Sanctions, statecraft, and nuclear proliferation

Sanctions, Statecraft, and Nuclear Proliferation

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-383

  Solingen, Etel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925621909     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511862380     Document Type: Book

References (582)

1. Abedin, M. 2006. Iranian Public Opinion and the Nuclear Stand-Off. Mideast Monitor 1 (2): 2-8
2. Acemoglu, D., and J. Robinson. 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
3. Acton, J. 2009. Extended Deterrence and Communicating Resolve, Strategic Insights 8 (5): 1-7.
4. Adler-Karlsson, G. 1968. Western Economic Warfare, 1947-1967. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.
5. Albright, D. 2010, ISIS Special Report: Libya: A Major Sale at Last. Washington, DC: Institute for Science and International Security.
6. Albright, D., and M. Hibbs. 1991. Iraq’s Nuclear Hide-and-Seek. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 47 (7): 14-23.
7. Albright, D., and J. Shire. 2009. ISIS Report: IAEA Report on Iran. November 16.
8. Albright, D., P. Brannan, and J. Shire. 2009. ISIS Report: IAEA Report on Iran. August 28.
9. Albright, M. 2003. Madam Secretary: A Memoir. New York: Hyperion.
10. Alfoneh, A. 2008. The Revolutionary Guards’ Role in Iranian Politics. Middle East Quarterly 15 (4): 3-14.
11. Allen, S.H. 2005. The Determinants of Economic Sanctions Success and Failure. International Interactions 31 (2): 117-138.
12. 2008a. Political Institutions and Constrained Response to Economic Sanctions. Foreign Policy Analysis 4 (3): 255-274.
13. 2008b. The Domestic Political Costs of Economic Sanctions. Journal of Conflict Resolution 52 (6): 916-944.
14. Alnasrawi, A. 2001. Iraq: Economic Sanctions and Consequences, 1990-2000. Third World Quarterly 22 (2): 205-218.
15. Amirpur, K. 2006. The Future of Iran’s Reform Movement. Iranian Challenges, edited by Walter Posch, Chaillot Paper No. 89, European Union Institute for Security Studies, 32.
16. Amuzegar, J. 2002. Khatami’s First-Term Presidency. The SAIS Review. Johns Hopkins University Press.
17. Iran’s Economy in Turmoil. International Economic Bulletin. March. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
18. Anderson, J.L. 2010. After the Crackdown. The New Yorker. August 16.
19. Anderson, L. 2003. Libyan Expert: Qadhafi, Desperate to End Libya’s Isolation, Sends a “Gift” to President Bush. Interview with Bernard Gwertzman. Council on Foreign Relations. December 22.
20. Anderson, S. 2003. The Makeover. New York Times Magazine. January 19.
21. Andreas, P. 2005. Criminalizing Consequences of Sanctions. International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 335-360.
22. Andrews, D.M., ed. 2006. International Monetary Power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
23. Ang, A.U., and D. Peksen. 2007. When Do Economic Sanctions Work? Political Research Quarterly 60 (1): 135-145.
24. Ansari, A. 2010a. The Revolution Will Be Mercantilized. The National Interest 105: 50-60.
25. 2010b. The Mafia State. The National Interest. February 19.
26. Aref, B., and B. Farahany. 2010. The Guards. Middle East Online. March 10.
27. Arms Control Association (ACA). 1998. Congress Okays KEDO Funding. Arms Control Today. October. Online.
28. Chronology of Libya’s Disarmament and Relations with the United States. Available at: www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/LibyaChronology.
29. 2009a. Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy. Available at: www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron.
30. 2009b. History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue. Available at: www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals 2010. Questions Surrounding Iran’s Nuclear Program.
31. Art, R.J. 2003. Introduction. In The United States and Coercive Diplomacy, edited by R.J. Art and P.M. Cronin. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 3-20.
32. Asher, D.L. 2007. The Impact of U.S. Policy on North Korean Illicit Activities. Heritage Lectures No. 1024, April 18. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
33. Asia Society Center on US-China Relations and The University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. 2009. North Korea Inside Out: The Case for Economic Engagement.
34. Askari, H. 2010. Iran’s Economic Health and the Impact of Sanctions. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
35. Axelrod, R., and R.O. Keohane. 1985. Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy. World Politics 38 (1): 226-254.
36. Baily, M.N. 1974. Wages and Employment Under Uncertain Demand, The Review of Economic Studies 41 (1): 37-50.
37. Baldwin, D.A. 1971a. The Power of Positive Sanctions, World Politics 24 (1): 19-38.
38. 1971b. Thinking About Threats. Journal of Conflict Resolution 15 (1): 71-78.
39. Economic Statecraft. Princeton University Press.
40. Evaluating Economic Sanctions. International Security 23 (2): 189-195.
41. 1999/2000. The Sanctions Debate and the Logic of Choice, International Security 24 (3): 80-107.
42. Prologamena to Thinking About Economic Sanctions and Free Trade. Chicago Journal of International Law 4 (2): 271-281.
43. Baram, A. 2000, The Effect of Iraqi Sanctions, Middle East Journal 54 (2): 194-223.
44. Barro, R.J. 1977. Long-term Contracting, Sticky Prices, and Monetary Policy. Journal of Monetary Economics 3 (1): 305-316.
45. BBC News Persian. 2009, Zendegi e Namzadha: Mir Hussein Mousavi. (The Candidates’ Lives: Mir Hosseun Mousavi.) May 21.
46. Beach, W.W., and T. Kane. 2007. Index of Economic Freedom. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
47. Becker, C.M. 1987. Economic Sanctions Against South Africa, World Politics 39 (2): 147-173.
48. Bengio, O. 2000. How Does Saddam Hold On? Foreign Affairs 79 (4): 90-103.
49. Bennett, W.L., and D.L. Paletz, eds. 1994. Taken By Storm. London: University of Chicago Press.
50. Bernauer, T., and D. Ruloff, eds. 1999. The Politics of Positive Incentives in Arms Control. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
51. Betts, R.K. 2003. Striking First. Ethics and International Affairs 17 (1): 17-24.
52. Bhatia, S. 1988. Nuclear Rivals in the Middle East. New York: Routledge.
53. Bianchi, A. 2007. Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Anti-terrorism Measures, European Journal of International Law 17 (5): 881-919.
54. Biersteker, T.J. 2004. The Emergence, Evolution, Effects, and Challenges of Targeted Solutions. Paper prepared for the conference Sanctions Economiques: Vers de Nouvelles Pratiques. Paris, France. June 14.
55. Biersteker, T.J., S. Eckert, A. Halegua, and P. Romaniuk. 2005. Consensus from the Bottom Up? In International Sanctions: Between War and Words in the International System, edited by P. Wallensteen and C. Staibano. London, Routledge, 15-74.
56. Blechman, B., and D. Brumberg. 2010. Engagement, Coercion, and Iran’s Nuclear Challenge: Report of a Joint Study Group on U.S.-Iran Policy. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center.
57. Bolks, S., and D. Al-Sowayel. 2000, How Long Do Economic Sanctions Last? Political Research Quarterly 53: 241-265.
58. Bolton, J. 2007. Surrender Is Not an Option. New York: Threshold Editions.
59. Bonds, T., D. Baiocchi, and L. McDonald. 2010. Army Deployments to OIF and OEF. Arlington: Rand Corporation.
60. Boothroyd, P., and P. Xuan Nam, eds. 2000, Socioeconomic Renovation in Viet Nam: The Origin, Evolution, and Impact of Doi Moi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
61. Bornstein, M. 1968. Economic Sanctions and Rewards in Support of Arms Control Agreements. American Economic Review 58 (2): 417-427.
62. Bowen, W.O. 2006. Libya and Nuclear Proliferation. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Papers 380.
63. Nuclear Safeguards, Security and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy, edited by James Doyle. New York: Elsevier Inc.
64. Bracken, P. 2007. Financial Warfare. Orbis 51 (4): 685-696.
65. Brands, H., and D. Palkki. 2010. Conspiring Bastards: Saddam Hussein’s Strategic View of the United States, accepted for publication in Diplomatic History.
66. Braun, C., and C.F. Chyba. 2004. Proliferation Rings, International Security 29 (2): 5-49
67. Braut-Hegghammer, M. 2008. Libya’s Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives From Tripoli. The Middle East Journal 62 (1): 55-72.
68. Brooks, R.A. 2002. Sanctions and Regime Type. Security Studies 11 (4): 1-50.
69. Broz, J.L., and J. Frieden. 2006. The Political Economy of Exchange Rates. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, edited by B.R. Weingast and D. Wittman. New York: Oxford University Press, 587-597.
