorensen A.M., Larsen C.F., et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: standard coagulation tests, biomarkers of coagulopathy, and endothelial damage in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:301-306.
42. Hess J.R., Brohi K., Dutton R.P., Hauser C.J., Holcomb J.B., Kluger Y., et al. The coagulopathy of trauma: a review of mechanisms. J Trauma 2008, 65:748-754.
43. Hess J.R., Lawson J.H. The coagulopathy of trauma versus disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Trauma 2006, 60:S12-S19.
44. Johansson P.I., Ostrowski S.R. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: balancing progressive catecholamine induced endothelial activation and damage by fluid phase anticoagulation. Med Hypotheses 2010, 75:564-567.
45. Murakami H., Gando S., Hayakawa M., Sawamura A., Sugano M., Kubota N., et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at an early phase of trauma continuously proceeds to DIC at a late phase of trauma. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012, 18:364-369.
46. Noel P., Cashen S., Patel B. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: from biology to therapy. Semin Hematol 2013, 50:259-269.
47. Rugeri L., Levrat A., David J.S., Delecroix E., Floccard B., Gros A., et al. Diagnosis of early coagulation abnormalities in trauma patients by rotation thrombelastography. J Thromb Haemost 2007, 5:289-295.
48. Schochl H., Frietsch T., Pavelka M., Jambor C. Hyperfibrinolysis after major trauma: differential diagnosis of lysis patterns and prognostic value of thrombelastometry. J Trauma 2009, 67:125-131.
49. Schochl H., Voelckel W., Maegele M., Solomon C. Trauma-associated hyperfibrinolysis. Hamostaseologie 2012, 32:22-27.
50. Martini W.Z., Pusateri A.E., Uscilowicz J.M., Delgado A.V., Holcomb J.B. Independent contributions of hypothermia and acidosis to coagulopathy in swine. J Trauma 2005, 58:1002-1009.
51. Lynn M., Jeroukhimov I., Klein Y., Martinowitz U. Updates in the management of severe coagulopathy in trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28(Suppl. 2):S241-S247.
52. Shafi S., Elliott A.C., Gentilello L. Is hypothermia simply a marker of shock and injury severity or an independent risk factor for mortality in trauma patients? Analysis of a large national trauma registry. J Trauma 2005, 59:1081-1085.
53. Ferrara A., MacArthur J.D., Wright H.K., Modlin I.M., McMillen M.A. Hypothermia and acidosis worsen coagulopathy in the patient requiring massive transfusion. Am J Surg 1990, 160:515-518.
54. Watts D.D., Trask A., Soeken K., Perdue P., Dols S., Kaufmann C. Hypothermic coagulopathy in trauma: effect of varying levels of hypothermia on enzyme speed, platelet function, and fibrinolytic activity. J Trauma 1998, 44:846-854.
55. Selby R., Geerts W., Ofosu F.A., Craven S., Dewar L., Phillips A., et al. Hypercoagulability after trauma: hemostatic changes and relationship to venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2009, 124:281-287.
56. Marumo M., Suehiro A., Kakishita E., Groschner K., Wakabayashi I. Extracellular pH affects platelet aggregation associated with modulation of store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Thromb Res 2001, 104:353-360.
57. Valeri C.R., Feingold H., Cassidy G., Ragno G., Khuri S., Altschule M.D. Hypothermia-induced reversible platelet dysfunction. Ann Surg 1987, 205:175-181.
58. Brown L.M., Call M.S., Margaret Knudson M., Cohen M.J., Trauma Outcomes G., Holcomb J.B., et al. A normal platelet count may not be enough: the impact of admission platelet count on mortality and transfusion in severely injured trauma patients. J Trauma 2011, 71:S337-S342.
59. Joseph B., Aziz H., Zangbar B., Kulvatunyou N., Pandit V., O'Keeffe T., et al. Acquired coagulopathy of traumatic brain injury defined by routine laboratory tests: Which laboratory values matter?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014, 76:121-125.
60. Kozar R.A., Peng Z., Zhang R., Holcomb J.B., Pati S., Park P., et al. Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg 2011, 112:1289-1295.
61. Haywood-Watson R.J., Holcomb J.B., Gonzalez E.A., Peng Z., Pati S., Park P.W., et al. Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23530.
62. Brohi K., Cohen M.J., Ganter M.T., Matthay M.A., Mackersie R.C., Pittet J.F. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway?. Ann Surg 2007, 245:812-818.
63. Johansson P.I., SØRensen A.M., Perner A., Welling K.L., Wanscher M., Larsen C.F., et al. High sCD40L levels early after trauma are associated with enhanced shock, sympathoadrenal activation, tissue and endothelial damage, coagulopathy and mortality. J Thromb Haemost 2012, 10:207-216.
64. Johansson P.I., Stensballe J., Rasmussen L.S., Ostrowski S.R. High circulating adrenaline levels at admission predict increased mortality after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 72:428-436.
65. Becker B.F., Chappell D., Bruegger D., Annecke T., Jacob M. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res 2010, 87:300-310.
