KSHV-induced oncogenesis

Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1007-1028

  Ganem, Don ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929284644     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545313.057     Document Type: Chapter

References (211)

1. Aluigi, M. G., Albini, A., Carlone, S. et al. (1996). KSHV sequences in biopsies and cultured spindle cells of epidemic, iatrogenic and Mediterranean forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Res. Virol., 147(5), 267-275.
2. An, J., Lichtenstein, A. K., Brent, G., and Rettig, M. B. (2002). The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces cellular interleukin 6 expression: Role of the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen and the AP1 response element. Blood, 99(2), 649-654.
3. An, J., Sun, Y., Sun, R., and Rettig M. B. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoded vFLIP induces cellular IL-6 expression: The role of the NF-kappaB and JNK/AP1 pathways. Oncogene, 22(22), 3371-3385.
4. Aoki, Y., Jaffe, E. S., Chang, Y. et al. (1999). Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood, 93(12), 4034-4043.
5. Aoki, Y., Yarchoan, R., Braun, J., Iwamoto, A., and Tosato, G. (2000). Viral and cellular cytokines in AIDS-related malignant lym-phomatous effusions. Blood, 96(4), 1599-1601.
6. Ariyoshi, K., Schim van der Loeff, M., Cook, P. et al. (1998). Kaposi's sarcoma in the Gambia, West Africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunode-ficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. J. Hum. Virol., 1(3), 193-199.
7. Arvanitakis, L., Geras-Raaka, E., Varma, A., Gershengorn, M. C., and Cesarman, E. (1997). Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature, 385, 347-350.
8. Asou, H., Said, J. W., Yang, R. et al. (1998). Mechanisms of growth control of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus-associated primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood, 91, 2475-2481.
9. Bais, C., Santomasso, B. Coso, O. et al. (1998). G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature, 391, 86-89.
10. Ballestas, M. E. and Kaye, K. M. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 mediates episome persistence through cis-acting terminal repeat (TR) sequence and specifically binds TR DNA. J. Virol., 75(7), 3250-3258.
11. Ballestas, M. E., Chatis, P. A., and Kaye, K. M. (1999). Efficient persis-tence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen. Science, 284(5414), 641-644.
12. Barillari, G. and Ensoli, B. (2002). Angiogenic effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and its role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15(2), 310-326.
13. Barnes, B., Lubyova, B., and Pitha, P. M. (2002). On the role of IRF in host defense. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 22(1), 59-71.
14. Bechtel, J. T., Liang, Y., Hvidding, J., and Ganem, D. (2003). Host range of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in cultured cells. J. Virol., 77, 6474-6481.
15. Beck, J. T., Hsu, S. M., Wijdenes, J. et al. (1994). Brief report: Alle-viation of systemic manifestations of Castleman's disease by monoclonal anti-interleukin-6 antibody. N. Engl. J. Med., 330, 602-605.
16. Beckstead, J. H., Wood, G. S., and Fletcher, V. (1985). Evidence for the origin of Kaposi's sarcoma from lymphatic endothelium. Am. J. Pathol., 119(2), 294-300.
17. Bedi, G. C., Westra, W. H., Farzadegan, H., Pitha, P. M., and Sidransky, D. (1995). Microsatellite instability in primary neoplasms from HIV+ patients. Nat. Med., 1, 65-68.
18. Belanger, C., Gravel, A., Tomoiu, A. et al. (2001). Human herpesvirus 8 viral FLICE-inhibitory protein inhibits Fas-mediated apop-tosis through binding and prevention of procaspase-8 matu-ration. J. Hum. Virol., 4, 62-73.
19. Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L., and Jaffe, H. W. (1990). Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: A sexually trans-mitted infection? [see comments]. Lancet, 335, 123-128.
20. Bieleski, L. and Talbot, S. J. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vCyclin open reading frame contains an internal ribosome entry site. J. Virol., 75(4), 1864-1869.
21. Blasig, C., Zietz, C., Haar, B. et al. (1997). Monocytes in Kaposi's sar-coma lesions are productively infected by human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol., 71(10), 7963-7968.
22. Boivin, G., Cote, S., Cloutier, N., Abed, Y., Maguigad, M., and Routy J. P. (2002). Quantification of human herpesvirus 8 by real-time PCR in blood fractions of AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. J. Med. Virol., 68(3), 399-403.
23. Boshoff, C., Schulz, T. F., Kennedy, M. M. et al. (1995). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects endothelial and spin-dle cells. Nat. Med., 1, 1274-1278.
24. Boshoff, C., Endo, Y., Collins, P. D. et al. (1997). Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science, 278, 290-294.
25. Brandt, S. J., Bodine, D. M., Dunbar, C. E., and Nienhuis, A. W. (1990). Dysregulated interleukin 6 expression produces a syndrome resembling Castleman's disease in mice. J. Clin. Invest.86, 592-599.
26. Brown, H. J., Song, M. J., Deng, H., Wu, T. T., Cheng, G., and Sun, R. (2003). NF-kappaB inhibits gammaherpesvirus lytic repli-cation. J. Virol., 77(15), 8532-8540.
27. Cai, X and Cullen, B. R. (2006). Transcriptional origin of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs. J. Virol., 80(50):2234-2242.