70. Bruno, G. 2009. Backgrounder: Iran’s Revolutionary Guards. Council on Foreign Relations. June 22.
71. Brzoska, M. 2003. From Dumb to Smart? Global Governance 9 (4): 519-535.
72. Measuring the Effectiveness of Arms Embargoes, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 14 (2): Article 2.
73. Buchta, W. 2000. Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
74. Buck, L., N. Gallant, and K.R. Nossal. 1998. Sanctions as a Gendered Instrument of Statecraft. Review of International Studies 24: 69-84.
75. Buell, R.L. 1932. Are Sanctions Necessary for a Successful International Organization? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 162: 93-99.
76. Bueno de Mesquita, B., and R.M. Siverson. 1995. War and the Survival of Political Leaders. American Political Science Review 89 (4): 841-855.
77. Bueno de Mesquita, B., J.D. Morrow, R.M. Siverson, and A. Smith. 1999. An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace. American Political Science Review 93 (4): 791-807.
78. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
79. Burr, W., and J. Richelson. 2001. Whether to Strangle the Baby in the Cradle. International Security 25 (3): 54-99.
80. Butler, R. 2000. The Greatest Threat: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Growing Crisis of Global Security. New York: PublicAffairs.
81. Byman, D. 2008. An Autopsy of the Iraqi Debacle, Security Studies 17 (4): 599-643.
82. Byman, D., and J. Lind. 2010. Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy, Mternational Security 35 (1): 44-74.
83. Byman, D., and M.C. Waxman. 2002. The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might. London: Cambridge University Press.
84. Carter, B.E. 1987. International Economic Sanctions. California Law Review 75 (4): 1159-1278.
85. International Economic Sanctions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
86. Casey, G.. 2009. The Army of the 21st Century. Army: 25-40.
87. Central Intelligence Agency. 2004. Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCIon Iraq’s WMD, Vols. 1-3. Langley, Central Intelligence Agency.
88. Chan, S., and A.C. Drury, eds. 2000, Sanctions as Economic Statecraft. London, Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s.
89. Chang, S. 2007. Economic Sanctions Against North Korea. Paper presented at the AEA-KAEA Session, Chicago.
90. Why Has North Korea Responded Positively to the Nuclear Talks in 2007? North Korean Review 4 (2): 6-15.
91. Chang, S., and S.H. Kim. 2007. Economic Sanctions Against a Nuclear North Korea. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.
92. Chanlett-Avery, E., and M.A. Taylor. 2010. North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress. November 10.
93. Chinoy, M. 2008. Meltdown. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
94. Choi, J. 2009. Why is North Korea so Aggressive? Nautilus Institute Policy Forum Online 09-062A. July 30.
95. Chubin, S. 2010a. The Iranian Nuclear Riddle After June 12. The Washington Quarterly 33 (1): 163-172.
96. 2010b. The Domestic Politics of the Nuclear Question in Iran. Aspen European Strategy Forum Paper.
97. Chubin, S., and R. Litwak. 2003. Debating Iran’s Nuclear Aspirations. The Washington Quarterly 26 (4): 99-114.
98. Cirincione, J., J.B. Wolfstahl, and M. Rajkumar. 2005. Deadly Arsenal: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
99. Claire, R. 2004. Raid on the Sun. New York: Broadway.
100. Clark, H.L., and L.W. Wang. 2007. Foreign Sanctions Countermeasures and Other Responses to U.S. Extraterritorial Sanctions. Dewey Ballantine LLP report for USA*Engage. August.
101. Clawson, P. 2010. The Perfect Handshake With Iran. Washington Institute Strategic Report. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
102. CNN. 1998. Transcript of Interview With Iranian President Mohammad Khatami. January 7.
103. Cockburn, A., and P. Cockburn. 2002. Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession. London, Verso.
104. Cohen, E.A. 2003. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime. New York: The Free Press, Simon & Schuster, Inc.
105. Collier, D. 1995. Translating Quantitative Methods for Qualitative Researchers. American Political Science Review 89 (2): 461-466.
106. Conflict Records Research Center (CRRC), Washington, DC.
107. SH-IMFA-D-000-545, “Letters from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Administrative Office of the Presidency Concerning the Relationship between Iraq and Russia,” 2000
108. SH-MISC-D-000-203, “Report on an Iraqi Delegation Visit to Russia and France,” April 6, 1996.
109. SH-RVCC-A-001-184, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with Ba’ath Party Members,” July 25, 1996.
110. SH-SHTP-A-001-185, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with Ba’ath Party Members Discussing the State of the Country,” August 2, 1992.
111. SH-SHTP-A-001-186, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with Ba’ath Party Members Discussing the UN Inspection Process in Iraq,” July 23, 1992.
112. SH-SHTP-A-001-187, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with High-ranking Officers about UN Security Council Resolutions,” May 2, 1995.
113. SH-SHTP-A-001-188, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with Some Advisors Concerning the Defector Hussayn Kamil and Other Issues,” April 5, 1995.
114. SH-SHTP-A-001-189, “Plans for a Press Report about Husayn Kamil,” August 28, 1995.
115. SH-SHTP-A-001-192, “Saddam Hussein Attending an Iraqi Government Meeting with High Officials Discussing the Ration Cards,” July 19, 1995.
116. SH-SHTP-A-001-196, “A Meeting Between Saddam and Unidentified Iraqi Leaders,” undated (circa July 1994).
117. SH-SHTP-A-001-197, “Meeting Between Saddam and his Inner Circle,” March 1, 2001.
118. SH-SHTP-A-001-198, “Saddam and his Advisors Discuss the Rules of the UN Security Council,” undated.
119. SH-SHTP-A-001-199, “Saddam Hussein Meeting Discussing United Nations Reports,” July 21, 1998.
120. SH-SHTP-A-001-200, “Saddam Meeting with Ba’ath Regional Command Members Discussing Sanctions, Russia/Soviet Politics, Primakov, and American Air Strikes,” circa February 23, 1998.
121. SH-SHTP-A-001-201, “Iraqi Leaders Discuss Oil Sales, Ekeus, a Possible Biological Project, and the Iraqi Media,” undated
122. SH-SHTP-A-001-202, “Saddam Hussein Meeting with the General Command of the Armed Forces,” undated
123. SH-SHTP-A-000-554, “Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Officials regarding the Political Relationship between Iraq, Iran and the USA,” September 17, 1988.
124. SH-SHTP-A-000-565, “A Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Unidentifi ed High Ranking Offi cials regarding US Plans to Attack Iraq, Irrigation Projects, and other Military Issues,” undated
125. SH-SHTP-A-000-756, “Proceedings of a Meeting of the Revolutionary Command Council,” February 9, 1998.
126. SH-SHTP-A-000-762, “Meeting between Saddam, Iraqi Ministers, and Unidentified Individuals,” August 1995.
127. SH-SHTP-A-000-791, “Meeting Between Saddam Hussein and the Council of Ministers Regarding Russia, France, and Arab Countries’ Positions toward the Sanctions,” undated.
128. SH-SHTP-A-000-828, “Meeting Between Saddam and unknown Individuals Regarding Husayn Kamil and Other Issues,” undated.
129. SH-SHTP-A-000-833, “Iraqi Leaders Discuss Husayn Kamil,” undated.
130. SH-SHTP-A-000-837, “Saddam Hussein Discusses Husayn Kamil’s Behavior with his Advisors,” undated.
131. SH-SHTP-A-000-850, “Revolution Command Council and Regional Command Meeting,” February 29, 1992.
132. SH-SHTP-A-000-990, “Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Senior Advisors,” 1995.
133. SH-SHTP-D-000-567, “Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Baath Party Officials,” October 5, 1985.
134. SH-SHTP-D-000-797, “Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Commanders on Weapons Inspections and how the United States Intends to Continue the Sanctions on Iraq,” undated (probably 1994).
135. Cooper, J.H. 1989. On Income Distribution and Economic Sanctions. South African Journal of Economics 57 (1): 14-21.
136. Cordesman, A.H., and A.S. Hashim. 1997. Iraq: Sanctions and Beyond. Boulder: Westview Press.
137. Cortright, D. 2001. A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions. The Nation. November 3.
138. Cortright, D., and G.A. Lopez. 1995. The Sanctions Era, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 19 (2): 65-85.