66. Reitsma S., Slaaf D.W., Vink H., van Zandvoort M.A., Oude Egbrink M.G. The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization. Pflugers Arch 2007, 454:345-359.
67. Henry C.B., Duling B.R. TNF-alpha increases entry of macromolecules into luminal endothelial cell glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000, 279:H2815-H2823.
68. Johansson P.I., Stensballe J., Rasmussen L.S., Ostrowski S.R. A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg 2011, 254:194-200.
69. Ostrowski S.R., Johansson P.I. Endothelial glycocalyx degradation induces endogenous heparinization in patients with severe injury and early traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 73:60-66.
70. Senzolo M., Coppell J., Cholongitas E., Riddell A., Triantos C.K., Perry D., et al. The effects of glycosaminoglycans on coagulation: a thromboelastographic study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007, 18:227-236.
71. Cohen M.J., Kutcher M., Redick B., Nelson M., Call M., Knudson M.M., et al. Clinical and mechanistic drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 75:S40-S47.
72. Wood J.P., Ellery P.E., Maroney S.A., Mast A.E. Biology of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Blood 2014, 123:2934-2943.
73. Levi M., Toh C.H., Thachil J., Watson H.G. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2009, 145:24-33.
74. Davenport R. Pathogenesis of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Transfusion 2013, 53(Suppl. 1):23S-27S.
75. Raza I., Davenport R., Rourke C., Platton S., Manson J., Spoors C., et al. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013, 11:307-314.
76. Chapman M.P., Moore E.E., Ramos C.R., Ghasabyan A., Harr J.N., Chin T.L., et al. Fibrinolysis greater than 3% is the critical value for initiation of antifibrinolytic therapy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 75:961-967.
77. Cotton B.A., Harvin J.A., Kostousouv V., Minei K.M., Radwan Z.A., Schochl H., et al. Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 73:365-370.
78. Bolliger D., Szlam F., Levy J.H., Molinaro R.J., Tanaka K.A. Haemodilution-induced profibrinolytic state is mitigated by fresh-frozen plasma: implications for early haemostatic intervention in massive haemorrhage. Br J Anaesth 2010, 104:318-325.
79. Hunt B.J., Segal H. Hyperfibrinolysis. J Clin Pathol 1996, 49:958.
80. Stachurska J., Latallo Z., Kopec M. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by dialysable fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1970, 23:91-98.
81. Kushimoto S., Shibata Y., Yamamoto Y. Implications of fibrinogenolysis in patients with closed head injury. J Neurotrauma 2003, 20:357-363.
82. Spinella P.C., Perkins J.G., Grathwohl K.W., Beekley A.C., Holcomb J.B. Warm fresh whole blood is independently associated with improved survival for patients with combat-related traumatic injuries. J Trauma 2009, 66:S69-S76.
83. Riskin D.J., Tsai T.C., Riskin L., Hernandez-Boussard T., Purtill M., Maggio P.M., et al. Massive transfusion protocols: the role of aggressive resuscitation versus product ratio in mortality reduction. J Am Coll Surg 2009, 209:198-205.
84. Cushing M., Shaz B.H. Blood transfusion in trauma patients: unresolved questions. Minerva Anestesiol 2011, 77:349-359.
85. Gutierrez M.C., Goodnough L.T., Druzin M., Butwick A.J. Postpartum hemorrhage treated with a massive transfusion protocol at a tertiary obstetric center: a retrospective study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012, 21:230-235.
86. Holcomb J.B., Wade C.E., Michalek J.E., Chisholm G.B., Zarzabal L.A., Schreiber M.A., et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 2008, 248:447-458.
87. Johansson P.I., Stensballe J. Effect of haemostatic control resuscitation on mortality in massively bleeding patients: a before and after study. Vox Sang 2009, 96:111-118.
88. Holcomb J.B., del Junco D.J., Fox E.E., Wade C.E., Cohen M.J., Schreiber M.A., et al. The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg 2012, 148:127-136.
89. Johansson P.I., Hansen M.B., Sorensen H. Transfusion practice in massively bleeding patients: time for a change?. Vox Sang 2005, 89:92-96.
90. Borgman M.A., Spinella P.C., Perkins J.G., Grathwohl K.W., Repine T., Beekley A.C., et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007, 63:805-813.
91. Johansson P.I., Oliveri R.S., Ostrowski S.R. Hemostatic resuscitation with plasma and platelets in trauma. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012, 5:120-125.
92. Rajasekhar A., Gowing R., Zarychanski R., Arnold D.M., Lim W., Crowther M.A., et al. Survival of trauma patients after massive red blood cell transfusion using a high or low red blood cell to plasma transfusion ratio. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:1507-1513.
93. Dzik W.H., Blajchman M.A., Fergusson D., Hameed M., Henry B., Kirkpatrick A.W., et al. Clinical review: Canadian National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products - massive transfusion consensus conference 2011: report of the panel. Crit Care 2011, 15:242.