28. Cai, X., Lu, S., Zhang, Z., Gonzalez, C.M., Damania, B., and Cullen B.R. (2005). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus expresses an array of viral microRNAs in latently infected cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 102, 5570-5575.
29. Campbell, T. B., Borok, M., Gwanzura, L. et al. (2000). Relation-ship of human herpesvirus 8 peripheral blood virus load and Kaposi's sarcoma clinical stage. AIDS, 14(14), 2109-2116.
30. Cannon, M., Philpott, N. J., and Cesarman, E. (2003a). The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor has broad signaling effects in primary effusion lymphoma cells. J. Virol., 77, 57-67.
31. Cannon, M. J., Dollard, S. C. Black, J. B. et al. (2003b). Risk fac-tors for Kaposi's sarcoma in men seropositive for both human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS17, 215-222.
32. Capello, D, Gaidano, G., Gallicchio, M. et al. (2000). The tyrosine kinase receptor met and its ligand HGF are co-expressed and functionally active in HHV8-positive primary effusion lym-phoma. Leukemia14, 285-291.
33. Carbone, A., Gloghini, A., Bontempo, D. et al. (2000). Proliferation in HHV8-positive primary effusion lymphomas is associated with expression of HHV8 cyclin but independent of p27kip1. Am. J. Pathol., 156, 1209-1215.
34. Carbone, A., Gloghini, A., Capello, D., and Gaidano, G. (2001). Genetic pathways and histogenetic models of AIDS-related lymphomas. Eur. J. Cancer, 37(10), 1270-1275.
35. Carroll, P. A., Brezeau, E., and Lagunoff, M. (2004). Kaposi's sarcoma-associatedherpesvirusinfectionofbloodendothelial cells induces lymphatic differentiation. Virology, 328(1), 7-18.
36. Cattelan, A. M., Calabro, M. L., Gasperini, P. et al. (2001). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sar-coma regression after highly active antiretroviral therapy: Biologic correlates of clinical outcome. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr., 28, 44-49.
37. Cesarman, E., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Said, J. W., and Knowles, D. M. (1995). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 1186-1191.
38. Cesarman, E., Nador, R. G., Bai, F. et al. (1996). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi's sar-coma and malignant lymphoma. J. Virol., 70(11), 8218-8223.
39. Cesarman, E., Mesri, E. A., and Gershengorn, M. C. (2000). Viral G protein-coupled receptor and Kaposi's sarcoma: A model of paracrine neoplasia? J. Exp. Med.191, 417-422.
40. Chang, P. J., Shedd, D., Gradoville, L. et al. (2002). Open reading frame 50 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus directly activates the viral PAN and K12 genes by binding to related response elements. J. Virol., 76(7), 3168-3178.
41. Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M. S. et al. (1994). Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science, 266, 1865-1869.
42. Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Talbot, S. J. et al. (1996). Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus. Nature, 382(6590), 410-411.
43. Chatterjee, M., Osborne, J., Bestetti, G., Chang, Y., and Moore, P. S. (2002). Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune eva-sion of interferon activity. Science, 298, 1432-1435.
44. Chaudhary, P. M., Jasmin, A., Eby, M. T., and Hood, L. (1999). Mod-ulation of the NF-B pathway by virally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene, 18, 5738-5746.
45. Chiou, C. J., Poole, L. J., Kim, P. S. et al. (2002). Patterns of gene expression and a transactivation function exhibited by the vGCR (ORF74) chemokine receptor protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 76, 3421-3439.
46. Ciufo, D. M., Cannon, J. S., Poole, L. J. et al. (2001). Spindle cell con-version by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: Forma-tion of colonies and plaques with mixed lytic and latent gene expressionininfectedprimarydermalmicrovascularendothe-lial cell cultures. J. Virol., 75(12), 5614-5626.
47. Cotter, M. A., 2nd and Robertson, E. S. (1999). The latency-associated nuclear antigen tethers the Kaposi's sarcoma-asso-ciated herpesvirus genome to host chromosomes in body cavity-based lymphoma cells. Virology, 264(2), 254-264.
48. Cotter, M. A., 2nd, Subramanian, C., and Robertson E. S. (2001). The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen binds to specific sequences at the left end of the viral genome through its carboxy-terminus. Virology, 291(2), 241-259.
49. Davis, M. A., Sturzl, M. A., Blasig, C. et al. (1997). Expression of human herpesvirus 8-encoded cyclin D in Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells [see comments]. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 89, 1868-1874.
50. DeBruyne, L. A., Li, K., Bishop, D. K., and Bromberg, J. S. (2000). Gene transfer of virally encoded chemokine antagonists vMIP-II and MC148 prolongs cardiac allograft survival and inhibits donor-specific immunity. Gene Ther., 7(7), 575-582.
51. Delabesse, E., Oksenhendler, E., Lebbe, C., Verola, O., Varet, B., and Turhan A.G. (1997). Molecular analysis of clonality in Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Clin. Pathol., 50(8), 664-668.
52. Delecluse, H. J., Kost, M., Feederle, R., Wilson, L., and Hammer-schmidt, W. (2001). Spontaneous activation of the lytic cycle in cells infected with a recombinant Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus. J. Virol., 75(6), 2921-2928.
53. Deng, H., Chu, J. T., Rettig, M. B., Martinez-Maza, O., and Sun, R. (2002). Rta of the human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus up-regulates human interleukin-6 gene expression. Blood, 100, 1919-1921.