139. Are Sanctions Just? Journal of International Affairs 55 (2): 735-755.
140. The Sanctions Decade. Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
141. eds. 2002. Smart Sanctions: Targeted Economic Statecraft. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
142. Cortright, D., and R. Vayrynen. 2010, Towards Nuclear Zero. New York: Routledge.
143. Cox, D.G., and A.C. Drury. 2006. Democratic Sanctions: Connecting the Democratic Peace and Economic Sanctions. Journal of Peace Research 43 (6): 709-722.
144. Crane, K. 2010. Iran and International Sanctions: Elements of Weakness and Resilience. In The Strategic Implications of the Iranian Nuclear Program, edited by J. Krause and C.K. Mallory IV. Germany, Aspen Institute.
145. Crawford, N.C., and A. Klotz, eds. 1999. How Sanctions Work: Lessons From South Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc.
146. Crumm, E.M. 1995. The Value of Economic Incentives in International- Politics. Journal of Peace Research 32 (3): 313-330.
147. Cummings, J. 2006. New Study Reports Use of U.S. Unilateral Sanctions on the Rise (Press Release). USA*Engage. October 27.
148. Dallek, R. 1984. Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
149. Damrosch, L.F. 1994. The Collective Enforcement of International Norms Through Economic Sanctions. Ethics and International Affairs 8 (1): 59-75.
150. Danilovic, V. 2001, The Sources of Threat in Extended Deterrence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (3): 341-369.
151. Dashti. Gibson, P. Davis, and B. Radcliff. 1997. On the Determinants of the Success of Economic Sanctions. American Journal of Political Science (2): 608-618.
152. David, S.R. 1991. Explaining Third World Alignment, World Politics 43 (2): 233-256.
153. Davis, J.W. 2000, Threats and Promises. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
154. Davis, L., and S. Engerman. 2003. History Lessons - Sanctions. Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (2): 187-197.
155. Davis, P. A. 1999. The Art of Economic Persuasion. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
156. Dehghanpisheh, B. 2010, Smugglers for the State. Newsweek. July 10.
157. Desch, M. 2007. Bush and the Generals. Foreign Affairs 86 (3): 97.
158. Dorn, W.A., and A. Fulton. 1997. Securing Compliance with Disarmament Treaties. Global Governance 3 (1): 17-40.
159. Dorussen, H. 2001. Mixing Carrots With Sticks, Journal of Peace Research 38 (2): 251-262.
160. Doxey, M.P. 1971. Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement. New York: Oxford University Press.
161. Jean. Dreze, and H. Gazdar. 1992. Hunger and Poverty in Iraq, 1991, World Development 20 (7): 921-945.
162. Drezner, D.W. 1998. Conflict Expectations and the Paradox of Economic Coercion. International Studies Quarterly 42 (4): 709-731.
163. The Sanctions Paradox. Cambridge University Press.
164. 1999/2000. The Trouble with Carrots: Transaction Costs, Conflict Expectations, and Economic Inducements. Security Studies 9 (1-2): 188-218.
165. Bargaining, Enforcement, and Multilateral Sanctions, Mternational Organization 54 (1): 73-102.
166. All Politics Is Global. Princeton University Press.
167. Sanctions Sometimes Smart. International Studies Review 12 (4).
168. Drury, A.C. 2001. Sanctions as Coercive Diplomacy. Political Research Quarterly 54 (3): 485-508.
169. Duelfer, C. 2004. “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence on Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction.” Available at: www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/index.html.
170. Hide and Seek: The Search for Truth in Iraq. New York: PublicAffairs, Dunn, L.A. 1998. On Proliferation Watch, The Nonproliferation Review 5 (3): 59-77.
171. Dyson, T. 2009, New Evidence on Child Mortality in Iraq. Economic and Political Weekly 44 (2): 56-59.
172. Early, B.R. 2009. Sleeping With Your Friends' Enemies, International Studies Quarterly 53 (1): 49-71.
173. Eaton, J., and M. Engers. 1992. Sanctions. Journal of Political Economy 100 (5): 899-928.
174. Eberstadt, N. 2004. The Persistence of North Korea. Policy Review 127. Hoover Institute Stanford University. October 1.
175. Eckert, S. 2008. The Use of Financial Measures to Promote Security. Journal of International Affairs 62 (1): 103-111.
176. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2001. Country Report: Libya. London, The Economist Intelligence Unit.
177. Country Report: Iran. London, The Economist Intelligence Unit. Eisenberg, L. 1997. Editorial: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters-Human
178. Costs of Economic Sanctions, New England Journal of Medicine 336 (17): 1247-1250.
179. Elliott, K.A. 1998. The Sanctions Glass. International Security 23 (1): 50-65. 2002. Analyzing the Effects of Targeted Sanctions. In Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft, edited by D. Cortright and G.A. Lopez. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
180. Elster, J. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
181. Engel, J.A. 2005. Of Fat and Thin Communists. Diplomatic History 29 (3): 445-474.
182. Engelberg, S. 2010. Experts, Intelligence Agencies Question a Defector's Claims About Burma's Nuclear Ambitions. ProPublica. November 12.
183. Entelis, P. 2008. Libya and Its North African Policy. In Libya Since 1969, edited by D. Vandewalle. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
184. Escriba-Folch, A. 2007. Economic Growth and Potential Punishment Under Dictatorship. Kyklos 60 (2): 187-210.
185. Escriba-Folch, A., and J. Wright. 2010. Economic Sanctions and the Duration of Civil Confl icts. Journal of Peace Research 47 (2): 129-141.
186. Esfandiari, G. 2003. Libya: Analysts Say Decision On WMD Inspired By Economics, Worries About Succession. RFERL. December 22.
187. Estelami, H. 1999. A Study of Iran's Responses to US Economic Sanctions. Middle East Review of International Affairs 3 (3): 51-61.
188. Etemad Melli. 2010. Goftegoo ba rais e commosion e vizhe asl 44 majles. (A discussion with the head of the commission for the implementation of article 44.)
189. Falleti, T.G., and J.F. Lynch. 2009. Context and Causal Mechanisms in Political Analysis. Comparative Political Studies 42 (9): 1143-1166.
190. Farmer, R.D. 1999. The Domestic Costs of Sanctions on Foreign Commerce. Congressional Budget Office Study. March.
191. Costs of Economic Sanctions to the Sender, The World Economy 23: 93-117.
192. Fearon, J.D. 1994a. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. American Political Science Review 88 (3): 577-592.
193. 1994b. Signaling versus the Balance of Power and Interests. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38 (2): 236-269.
194. Signaling Foreign Policy Interests. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1): 68-90.
195. Feaver, P.D., and E. Lorber. 2010. Coercive Diplomacy: Evaluating the Consequences of Financial Sanctions. London: Legatum Institute.
196. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004a. Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka –Chemical Ali—) and Sabir Abdul-Aziz al-Duri. Washington, DC, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
197. 2004b. Written Interviews. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
198. Feffer, J. 2010. North Korea: Why Engagement Now? 38 North. August.
199. Feldman, S. 1997. Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: Center for Science and International Affairs.
200. Feng, Z. 2010. China's Policy Toward North Korea. PacNetNo. 60. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
201. Fiedorowicz, G. 1936. Historical Survey of the Application of Sanctions. Transactions of the Grotius Society 22: 117-131.
202. Fisher, M. 2010. A Nuclear Standoff with Libya. The Atlantic. November 27.
203. Fitzpatrick, M. 2006. Iran and North Korea. Survival 48 (1): 61-80.
204. Preventing Nuclear Dangers in Southeast Asia. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Strategic Dossier, March 24: 1.
205. North Korean Security Challenges: A Net Assessment. Strategic Dossier, July 21.
206. Foot, R. 2007. The United Nations, Counter-Terrorism, and Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 29: 489-514.
207. Foran, V.I., and L.S. Spector. 1997. The Application of Incentives to Nuclear Proliferation. In The Price of Peace, edited by D. Cortright. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
208. Ford, C.A., J. Yuan, and D. Choubey. 2009. Book Review Roundtable, Asia Policy 7: 113-158.
209. Forland, T.E. 1990. An Act of Economic Warfare? The International History Review 12 (3): 490-513.
210. –Economic Warfare— and "Strategic Goods Journal of Peace Research 28 (2): 191-204.
211. The History of Economic Warfare, Journal of Peace Research 30 (2): 151-162.
212. Foroohar, K. 2010. Dubai Helps Iran Evade Sanctions as Smugglers Ignore U.S. Laws. Bloomberg. January 25.
213. Frieden, J.A., and R. Rogowski. 1996. The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies. In Internationalization and Domestic Politics, edited by R.O. Keohane and H.V. Milner. New York, Cambridge University Press, 25-47.