94. Brown L.M., Aro S.O., Cohen M.J., Trauma Outcomes G., Holcomb J.B., Wade C.E., et al. A high fresh frozen plasma: packed red blood cell transfusion ratio decreases mortality in all massively transfused trauma patients regardless of admission international normalized ratio. J Trauma 2011, 71:S358-S363.
95. del Junco D.J., Holcomb J.B., Fox E.E., Brasel K.J., Phelan H.A., Bulger E.M., et al. Resuscitate early with plasma and platelets or balance blood products gradually: findings from the PROMMTT study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 75:S24-S30.
96. Gonzalez E.A., Moore F.A., Holcomb J.B., Miller C.C., Kozar R.A., Todd S.R., et al. Fresh frozen plasma should be given earlier to patients requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma 2007, 62:112-119.
97. Buchta C., Felfernig M., Hocker P., Macher M., Kormoczi G.F., Quehenberger P., et al. Stability of coagulation factors in thawed, solvent/detergent-treated plasma during storage at 4 degrees C for 6days. Vox Sang 2004, 87:182-186.
98. Lamboo M., Poland D.C., Eikenboom J.C., Harvey M.S., Groot E., Brand A., et al. Coagulation parameters of thawed fresh-frozen plasma during storage at different temperatures. Transfus Med 2007, 17:182-186.
99. Nilsson L., Hedner U., Nilsson I.M., Robertson B. Shelf-life of bank blood and stored plasma with special reference to coagulation factors. Transfusion 1983, 23:377-381.
100. Smak Gregoor P.J., Harvey M.S., Briet E., Brand A. Coagulation parameters of CPD fresh-frozen plasma and CPD cryoprecipitate-poor plasma after storage at 4 degrees C for 28days. Transfusion 1993, 33:735-738.
101. Matijevic N., Wang Y.W., Cotton B.A., Hartwell E., Barbeau J.M., Wade C.E., et al. Better hemostatic profiles of never-frozen liquid plasma compared with thawed fresh frozen plasma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:84-90.
102. Daban J.L., Clapson P., Ausset S., Deshayes A.V., Sailliol A. Freeze dried plasma: a French army specialty. Crit Care 2010, 14:412.
103. Weiskopf R.B., Ness P.M. Transfusion for remote damage control resuscitation. Transfusion 2013, 53(Suppl. 1):1S-5S.
104. Chhibber V., Greene M., Vauthrin M., Bailey J., Weinstein R. Is group A thawed plasma suitable as the first option for emergency release transfusion? (CME). Transfusion 2014, 54:1751-1755.
105. Mehr C.R., Gupta R., von Recklinghausen F.M., Szczepiorkowski Z.M., Dunbar N.M. Balancing risk and benefit: maintenance of a thawed Group A plasma inventory for trauma patients requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:1425-1431.
106. Zielinski M.D., Johnson P.M., Jenkins D., Goussous N., Stubbs J.R. Emergency use of prethawed Group A plasma in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:69-74.
107. Cooling L. Going from A to B: the safety of incompatible group A plasma for emergency release in trauma and massive transfusion patients. Transfusion 2014, 54:1695-1697.
108. Mannucci P.M., Federici A.B., Sirchia G. Hemostasis testing during massive blood replacement. A study of 172 cases. Vox Sang 1982, 42:113-123.
109. Hiippala S.T., Myllyla G.J., Vahtera E.M. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:360-365.
110. Collins J.A. The pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock. Prog Clin Biol Res 1982, 108:5-29.
111. Armand R., Hess J.R. Treating coagulopathy in trauma patients. Transfus Med Rev 2003, 17:223-231.
112. Chambers L.A., Chow S.J., Shaffer L.E. Frequency and characteristics of coagulopathy in trauma patients treated with a low- or high-plasma-content massive transfusion protocol. Am J Clin Pathol 2011, 136:364-370.
113. Fries D., Martini W.Z. Role of fibrinogen in trauma-induced coagulopathy. Br J Anaesth 2010, 105:116-121.
114. Martini W.Z. Coagulopathy by hypothermia and acidosis: mechanisms of thrombin generation and fibrinogen availability. J Trauma 2009, 67:202-208.
115. Martini W.Z., Holcomb J.B. Acidosis and coagulopathy: the differential effects on fibrinogen synthesis and breakdown in pigs. Ann Surg 2007, 246:831-835.
116. Kozek-Langenecker S., Sorensen B., Hess J.R., Spahn D.R. Clinical effectiveness of fresh frozen plasma compared with fibrinogen concentrate: a systematic review. Crit Care 2011, 15:R239.
117. Young P.P., Cotton B.A., Goodnough L.T. Massive transfusion protocols for patients with substantial hemorrhage. Transfus Med Rev 2011, 25:293-303.
118. Norda R., Tynell E., Akerblom O. Cumulative risks of early fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and platelet transfusion in Europe. J Trauma 2006, 60:S41-S45.
119. Watson G.A., Sperry J.L., Rosengart M.R., Minei J.P., Harbrecht B.G., Moore E.E., et al. Fresh frozen plasma is independently associated with a higher risk of multiple organ failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Trauma 2009, 67:221-227.
