Warm fresh whole blood is independently associated with improved survival for patients with combat-related traumatic injuries

Journal of Trauma - Injury, Infection and Critical Care

Volumn 66, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2009, Pages

  Spinella, Philip C ^a,b   Perkins, Jeremy G ^a,d   Grathwohl, Kurt W ^c   Beekley, Alec C ^e   Holcomb, John B ^f  

^a US ARMY INSTITUTE OF SURGICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b CCMC   (United States)

^c BROOKE ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e MADIGAN ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f NONE

Author keywords

Combat; Mortality; Survival; Transfusion; Whole blood

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; HEMOGLOBIN; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A;

ADULT; APHERESIS; ARTICLE; BATTLE INJURY; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYOPRECIPITATE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHROCYTE; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; MULTICENTER STUDY; PENETRATING TRAUMA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SOLDIER; WAR;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 -; KAPLAN-MEIERS ESTIMATE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SHOCK, HEMORRHAGIC; TRAUMA CENTERS; WOUNDS, PENETRATING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 68049104234     PISSN: 00225282     EISSN: 15298809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31819d85fb     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. CDC. Deaths: final data for 2004. 2007. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm.
2. AAST. Trauma Facts. 2008. Available at: http://www.aast.org/ TraumaFacts/dynamic.aspx?id=964. Accessed February 20, 2009.
3. Bellamy RF. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med. 1984; 149:55- 62.
4. Holcomb JB, Caruso J, McMullin NR, et al. Causes of death in special operations forces on the modern battlefield: 2001-2004. Ann Surg. 2007;245:986 -991.
5. Esposito TJ, Sanddal ND, Hansen JD, Reynolds S. Analysis of preventable trauma deaths and inappropriate trauma care in a rural state. J Trauma. 1995;39:955-962.
6. Esposito TJ, Sanddal TL, Reynolds SA, Sanddal ND. Effect of a voluntary trauma system on preventable death and inappropriate care in a rural state. J Trauma. 2003;54:663- 669; discussion 669-670.
7. Demetriades D, Murray J, Charalambides K, et al. Trauma fatalities: time and location of hospital deaths. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;198:20-26.
8. Peng R, Chang C, Gilmore D, Bongard F. Epidemiology of immediate and early trauma deaths at an urban Level I trauma center. Am Surg. 1998;64:950 -954.
9. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma. 1995;38:185-193.
10. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma. 2008;64:1211-1217; discussion 1217.
11. McLaughlin DF, Niles SE, Salinas J, et al. A predictive model for massive transfusion in combat casualty patients. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2 suppl):S57-S63; discussion S63.
12. Niles SE, McLaughlin DF, Perkins JG, et al. Increased mortality associated with the early coagulopathy of trauma in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2008;64:1459 -1463; discussion 1463-1465.
13. Schreiber MA, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:541-545.
14. Hess JR, Thomas MJ. Blood use in war and disaster: lessons from the past century. Transfusion. 2003;43:1622-1633.
15. Starr D. Blood. Perennial. New York: Harper Collins; 2002.
16. Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg. 2005;190:479-484.
17. McMullin NR, Holcomb JB, Sondeen J. Hemostatic resuscitation. In: Vincent JL, ed. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. New York: Springer; 2006:265-278.
18. Repine TB, Perkins JG, Kauvar DS, Blackborne L. The use of fresh whole blood in massive transfusion. J Trauma. 2006;60(6 suppl): S59-S69.
19. Beekley AC. Damage control resuscitation: a sensible approach to the exsanguinating surgical patient. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(7 suppl): S267-S274.
20. Hess JR, Holcomb JB, Hoyt DB. Damage control resuscitation: the need for specific blood products to treat the coagulopathy of trauma. Transfusion. 2006;46:685- 686.
21. Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P, et al. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma. 2007;62:307-310.
22. Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma. 2007;63:805-813.
23. Spinella PC, Perkins JG, McLaughlin DF, et al. The effect of recombinant activated factor VII on survival in combat-related casualties with severe trauma requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma 2008;64:286-293; discussion 293-294.
24. Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2 suppl):S79 -S85; discussion S85.
25. Gonzalez EA, Moore FA, Holcomb JB, et al. Fresh frozen plasma should be given earlier to patients requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma. 2007;62:112-119.
26. Grosso SM, Keenan JO. Whole blood transfusion for exsanguinating coagulopathy in a US field surgical hospital in postwar Kosovo. J Trauma. 2000;49:145-148.
27. Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW. Risks associated with warm whole blood transfusions compared to PRBC transfusions during combat. Crit Care Med. 2005;331(12 Abstract supplement):A44.
28. Spinella PC, Moore FA, Holcomb JB, et al. Fresh whole blood tranfusions in coalition military, foreign national, and enemy combatant patients during Operation Iraqi Freedom at a US combat support hospital. World J Surg. 2008;32:255-261.