214. Fruchart, D., P. Holtom, D. Strandow, P. Wallensteen, and S. Wezeman. 2007. United Nations Arms Embargoes. Stockholm: SIPRI.
215. Fuhrmann, M., and S. Kreps. 2010. Targeting Nuclear Programs in War and Peace: A Quantitative Empirical Analysis, 1941-2000, Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (6): 831-859.
216. Funabashi, Y. 2007. The Peninsula Question. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
217. Gallucci, R. L. 2011. –What to Do, and Not Do, About North Korea,— The New York Times, December 21, 2011.
218. Galtung, J. 1967. On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions, World Politics 19 (3): 378-416.
219. Ganji, A. 2009. Rise of the Sultans. Foreign Affairs. June 24.
220. Garrett, G., and B. Weingast. 1993. Ideas, Interests and Institutions. In Ideas and Foreign Policy, edited by J. Goldstein and R.O. Keohane. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
221. Gas Matters. 2010. Iran's Latest Export/Import Options. Gas Matters, April: 1-7.
222. Gause III, F.G. 1999. Getting it Backward on Iraq. Foreign Affairs. May/June.
223. The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. New York, Cambridge University Press.
224. Gawdat, B. 2007. The Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Arab Studies Quarterly 29 (2): 21-36.
225. George, A.L., and R. Smoke. 1974. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy. New York: Columbia University Press.
226. George, A.L. 1992. Forceful Persuasion. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
227. George, A.L., and A. Bennett. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
228. Gershenson, D. 2002. Sanctions and Civil Confl ict. Economica 69: 185-206.
229. Ghajar, S. 2010. Sanctions: The Unexpected Losers and Beneficiaries. Inside Iran. July 27.
230. Gierbolini, L. 1997. The Helms-Burton Act. Journal of Transnational Law and Policy 6 (2): 289-321.
231. Goldberg, J. 2010. The Point of No Return. Atlantic Magazine. September.
232. Goldemberg, J., and H.A. Feiveson. 1994. Denuclearization in Argentina and Brazil. Arms Control Today 24 (2): 10-14.
233. Goldschmidt, P. 2010. Preventing the Iranian Nuclear Crisis from Escalating. Paper prepared for joint workshop in Brussels. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
234. Goodkind, D., and L. West. 2001, The North Korean Famine and its Demographic Impact. Population and Development Review 27: 219-238.
235. Gordon, J. 2010. Invisible War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
236. Gottemoeller, R. 2007. The Evolution of Sanctions in Practice and Theory, Survival 49 (4): 99-110.
237. Graham-Brown, S. 1999. Sanctioning Saddam. New York: I.B. Tauris.
238. Grim, R. 2010. Egyptian President in WikiLeaks Docs. The Huffington Post. November 29.
239. Gulal, S.A. 2001. How Saddam Gained Upper Hand, Economic and Political Weekly 36 (32): 3026-3029.
240. Guo, J. 2009. Letter From Tehran: Iran's New Hard-Liners. Foreign Affairs. September 30.
241. Ha, Y. 1978. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order. Asian Survey 18: 1134-1151.
242. Haass, R.N. 1997. Sanctioning Madness. Foreign Affairs. November/December.
243. Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy. New York, Council on Foreign Relations Press.
244. Haass, R.N., and M. O'Sullivan, eds. 2000, Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
245. Hafezi, M., A. Mostashari, and R. Alvandi. 2004. The Impact of U.S. Sanctions on Iran. Iranian Studies Group at MIT. June.
246. Haggard, S., and M. Noland. 2007. Famine in North Korea. New York: Columbia University Press.
247. North Korea's Foreign Economic Relations, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8 (2): 219-246.
248. 2009a. North Korea in 2008. Asian Survey 49 (1): 98-106.
249. 2009b. Sanctioning North Korea: The Political Economy of Denuclearization and Proliferation. Asian Survey 50 (3): 539-568.
250. 2010a. The Winter of Their Discontent. Policy Brief 10-1. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
251. 2010b. Sanctioning North Korea. Asia Survey 50 (3): 539-568.
252. 2010c. Economic Crime and Punishment in North Korea. Working Paper WP 10-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
253. Haggard, S., and M. Noland. 2011. –Engaging North Korea: The Role of Economic Statecraft.— Honolulu: East-West Center Policy Studies #59.
254. Haggard, S., and D. Pinkston. 2010. Guarding the Guardians: North Korea's Political Institutions In Comparative Perspective. Paper prepared for Conference on Authoritarianism in East Asia, City University of Hong Kong, June 29-July 1.
255. Hannay, D. 2009/2010. Three Iraqi Intelligence Failures Reconsidered. Survival 51 (6): 13-20.
256. Harris, V., S. Hatang, and P. Liberman. 2004. Unveiling South Africa's Nuclear Past. Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (3): 457-476.
257. Harrison, S.S. 2001. Time to Leave Korea? Foreign Affairs 80 (2): 62-78.
258. Korean Endgame. Princeton University Press.
259. Did North Korea Cheat? Foreign Affairs 84 (1): 99-110.
260. The New Faces of Reform in North Korea. Boston Globe. October 13.
261. Hart, R.A., Jr. 2000, Democracy and the Successful Use of Economic Sanctions. Political Research Quarterly 53 (2): 267-284.
262. Hawkins, D., and J. Lloyd. 2003. Questioning Comprehensive Sanctions. Journal of Human Rights 2 (3): 441-454.
263. Hayes, P. 1991. Pacific Powderkeg. Seoul: Han-ul Press.
264. DPRK Enriched Uranium Highlights Need for New US DPRK Policy. Policy Forum. Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability. November 22.
265. Hedstrom, P., and P. Ylikoski. 2010. Causal Mechanisms in the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 49-67.
266. Heinonen, O. 2010. The Case for an Immediate IAEA Special Inspection in Syria. PolicyWatch No. 1715. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
267. Hendrickson, D.C. 1994/1995. The Democratist Crusade. World Policy Journal 11 (4): 18-30.
268. Hersh, S. 2003. The Cold Test. The New Yorker. January 27.
269. Hibbs, M. 1987a. Iraqi Attack on Bushehr Kills West German Nuclear Official. Nucleonics Week 28 (47): 1.
270. 1987b. Bushehr Construction Now Remote after Three Iraqi Air Strikes, Nucleonics Week 28 (48): 5.
271. Bonn will Decline Teheran Bid to Resuscitate Bushehr Project. Nucleonics Week 32 (18).
272. Hinnebusch, R.A. 1993. The Politics of Economic Reform in Egypt, Third World Quarterly. 14 (1): 159-171.
273. House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. 2008. Global Security: Iran - Fifth Report of Session 2007-08. House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. March 2.
274. Hovi, J., R. Huseby, and D.F. Sprinz. 2005. When Do (Imposed) Economic Sanctions Work? World Politics 57 (4): 479-499.
275. Hufbauer, G.C., and B. Oegg. 2000. Targeted Sanctions. Law and Policy in International Business 32: 11-20.
276. Hufbauer, G.C, J.J. Schott, and K.A. Elliott. 1990a. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 2 Edition. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
277. 1990b. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Supplemental Case Histories. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
278. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, IIIEdition. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
279. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, III Edition (Softcover with CD). Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
280. Hughes, L., and S.J. Kreyling. 2010. Understanding Resource Nationalism in the 21st Century. Journal of Energy Security. July.
281. Huntington, S. 1981. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil- Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
282. Hymans, J.E.C. 2006. The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
283. Ikenberry, G.J. 1988. An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Policy, International Organization 42 (1): 219-243. After Victory. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
284. Ilias, S. 2010. Iran's Economic Conditions. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress, RL34525. April 22.
285. Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies. 2006. The Cuban Military in the Economy (Staff Report). Focus on Cuba 46. August 11.
286. Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) Reports. 1999. Documents Assessing the Organizational Structure of FEDAT. December 14.
287. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2004. Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Report by the Director General.
288. Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Report by the Director General.
289. Iranian Human Rights Documentation Center. 2007. Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination.
290. Islamic Republic News Agency. 2007. Iran: Supreme Leader Calls for Acceleration of Privatization Program. February 19.
291. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). 2010. Nuclear Chronology. Nuclear Threat Initiative: Country Profiles. Monterey Institute of International Studies.