120. Tapia N.M., Chang A., Norman M., Welsh F., Scott B., Wall M.J., et al. TEG-guided resuscitation is superior to standardized MTP resuscitation in massively transfused penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:378-385.
121. Weeder P.D., Porte R.J., Lisman T. Hemostasis in liver disease: implications of new concepts for peri-operative management. Transfus Med Rev 2014, 28:107-113.
122. Johansson P.I. Coagulation monitoring of the bleeding traumatized patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012, 25:235-241.
123. Cardenas J.C., Rahbar E., Pommerening M.J., Baer L.A., Matijevic N., Cotton B.A., et al. Measuring thrombin generation as a tool for predicting hemostatic potential and transfusion requirements following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014, 77:839-845.
124. da Luz L.T., Nascimento B., Rizoli S. Thrombelastography (TEG(R)): practical considerations on its clinical use in trauma resuscitation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2013, 21:29.
125. Jeger V., Zimmermann H., Exadaktylos A.K. Can RapidTEG accelerate the search for coagulopathies in the patient with multiple injuries?. J Trauma 2009, 66:1253-1257.
126. Johansson P.I., Sørensen A.M., Larsen C.F., Windeløv N.A., Stensballe J., Perner A., et al. Low hemorrhage-related mortality in trauma patients in a Level I trauma center employing transfusion packages and early thromboelastography-directed hemostatic resuscitation with plasma and platelets. Transfusion 2013, 53:3088-3099.
127. Kashuk J.L., Moore E.E., Wohlauer M., Johnson J.L., Pezold M., Lawrence J., et al. Initial experiences with point-of-care rapid thrombelastography for management of life-threatening postinjury coagulopathy. Transfusion 2012, 52:23-33.
128. Kashuk J.L., Moore E.E., Sawyer M., Le T., Johnson J., Biffl W.L., et al. Postinjury coagulopathy management: goal directed resuscitation via POC thrombelastography. Ann Surg 2010, 251:604-614.
129. Gorlinger K., Dirkmann D., Hanke A.A. Potential value of transfusion protocols in cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013, 26:230-243.
130. Da Luz L.T., Nascimento B., Shankarakutty A.K., Rizoli S., Adhikari N.K. Effect of thromboelastography (TEG(R)) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM(R)) on diagnosis of coagulopathy, transfusion guidance and mortality in trauma: descriptive systematic review. Crit Care 2014, 18:518.
131. Moore E.E. A prospective, Randomized Comparison Of Rapid Thrombelastography (r-TEG) and conventional coagulation testing for guiding the diagnosis and haemostatic resuscitation of trauma patients at risk for post-injury coagulopathy [Accessed October 31, 2014]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01536496?term=Massive+Transfusion&rank=9.
132. Hess J.R., Johansson P.I., Holcomb J.B., Mintz P.D. Trauma and massive transfusion. Transfusion Therapy: Clinical Principles and Practice 2010, American Association of Blood Banks Press, Bethesda, MD. 3rd ed. P.D. Mintz (Ed.).
133. Spahn D.R., Bouillon B., Cerny V., Coats T.J., Duranteau J., Fernandez-Mondejar E., et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 2013, 17:R76.
134. Gaarder C., Naess P.A., Frischknecht Christensen E., Hakala P., Handolin L., Heier H.E., et al. Scandinavian guidelines -"the massively bleeding patient". Scand J Surg 2008, 97:15-36.
135. Sorensen B., Fries D. Emerging treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Br J Surg 2012, 99(Suppl. 1):40-50.
136. Standeven K.F., Ariens R.A., Grant P.J. The molecular physiology and pathology of fibrin structure/function. Blood Rev 2005, 19:275-288.
137. Idris S.F., Hadjinicolaou A.V., Sweeney M., Winthrop C., Balendran G., Besser M. The efficacy and safety of cryoprecipitate in the treatment of acquired hypofibrinogenaemia. Br J Haematol 2014, 166:458-461.
138. Fries D. A multicenter double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, pilot trial to assess the efficacy of pre-hospital administration of fibrinogen concentrate (FGTW) in trauma patients, presumed to bleed (FI in TIC) [Accessed October 31, 2014]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01475344?term=NCT01475344&rank=1.
139. Brenni M., Worn M., Bruesch M., Spahn D.R., Ganter M.T. Successful rotational thromboelastometry-guided treatment of traumatic haemorrhage, hyperfibrinolysis and coagulopathy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010, 54:111-117.
140. Schochl H., Cotton B., Inaba K., Nienaber U., Fischer H., Voelckel W., et al. FIBTEM provides early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma. Crit Care 2011, 15:R265.
141. Schochl H., Nienaber U., Hofer G., Voelckel W., Jambor C., Scharbert G., et al. Goal-directed coagulation management of major trauma patients using thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-guided administration of fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate. Crit Care 2010, 14:R55.
142. Schochl H., Nienaber U., Maegele M., Hochleitner G., Primavesi F., Steitz B., et al. Transfusion in trauma: thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy. Crit Care 2011, 15:R83.