54. Dictor, M., Rambech, E., Way, D., Witte, M., and Bendsoe, N. (1996). Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) DNA in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines, endothelial Kaposi's sarcoma simulators, and the skin of immunosuppressed patients. Am. J. Pathol., 148(6), 2009-2016.
55. Dittmer, D., Lagunoff, M., Renne, R., Staskus, K., Haase, A., and Ganem, D. (1998). A cluster of latently expressed genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 72, 8309-8315.
56. Djerbi, M., Screpanti, V., Catrina, A. I., Bogen, B., Biberfeld, P., and Grandien, A. (1999). The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progres-sion factors. J. Exp. Med., 190, 1025-1032.
57. Du, M.Q., Liu, H., Diss, T.C. et al. (2001). Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects monotypic (IgM lambda) but polyclonal naive B cells in Castleman disease and associated lymphopro-liferative disorders. Blood, 97(7), 2130-2136.
58. Dupin, N., Fisher, C., Kellam, P. et al. (1999). Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sar-coma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 4546-4551.
59. Dupin, N., Diss, T. L., Kellam, P. et al. (2000). HHV-8 is associ-ated with a plasmablastic variant of Castleman's disease that is linked to HHV8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma. Blood, 95, 1406-1412.
60. Ellis, M., Chew, Y. P., Fallis, L. et al. (1999). Degradation of p27(Kip) cdk inhibitor triggered by Kaposi's sarcoma virus cyclin-cdk6 complex. EMBO J., 18: 644-653.
61. Engels, E. A., Biggar, R. J., Marshall, V. A. et al. (2003). Detection and quantification of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to predict AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS, 17(12), 1847-1851.
62. Ensoli, B. and Sturzl, M. (1998). Kaposi's sarcoma: A result of the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic fac-tors and viral agents. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 9(1), 63-83.
63. Ensoli, B., Nakamura, S., Salahuddin, S. Z. et al. (1989). AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells express cytokines with autocrine and paracrine growth effects. Science, 243, 223-226.
64. Ensoli, B., Sgadari, C., Barillari, G., Sirianni, M. C., Sturzl, M., and Monini, P. (2001). Biology of Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur. J. Cancer, 37, 1251-1269.
65. Field, N., Low, W., Daniels, M. et al. (2003). KSHV vFLIP binds to IKK-gamma to activate IKK. J. Cell Sci., 116(18), 3721-3728.
66. Flamand, L., Zeman, R.A., Bryant, J.L., Lunardi-Iskandar, Y., and Gallo, R.C. (1996). Absence of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in neoplastic Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol., 13(2), 194-197.
67. Flore, O., Rafii, S., Ely, S., O'Leary, J. J., Hyjek, E. M., and Cesarman, E. (1998). Transformation of primary human endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nature, 394, 588-592.
68. Friborg, J., Jr., Kong, W., Hottiger, M.O., and Nabel, G.J. (1999). p53 inhibition by the LANA protein of KSHV protects against cell death. Nature, 402(6764), 889-894.
69. Fujimuro, M., Wu, F.Y., ApRhys, C. et al. (2003). A novel viral mech-anism for dysregulation of beta-catenin in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency. Nat. Med., 9(3), 300-306.
70. Gaidano, G, Capello, D., Cilia, A. M. et al. (1999). Genetic character-isation of HHV8/KSHV-positive primary effusion lymphoma reveal frequent mutations of BCL6: Impliations for disease pathogenesis and histogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 24, 16-23.
71. Gao, S. J., Kingsley, L., Li, M. et al. (1996). KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat. Med., 2, 925-928.
72. Gao, S.J., Deng, J.H., and Zhou, F.C. (2003) Productive lytic repli-cation of a recombinant Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus in efficient primary infection of primary human endothelial cells. J. Virol., 77(18), 9738-9749.
73. Garber, A.C., Shu, M.A., Hu, J., and Renne, R. (2001). DNA binding and modulation of gene expression by the latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 75(17), 7882-7892.
74. Garber, A.C., Hu, J., and Renne, R. (2002). Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) cooperatively binds to two sites within the terminal repeat, and both sites contribute to the ability of LANA to suppress transcription and to facilitate DNA replica-tion. J. Biol. Chem., 277(30), 27401-27411.
75. Gates, A.E., and Kaplan, L.D. (2002). AIDS malignancies in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Oncology(Huntingt), 16(5), 657-665.
76. Gershengorn, M. C., Geras-Raaka, E., Varma, A., and Clark-Lewis, I. (1998). Chemokines activate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus G protein-coupled receptor in mammalian cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest., 102, 1469-1472.
77. Gill, J., Bourboulia, D., Wilkinson, J. et al. (2002). Prospective study of the effects of antiretroviral therapy on Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in patients with and without Kaposi sarcoma. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 31(4), 384-390.
78. Gill, P.S., Tsai, Y.C., Rao, A.P. et al. (1998). Evidence for multiclonality in multicentric Kaposi's sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95(14), 8257-8261.
79. Glaunsinger, B. and Ganem, D. (2004). Lytic KSHV infection inhibits host gene expression by accelerating global mRNA turnover. Molec. Cell., 13, 713-723.
