Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Current Alzheimer Research

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 335-349

  Moneim, Ahmed E Abdel ^a  

^a HELWAN UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Alzheimer s disease; Antioxidants; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ESTROGEN; MELATONIN; METAL ION; NUCLEIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; POLYPHENOL; SELENIUM; SILYMARIN; UBIDECARENONE; VITAMIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; GENE MUTATION; HERB; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MICROBIOME; MITOCHONDRION; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; POMEGRANATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RISK;

EID: 84929615037     PISSN: 15672050     EISSN: 18755828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150325182702     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Citron M. Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(5): 387-398 (2010).
2. Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer's Disease. New Engl J Med 362(4): 329-344 (2010).
3. Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Med 30(6): 560-565 (1998).
4. Dong S, Duan Y, Hu Y, Zhao Z. Advances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: a re-evaluation of amyloid cascade hypothesis. Transl Neurodegener 1(1): 18 (2012).
5. Yaari R, Corey-Bloom J. Alzheimer's disease. Semin Neurol 27(1): 32-41 (2007).
6. Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hannequin D, Raux G, Le Meur N, Laquerriere A, Vital A, et al. APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet 38(1): 24-26 (2006).
7. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261(5123): 921-923 (1993).
8. Hurt LS, Ronsmans C, Saha S. Effects of education and other socioeconomic factors on middle age mortality in rural Bangladesh. J Epidemiol Community Health 58(4): 315-320 (2004).
9. Roe CM, Xiong C, Miller JP, Morris JC. Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology 68(3): 223-228 (2007).
10. Fabrigoule C. Do leisure activities protect against Alzheimer's disease? Lancet Neurol 1(1):11 (2002).
11. Tolppanen AM, Taipale H, Koponen M, Lavikainen P, Tanskanen A, Tiihonen J, et al. Use of existing data sources in clinical epidemiology: Finnish health care registers in Alzheimer's disease research - the Medication use among persons with Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ-2005) study. Clin Epidemiol 5: 277-285 (2013).
12. Alzheimer's-Association 2012 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 8(2):131-168 (2012).
13. Abdel Moneim AE. Citrus peel extract attenuates acute cyanide poisoning-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 13(4): 638-646 (2014).
14. El-Khadragy MF, Al-Olayan EM, Abdel Moneim AE. Neuroprotective effects of Citrus reticulata in scopolamineinduced dementia oxidative stress in rats. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 13(4): 684-690 (2014).
15. Rogawski MA, Wenk GL. The Neuropharmacological Basis for the Use of Memantine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drug Reviews 9(3): 275-308 (2003).
16. Enns GM, Kinsman SL, Perlman SL, Spicer KM, Abdenur JE, Cohen BH, et al. Initial experience in the treatment of inherited mitochondrial disease with EPI-743. Mol Genet Metab 105(1): 91- 102 (2012).
17. Jomova K, Vondrakova D, Lawson M, Valko M. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 345(1- 2): 91-104 (2010).
18. Abdel Moneim AE. The Neuroprotective Effects of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) on Rotenone- Induced Biochemical Changes and Apoptosis in Brain of Rat. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 12(6): 830-841 (2013).
19. Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013: 316523 (2013).
20. Moreira PI, Nunomura A, Nakamura M, Takeda A, Shenk JC, Aliev G, et al. Nucleic acid oxidation in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 44(8): 1493-1505 (2008).
21. Aliyev A, Chen SG, Seyidova D, Smith MA, Perry G, de la Torre J, et al. Mitochondria DNA deletions in atherosclerotic hypoperfused brain microvessels as a primary target for the development of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 229-230: 285- 292 (2005).
22. Bradley-Whitman MA, Timmons MD, Beckett TL, Murphy MP, Lynn BC, Lovell MA. Nucleic acid oxidation: an early feature of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 128(2): 294-304 (2014).
23. Beal MF. Oxidatively modified proteins in aging and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 32(9): 797-803 (2002).
24. Munch G, Gerlach M, Sian J, Wong A, Riederer P Advanced glycation end products in neurodegeneration: more than early markers of oxidative stress? Ann Neurol 44 (3 Suppl 1): S85-88 (1998).
25. Smith MA, Taneda S, Richey PL, Miyata S, Yan SD, Stern D, Sayre LM, Monnier VM, Perry G Advanced Maillard reaction end products are associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (12): 5710-5714 (1994).