143. Sorensen B., Bevan D. A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of fibrinogen. Br J Haematol 2010, 149:834-843.
144. Ahmed S., Harrity C., Johnson S., Varadkar S., McMorrow S., Fanning R., et al. The efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate compared with cryoprecipitate in major obstetric haemorrhage - an observational study. Transfus Med 2012, 22:344-349.
145. Harr J.N., Moore E.E., Ghasabyan A., Chin T.L., Sauaia A., Banerjee A., et al. Functional fibrinogen assay indicates that fibrinogen is critical in correcting abnormal clot strength following trauma. Shock 2013, 39:45-49.
146. Karkouti K., von Heymann C., Jespersen C.M., Korte W., Levy J.H., Ranucci M., et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant factor XIII on reducing blood transfusions in cardiac surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013, 146:927-939.
147. Theusinger O.M., Baulig W., Asmis L.M., Seifert B., Spahn D.R. In vitro factor XIII supplementation increases clot firmness in Rotation Thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Thromb Haemost 2010, 104:385-391.
148. Ng C., Silliman C.C., Pearl G., Smith W., Manco-Johnson M., Wang M. Treatment of refractory hemorrhage with Factor XIII in a patient with hemophilia A with inhibitor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013, 60:E23-E25.
149. Lusher J., Pipe S.W., Alexander S., Nugent D. Prophylactic therapy with Fibrogammin P is associated with a decreased incidence of bleeding episodes: a retrospective study. Haemophilia 2010, 16:316-321.
150. Grottke O. Coagulation management. Curr Opin Crit Care 2012, 18:641-646.
151. Key N.S., Negrier C. Coagulation factor concentrates: past, present, and future. Lancet 2007, 370:439-448.
152. Innerhofer P. RETIC Trial: reversal of trauma induced coagulopathy using coagulation factor concentrates or fresh frozen plasma [Accessed October 31, 2014]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01545635.
153. Gorlinger K., Dirkmann D., Hanke A.A., Kamler M., Kottenberg E., Thielmann M., et al. First-line therapy with coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care coagulation testing is associated with decreased allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiovascular surgery: a retrospective, single-center cohort study. Anesthesiology 2011, 115:1179-1191.
154. Logan A.C., Yank V., Stafford R.S. Off-label use of recombinant factor VIIa in U.S. hospitals: analysis of hospital records. Ann Intern Med 2011, 154:516-522.
155. Barletta J.F., Ahrens C.L., Tyburski J.G., Wilson R.F. A review of recombinant factor VII for refractory bleeding in nonhemophilic trauma patients. J Trauma 2005, 58:646-651.
156. Levi M., Levy J.H., Andersen H.F., Truloff D. Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1791-1800.
157. Simpson E., Lin Y., Stanworth S., Birchall J., Doree C., Hyde C. Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, 3:CD005011.
158. Henry D.A., Carless P.A., Moxey A.J., O'Connell D., Stokes B.J., Fergusson D.A., et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, 3:CD001886.
159. Novikova N., Hofmeyr G.J. Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 7:CD007872.
160. Wang G., Xie G., Jiang T., Wang Y., Wang W., Ji H., et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss after off-pump coronary surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2012, 115:239-243.
161. Ker K., Edwards P., Perel P., Shakur H., Roberts I. Effect of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding: systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. BMJ 2012, 344:e3054.
162. Shakur H. Tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: an international randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial [Accessed October 31, 2014]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00872469?term=Post-partum+tranexamic&rank=3.
163. Shakur H., Roberts I., Bautista R., Caballero J., Coats T., Dewan Y., et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010, 376:23-32.
164. Roberts I., Shakur H., Afolabi A., Brohi K., Coats T., Dewan Y., et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011, 377:1096-1101.
165. Weber B.J., Kjelland C.B. The use of tranexamic acid for trauma patients?. CJEM 2012, 14:53-56.
166. Rappold J.F., Pusateri A.E. Tranexamic acid in remote damage control resuscitation. Transfusion 2013, 53(Suppl. 1):96S-99S.
167. Morrison J.J., Dubose J.J., Rasmussen T.E., Midwinter M.J. Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) Study. Arch Surg 2012, 147:113-119.
168. Napolitano L.M., Cohen M.J., Cotton B.A., Schreiber M.A., Moore E.E. Tranexamic acid in trauma: how should we use it?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:1575-1586.
169. Perel P., Al-Shahi Salman R., Kawahara T., Morris Z., Prieto-Merino D., Roberts I., et al. CRASH-2 (Clinical Randomisation of an Antifibrinolytic in Significant Haemorrhage) intracranial bleeding study: the effect of tranexamic acid in traumatic brain injury-a nested randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 2012, 16:1-54.
170. Shakur H. Tranexamic acid for the treatment of significant traumatic brain injury: an international randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial [Accessed October 31, 2014]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01402882?term=CRASH-3&rank=1.
171. Schotola H., Sossalla S., Rajab T.K., Toischer K., Quintel M., Bauer M., et al. Influence of mild metabolic acidosis on cardiac contractility and isoprenaline response in isolated ovine myocardium. Artif Organs 2011, 35:1065-1074.