292. Jentleson, B.W., and C.A. Whytock. 2005/2006. Who –Won— Libya? International Security 30 (3): 47-86.
293. Jervis, R. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton University Press.
294. The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 24 (4): 563-592.
295. System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton University Press.
296. Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
297. Joffe, G. 2008. Prodigal or Pariah? In Libya Since 1969, edited by D. Vandewalle. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
298. Jones, P. 1998. Iran's Threat Perceptions and Arms Control Policies. The Nonproliferation Review (Fall): 39-55.
299. Joseph, R.G. 2009. Countering WMD. Fairfax: National Institute Press.
300. Kaempfer, W.H., and A.D. Lowenberg. 1988. The Theory of International Economic Sanctions. American Economic Review 78 (4): 786-793.
301. Unilateral Versus Multilateral International Sanctions, Mternational Studies Quarterly 43 (1): 37-58.
302. Kaempfer, W.H., A.D. Lowenberg, and W. Mertens. 2004. International Economic Sanctions Against a Dictator. Economics and Politics 16 (1): 29-51.
303. Kahler, M., and S.L. Kastner. 2006, Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence, Journal of Peace Research 43 (5): 523-541.
304. Katzenstein, P.J., and N. Okawara. 2001/2002. Japan, Asian-Pacific Security, and the Case of Analytic Eclecticism. International Security 26 (3): 153-185.
305. Katzenstein, P.J., and R. Sil. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
306. Katzman, K. 2002. Iraq: Compliance, Sanctions, and U.S. Policy. Issue Brief for Congress. Iraq: Former Regime Weapons Programs and Outstanding UN Issues. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress. Iran Sanctions. CRS Report for Congress.
307. Keohane, R.O. 1986. Reciprocity in International Relations. International Organization 40 (1).
308. Khatami, M. 1998. Islam, Liberty, and Development. Birmingham: Institute of Global Cultural Studies, State University of New York.
309. Kim, S.Y. 2009. The Torturous Dilemma. In SAIS U.S.-Korea Yearbook 2008. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University.
310. Kirshner, J. 1995. Currency and Coercion. Princeton University Press.
311. The Microfoundations of Economic Sanctions, Security Studies 6 (3): 32-64.
312. Klebnikov, P. 2003. Millionaire Mullahs. Forbes.com. July 21.
313. Klotz, A. 1995. Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
314. Knorr, K. 1977. International Economic Leverage and Its Uses. In Economic Issues and National Security, edited by K. Knorr, and F.N. Trager. Lawrence, Regents Press of Kansas, 99-126.
315. Koh, B.C. 2005. –Military-First Politics— and Building a –Powerful and Prosperous Nation— in North Korea. Nautilus Institute Policy Forum Online 05-32A.
316. Krasner, S.D. 1977a. Domestic Constraints on International Economic Leverage. In Economic Issues and National Security, edited by K. Knorr and F.N. Trager. Lawrence, Regents Press of Kansas, 160-181.
317. 1977b. US Commercial and Monetary Policy, International Organization 31 (4): 635-671.
318. Krasno, J.E., and J.S. Sutterlin. 2003, The United Nations and Iraq. Westport: Praeger.
319. Kreps, S., and M. Fuhrmann. 2011. Attacking the Atom: Does Bombing Nuclear Facilities Affect Proliferation? Journal of Strategic Studies 34 (2): 161-187.
320. Lacy, D., and E.M.S. Niou. 2004. A Theory of Economic Sanctions and Issue Linkage, Journal of Politics 66 (1): 25-42.
321. Lankov, A. 2008. Staying Alive. Foreign Affairs 87 (2): 9-17
322. Pyongyang Strikes Back. Asia Policy 8: 47-71.
323. Lantos, T. 2004. Interview by Robert Siegel, All Things Considered. National Public Radio. January 30.
324. Larson, E.V., and B. Savych. 2005. American Public Support for US Military Operations. Arlington, Rand Corporation.
325. Lavoy, P.R. 1993. Nuclear Myths and the Causes of Nuclear Proliferation. Security Studies 2: 192-212.
326. Leamer, E.E. 1995. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model in Theory and Practice. Princeton Studies in International Finance 77. Princeton.
327. Lebovic, J.H. 2007. Deterring International Terrorism and Rogue States. New York: Routledge.
328. Lebow, R.N. 2003. The Tragic Vision of Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
329. Forbidden Fruit: Counterfactuals and International Relations. Princeton University Press.
330. Lee, A.R., H. Lee, J.Y. Lee, and I.G. Kim. 2009. The Paradox of North Korea's Ideological Radicalism. North Korean Review 5 (1): 46-61.
331. Lee, S. 2003. Food Shortages and Economic Institutions in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Department of Economics, University of Warwick.
332. Lektzian, D.J., and M. Souva. 2007. An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (6): 848-871.
333. Lenway, S.A. 1988. Between War and Commerce, International Organization 42 (2): 397-426.
334. Levitt, M. 2010. Iran's Economic Health and the Impact of Sanctions. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
335. Levy, J.S. 2000, The Implications of Framing and Loss Aversion for International Conflict. In Handbook of War Studies II, M.I. Midlarsky, ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press: 193-221.
336. Lewis, W., and R. Carlin. 2010. The Six-Party Talks. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. March 17.
337. Liberman, P. 2001. The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb. International Security 26 (2): 45-86.
338. Lim, J. 2009. Kim Jong Il's Leadership of North Korea. New York: Routledge.
339. Lindsay, J. 1986. Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: A Re-Examination, International Studies Quarterly 30 (2): 153-173.
340. Lindsay, J., and R. Takeyh. 2010. After Iran Gets the Bomb. Foreign Affairs 89: 33-49.
341. D. Liss, 2007,2008. Making Monetary Mischief, World Policy Journal 24 (1): 29-38.
342. Litwak, R.S. 2002,2003. The New Calculus of Preemption, Survival 44 (4): 53-80.
343. 2003/2004. Non-proliferation and the Dilemmas of Regime Change. Survival 45 (4): 7-32.
344. Regime Change. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Loeffler, R. 2009. Bank Shots. Foreign Affairs 88 (2): 101-110.
345. Lopez, G.A. 1999. More Ethical Than Not: Sanctions as Surgical Tools. Ethics & International Affairs 13 (1): 143-148.
346. Lopez, G.A., and D. Cortright. 2004. Containing Iraq: Sanctions Worked. Foreign Affairs, July/August.
347. Lowe, V. 1997. US Extraterritorial Jurisdiction. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46 (2): 378-390.
348. Mackby, J., and P. Cornish. 2008. U.S.-U.K. Nuclear Cooperation After 50 Years. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. MacLachlan, A. 1986. Iran Seeking Way to Finish Bushehr Plant but Bonn Denies Exports. Nucleonics Week. October 30.
349. Macleod, S., and N. Siamdoust. 2004. Iran, Still Defiant. Time Magazine. Mahley, D. 2004. Dismantling Libyan Weapons. The Arena 10: November. Major, S., and A.J. McGann. 2005, Caught in the Crossfire, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (3): 337-359.
350. Makhmalbaf, M. 2010. Secrets of Khamenei's Life. Homylafayette (blog). January 1.
351. Malloy, M.P. 2006. Study of New U.S. Unilateral Sanctions, 1997-2006. USA*Engage and National Foreign Trade Council.
352. Malone, D.M. 2006. The International Struggle over Iraq. New York, Oxford University Press.
353. Maloney, S. 2009. Iran Sanctions: Options, Opportunities and Consequences (Transcript). Testimony before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. December 15.
354. Sanctioning Iran. The Washington Quarterly 33 (1): 131-147. Mansfield, E.D. 1995. International Institutions and Economic Sanctions. World Politics 47 (4): 575-605.
355. Confl ict, Statecraft, and National Security in the Global Economy. In International Conflict and the Global Economy, edited by E.D. Mansfield. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 9-17.
356. Mansourov, A.Y. 1995. In Search of a New Identity: Revival of Traditional Politics and Modernisation in Post-Kim Il Sung North Korea. Working Paper No. 1995/3. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
357. Maoz, Z. 1983. Resolve, Capabilities, and the Outcomes of Interstate Disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 27 (2): 195-229.
358. Maramoto, M. 2008. North Korea and the China Model. On Korea 1: 98-117.
359. Marinov, N. 2005. Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders? American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 564-576.
360. Mark, C.R. 2002, Libya: CRS Issue Brief for Congress. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
361. Marks, S.P. 1999. Economic Sanctions as Human Rights Violations. American Journal of Public Health 89 (10): 1509-1513.
362. Marr, P. 1985. The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder: Westview Press.
363. Martin, L.L. 1992a. Coercive Cooperation. Princeton University Press.
364. 1992b. Institutions and Cooperation. International Security 16 (4): 143-178.