80. Glaunsinger, B. and Ganem, D. (2004). Highly selective escape from Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus-mediated most shut-off: Implications for the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Exp. Med., 200, 391-398.
81. Godden-Kent, D., Talbot, S., Boshoff, C. et al. (1997). The cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimu-lates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J. Virol., 71, 4193-4198.
82. Godfrey, A., Anderson, J., Papanastasiou A., Takeuchi Y., Boshoff C. (2005). Inhibiting primary effusion lymphoma by lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNA. Blood, 105(6), 2510-2518.
83. Grandadam, N. Dupin, N., Calvez, V. et al. (1997). Exacerbations of clinical symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with multicentric Castleman's disease are associated with a high increase in Kaposi's sarcoma her-pesvirus DNA load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Infect. Dis., 175 1198-1201.
84. Green, I., Espiritu, E., Ladanyi, M. et al. (1995). Primary lymphoma-tous effusions in AIDS: A morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular study. Modern Pathol. 8, 39.
85. Grossman, Z., Iscovich, J., Schwartz, F. et al. (2002). Absence of Kaposi sarcoma among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel despite high seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8. Mayo Clin Proc., 77(9), 905-909.
86. Grossman, C., Podogrobskina, S., Skobe, M., and Ganem, D. (2006). Activation of NF-KB by the latent v-FLIP gene of KSHV is required for the spindle shape of virus-infected endothelial cells and contributes to their proinfiammatory phenotype J. Virol., 80(14), 7179-7185.
87. Grundhoff, A. and Ganem, D. (2001). Mechanisms governing expression of the v-FLIP gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 75(4), 1857-1863.
88. Grundhoff, A, and Ganem, D. (2003). The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) permits replication of terminal repeat-containing plasmids. J. Virol., 77, 2779-2783.
89. Grundhoff, A. and Ganem, D. (2004) The inefficient establishment of KSHV latency suggests an additional role for lytic viral repli-cation in KS pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest.113, 124-136.
90. Grundhoff, A., Sullivan, C., and Ganem, D. (2006). A combined com-putational and microarray-based approach identifies novel microRNAs encoded by human gamma-herpesviruses. RNA, 12, 733-750.
91. Guasparri, I., Keller, S. A., and Cesarman, E. (2004). KSHV vFLIP is essential for the survival of infected lymphoma cells. J. Exp. Med., 199(7), 993-1003.
92. Guo, H. G., Sadowska, M., Reid, W., Tschachler, E., Hayward, G., and Reitz, M. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-like tumors in a human herpesvirus 8 ORF74 transgenic mouse. J. Virol., 77, 2631-2639.
93. Haque, N.S., Fallon, J.T., Taubman, M.B., and Harpel, P.C. (2001). The chemokine receptor CCR8 mediates human endothe-lial cell chemotaxis induced by I-309 and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encodedvMIP-Iandbylipoprotein(a)-stimulated endothelial cell conditioned medium. Blood, 97(1), 39-45.
94. Harrington, W. Jr, Sieczkowski, L., Sosa, C. et al. (1997). Activation of HHV-8 by HIV-1 tat. Lancet, 349(9054), 774-775.
95. Herndier B. and Ganem, D. (2001). The biology of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Treat. Res., 104, 89-126.
96. Hong, Y. K., Foreman, K., Shin, J. W. et al. (2004). Lymphatic repro-gramming of blood vascular endothelium by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat. Genet., 36(7):683-685.
97. Horenstein, M.G., Nador, R.G., Chadburn, A. et al. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in primary effu-sion lymphomas containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus/human herpesvirus-8. Blood, 90(3), 1186-1191.
98. Horn, F., Henze, C., and Heidrich, K. (2000). Interleukin-6 sig-nal transduction and lymphocyte function. Immunobiology, 202(2), 151-167.
99. Hu, J., Garber, A.C., and Renne, R. (2002) The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus supports latent DNA replication in dividing cells. J. Virol., 76(22), 11677-11687.
100. Huang, L.M., Chao, M.F., Chen, M.Y. et al. (2001). Reciprocal regu-latory interaction between human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Biol. Chem., 276(16), 13427-13432.
101. Huang, Y. Q., Li, J. J., Kaplan, M. H. et al. (1995). Human herpesvirus-like nucleic acid in various forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet, 345, 759-761.
102. Jenner, R.G., Maillard, K., Cattini, N. et al. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected primary effusion lymphoma has a plasma cell gene expression profile. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA, 100(18), 10399-10404.
103. Jeong, J.H., Hines-Boykin, R., Ash, J.D., and Dittmer, D.P. (2002). Tis-sue specificity of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent nuclear antigen (LANA/orf73) promoter in transgenic mice. J. Virol., 76(21), 11024-11032.
104. Jones, K.D., Aoki, Y., Chang, Y., Moore, P.S., Yarchoan, R., and Tosato, G. (1999). Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood, 94(8), 2871-2879.
105. Judde, J.G., Lacoste, V., Briere, J. etal. (2000). Monoclonality or oligo-clonality of human herpesvirus 8 terminal repeat sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma and other diseases. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 92(9), 729-736.
106. Katano, H., Sato, Y., Kurata, T., Mori, S., and Sata, T. (2000). Expression and localization of human herpesvirus 8-encoded proteins in primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi's sar-coma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Virology269, 335-344.