172. Kraut J.A., Madias N.E. Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010, 6:274-285.
173. Wu D., Kraut J.A. Potential role of NHE1 (sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1) in the cellular dysfunction of lactic acidosis: implications for treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 2011, 57:781-787.
174. Kraut J.A., Madias N.E. Treatment of acute metabolic acidosis: a pathophysiologic approach. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012, 8:589-601.
175. Meng Z.H., Wolberg A.S., Monroe D.M., Hoffman M. The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of factor VIIa: implications for the efficacy of high-dose factor VIIa in hypothermic and acidotic patients. J Trauma 2003, 55:886-891.
176. Murthi S.B., Stansbury L.G., Dutton R.P., Edelman B.B., Scalea T.M., Hess J.R. Transfusion medicine in trauma patients: an update. Expert Rev Hematol 2011, 4:527-537.
177. Tremblay L.N., Feliciano D.V., Rozycki G.S. Assessment of initial base deficit as a predictor of outcome: mechanism of injury does make a difference. Am Surg 2002, 68:689-693.
178. Nahas G.G., Sutin K.M., Fermon C., Streat S., Wiklund L., Wahlander S., et al. Guidelines for the treatment of acidaemia with THAM. Drugs 1998, 55:191-224.
179. Wolberg A.S., Meng Z.H., Monroe D.M., Hoffman M. A systematic evaluation of the effect of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function. J Trauma 2004, 56:1221-1228.
180. Kermode J.C., Zheng Q., Milner E.P. Marked temperature dependence of the platelet calcium signal induced by human von Willebrand factor. Blood 1999, 94:199-207.
181. Douning L.K., Ramsay M.A., Swygert T.H., Hicks K.N., Hein H.A., Gunning T.C., et al. Temperature corrected thrombelastography in hypothermic patients. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:608-611.
182. Martini W.Z., Cortez D.S., Dubick M.A., Park M.S., Holcomb J.B. Thrombelastography is better than PT, aPTT, and activated clotting time in detecting clinically relevant clotting abnormalities after hypothermia, hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in pigs. J Trauma 2008, 65:535-543.
183. Hardy J.F., de Moerloose P., Samama C.M. The coagulopathy of massive transfusion. Vox Sang 2005, 89:123-127.
184. Peng R.Y., Bongard F.S. Hypothermia in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg 1999, 188:685-696.
185. Tsuei B.J., Kearney P.A. Hypothermia in the trauma patient. Injury 2004, 35:7-15.
186. Fleming P.R., Muir F.H. Electrocardiographic changes in induced hypothermia in man. Br Heart J 1957, 19:59-66.
187. Okada M. The cardiac rhythm in accidental hypothermia. J Electrocardiol 1984, 17:123-128.
188. Gentilello L.M., Moujaes S. Treatment of hypothermia in trauma victims: thermodynamic considerations. J Intensive Care Med 1995, 10:5-14.
189. Barthel E.R., Pierce J.R. Steady-state and time-dependent thermodynamic modeling of the effect of intravenous infusion of warm and cold fluids. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 72:1590-1600.
190. Gentilello L.M., Pierson D.J. Trauma critical care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:604-607.
191. Kramer L., Bauer E., Joukhadar C., Strobl W., Gendo A., Madl C., et al. Citrate pharmacokinetics and metabolism in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:2450-2455.
192. Passman R., Kadish A. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, long Q-T syndrome, and torsades de pointes. Med Clin N Am 2001, 85:321-341.
193. Davis T.M., Singh B., Choo K.E., Ibrahim J., Spencer J.L., St John A. Dynamic assessment of the electrocardiographic QT interval during citrate infusion in healthy volunteers. Br Heart J 1995, 73:523-526.
194. Vandromme M.J., McGwin G., Marques M.B., Kerby J.D., Rue L.W., Weinberg J.A. Transfusion and pneumonia in the trauma intensive care unit: an examination of the temporal relationship. J Trauma 2009, 67:97-101.
195. Hassan M., Pham T.N., Cuschieri J., Warner K.J., Nester T., Maier R.V., et al. The association between the transfusion of older blood and outcomes after trauma. Shock 2011, 35:3-8.
196. Offner P.J., Moore E.E., Biffl W.L., Johnson J.L., Silliman C.C. Increased rate of infection associated with transfusion of old blood after severe injury. Arch Surg 2002, 137:711-716.
197. Weinberg J.A., McGwin G., Marques M.B., Cherry S.A., Reiff D.A., Kerby J.D., et al. Transfusions in the less severely injured: does age of transfused blood affect outcomes?. J Trauma 2008, 65:794-798.
198. Lelubre C., Piagnerelli M., Vincent J.L. Association between duration of storage of transfused red blood cells and morbidity and mortality in adult patients: myth or reality?. Transfusion 2009, 49:1384-1394.
199. Neal M.D., Raval J.S., Triulzi D.J., Simmons R.L. Innate immune activation after transfusion of stored red blood cells. Transfus Med Rev 2013, 27:113-118.