26. Tuppo EE, Forman LJ Free radical oxidative damage and Alzheimer's disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc 101 (12 Suppl Pt 1): S11-15 (2001).
27. Vitek MP, Bhattacharya K, Glendening JM, Stopa E, Vlassara H, Bucala R, Manogue K, Cerami A Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (11): 4766-4770 (1994).
28. Padurariu M, Ciobica A, Hritcu L, Stoica B, Bild W, Stefanescu C Changes of some oxidative stress markers in the serum of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 469(1): 6-10 (2010).
29. Ansari MA, Scheff SW Oxidative stress in the progression of Alzheimer disease in the frontal cortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69(2): 155-167 (2010).
30. Abdel Moneim AE. The neuroprotective effect of berberine in mercury-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Metab Brain Dis (2015).
31. Williams TI, Lynn BC, Markesbery WR, Lovell MA. Increased levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein, neurotoxic markers of lipid peroxidation, in the brain in Mild Cognitive Impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 27(8): 1094-1099 (2006).
32. Feng Y, Wang X. Antioxidant therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012: 472932. (2012).
33. Wei H, Xie Z. Anesthesia, calcium homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 6(1): 30-35 (2009).
34. Greenough MA, Camakaris J, Bush AI. Metal dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 62 (5): 540- 555 (2013).
35. Gonzalez-Dominguez R, Garcia-Barrera T, Gomez-Ariza JL. Homeostasis of metals in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 27(3): 539-549 (2014).
36. Lee JY, Mook-Jung I, Koh JY. Histochemically reactive zinc in plaques of the Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 19(11): RC10 (1999).
37. Craddock TJ, Tuszynski JA, Chopra D, Casey N, Goldstein LE, Hameroff SR, et al. The zinc dyshomeostasis hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 7(3): e33552 (2012).
38. Lannfelt L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Batsman S, Ames D, Harrison J, et al. Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting Abeta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease: a phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 7(9):779-786 (2008).
39. Madeo J, Elsayad C. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 3(116). (2013).
40. Silva DF, Selfridge JE, Lu J, EL, Cardoso SM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease: possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Adv Pharmacol 64: 83-126 (2012).
41. Calkins MJ, Manczak M, Reddy PH. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SS31 Prevents Amyloid Beta-Induced Mitochondrial Abnormalities and Synaptic Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 5(10): 1103-1119 (2012).
42. Hauptmann S, Scherping I, Drose S, Brandt U, Schulz KL, Jendrach M, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction: an early event in Alzheimer pathology accumulates with age in AD transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 30(10): 1574-1586 (2009).
43. Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA, Wang X. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 33(1): S253-262 (2013).
44. Wang X, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Amyloid-beta-derived diffusible ligands cause impaired axonal transport of mitochondria in neurons. Neurodegener Dis 7(1-3): 56-59 (2010).
45. Garcia-Escudero V, Martin-Maestro P, Perry G, Avila J. Deconstructing mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013:162152 (2013).
46. Moreira PI, Carvalho C, Zhu X, Smith MA, Perry G. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis 1802(1): 2- 10 (2010).
47. Barrett E, Ross RP, O'Toole PW, Fitzgerald GF. Stanton Cgamma- Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. J Appl Microbiol 113(2): 411-417 (2012).
48. Lu B, Nagappan G, Guan X, Nathan PJ, Wren P. BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(6): 401-416 (2013).
49. Brenner SR. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as Beta-NMethylamino- L-Alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson-Dementia-Complex in humans and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in horses. Med Hypotheses 80 (1): 103 (2013).
50. Schwartz K, Boles BR. Microbial amyloids--functions and interactions within the host. Curr Opin Microbiol 16(1): 93-99 (2013).
51. Rautenberg M, Joo HS, Otto M, Peschel A. Neutrophil responses to staphylococcal pathogens and commensals via the formyl peptide receptor 2 relates to phenol-soluble modulin release and virulence. FASEB J 25(4): 1254-1263 (2011).
52. Hill JM, Bhattacharjee S, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ The gastrointestinal tract microbiome and potential link to Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 5: 43 (2014).
53. Pagani L, Eckert A. Amyloid-Beta interaction with mitochondria. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011 (2011).
54. Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F. Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res 25(3):177-183 (1998).
55. Lin L, Huang QX, Yang SS, Chu J, Wang JZ, Tian Q. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 14(7): 14575-14593 (2013).