107. Kedes, D. H., Operskalski, E., Busch, M., Kohn, R., Flood, J., and Ganem, D. (1996). The seroepidemiology of human her-pesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): Distri-bution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat. Med.2, 918-924.
108. Keller, S. A., Schattner, E. J., and Cesarman, E. (2000). Inhibition of NF-B induces apoptosis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood, 96, 2537-2542.
109. Kelley, M. J., Otterson, G. A., Kaye, F. J., Popescu, N. C., Johnson, B. E., and Dipaolo, J. A. (1995). CDKN2 in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical-carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Cancer, 63(2), 226-230.
110. Kirshner, J. R., Staskus, K., Haase, A., Lagunoff, M., and Ganem, D. (1999). Expression of the open reading frame 74 (G-protein-coupled receptor) gene of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus: Implications for KS pathogenesis. J. Virol., 73, 6006-6014.
111. Kledal, T. N., Rosenkilde, M. M. Coulin, F. et al. (1997). A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science, 277, 1656-1659.
112. Klein, U., Gloghini, A., Gaidano, G. et al. (2003). Gene expression profile analysis of AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) suggests a plasmablastic derivation and identifies PEL-specific transcripts. Blood, 101(10), 4115-4121.
113. Kliche, S., Kremmer, E., Hammerschmidt, W., Koszinowski, U., and Haas, J. (1998). Persistent infection of Epstein-Barr virus-positive B lymphocytes by human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol., 72(10), 8143-8149.
114. Kliche, S., Nagel, W., Kremmer, E. et al. (2001). Signaling by human herpesvirus 8 kaposin A through direct membrane recruitment of cytohesin-1. Mol. Cell., 7(4), 833-843.
115. Knowles, D. M., Inghirami, G., Ubriaco, A., and Dalla-Favera, R. (1989). Molecular genetic analysis of three AIDS-associated neoplasms of uncertain lineage demonstrates their B-cell derivation and the possible pathogenetic role of the Epstein-Barr virus. Blood, 73, 792.
116. Krithivas, A., Young, D. B., Liao, G., Greene, D., and Hayward, S. D. (2000). Human herpesvirus 8 LANA interacts with pro-teins of the mSin3 corepressor complex and negatively regu-lates Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in dually infected PEL cells. J. Virol., 74(20), 9637-9645.
117. Krithivas, A., Fujimuro, M., Weidner, M., Young, D.B., and Hay-ward, S.D. (2002). Protein interactions targeting the latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to cell chromosomes. J. Virol., 76(22), 11596-11604.
118. Lagunoff, M., Bechtel, J., Venetsanakos, E., et al. (2002). De novo infection and serial transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in cultured endothelial cells. J. Virol., 76(5), 2440-2448.
119. Lauta, V.M. (2003) A review of the cytokine network in multiple myeloma: Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implica-tions. Cancer, 97(10), 2440-2452.
120. Lebbe, C., Blum, L., Pellet, C. et al. (1998). Clinical and biological impact of antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors on HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS, 12(7), F45-F49.
121. Leger-Ravet, M. B., Peuchmaur, M., Devergne, O. et al. (1991). Interleukin-6 gene expression in Castleman's disease. Blood, 78, 2923-2930.
122. Li, M., Lee, H., Yoon, D. W. et al. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin. J. Virol., 71(3), 1984-1991.
123. Li, H., Komatsu, T., Dezube, B. J., and Kaye, K. M. (2002). The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K12 transcript from a primary effusion lymphoma contains complex repeat ele-ments, is spliced, and initiates from a novel promoter. J. Virol., 76(23), 11880-11888.
124. Lim, C., Sohn, H., Gwack, Y., and Choe, J. (2000). Latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) binds ATF4/CREB2 and inhibits its transcriptional activation activity. J. Gen. Virol., 81(11), 2645-2652.
125. Lim, C., Sohn, H., Lee, D., Gwack, Y., and Choe, J. (2002). Func-tional dissection of latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus involved in latent DNA replication and transcription of terminal repeats of the viral genome. J. Virol., 76(20), 10320-10331.
126. Lim, C., Lee, D., Seo, T., Choi, C., and Choe, J. (2003). Latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus functionally interacts with heterochromatin pro-tein 1. J. Biol. Chem., 278(9), 7397-7405.
127. Liu, C., Okruzhnov, Y., Li, H., and Nicholas, J. (2001). Human her-pesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-encoded cytokines induce expression of and autocrine signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HHV-8-infected primary-effusion lymphoma cell lines and mediate VEGF-independent antiapoptotic effects. J. Virol., 75(22), 10933-10940.
128. Liu, L., Eby, M. T., Rathore, N., Sinha, S. K., Kumar, A., and Chaud-hary, P. M. (2002). The human herpes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein physically associates with and per-sistently activates the IB kinase complex. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 13745-13751.
129. Low, W., Harries, M., Ye, H., Du, M.Q., Boshoff, C., and Collins, M. (2001). Internal ribosome entry site regulates translation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus FLICE inhibitory protein. J. Virol., 75(6), 2938-2945.
130. Lubyova, B. and Pitha, P.M. (2000). Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol., 74(17), 8194-8201.
131. Lubyova, B., Kellum, M.J., Frisancho, A.J., and Pitha, P.M. (2003). Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vIRF-3 stimulates the transcriptional activity of cellular IRF-3 and IRF-7. J. Biol. Chem., Dec 10.