200. Biffl W.L., Moore E.E., Offner P.J., Ciesla D.J., Gonzalez R.J., Silliman C.C. Plasma from aged stored red blood cells delays neutrophil apoptosis and primes for cytotoxicity: abrogation by poststorage washing but not prestorage leukoreduction. J Trauma 2001, 50:426-431.
201. Keller M.E., Jean R., LaMorte W.W., Millham F., Hirsch E. Effects of age of transfused blood on length of stay in trauma patients: a preliminary report. J Trauma 2002, 53:1023-1025.
202. Zallen G., Offner P.J., Moore E.E., Blackwell J., Ciesla D.J., Gabriel J., et al. Age of transfused blood is an independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Am J Surg 1999, 178:570-572.
203. Roback J.D., Neuman R.B., Quyyumi A., Sutliff R. Insufficient nitric oxide bioavailability: a hypothesis to explain adverse effects of red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion 2011, 51:859-866.
204. D'Alessandro A., Liumbruno G., Grazzini G., Zolla L. Red blood cell storage: the story so far. Blood Transfus 2010, 8:82-88.
205. Kim-Shapiro D.B., Lee J., Gladwin M.T. Storage lesion: role of red blood cell breakdown. Transfusion 2011, 51:844-851.
206. Tinmouth A., Fergusson D., Yee I.C., Hebert P.C., Investigators A. Canadian Critical Care Trials G. Clinical consequences of red cell storage in the critically ill. Transfusion 2006, 46:2014-2027.
207. Young J.A., Lichtman M.A., Cohen J. Reduced red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate, hypophosphatemia, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1973, 47:1313-1318.
208. Watkins G.M., Rabelo A., Pizak L.F., Sheldon G.F. The left shifted oxyhemoglobin curve in sepsis: a preventable defect. Ann Surg 1974, 180:213-220.
209. Kanias T., Acker J.P. Biopreservation of red blood cells - the struggle with hemoglobin oxidation. FEBS J 2010, 277:343-356.
210. Almac E., Bezemer R., Hilarius-Stokman P.M., Goedhart P., de Korte D., Verhoeven A.J., et al. Red blood cell storage increases hypoxia-induced nitric oxide bioavailability and methemoglobin formation in vitro and in vivo. Transfusion 2014, 54:3178-3185.
211. Kiraly L.N., Underwood S., Differding J.A., Schreiber M.A. Transfusion of aged packed red blood cells results in decreased tissue oxygenation in critically injured trauma patients. J Trauma 2009, 67:29-32.
212. Raat N.J.H., Ince C. Oxygenating the microcirculation: the perspective from blood transfusion and blood storage. Vox Sang 2007, 93:12-18.
213. Moore F.A., Moore E.E., Sauaia A. Blood transfusion. An independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1997, 132:620-624.
214. Toy P., Gajic O., Bacchetti P., Looney M.R., Gropper M.A., Hubmayr R., et al. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: incidence and risk factors. Blood 2012, 119:1757-1767.
215. FDA/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Fatalities reported to FDA following blood collection and transfusion: annual summary for fiscal year 2013 [Accessed October 31, 2014]. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/ReportaProblem/TransfusionDonationFatalities/ucm391574.htm#.
216. Palfi M., Berg S., Ernerudh J., Berlin G. A randomized controlled trial of transfusion-related acute lung injury: is plasma from multiparous blood donors dangerous?. Transfusion 2001, 41:317-322.
217. Li G., Rachmale S., Kojicic M., Shahjehan K., Malinchoc M., Kor D.J., et al. Incidence and transfusion risk factors for transfusion-associated circulatory overload among medical intensive care unit patients. Transfusion 2011, 51:338-343.
218. Rana R., Fernandez-Perez E.R., Khan S.A., Rana S., Winters J.L., Lesnick T.G., et al. Transfusion-related acute lung injury and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients: a retrospective study. Transfusion 2006, 46:1478-1483.
219. Narick C., Triulzi D.J., Yazer M.H. Transfusion-associated circulatory overload after plasma transfusion. Transfusion 2012, 52:160-165.
220. Murphy E.L., Kwaan N., Looney M.R., Gajic O., Hubmayr R.D., Gropper M.A., et al. Risk factors and outcomes in transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Am J Med 2013, 126:e29-e38. [357].
221. Zhou L., Giacherio D., Cooling L., Davenport R.D. Use of B-natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic marker in the differential diagnosis of transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Transfusion 2005, 45:1056-1063.
222. Esmon C.T. Molecular circuits in thrombosis and inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2013, 109:416-420.
223. Gando S. Microvascular thrombosis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:S35-S42.
224. Johansson P.I., Sorensen A.M., Perner A., Welling K.L., Wanscher M., Larsen C.F., et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute coagulopathy of trauma shock early after trauma? An observational study. Crit Care 2011, 15:R272.
225. Niesler U., Palmer A., Froba J.S., Braumuller S.T., Zhou S., Gebhard F., et al. Role of alveolar macrophages in the regulation of local and systemic inflammation after lung contusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014, 76:386-393.