56. Li R, Shen Y, Yang LB, Lue LF, Finch C, Rogers J. Estrogen enhances uptake of amyloid beta-protein by microglia derived from the human cortex. J Neurochem 75(4): 1447-1454 (2000).
57. Greenfield JP, Leung LW, Cai D, Kaasik K, Gross RS, Rodriguez- Boulan E, et al. Estrogen lowers Alzheimer beta-amyloid generation by stimulating trans-Golgi network vesicle biogenesis. J Biol Chem 277(14): 12128-12136 (2002).
58. Mendelev N, Mehta SL, Idris H, Kumari S, Li PA. Selenite stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and enhances mitochondrial functional performance in murine hippocampal neuronal cells. PLoS One 7(10): e47910 (2012).
59. Song G, Zhang Z, Wen L, Chen C, Shi Q, Zhang Y, et al. Selenomethionine ameliorates cognitive decline, reduces tau hyperphosphorylation, and reverses synaptic deficit in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 41(1):85-99 (2014).
60. Kwak HM, Jeon SY, Sohng BH, Kim JG, Lee JM, Lee KB, et al. beta-Secretase (BACE1) inhibitors from pomegranate (Punica granatum) husk. Arch Pharm Res 28(12):1328-1332 (2005).
61. Hartman RE, Shah A, Fagan AM, Schwetye KE, Parsadanian M, Schulman RN, et al. Pomegranate juice decreases amyloid load and improves behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 24(3): 506-515 (2006).
62. Montiel T, Quiroz-Baez R, Massieu L, Arias C. Role of oxidative stress on beta-amyloid neurotoxicity elicited during impairment of energy metabolism in the hippocampus: protection by antioxidants. Exp Neurol 200(2): 496-508 (2006).
63. Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Stampfer MJ, Witteman JC, et al. Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia. Arch Neurol 67(7): 819-825 (2010).
64. Giraldo E, Lloret A, Fuchsberger T, Vina J. Aβ and tau toxicities in Alzheimer's are linked via oxidative stress-induced p38 activation: protective role of vitamin E. Redox Biol 2: 873-877 (2014).
65. Nakashima H, Ishihara T, Yokota O, Terada S, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol on an animal model of tauopathies. Free Radic Biol Med 37(2): 176-186 (2004).
66. Nadeau A, Roberge AG. Effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on choline acetyltransferase activity in cat brain. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 58(4): 402-406 (1988).
67. Stahl W, Sies H. Effects of carotenoids and retinoids on gap junctional communication. Biofactors 15(2-4): 95-98 (2001).
68. Littlejohns TJ, Henley WE, Lang IA, Annweiler C, Beauchet O, Chaves PH, et al. Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 83(10): 920-928 (2014).
69. Cole GM, Ma QL, Frautschy SA. Omega-3 fatty acids and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 81(2-3): 213- 221 (2009).
70. Green KN, Martinez-Coria H, Khashwji H, Hall EB, Yurko-Mauro KA, Ellis L, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid ameliorate amyloid-beta and tau pathology via a mechanism involving presenilin 1 levels. J Neurosci 27(16):4385-4395 (2007).
71. Horecky J, Gvozdjakova A, Kucharska J, Obrenovich ME, Palacios HH, Li Y, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q and creatine supplementation on brain energy metabolism in rats exposed to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Curr Alzheimer Res 8(8): 868-875 (2011).
72. Yang X, Yang Y, Li G, Wang J, Yang ES. Coenzyme Q10 attenuates beta-amyloid pathology in the aged transgenic mice with Alzheimer presenilin 1 mutation. J Mol Neurosci 34 (2): 165-171 (2008).
73. Abdel Moneim AE, Ortiz F, Leonardo-Mendonca RC, Vergano- Villodres R, Guerrero-Martinez JA, Lopez LC, et al. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage induced by Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) crude venom in rats. Acta Trop 143: 58-65 (2015).
74. Tricoire H, Moller M, Chemineau P, Malpaux B. Origin of cerebrospinal fluid melatonin and possible function in the integration of photoperiod. Reprod Suppl 61: 311-321 (2003).
75. Cardinali DP, Furio AM, Brusco LI. Clinical aspects of melatonin intervention in Alzheimer's disease progression. Curr Neuropharmacol 8(3): 218-227 (2010).
76. Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2: 15 (2006).
77. Poeggeler B, Miravalle L, Zagorski MG, Wisniewski T, Chyan YJ, Zhang Y, et al. Melatonin reverses the profibrillogenic activity of apolipoprotein E4 on the Alzheimer amyloid Abeta peptide. Biochemistry 40(49): 14995-15001 (2001).
78. Al-Olayan EM, El-Khadragy MF, Abdel Moneim AE. The protective properties of melatonin against aluminium-induced neuronal injury. Int J Exp Path (2015).
79. Olcese JM, Cao C, Mori T, Mamcarz MB, Maxwell A, Runfeldt MJ, et al. Protection against cognitive deficits and markers of neurodegeneration by long-term oral administration of melatonin in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease. J Pineal Res 47(1): 82-96 (2009).
80. Cardinali D, Vigo D, Olivar N, Vidal M, Brusco L. Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants 3(2): 245-277 (2014).
81. Rosales-Corral S, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Valdivia-Velazquez M, Martinez-Barboza G, Acosta-Martinez JP, et al. Orally administered melatonin reduces oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines induced by amyloid-beta peptide in rat brain: a comparative, in vivo study versus vitamin C and E. J Pineal Res 35(2): 80-84 (2003).
82. Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K, Perjesi P, Zharikova AD, Perez EJ, Liu R, et al. Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(20): 11741-11746 (2003).
83. Simpkins JW, Perez E, Wang X, Yang S, Wen Y, Singh M. The potential for estrogens in preventing Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2(1): 31-49 (2009).
84. Jaffe AB, Toran-Allerand CD, Greengard P, Gandy SE. Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein. J Biol Chem 269(18): 13065-13068 (1994).
85. Benvenuti S, Luciani P, Vannelli GB, Gelmini S, Franceschi E, Serio M, et al. Estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators exert neuroprotective effects and stimulate the expression of selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1, a recently discovered antiapoptotic gene, in human neuroblast long-term cell cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (3): 1775-1782 (2005).
86. Levin-Allerhand JA, Lominska CE, Wang J, Smith JD. 17Alphaestradiol and 17beta-estradiol treatments are effective in lowering cerebral amyloid-beta levels in AbetaPPSWE transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 4(6): 449-457 (2002).
87. Carroll JC, Rosario ER, Chang L, Stanczyk FZ, Oddo S, LaFerla FM, et al. Progesterone and estrogen regulate Alzheimer-like neuropathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurosci 27(48): 13357-13365 (2007).
88. Green PS, Bales K, Paul S, Bu G. Estrogen therapy fails to alter amyloid deposition in the PDAPP model of Alzheimer's disease. Endocrinol 146(6): 2774-2781 (2005).
89. Asthana S, Craft S, Baker LD, Raskind MA, Birnbaum RS, Lofgreen CP, et al. Cognitive and neuroendocrine response to transdermal estrogen in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinol 24(6): 657-677 (1999).
90. Kryukov GV, Castellano S, Novoselov SV, Lobanov AV, Zehtab O, Guigo R, et al. Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes. Science 300(5624): 1439-1443 (2003).
91. Pinton S, Bruning CA, Sartori Oliveira CE, Prigol M, Nogueira CW. Therapeutic effect of organoselenium dietary supplementation in a sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type model in rats. J Nutr Biochem 24(1): 311-317 (2013).
92. Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H. Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 26(1): 81-104 (2011).
93. Savarino L, Granchi D, Ciapetti G, Cenni E, Ravaglia G, Forti P, et al. Serum concentrations of zinc and selenium in elderly people: results in healthy nonagenarians/centenarians. Exp Gerontol 36(2): 327-339 (2001).
94. Akbaraly TN, Hininger-Favier I, Carriere I, Arnaud J, Gourlet V, Roussel AM, et al. Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly. Epidemiology 18(1): 52-58 (2007).
95. Cardoso BR, Ong TP, Jacob-Filho W, Jaluul O, Freitas MI, Cozzolino SM. Nutritional status of selenium in Alzheimer's disease patients. Br J Nutr 103(6): 803-806 (2010).
96. Gao S, Jin Y, Hall KS, Liang C, Unverzagt FW, Ma F, et al. Selenium level is associated with apoE epsilon4 in rural elderly Chinese. Public Health Nutr 12(12): 2371-2376 (2009).