365. Credibility, Costs, and Institutions. World Politics 45 (3): 406-432.
366. Martinez, L. 2007. The Libyan Paradox. New York: Columbia University Press.
367. Mastanduno, M. 1988. Trade as a Strategic Weapon. International Organization (1): 121-150.
368. Economic Statecraft Revisited. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases, edited by S. Smith, A. Hadfield, and T. Dunne. New York: Oxford University Press, 171-187.
369. Mattes, H. 1995. The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Committees. In Qadhyafi's Libya 1969 to 1994, edited by D. Vandewalle. New York, St. Martin's.
370. Mazaheri, N. 2010. Iraq and the Domestic Political Effects of Economic Sanctions. Middle East Journal 64 (2): 253-268.
371. Mazarr, M.J. 1995. Going Just a Little Nuclear, International Security 20 (2): 92-122.
372. The Folly of –Asymmetric War.— The Washington Quarterly 31 (3): 33-53.
373. Mazarr, M.J., and the Study Group on North Korean Futures. 2011. Preparing for Change in North Korea: Shifting Out of Neutral. Korea Economic Institute (KEI) Academic Paper Series 6.3.
374. McDermott, R. 1998. Risk Taking in International Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
375. McEachern, P. 2008. Interest Groups in North Korean Politics. Journal of East Asian Studies 8 (3): 235-258.
376. McGillivray, F., and A. Smith. 2008. Punishing the Prince: A Theory of Interstate Relations, Political Institutions, and Leader Change. Princeton University Press.
377. McGillivray, F. and A. C. Stam. –Political Institutions, Coercive Diplomacy, and the Duration of Economic Sanctions,— Journal of Conflict Resolution (2004).
378. MEED. 2004. Tripoli Talks but Can It Walk? June 4.
379. Mehr News Agency. 2010a. Iran's Lavan Refinery Produces One Million Liters of Gasoline Per Day. January 17.
380. 2010b. Iran's Nuclear Program Will Follow Japanese Model: Larijani. February 25.
381. Mercer, J. 2005. Prospect Theory and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science: 1-21.
382. Meyer, S.M. 1984. The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation. University of Chicago Press.
383. Milani, A. 2010a. Truths in Tehran. The New Republic. December 16.
384. 2010b. The Shah's Atomic Dreams. Foreign Policy. December 29.
385. Miller, T., and A.B. Kim. 2010. 2010 Index of Economic Freedom. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
386. Milner, H., and K. Kubota. 2005. Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries. International Organization 59 (1): 107-143.
387. Mohamedi, F. 2010. Iran's Economic Health and the Impact of Sanctions. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
388. Moon, W.J. 2009. The Origins of the Great North Korean Famine. North Korean Review 5 (1): 105-122.
389. Mora, F.O. 2002, Raul Castro and the FAR. Paper presented at the conference, Cuba: Integration into the International System. The Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy, Newport, RI: March 21-24.
390. Morgan, T.C., and N.A. Bapat. 2003. Imposing Sanctions: States, Firms, and Economic Coercion. International Studies Review 5 (4): 65-80.
391. Morgan, T.C., and V.L. Schwebach. 1996. Economic Sanctions as Instruments of Foreign Policy. International Interactions 21 (3): 247-264.
392. Fools Suffer Gladly. International Studies Quarterly 41 (1): 27-50.
393. Morley, M.H. 1984. The United States and the Global Economic Blockade of Cuba. Canadian Journal of Political Science 17 (1): 25-48.
394. Morrison, K.M. 2009. Oil, Nontax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Security. International Organization 63 (1): 107-138.
395. Morrow, J. 1989. Capabilities, Uncertainty, and Resolve. American Journal of Political Science 33 (4): 941-927.
396. Moslem, M. 2002. Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran. Syracuse University Press.
397. Mueller, J. 2010. Atomic Obsession. New York: Oxford University Press.
398. Mueller, J., and K. Mueller. 1999. Sanctions of Mass Destruction. Foreign Affairs 78 (3): 43-53.
399. Nader, A. 2009. Punish Iran's Rulers, Not Its People. Foreign Policy. December 14.
400. Naji, K. 2008. Ahmadinejad. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
401. Nakdimon, S. 1987. First Strike. New York: Summit Books.
402. Nanto, D.K., and E. Chanlett-Avery. 2009, North Korea: Economic Leverage and Policy Analysis. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. August 14.
403. National Association of Manufacturers. 1997. A Catalog of New US Unilateral Economic Sanctions for Foreign Policy Purposes 1993-96. USA*Engage. March.
404. National Committee on North Korea. 2007. In the News: North Korea and Banco Delta Asia. June 26.
405. Newnham, R.E. 2000. More Flies With Honey. International Studies Quarterly 44 (1): 73-96.
406. Deutsche Mark Diplomacy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
407. Niblock, T. 2001. –Pariah States— and Sanctions in the Middle East. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
408. Niksch, L.A. 2002, North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program. CRS Report for Congress.
409. Nincic, M. 2005. Renegade Regimes. New York: Columbia University Press.
410. Getting What You Want. International Security 35 (1): 138-183.
411. The Logic of Positive Engagement. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
412. Nincic, M., and P. Wallensteen, eds. 1983. Dilemmas of Economic Coercion. New York: Praeger.
413. Noel, P. 2010. Is Europe Shooting Itself in the Foot (To Russia's Benefit)? The Race for Iran. July 1.
414. Noland, M. 2004. Korea after Kim Jong-il. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
415. Famine and Reform in North Korea, Asian Economic Papers 3 (2): 1-40.
416. 2009a. Telecoms in North Korea. North Korea Review 5 (1): 62-74.
417. 2009b. The (Non) Impact of UN Sanctions on North Korea, Asia Policy 7: 61-88.
418. Nooruddin, I. 2002, Modeling Selection Bias in Studies of Sanctions Efficacy. International Interactions 28 (1): 57-74.
419. Normark, M., A. Lindblad, A. Norqvist, B. Sandstrom, and L. Waldenstrom. Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities. Swedish Defence Research Agency, NBC Defence User Report.
420. North Korea Leadership Watch. 2010. Pak Pong Ju's Return. August 23.
421. Nossal, K.R. 1989. International Sanctions as International Punishment. International Organization 43 (2): 301-322.
422. Nourbakhsh, A.A. 2005. Khatami & Rafsanjani. Payvand Iran News. May 20.
423. Nye, J.S. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (1): 94-109.
424. Office of the Vice President. 2004. Vice President Participates in a Q&A at the Boone County Lumber Company in Columbia, Missouri. White House Archives.
425. O'Sullivan, M.L. 2003. Shrewd Sanction. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
426. Oye, K.A. 1985. Explaining Cooperation Under Anarchy. World Politics 38 (1): 1-24.
427. Pant, H.V. 2010, Energy Security Multipolarity. Journal of Energy Security. July.
428. Pape, R. 1997. Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work. International Security 22 (2): 90-136.
429. Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work. International Security 23 (1): 66-77.
430. Pargeter, A. 2000. Anglo-Libyan Relations and the Suez Crisis. Journal of North African Studies 5 (2): 41-58.
431. PBS. 1999. Chaos in Iran. July 13.
432. Peksen, D. 2009. Better or Worse? Journal of Peace Research 46 (1): 59-77.
433. Coercive Diplomacy and Press Freedom. International Political Science Review 31 (4): 449-469.
434. Peksen, D., and A.C. Drury. 2009. Economic Sanctions and Political Repression. Human Rights Review 10 (3): 393-411.
435. Perkovich, G. 2009. Nuclear Quagmire with Iran. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
436. Perry, G. 1971. Political Elites. Colchester: ECPR Press.
437. Pesaran, H.M. 2000, Economic Trends and Macroeconomic Policies in PostRevolutionary Iran. In The Economy of Iran: Dilemmas of an Islamic State, edited by P. Alizadeh. New York: I.B. Tauris.
438. Pessin, A. 2010. Top US, Israeli Military Leaders Meet Amid Iran Controversy. Voice of America. November 17.
439. Peterson, Scott. 2009. Iran's Revolutionary Guard tightens grip. Christian Science Monitor, December 9.
440. Pew Research Group. 2010. Muslim Disappointment: Obama More Popular Abroad Than at Home, Global Image of U.S. Continues to Benefit. The Pew Global Attitudes Project. June 17.
441. Pickering, T.R. 2010. The Iranian Quagmire, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 66 (6): 88-94.
442. Pinkston, D.A. 2003. Domestic Politics and Stakeholders in the North Korean Missile Development Program. The Nonproliferation Review 10 (2): 51-65.