132. Lukac, D. M., Kirshner, J. R., and Ganem. D. (1999). Transcriptional activation by the product of open reading frame 50 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for lytic viral reac-tivation in B cells. J. Virol., 73, 9348-9361.
133. McCormick, C. and Ganem, D. (2005). The kaposin B protein of KSHV activates the p38/MK2 pathway and stabilizes cytokine mRNAs. Science, 307, 739-741.
134. Mann, D. J., Child, E. S., Swanton, C., Laman, H., and Jones, N. (1999). Modulation of p27(Kip1) levels by the cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. EMBO J., 18: 654-663.
135. Marchio, S., Primo, L., Pagano, M. et al. (1999). Vascular endothe-lial growth factor-C stimulates the migration and prolifera-tion of Kaposi's sarcoma cells. J Biol Chem., 274(39), 27617-27622.
136. Martin, D. F., Kuppermann, B. D., Wolitz, R. A., Palestine, A. G., Li, H., and Robinson, C. A. (1999). Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. Roche Ganciclovir Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 1063-1070.
137. Martin, J. N., Ganem, D. E., Osmond, D. H., Page-Shafer, K. A., Macrae, D., and Kedes, D.H. (1998). Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 338(14), 948-954.
138. Mattsson, K., Kiss, C., Platt, G. M. et al. (2002). Latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 induces and relocates RING3 to nuclear heterochromatin regions. J. Gen. Virol., 83(1), 179-188.
139. Miles, S. A., Rezai, A. R., Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F. et al. (1990). AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to inter-leukin 6. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 4068-4072.
140. Molden, J., Chang, Y., You, Y., Moore, P.S., and Goldsmith, M.A. (1997). A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded cytokine homolog (vIL-6) activates signaling through the shared gp130 receptor subunit. J. Biol. Chem., 272(31), 19625-19631.
141. Montaner, S., Sodhi, A., Molinolo, A. et al. (2003). Endothe-lial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi's sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell, 3, 23-36.
142. Moore, P. S. and Chang, Y. (1995). Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 1181-1185.
143. Moore, P. S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A., and Chang, Y. (1996a). Molecu-lar mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science, 274, 1739-1744.
144. Moore, P. S., Kingsley, L. A., Holmberg, S. D. et al. (1996b). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS, 10, 175-180.
145. Muralidhar, S., Pumfery, A. M., Hassani, M. et al. (1998). Identifica-tion of kaposin (ORF K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus) transforming gene. J. Virol., 72, 4980-4988.
146. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C., Ensser, A. et al. (1997a). Human her-pesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6. J. Virol., 71, 839-842.
147. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C. and Fleckenstein, B. (1997b). Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: Determinants of its pathogenicity? J. Virol., 71, 4187-4192.
148. Nicholas, J. (2003). Human herpesvirus-8-encoded signalling lig-ands and receptors. J. Biomed. Sci., 10(5), 475-489.
149. Nicholas, J., Ruvolo, V. R., Burns, W. H. et al. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8 encodes homologues of macrophage infiammatory protein-1 and interleukin-6. Nat. Med.1997; 3, 287-292.
150. Ojala, P. M., Tiainen, M., Salven, P. et al. (1999). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded v-cyclin triggers apoptosis in cells with high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 6. Cancer Res., 59(19), 4984-4989.
151. Ojala, P. M., Yamamoto, K., Castanos-Velez, E., Biberfeld, P., Korsmeyer, S. J., and Makela, T.P. (2000). The apoptotic v-cyclin-CDK6 complex phosphorylates and inactivates Bcl-2. Nat. Cell. Biol., 2(11), 819-825.
152. Oksenhendler, E., Cazals-Hatem, D., Schulz T. F. et al. (1998). Tran-sient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi's sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 1585-1590.
153. Oksenhendler, E., Carcelain, G., Aoki Y. et al. (2000). High levels of human herpesvirus 8 viral load, human interleukin 6, inter-leukin 10, and c-reactive protein correlate with exacerbation of multicentric Castleman's disease in HIV-infected patients. Blood, 96, 2069-2073.
154. Oksenhendler, E., Boulanger, E., Galicier, L. et al. (2002). High incidence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with HIV infec-tion and multicentric Castleman disease. Blood, 99(7), 2331-2336.
155. Parravicini, C., Corbellino, M., Paulli, M., Magrini, U., and Laz-zarino, M. (1997). Expression of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman's disease. Am. J. Pathol., 151, 1517-1522.
156. Parravicini, C., Chandran, B., Corbellino M. et al. (2000). Differ-ential viral protein expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effu-sion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Am. J. Pathol., 156, 743-749.
157. Pearce, M., Matsumura, S., and Wilson, A. C. (2005). Tran-scripts encoding K12, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, and the MicroRNA cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus origi-nate from a common promoter. J. Virol., 79(22), 14457-14454.
158. Pfeffer, S., Sewer, A., Lagos-Quintana, M., et al. (2005). Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat. Methods, 2(4), 269-276.
159. Picchio, G. R., Sabbe, R. E., Guliza, R. J., McGrath, M. S., Herndier, B. G., and Mosier, D. E. (1997). The KSHV/HHV8-infected BCBL-1 lymphoma line causes tumors in SCID mice but fails to trans-mit virus to a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell graft. Virology, 238, 22-29.