97. Ishrat T, Parveen K, Khan MM, Khuwaja G, Khan MB, Yousuf S, et al. Selenium prevents cognitive decline and oxidative damage in rat model of streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type. Brain Res 1281: 117-127 (2009).
98. van Eersel J, Ke YD, Liu X, Delerue F, Kril JJ, Gotz J, et al. Sodium selenate mitigates tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and functional deficits in Alzheimer's disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(31): 13888-13893 (2010).
99. Lovell MA, Xiong S, Lyubartseva G, Markesbery WR. Organoselenium (Sel-Plex diet) decreases amyloid burden and RNA and DNA oxidative damage in APP/PS1 mice. Free Radic Biol Med 46(11): 1527-1533 (2009).
100. Budimir A. Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy. Acta Pharm 61(1): 1-14 (2011).
101. Crapper McLachlan DR, Dalton AJ, Kruck TP, Bell MY, Smith WL, Kalow W, et al. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 337(8753): 1304-1308 (1991).
102. Abdel Moneim AE. Flaxseed oil as a neuroprotective agent on lead acetate-induced monoamineric alterations and neurotoxicity in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 148(3): 363-370 (2012).
103. Abdel Moneim AE. Evaluating the potential role of pomegranate peel in aluminum-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in brain of female rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 150(1-3): 328-336 (2012).
104. Kim SJ, Jeong HJ, Lee KM, Myung NY, An NH, Yang WM, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK in human astrocytoma U373MG cells. J Nutr Biochem 18 (9): 587-596 (2007).
105. Han X, Shen T, Lou H. Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biological Significance. Internat J Mol Sci 8(9): 950-988 (2007).
106. Jung JY, Mo HC, Yang KH, Jeong YJ, Yoo HG, Choi NK, et al. Inhibition by epigallocatechin gallate of CoCl2-induced apoptosis in rat PC12 cells. Life Sci 80(15): 1355-1363 (2007).
107. Feng Y, Yang SG, Du XT, Zhang X, Sun XX, Zhao M, et al. Ellagic acid promotes Abeta42 fibrillization and inhibits Abeta42- induced neurotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 390(4): 1250-1254 (2009).
108. Rojanathammanee L, Puig KL, Combs CK. Pomegranate polyphenols and extract inhibit nuclear factor of activated T-cell activity and microglial activation in vitro and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Nutr 143(5): 597-605 (2013).
109. Choi SJ, Lee JH, Heo HJ, Cho HY, Kim HK, Kim CJ, et al. Punica granatum protects against oxidative stress in PC12 cells and oxidative stress-induced Alzheimer's symptoms in mice. J Med Food 14(7-8): 695-701 (2011).
110. Ray B, Chauhan NB, Lahiri DK. Oxidative insults to neurons and synapse are prevented by aged garlic extract and S-allyl-L-cysteine treatment in the neuronal culture and APP-Tg mouse model. J Neurochem 117(3): 388-402 (2011).
111. Ray B, Chauhan NB, Lahiri DK. The "aged garlic extract:" (AGE) and one of its active ingredients S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Curr Med Chem 18(22): 3306-3313.
112. Peng Q, Buz'Zard AR, Lau BH. Neuroprotective effect of garlic compounds in amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro. Med Sci Monit 8(8): BR328-337 (2002).
113. Gupta VB, Rao KS. Anti-amyloidogenic activity of S-allyl-Lcysteine and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Neurosci Lett 429(2-3): 75-80 (2007).
114. Chauhan NB. Effect of aged garlic extract on APP processing and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's transgenic model Tg2576. J Ethnopharmacol 108(3): 385-394 (2006).
115. Kosuge Y, Koen Y, Ishige K, Minami K, Urasawa H, Saito H, et al. S-allyl-L-cysteine selectively protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons from amyloid beta-protein- and tunicamycin-induced neuronal death. Neuroscience 122(4): 885-895 (2003).
116. Murata N, Murakami K, Ozawa Y, Kinoshita N, Irie K, Shirasawa T, et al. Silymarin attenuated the amyloid beta plaque burden and improved behavioral abnormalities in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(11): 2299-2306 (2010).
117. Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu LL, Mouri A, Zou L, Nagai T, et al. Silibinin prevents amyloid beta peptide-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress in mice. Br J Pharmacol 157(7): 1270-1277 (2009).
118. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alphatocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 336(17):1216-1222 (1997).
119. Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA 311(1): 33-44 (2014).
120. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Aggarwal NT, et al. Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to cognitive change. Am J Clin Nutr 81(2): 508-514 (2005).
121. Dias-Santagata D, Fulga TA, Duttaroy A, Feany MB. Oxidative stress mediates tau-induced neurodegeneration in Drosophila. J Clin Invest 117(1): 236-245 (2007).
122. Barnard ND, Bush AI, Ceccarelli A, Cooper J, de Jager CA, Erickson KI, et al. Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 35(2): S74-78 (2014).
123. Chhillar N, Singh NK, Banerjee BD, Bala K, Basu M, Sharma D. Intergenotypic variation of Vitamin B12 and Folate in AD: In north indian population. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 17(3): 308-312 (2014).
124. Moore E, Mander A, Ames D, Carne R, Sanders K, Watters D. Cognitive impairment and vitamin B12: a review. Int Psychogeriatr 24(4): 541-556 (2012).
125. Morris MC, Schneider JA, Tangney CC. Thoughts on B-vitamins and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 9(4): 429-433 (2006).
126. Perrig WJ, Perrig P, Stahelin HB. The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old. J Am Geriatr Soc 45(6): 718-724 (1997).
127. Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Ducros V, Jeandel C, Julia C, Hercberg S, et al. Carotenoid-rich dietary patterns during midlife and subsequent cognitive function. Br J Nutr 111(5): 915-923 (2014).
128. Johnson EJ, Vishwanathan R, Johnson MA, Hausman DB, Davey A, Scott TM, et al. Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, alpha-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study. J Aging Res 2013: 951786 (2013).
129. Annweiler C, Montero-Odasso M, Hachinski V, Seshadri S, Bartha R, Beauchet O. Vitamin D concentration and lateral cerebral ventricle volume in older adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 57(2): 267- 276 (2013).
130. Balion C, Griffith LE, Strifler L, Henderson M, Patterson C, Heckman G, et al. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 79(13): 1397- 1405 (2012).
131. Lu'o'ng KV, Nguyen LT. The role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 28(2):126-136 (2013).
132. Bierhaus A, Humpert PM, Morcos M, Wendt T, Chavakis T, Arnold B, et al. Understanding RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products. J Mol Med (Berl) 83 (11): 876-886 (2005).
133. Masoumi A, Goldenson B, Ghirmai S, Avagyan H, Zaghi J, Abel K, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 interacts with curcuminoids to stimulate amyloid-beta clearance by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 17(3): 703-717 (2009).
134. Mizwicki MT, Menegaz D, Zhang J, Barrientos-Duran A, Tse S, Cashman JR, et al. Genomic and nongenomic signaling induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 promotes the recovery of amyloidbeta phagocytosis by Alzheimer's disease macrophages. J Alzheimers Dis 29 (1): 51-62 (2012).
135. Yu J, Gattoni-Celli M, Zhu H, Bhat NR, Sambamurti K, Gattoni- Celli S, et al. Vitamin D3-enriched diet correlates with a decrease of amyloid plaques in the brain of AbetaPP transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 25(2): 295-307 (2011).
136. Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D, Yilmazer S. A novel perspective for Alzheimer's disease: vitamin D receptor suppression by amyloidbeta and preventing the amyloid-beta induced alterations by vitamin D in cortical neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 23 (2): 207-219 (2011).
137. Mukherjee PK, Marcheselli VL, Serhan CN, Bazan NG. Neuroprotectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(22): 8491-8496 (2004).
138. Jose Gagliardi R. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Sao Paulo Med J 130(6): 419 (2012).
139. Cole GM, Lim GP, Yang F, Teter B, Begum A, Ma Q, et al. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions. Neurobiol Aging 26(1): 133- 136 (2005).
140. Sima AA, Li ZG. Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease - is there a connection? Rev Diabet Stud 3(4): 161-168 (2006).
141. Grimm MO, Kuchenbecker J, Grosgen S, Burg VK, Hundsdorfer B, Rothhaar TL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid beta production via multiple pleiotropic mechanisms. J Biol Chem 286(16): 14028-14039 (2011).
142. Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Neuroprotective and ameliorative actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids against neuronal diseases: beneficial effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Sci 116 (2): 150-162 (2011).