226. Conway E.M. Thrombomodulin and its role in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2012, 34:107-125.
227. Hirsiger S., Simmen H.P., Werner C.M., Wanner G.A., Rittirsch D. Danger signals activating the immune response after trauma. Mediators Inflamm 2012, 2012:315941.
228. Magna M., Pisetsky D.S. The Role of HMGB1 in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Med 2014, 20:138-146.
229. Moussion C., Ortega N., Girard J.P. The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in vivo: a novel 'alarmin'?. PLoS One 2008, 3:e3331.
230. Ombrellino M., Wang H., Ajemian M.S., Talhouk A., Scher L.A., Friedman S.G., et al. Increased serum concentrations of high-mobility-group protein 1 in haemorrhagic shock. Lancet 1999, 354:1446-1447.
231. Cohen M.J., Brohi K., Calfee C.S., Rahn P., Chesebro B.B., Christiaans S.C., et al. Early release of high mobility group box nuclear protein 1 after severe trauma in humans: role of injury severity and tissue hypoperfusion. Crit Care 2009, 13:R174.
232. Fink M.P. Bench-to-bedside review: high-mobility group box 1 and critical illness. Crit Care 2007, 11:229.
233. Bae J.S., Rezaie A.R. Activated protein C inhibits high mobility group box 1 signaling in endothelial cells. Blood 2011, 118:3952-3959.
234. Treutiger C.J., Mullins G.E., Johansson A.S., Rouhiainen A., Rauvala H.M., Erlandsson-Harris H., et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium. J Intern Med 2003, 254:375-385.
235. McGhan L.J., Jaroszewski D.E. The role of toll-like receptor-4 in the development of multi-organ failure following traumatic haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Injury 2012, 43:129-136.
236. Prince J.M., Levy R.M., Yang R., Mollen K.P., Fink M.P., Vodovotz Y., et al. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling mediates hepatic injury and systemic inflammation in hemorrhagic shock. J Am Coll Surg 2006, 202:407-417.
237. Fabian T.C. Damage control in trauma: laparotomy wound management acute to chronic. Surg Clin North Am 2007, 87:73-93.
238. Cheatham M.L., Malbrain M.L. Cardiovascular implications of abdominal compartment syndrome. Acta Clin Belg 2007, 62(Suppl. 1):98-112.
239. Barnes G.E., Laine G.A., Giam P.Y., Smith E.E., Granger H.J. Cardiovascular responses to elevation of intra-abdominal hydrostatic pressure. Am J Physiol 1985, 248:R208-R213.
240. Cullen D.J., Coyle J.P., Teplick R., Long M.C. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal effects of massively increased intra-abdominal pressure in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:118-121.
241. Cheatham M.L., Nelson L.D., Chang M.C., Safcsak K. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume index as a predictor of preload status in patients on positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:1801-1806.
242. Mitra B., Gabbe B.J., Kaukonen K.M., Olaussen A., Cooper D.J., Cameron P.A. Long-term outcomes of patients receiving a massive transfusion after trauma. Shock 2014, 42:307-312.
243. Kobayashi L., Costantini T.W., Coimbra R. Hypovolemic shock resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am 2012, 92:1403-1423.
244. Maegele M., Lefering R., Wafaisade A., Theodorou P., Wutzler S., Fischer P., et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang 2011, 100:231-238.
245. Yucel N., Lefering R., Maegele M., Vorweg M., Tjardes T., Ruchholtz S., et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma 2006, 60:1228-1236.
246. Brockamp T., Nienaber U., Mutschler M., Wafaisade A., Peiniger S., Lefering R., et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the TraumaRegister DGU(R). Crit Care 2012, 16:R129.
247. Nunez T.C., Voskresensky I.V., Dossett L.A., Shinall R., Dutton W.D., Cotton B.A. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)?. J Trauma 2009, 66:346-352.
248. Callcut R.A., Johannigman J.A., Kadon K.S., Hanseman D.J., Robinson B.R. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma 2011, 70:794-801.
249. Callcut R.A., Cotton B.A., Muskat P., Fox E.F., Wade C.E., Holcomb J.B., et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion: A validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:59-68.
250. Kuhne C.A., Zettl R.P., Fischbacher M., Lefering R., Ruchholtz S. Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): a useful instrument for prediction of blood transfusion requirement in severely injured patients. World J Surg 2008, 32:1183-1188.
251. Mitra B., Rainer T.H., Cameron P.A. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sang 2012, 102:324-330.
252. Vandromme M.J., Griffin R.L., McGwin G., Weinberg J.A., Rue L.W., Kerby J.D. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg 2011, 77:155-161.
253. Schreiber M.A., Perkins J., Kiraly L., Underwood S., Wade C., Holcomb J.B. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg 2007, 205:541-545.
254. Larson C.R., White C.E., Spinella P.C., Jones J.A., Holcomb J.B., Blackbourne L.H., et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma 2010, 69(Suppl. 1):S26-S32.