160. Piolot, T., Tramier, M., Coppey, M., Nicolas, J.C., and Marechal, V. (2001). Close but distinct regions of human herpesvirus 8 latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 are responsible for nuclear targeting and binding to human mitotic chromo-somes. J. Virol., 75(8), 3948-3959.
161. Platt, G., Carbone, A., and Mittnacht, S. (2002). p16INK4a loss and sensitivity in KSHV associated primary effusion lymphoma. Oncogene, 21(12), 1823-1831.
162. Platt, G.M., Simpson, G.R., Mittnacht, S., and Schulz, T.F. (1999). Latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with RING3, a homolog of the Drosophilafemale sterile homeotic (fsh) gene. J. Virol., 73(12), 9789-9795.
163. Polakis, P. (2000). Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev., 14, 1837-1851.
164. Polson, A. G., Wang, D., DeRisi, J., and Ganem, D. (2002). Modulation of host gene expression by the constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Cancer Res., 62, 4525-4530.
165. Portsmouth, S., Stebbing, J., Gill, J. et al. (2003). A comparison of regimens based on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors in preventing Kaposi's sar-coma. AIDS, 17(11), F17-F22.
166. Quinlivan, E.B., Zhang, C., Stewart, P.W., Komoltri, C., Davis, M.G., and Wehbie, R.S. (2002) Elevated virus loads of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 predict Kaposi's sarcoma disease progression, but elevated levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 do not. J. Infect. Dis., 185(12), 1736-1744.
167. Rabkin, C., Janz, S., Lash, A. et al. (1997). Monoclonal origin of multicentric Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 988-993.
168. Radkov, S. A., Kellam, P., and Boshoff, C. (2000). The latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus targets the retinoblastoma-E2F pathway and with the onco-gene Hras transforms primary rat cells. Nat. Med., 6(10), 1121-1127.
169. Regezi, J. A., MacPhail, L.A., Daniels, T.E. et al. (1993a). Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: A 10-year retrospective histopathologic study. J. Oral Pathol. Med., 22(7), 292-297.
170. Regezi, J.A., MacPhail, L.A., Daniels, T.E., DeSouza, Y.G., Greenspan, J.S., and Greenspan, D. (1993b). Human immunodeficiency virus-associated oral Kaposi's sarcoma. A heterogeneous cell population dominated by spindle-shaped endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol., 143(1), 240-249.
171. Renne, R., Zhong, W., Herndier, B. et al. (1996). Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med., 2, 342-346.
172. Rivas, C., Thlick, A.E., Parravicini, C., Moore, P.S., and Chang, Y. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol., 75(1), 429-438.
173. Russo, J. J., Bohenzky, R. A., Chien, M. C. et al. (1996). Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 14862-14867.
174. Sadler, R., Wu, L., Forghani, B. et al. (1999). A complex translational program generates multiple novel proteins from the latently expressed kaposin (K12) locus of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 73(7), 5722-5730.
175. Salahuddin, S.Z., Nakamura, S., Biberfeld, P. et al. (1988). Angio-genic properties of Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells after long-term culture in vitro. Science,1 242(4877), 430-433.
176. Sarid, R., Wiezorek, J. S., Moore, P. S., and Chang Y. (1999). Char-acterization and cell cycle regulation of the major Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Human herpesvirus 8) latent genes and their promoter. J. Virol., 73, 1438-1446.
177. Samols, M. A., Hu J., Skalsky R. L., and Renne, R. (2005). Cloning and identification of a microRNA cluster within the latency-assosciated region of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus J. Virol., 79, 9301-9305.
178. Schulz, T. F. (1999). Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. Adv. Cancer Res., 76, 121-160.
179. Schulz, T.F. (2001). KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphoproliferations in the AIDS setting. Eur. J. Cancer, 37(10), 1217-1226.
180. Schwam, D.R., Luciano, R.L., Mahajan, S.S., Wong L., and Wilson, A.C. (2000). Carboxy terminus of human herpesvirus 8 latency-associated nuclear antigen mediates dimerization, transcrip-tional repression, and targeting to nuclear bodies. J. Virol., 74(18), 8532-8540.
181. Schwarz, M. and Murphy, P. M. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor constitutively acti-vates NF-kappa B and induces proinfiammatory cytokine and chemokine production via a C-terminal signaling determi-nant. J. Immunol., 167, 505-513.
182. Skobe, M., Brown, L.F., Tognazzi, K. et al. (1999). Vascular endothe-lial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptors KDR and fit-4 are expressed in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma J. Invest. Dermatol., 113(6), 1047-1053.
183. Smit, M. J., Verzijl, D., Casarosa, P., Navis, M., Timmerman, H., and Leurs, R. (2002). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor ORF74 constitutively activates p44/p42 MAPK and Akt via G(i) and phospholipase C-dependent signaling pathways. J. Virol., 76, 1744-1752.
184. Sodhi, A., Montaner, S., Patel, V. et al. (2000). The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus G protein-coupled recep-tor up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion through mitogen-activated protein kinase and p38 pathways acting on hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Can-cer Res., 60, 4873-4880.
185. Song, M.J., Deng, H., and Sun, R. (2003). Comparative study of regulation of RTA-responsive genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol., 77(17), 9451-9462.