443. Pinkston, D.A., and L.S. Spector. 2007. Six Parties Adopt Steps for North Korean Denuculearization but Uraniam Enrichment Remains a Major Obstacle. WMD Insights, April.
444. Pollack, J.D. 2003. The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework. Naval War College Review 56 (3): 11-49.
445. Pollack, K.M. 2002. The Threatening Storm. New York: Random House.
446. The Persian Puzzle. New York, NY: Random House.
447. Post, J.M. 2004. Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
448. Potter, W.C., and G. Mukhatzhanova. 2008. Divining Nuclear Intentions. International Security 33 (1): 139-169.
449. Potter, W.C., with G. Mukhatzhanova, eds. 2010a. Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: Volume I, The Role of Theory. Palo Alto, Stanford University Press.
450. 2010b. Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: Volume 2, A Comparative Perspective. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
451. Press, D.G. 2005. Calculating Credibility. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
452. Pritchard, C.L. 2007. Failed Diplomacy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
453. Pritchard, C.L., and J.H. Tilleli. 2010. Task Force Report: US Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
454. Qaddafi, M. 1976. The Green Book. London, Martin, Brian, and O'Keefe.
455. Radio Zamaneh. 2010. Opposition Leader Says Revolutionary Guards Will Benefit from Iran Sanctions. July 11.
456. Ragin, C.C. 2000. Fuzzy-Set Social Science. London, University of Chicago Press.
457. Ramberg, B. 2006. Preemption Paradox. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. July/August.
458. Reardon, Robert J. 2010. Nuclear Bargaining: Using Carrots and Sticks in Nuclear Counter-proliferation. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
459. Redd, S.B. 2002. The Influence of Advisers on Foreign Policy Decision Making, Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3): 335-364.
460. Redick, J.R., J.C. Carasales, and P.S. Wrobel. 1994. Nuclear Rapprochement. The Washington Quarterly 18 (1): 107-122.
461. Reiss, M. 1988. Without the Bomb. New York: Columbia University Press.
462. Bridled Ambition. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Reiss, M., and R. Galucci. 2005, Red Handed. Foreign Affairs. March/April.
463. Reiss, M., and R.S. Litwak. 1994. Nuclear Proliferation After the Cold War. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
464. Reiter, D. 2005. Preventative Attacks Against Nuclear Programs and the –Success— at Osiraq. Nonproliferation Review 12 (2): 255-371.
465. Preventive Attacks against Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons Programs. In Hitting First, Preventive Force in US Security Strategy, edited by W.W. Keller and G.R. Mitchell. Pittsburgh University Press.
466. Rennack, D.E. 2005, North Korea: Economic Sanctions. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress.
467. Riedel, B., and G. Samore. 2008. –Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East.— In Restoring the Balance: A Middle East Strategy for the Next President. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
468. Ritter, S. 2005. Iraq Confidential: The Untold Story of America's Intelligence Community. New York: I.B. Tauris.
469. Rodman, K.A. 1995. Sanctions At Bay? International Organization 49 (1): 105-137.
470. Rohde, A. 2010. State-Society Relations in Ba'thist Iraq. New York: Routledge. Ronen, Y. 2002. The Lockerbie Endgame. Middle East Quarterly (Winter): 53-59.
471. Rosecrance, R. 1981. Reward, Punishment, and Interdependence, Journal of Conflict Resolution 25 (1): 31-46.
472. Rowe, D.M. 2001. Manipulating the Market. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
473. Economic Sanctions and International Security. In The International Studies Encyclopedia, edited by R.A. Denemark. Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell Reference Online.
474. Rowhani, H. 2005. Text of speech to the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council. –Beyond the Challenges Facing Iran and the IAEA Concerning the Nuclear Dossier.— Rahbord, 7-38.
475. 20 Years Perspectives and a Progressive Foreign Policy. Persian Journal. February 28.
476. Rozen, L. 2010. U.S. Sanctions IRGC Engineering Firms. Politico.com. February 10.
477. Rublee, M.R. 2006. Egypt's Nuclear Weapons Program. The Nonproliferation Review 13 (4): 555-567.
478. Nonproliferation Norms. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. Sadjadpour, K. 2010a. Dealing With Iran. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for Internation Peace. CNN Newsroom. February 10.
479. 2010b. Domestic and International Pressures Build in Iran (Radio). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
480. 2010c. Iran's Economic Health and the Impact of Sanctions. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
481. 2010d. 5 Minutes With Benjamin Netanyahu. The Atlantic. August 24.
482. 2010e, The Sources of Iranian Conduct. Foreign Policy. November. Sadjadpour, K., and A. Milani. 2009. Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Transcript). Serial No. 111-31. July 22.
483. Sadjadpour, K., S. Bakhash, R. Cohen, and H. Esfandiari. 2009. Iran: A Conversation About the Elections, Protests, and the Future (Transcript). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. July 15.
484. Sagan, S.D. 1996/1997. Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? International Security 21 (3): 54-86.
485. Schelling, T.C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
486. Arms and Influence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
487. Who Will Have the Bomb? International Security 1 (1): 77-91.
488. Nuclear Deterrence for the Future. Issues in Science and Technology: 50-52.
489. A World Without Nuclear Weapons? Daedalus 138 (4): 124-129. Schultz, K.A. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
490. The Politics of Risking Peace. International Organization 59 (1): 1-38.
491. Schumacher, E. 1986/1987. The United States and Libya. Foreign Affairs 65 (2). Security Council Report. 2010. DPRK (North Korea) Historical Chronology. April 29, available at: www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c. glKWLeMTIsG/b.2705183.
492. Selden, Z.A. 1999. Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy. Westport: Praeger.
493. Setadnet. 2010, Hemayat e 59 nafar as farmandehan e sepah asbgh va arshad e sepah e pasdaran az mir Hussein mousavi. (The support of 59 former Revolutionary Guards commanders for Mousavi.) Mihan (Blog).
494. Shagabutdinova, E., and J. Berejikian. 2007, Deploying Sanctions While Protecting Human Rights. Journal of Human Rights 6 (1): 59-74.
495. Shehabaldin, A., and W. Laughlin. 1999. Economic Sanctions Against Iraq. International Journal of Human Rights 3 (4): 1-18.
496. Shen, D. 2010. –Can Sanctions Stop Proliferation?— The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January), pp. 89-100.
497. Shuster, M. 2010. Amid Iran's Economic Woes, Sanctions Begin to Bite. NPR. October 28.
498. Siddiqi, A. 2005. Khatami and the Search for Reform in Iran. Stanford Journal of International Relations 6 (1).
499. Sigal, L.V. 1998. Disarming Strangers. Princeton University Press.
500. Sil, R., and P. J. Katzenstein. –Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions,— in Perspectives on Politics 8 (June 2010): 411-431.
501. Singh, M. 2009. The Hidden Costs of the Nuke Deal with Iran. Foreign Policy. October 21.
502. Skalnes, L.S. 2000. Politics, Markets, and Grand Strategy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
503. Slavin, B. 2005. Iran on the Eve of the Presidential Election. Address to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. May 23.
504. Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
505. Smith, A. 1995. The Success and Use of Economic Sanctions, Mternational Interactions 21 (3): 229-245.
506. Solingen, E. 1994a. The Political Economy of Nuclear Restraint. International Security 19 (2): 126-169.
507. 1994b. The Domestic Sources of International Regimes: The Evolution of Nuclear Ambiguity in the Middle East, International Studies Quarterly 38 (4): 305-337.
508. The New Multilateralism and Nonproliferation, Global Governance 1: 205-228.
509. Regional Orders at Century's Dawn. Princeton University Press.
510. Mapping Internationalization, International Studies Quarterly 45 (1): 517-555.
511. 2007a. Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East. Princeton University Press.
512. 2007b. Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina: The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East. American Political Science Review 101 (4): 757-780.
513. 2009a. The Global Context of Comparative Politics. In Comparative Politics, edited by M.I. Lichbach and A.S. Zuckerman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 220-259.
514. 2009b. –Of Theory, Method, and Policy Guideposts,— Author's Response, Asia Policy, No. 7 (January 2009), pp. 139-151.
515. Domestic Models of Political Survival. In Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation, edited by W.C. Potter. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 38-57.
516. 2011a. Hindsight and Foresight in South American Non-proliferation Trends. In Over the Horizon Proliferation Threats, edited by P. Lavoy and J. Wirtz. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. (Forthcoming.)
517. 2011b. Northeast Asian Approaches to North Korea's Nuclearization, East Asian Institute, Working Paper Series No. 24, Seoul, South Korea.