143. Eckert GP, Chang S, Eckmann J, Copanaki E, Hagl S, Hener U, et al. Liposome-incorporated DHA increases neuronal survival by enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP processing. Biochim Biophys Acta 1808(1): 236-243 (2011).
144. Stefani M, Liguri G. Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease: unresolved questions. Curr Alzheimer Res 6(1): 15-29 (2009).
145. Lim SY, Suzuki H. Intakes of dietary docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester and egg phosphatidylcholine improve maze-learning ability in young and old mice. J Nutr 130 (6): 1629-1632 (2000).
146. Minami M, Kimura S, Endo T, Hamaue N, Hirafuji M, Togashi H, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid increases cerebral acetylcholine levels and improves passive avoidance performance in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58(4): 1123-1129 (1997).
147. Yokota A. Relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and learning ability in the brain of rat fetus and newborn. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 45(1): 15-22 (1993).
148. Yamamoto N, Okaniwa Y, Mori S, Nomura M, Okuyama H. Effects of a high-linoleate and a high-alpha-linolenate diet on the learning ability of aged rats. Evidence against an autoxidationrelated lipid peroxide theory of aging. J Gerontol 46(1): B17-22 (1991).
149. Yavin E, Brand A, Green P. Docosahexaenoic acid abundance in the brain: a biodevice to combat oxidative stress. Nutr Neurosci 5(3): 149-157 (2002).
150. Hossain MS, Hashimoto M, Gamoh S, Masumura S. Antioxidative effects of docosahexaenoic acid in the cerebrum versus cerebellum and brainstem of aged hypercholesterolemic rats. J Neurochem 72(3): 1133-1138 (1999).
151. Green P, Glozman S, Yavin E. Ethyl docosahexaenoate-associated decrease in fetal brain lipid peroxide production is mediated by activation of prostanoid and nitric oxide pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 1531 (1-2): 156-164 (2001).
152. Festenstein GN, Heaton FW, Lowe JS, Morton RA. A constituent of the unsaponifiable portion of animal tissue lipids (lambda max. 272 m mu). Biochem J 59(4): 558-566 (1955).
153. Crane FL, Hatefi Y, Lester RL, Widmer C. Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 25(1): 220- 221 (1957).
154. Crane FL. Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10. J Am Coll Nutr 20(6): 591-598 (2001).
155. Forsmark-Andree P, Lee CP, Dallner G, Ernster L. Lipid peroxidation and changes in the ubiquinone content and the respiratory chain enzymes of submitochondrial particles. Free Radic Biol Med 22(3): 391-400 (1997).
156. Ernster L, Dallner G. Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1271(1): 195-204 (1995).
157. Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, Baik M, Beal MF. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(15): 8892-8897 (1998).
158. Bergamini C, Moruzzi N, Sblendido A, Lenaz G, Fato R. A water soluble CoQ10 formulation improves intracellular distribution and promotes mitochondrial respiration in cultured cells. PLoS One 7(3): e33712 (2012).
159. Ma D, Stokes K, Mahngar K, Domazet-Damjanov D, Sikorska M, Pandey S. Inhibition of stress induced premature senescence in presenilin-1 mutated cells with water soluble Coenzyme Q10. Mitochondrion 17: 106-115 (2014).
160. Sharma SK, El Refaey H, Ebadi M. Complex-1 activity and 18FDOPA uptake in genetically engineered mouse model of Parkinson's disease and the neuroprotective role of coenzyme Q10. Brain Res Bull 70(1): 22-32 (2006).
161. Dumont M, Kipiani K, Yu F, Wille E, Katz M, Calingasan NY, et al. Coenzyme Q10 decreases amyloid pathology and improves behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 27(1): 211-223 (2011).
162. Ray B, Bisht S, Maitra A, Lahiri DK. Neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of a novel polymeric nanoparticle formulation of curcumin (NanoCurc) in the neuronal cell culture and animal model: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 23(1): 61-77 (2011).
163. Ray B, Lahiri DK. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: different molecular targets and potential therapeutic agents including curcumin. Curr Opin Pharmacol 9(4): 434-444 (2009).
164. Snitz BE, O'Meara ES, Carlson MC, Arnold AM, Ives DG, Rapp SR, et al. Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 302(24): 2663-2670 (2009).
165. Thal LJ, Grundman M, Berg J, Ernstrom K, Margolin R, Pfeiffer E, et al. Idebenone treatment fails to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 61 (11):1498-1502 (2003).