186. Soulier, J., Grollet, L., Oksenhendler, E. et al. (1995). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in mul-ticentric Castleman's disease. Blood, 86, 1276-1280.
187. Sozzani, S., Luini, W., Bianchi, G. et al. (1998). The viral chemokine macrophage infiammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood, 92(11), 4036-4039.
188. Staskus, K. A., Zhong, W., Gebhard, K. et al. (1997). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothe-lial (spindle) tumor cells. J. Virol., 71, 715-719.
189. Staskus, K. A., Sun, R., Miller, G. et al. (1999). Cellular tropism and viral interleukin-6 expression distinguish human herpesvirus 8 involvement in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lym-phoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. J. Virol., 73, 4181-4187.
190. Stine, J.T., Wood, C., Hill, M. et al. (2000). KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogene-sis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood, 95(4), 1151-1157.
191. Sturzl, M., Blasig, C., Schreier, A. et al. (1997). Expression of HHV-8 latency-associated T0.7 RNA in spindle cells and endothe-lial cells of AIDS-associated, classical and African Kaposi's sar-coma. Int. J. Cancer, 72, 68-71.
192. Sun, Q., Zachariah, S., and Chaudhary, P.M. (2003). The human her-pes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE-inhibitory protein induces cellular transformation via NF-{kappa}B activation. J. Biol. Chem., 278(52), 52437-52445.
193. Swanton, C., Mann, D. J., Fleckenstein, B., Neipel, F., Peters, G., and Jones, N. (1997). Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature (Lond.), 390, 184-187.
194. Szekely, L., Chen, F. Teramoto, N. et al. (1998). Restricted expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded, growth transformation-associated antigens in an EBV-and human herpesvirus type 8-carrying body cavity lymphoma line. J. Gen. Virol., 79, 1445-1452.
195. Tang, J., Gordon, G.M., Muller, M.G., Dahiya, M., and Foreman, K.E. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen induces expression of the helix-loop-helix protein Id-1 in human endothelial cells. J. Virol., 77(10), 5975-5984.
196. Thome, M., Schneider, P., Hofmann, K. et al. (1997). Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature, 386, 517-521.
197. Tomkowicz, B., Singh, S. P., Cartas, M., and Srinivasan, A. (2002). Human herpesvirus-8 encoded Kaposin: Subcellular localiza-tion using immunofiuorescence and biochemical approaches. DNA Cell Biol., 21(3), 151-162.
198. Varthakavi, V., Browning, P.J., and Spearman P. (1999). Human immunodeficiency virus replication in a primary effusion lymphoma cell line stimulates lytic-phase replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 73(12), 10329-10338.
199. Varthakavi, V., Smith, R.M., Deng, H., Sun, R., and Spearman, P. (2002). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 activates lytic cycle replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus through induction of KSHV Rta. Virology, 297(2), 270-280.
200. Verschuren, E.W., Klefstrom, J., Evan, G.I., and Jones, N. (2002). The oncogenic potential of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus cyclin is exposed by p53 loss in vitro and in vivo. Can-cer Cell, 2(3), 229-241.
201. Viejo-Borbolla, A., Kati, E., Sheldon, J.A. et al. (2003). A domain in the C-terminal region of latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus affects transcrip-tional activation and binding to nuclear heterochromatin. J. Virol., 77(12), 7093-7100.
202. Viera, J., O'Hearn, P., Kimball, L., Chandran, B., and Corey, L. (2001). Activation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated her-pesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) lytic replication by human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol., 75, 1378-1386.
203. Wang, H. W., Trotter, M. W., Lagos, D. et al. (2004). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-induced cellular reprogramming contributes to the lymphatic endothelial gene expression in Kaposi sarcoma. Nat. Genet., 36(7), 687-693.
204. Watanabe, T., Sugaya, M., Atkins, A. M. et al. (2003). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen prolongs the life span of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Virol., 77, 6188-6196.
205. Weninger, W., Partanen, T.A., Breiteneder-Geleff, S. et al. (1999). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and podoplanin suggests a lymphatic endothelial cell ori-gin of Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells. Lab. Invest., 79(2), 243-251.
206. Whitby, D., Howard, M. R., Tenant-Flowers, M. et al. (1995). Detec-tion of Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet, 346, 799-802.
207. Wrede, D., Tidy, J.A., Crook, T., Lane, D., and Vousden, K.H. (1991) Expression of RB and p53 proteins in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical carcinoma cell lines. Mol. Carcinog., 4(3), 171-175.
208. Xu, Y., AuCoin, D. P., Huete, A. R., Cei, S. A., Hanson, L. J., and Pari, G. S. (2005). A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 ORF50 deletion mutant is defective for reactivation of latent virus and DNA replication. J. Virol., 79(6), 3479-3487.
209. Yang, T. Y., Chen, S. C. Leach, M. W. et al. (2000). Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human her-pesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Exp. Med., 191, 445-454.
210. Zhong, W., Wang, H., Herndier, B., and Ganem, D. (1996). Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 6641-6646.
211. Zhou, F. C., Zhang, Y. J., Deng, J. H. et al. (2002). Efficient infection by a recombinant Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome: Application for genetic analysis. J. Virol., 76, 6185-6196.