518. Three Scenes of Sovereignty and Power. In Back to Basics: Rethinking Power in the Contemporary World, edited by M. Finnemore and J. Goldstein. (Forthcoming.)
519. Solingen, E., and A. Wolf. 2009. Economic Statecraft and Domestic Politics (ms., Department of Political Science, University of California Irvine, March 15).
520. Sorensen, V. 1989. Economic Recovery Versus Containment, Cooperation and Conflict 24 (2): 69-97.
521. Sotomayor Velazquez, A.C. 2000. Civil Military Affairs and Security Institutions in the Southern Cone, Latin American Politics and Society 46 (4): 29-60.
522. Spector, L., and D. Berman. 2010, The Syrian Nuclear Puzzle. In Forecasting Nuclear Proliferation in the 21st Century: Volume 2, A Comparative Perspective, edited by W.C. Potter with G. Mukhatzhanova. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 100-130.
523. Spector, L., and J. Smith. 1990. Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 1989-1990. Boulder: Westview.
524. John, R.B. 1983. The Ideology of Mu'ammar Al-Qadhafi. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 15 (4): 471-490.
525. Libya is Not Iraq. Middle East Journal 58 (3): 386-402.
526. The Libyan Economy in Transition. In Libya Since 1969, edited by D. Vandewalle. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
527. Steil, B., and R. Litan. 2006, Financial Statecraft. New Haven: Yale University Press.
528. Stein, A.A. 1976. Conflict and Cohesion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 20: 143-172.
529. The Politics of Linkage. World Politics 33 (1): 62-81.
530. Trade and Confl ict: Uncertainty, Strategic Signalling, and Interstate Disputes. In Economic Interdependence and International Conflict, edited by E.D. Mansfield, and B. Pollins. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
531. Stremlau, J. 1996. Sharpening International Sanctions: Toward a Stronger Role for the United Nations. A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York. November.
532. Stricker, A. 2010. ISIS Reports: State Department Cables: Stopping Iran's and North Korea's Illicit Procurement for their Nuclear and Ballistic Missile Programs. Institute for Science and International Security. December 10.
533. Takeyh, R. 2001. The Rogue Who Came In From the Cold. Foreign Affairs 80: 62-72.
534. 2003a. Iran's Nuclear Calculations. World Policy Journal 20 (2): 21-28.
535. 2003b. Iran's Municipal Elections. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. March 6. Hidden Iran. New York: Times Books.
536. Takeyh, R., and N.K. Gvosdev. 2004. Pragmatism in the Midst of Iranian Turmoil. The Washington Quarterly 27 (4): 33-56.
537. Takeyh, R., and S. Maloney. 2011. –The self-limiting success of Iran sanctions.— International Affairs 87:6 1297-1312.
538. Takishita, K.M. 2005. U.S. Economic Sanctions Against North Korea. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association 14 (2): 515-544.
539. Targeted Financial Sanctions Project. 2004. Background Paper on Targeted Sanctions. Prepared for the Workshop on United Nations Sanctions. Brown University, Watson Institute for International Studies, July 16 -17.
540. Tetlock, P.E. 2005, Expert Political Judgment: How Good is It? How Can We Know? Princeton University Press.
541. Thaler, D.E., and A. Nader. 2010. Deep-Seated Entanglements: The Web of Iranian Leadership Can Be Negotiated, Not Unraveled, RAND Review 34 (1).
542. Thaler, D.E., A. Nader, S. Chubin, J.D. Green, C. Lynch, and F. Wehrey. 2010, Mullahs, Guards, and Bonyads. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
543. Thielmann, G. 2010. The UN Sanctions' Impact on Iran's Military. Arms Control Association. Issue Brief 1 (7). June 11.
544. Tierney, D. 2005. Irrelevant or Malevolent? Review of International Studies 31 (4): 645-664.
545. Tilly, C. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge University Press.
546. Toloraya, G. 2008. The Economic Future of North Korea. Korea Economic Institute. On Korea 1: 32.
547. Tomz, M. 2007. Domestic Audience Costs in International Relations. International Organization 61 (4): 821-840.
548. Tostensen, A., and B. Bull. 2002. Are Smart Sanctions Feasible? World Politics 54 (3): 373-403.
549. United Nations Press Release. 2006. Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt Uranium Enrichment. UN Security Council. December 23.
550. United States General Accounting Office. 1992. Economic Sanctions: Effectiveness as Tools of Foreign Policy. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, DC.
551. United States Government Accountability Office. 2004. Recovering Iraq's Assets: Preliminary Observations on U.S. Efforts and Challenges. Testimony before the Committee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Financial Services, House of Representatives. Washington, DC.
552. Urquhart, B. 1999. How Not to Fight a Dictator. The New York Review of Books. May 6.
553. Vandewalle, D. 2006. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge University Press.
554. VanWagenen, P. 2000. U.S. Economic Sanctions. Law and Policy in International Business 32: 239-261.
555. Volcker, P.A. 2005. Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime. I ndependent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil- For-Food Programme.
556. Volcker, P.A., R.J. Goldstone, and M. Pieth. 2005. Independent Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme. New York: United Nations.
557. von Lutterotti, L. 2002. The US Extraterritorial Sanctions of 1996 and the EU Reaction. In External Economic Relations and Foreign Policy in the European Union, edited by S. Griller and B. Weidel. New York: Springer.
558. Wall, C.R. 2010. Weak Tea. Foreign Policy. June 8.
559. Wallensteen, P. 1968. Characteristics of Economic Sanctions. Journal of Peace Research 5 (3): 248-267.
560. A Century of Economic Sanctions. Uppsala Peace Research Papers No. 1. Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Confl ict Research.
561. Wallensteen, P., and C. Staibano, eds. 2005. International Sanctions. London, Routledge.
562. Walt, S. 2010. Sleepwalking With Iran. Foreign Policy (Blog). May 26.
563. Weeks, L. 2008. Autocratic Audience Costs, Mternational Organization 62: 35-64.
564. Wehrey, F., J.D. Green, B. Nichiporuk, L. Hansell, R. Nafi si, and S.R. Bohandy. The Rise of the Pasdaran. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. Weschler, W. 2001. Follow the Money. Foreign Affairs 80 (4): 40-57.
565. White House. 2002. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.
566. Wickman, S.B. 2002. North Korea's Perennial Diet of Carrots and Sticks.
567. Washington, DC: National Defense University, National War College. Wilkinson, S. 2009. Just How Special is –Special.— Diplomacy and Statecraft 20: 291-308.
568. Williams, B.H. 1943. The Coming of Economic Sanctions Into American Practice, American Journal of International Law 37 (3): 386-396.
569. Wintrobe, R. 1990. The Tinpot and the Totalitarian. American Political Science Review 84 (3): 849-872.
570. Wit, J.S. 2010. Time to Get Serious About North Korea. Foreign Policy. December 13.
571. Wit, J.S., D. Poneman, and R.L. Gallucci. 2004. Going Critical. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
572. Wood, R.M. 2008. A Hand Upon the Throat of the Nation. International Studies Quarterly 52 (3): 489-513.
573. Woods, K.M., and M.E. Stout. 2010. Saddam's Perceptions and Misperceptions. Journal of Strategic Studies 33 (1): 5-41
574. Woods, K.M., M.R. Pease, M.E. Stout, W. Murray, and J. Lacey. 2006. Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Operational Analysis.
575. Woods, K.M., D.D. Palkki, and M.E. Stout. 2010. A Survey of Saddam's Audio Files, 1978-2001. Washington, DC: Institute for Defense Analyses.
576. Wright, R. 2010. Domestic and International Pressures Build in Iran (Radio). New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
577. Yonhap News Agency. 2003. North Korea Handbook. Seoul: Yonhap News Agency.
578. Yoon, D.Y., and B.O. Babson. 2002. Understanding North Korea's Economic Crisis, Asian Economic Papers 1 (3): 69-89.
579. Yoon, S. 2007. An Economic Perspective of Keasong Industrial Complex in North Korea. American Journal of Applied Sciences 4 (11): 938-945.
580. Zarate, J. 2009. Harnessing the Financial Furies. The Washington Quarterly 32: 43-59.
581. Zeev, M. 1983. Resolve, Capabilities, and the Outcome of Interstate Disputes, 1816-1976, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2): 195-229.
582. Zweiri, M. 2010. What To Do About Iran - American & Gulf Perspectives (Event). Foreign Policy, Brookings DOHA Center, and Saban Center for Middle East Policy Event. May 5.