29. Spinella PC. Warm fresh whole blood: military and civilian applications. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:S340 -S345.
30. AAAM. Abbreviated Injury Scale. 1998 Version ed. Chicago, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1998.
31. Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE. Increased plasma and platelet to RBC ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. 2008. Available at: http://www.americansurgical.info/ abstracts/2008/16.cgi.
32. Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, et al. Effect of plasma and red cell transfusions on survival for patients with combat related traumatic injuries. J Trauma. 2008;64(2 suppl):S69-S67; discussion S77-S78.
33. Cotton BA, Gunter OL, Isbell J, et al. Damage control hematology: the impact of a trauma exsanguination protocol on survival and blood product utilization. J Trauma. 2008;64:1177-1182; discussion 1182-1183.
34. Maegele M, Lefering R, Paffrath T, Tjardes T, Simanski C, Bouillon B; Working Group on Polytrauma of the German Society of Trauma Surgery (DGU). Red blood cell to plasma ratios transfused during massive transfusion are associated with mortality in severe multiply injury: a retrospective analysis from the Trauma Registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Unfallchirurgie. Vox Sang. 2008;95:112-119.
35. Ho J, Sibbald WJ, Chin-Yee IH. Effects of storage on efficacy of red cell transfusion: when is it not safe? Crit Care Med. 2003;31 (12 suppl):S687-S697.
36. Napolitano LM, Corwin HL. Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:255-268.
37. Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, et al. Risks associated with fresh whole blood and red blood cell transfusions in a combat support hospital. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2576 -2581.
38. Tinmouth A, Fergusson D, Yee IC, Hebert PC; ABLE Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Clinical consequences of red cell storage in the critically ill. Transfusion. 2006;46:2014 -2027.
39. Manno CS, Hedberg KW, Kim HC, et al. Comparison of the hemostatic effects of fresh whole blood, stored whole blood, and components after open heart surgery in children. Blood. 1991;77:930-936.
40. Mou SS, Giroir BP, Molitor-Kirsch EA, et al. Fresh whole blood versus reconstituted blood for pump priming in heart surgery in infants. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1635-1644.
41. Barbee RW, Kline JA, Watts JA. A comparison of resuscitation with packed red blood cells and whole blood following hemorrhagic shock in canines. Shock. 1999;12:449-453.
42. Berezina TL, Zaets SB, Morgan C, et al. Influence of storage on red blood cell rheological properties. J Surg Res. 2002;102:6 -12.
43. Fitzgerald RD, Martin CM, Dietz GE, Doig GS, Potter RF, Sibbald WJ. Transfusing red blood cells stored in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 for 28 days fails to improve tissue oxygenation in rats. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:726 -732.
44. Raat NJ, Verhoeven AJ, Mik EG, et al. The effect of storage time of human red cells on intestinal microcirculatory oxygenation in a rat isovolemic exchange model. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:39-45; discussion 238-239.
45. Sondeen J, Prince MD, Dubick MA, Holcomb JB. Fresh whole blood is the best 24 hour hypotensive resuscitation fluid in severe hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2006;25:S121.
46. Armand R, Hess JR. Treating coagulopathy in trauma patients. Transfus Med Rev. 2003;17:223-231.
47. Lavee J, Martinowitz U, Mohr R, et al. The effect of transfusion of fresh whole blood versus platelet concentrates after cardiac operations. A scanning electron microscope study of platelet aggregation on extracellular matrix. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:204 -212.
48. Mohr R, Martinowitz U, Lavee J, Amroch D, Ramot B, Goor DA. The hemostatic effect of transfusing fresh whole blood versus platelet concentrates after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96:530 -534.
49. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG, et al. The CRIT Study: anemia and blood transfusion in the critically ill- current clinical practice in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:39 -52.
50. Purdy FR, Tweeddale MG, Merrick PM. Association of mortality with age of blood transfused in septic ICU patients. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:1256 -1261.
51. Zallen G, Offner PJ, Moore EE, et al. Age of transfused blood is an independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Am J Surg. 1999;178:570 -572.
52. Weinberg JA, McGwin G Jr, Griffin RL, et al. Age of transfused blood: an independent predictor of mortality despite universal leukoreduction. J Trauma. 2008;65:279 -282; discussion 282-284.
53. Utter GH, Reed WF, Lee TH, Busch MP. Transfusion-associated microchimerism. Vox Sang. 2007;93:188 -195.
54. Nathens AB, Nester TA, Rubenfeld GD, Nirula R, Gernsheimer TB. The effects of leukoreduced blood transfusion on infection risk following injury: a randomized controlled trial. Shock. 2006;26:342-347.
55. Watkins TR, Rubenfeld GD, Martin TR, et al. Effects of leukoreduced blood on acute lung injury after trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1493-1499.
56. Moore FA, Sauaia A, Moore EE, Haenel JB, Burch JM, Lezotte DC. Postinjury multiple organ failure: a bimodal phenomenon. J Trauma. 1996;40:501-510; discussion 510-512.
57. Hughes JD, Macdonald VW, Hess JR. Warm storage of whole blood for 72 hours. Transfusion. 2007;47:2050 -2056.