Potential of microneedle-assisted micro-particle delivery by gene guns: A review

Drug Delivery

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 571-587

  Zhang, Dongwei ^a   Das, Diganta B ^a   Rielly, Chris D ^a  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gene gun; Micro particle; Microneedle; Penetration depth; Skin

Indexed keywords

POLYMER; NANOPARTICLE;

ACCELERATION; CELL DAMAGE; DENSITY; DERMIS; EPIDERMIS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GAS; GENE GUN; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; HELIOS GENE GUN; HELIUM DRIVEN GENE; HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRIC GENE; HUMAN; MICRONEEDLE; MICRONEEDLE ASSISTED MICROPARTICLE DELIVERY; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; PARTICLE SIZE; POWDER GENE GUN; PRESSURE; REVIEW; SKIN PENETRATION; TISSUE INJURY; VELOCITY; ANIMAL; DEVICES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE TRANSFER; MICROTECHNOLOGY; NEEDLE; SKIN;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; MICROTECHNOLOGY; NANOPARTICLES; NEEDLES; SKIN;

EID: 84913612660     PISSN: 10717544     EISSN: 15210464     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.864345     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Ahlen G, Sallberg M, Frelin L. (2013). Methods for monitoring gene gun-induced HBV- and HCV-specific immune responses in mouse models. Methods Mol Biol 940: 239-67.
2. Al-Qallaf B, Das DB. (2009a). Optimizing microneedle arrays for transdermal drug delivery: extension to non-square distribution of microneedles. J Drug Target 17: 108-22.
3. Al-Qallaf B, Das DB. (2009b). Optimizing microneedle arrays to increase skin permeability for transdermal drug delivery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1161: 83-94.
4. Al-Qallaf B, Das DB, Davidson A. (2009a). Transdermal drug delivery by coated microneedles: geometry effects on drug concentration in blood. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 4: 845-57.
5. Al-Qallaf B, Mori D, Olatunji O, et al. (2009b). Transdermal drug delivery by microneedles: does skin metabolism matter? Int J Chem React Eng 7: A69.1-23.
6. Al-Qallaf B, Das DB. (2008). Optimization of square microneedle arrays for increasing drug permeability in skin. Chem Eng Sci 63: 2523-35.
7. Al-Qallaf B, Das DB, Mori D, Cui ZF. (2007). Modelling transdermal delivery of high molecular weight drugs from microneedle systems. Phil Trans R Soc A 365: 2951-67.
8. Aravindaram K, Yang NS. (2009). Gene gun delivery systems for cancer vaccine approaches. Methods Mol Biol 542: 167-78.
9. Armaleo D, Ye GN, Klein TM, et al. (1990). Biolistic nuclear transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. Curr Genet 17: 97-103.
10. Badran MM, Kuntsche J, Fahr A. (2009). Skin penetration enhancement by a microneedle device (Dermaroller) in vitro: dependency on needle size and applied formulation. Pharm Sci 36: 511-23.
11. Bal SM, Caussin J, Pavel S, Bouwstra JA. (2008). In vivo assessment of safety of microneedle arrays in human skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 35: 193-202.
12. Bastian S, Busch W, Kuhnel D, et al. (2009). Toxicity of tungsten carbide and cobalt-doped tungsten carbide nanoparticles in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 117: 530-6.
13. Bellhouse BJ, Sarphie DF, Greenford JC. (1999). Needleless syringe using supersonic gas flow for particle delivery. US Patent US5899880.
14. Bellhouse BJ, Bell J, Millward HR, et al. (2003). Particle delivery. US Patent US 6592545 B1.
15. Bellhouse BJ, Greenford JC, Sarphie DF. (2006). Particle delivery. European Patent EP 1637173 A2.
16. Belyantseva IA. (2009). Helios gene gun-mediated transfection of the inner ear sensory epithelium. In: Sokolowski B, ed. Auditory and vestibular research: methods and protocols. New York: Humana Press, 493: 103-23, Chapter 7.
17. Bennett AM, Phillpotts RJ, Perkins SD, et al. (1999). Gene gun mediated vaccination is superior to manual delivery for immunisation with DNA vaccines expressing protective antigens from Yersinia pestis or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Vaccine 18: 588-96.
18. Bio-Rad Laboratories. (2013). USA. Available from: http://www.biorad.com/ [last accessed 5 Oct 2013].
19. Binyamin G, Shafi BM, Mery CM. (2006). Biomaterials: a primer for surgeons. Sem Pediatr Surg 15: 276-83.
20. Biopex. (2013). SJ-500 Portable gene gun. Available from: http://www.biopex.com/SJ-500-Portable-gene-gun-28-10.html [last accessed 5 Oct 2013].
21. Bryan M, Guyach S, Norris KA. (2013). Biolistic DNA vaccination against trypanosome infection. Methods Mol Biol 940: 305-15.
22. Cao Y, Zhao B, Han YH, et al. (2013). Gene gun bombardment with DNA-coated golden particles enhanced the protective effect of a DNA vaccine based on thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Schistosoma japonicum. Biomed Res Int 2013: 952416. doi: 10.1155/2013/952416.
23. Chabrai F, Bouris K, Jones T, et al. (2004). Microfabricated silicon microneedles for nonviral cutaneous gene delivery. Br J Dermatol 150: 869-77.
24. Chen B, Wei J, Tay FEH, et al. (2008). Silicon microneedle array with biodegradable tips for transdermal drug delivery. Microsyst Technol 14: 1015-19.
25. Chen D, Maa Y, Haynes JR. (2002). Needle-free epidermal powder immunization. Expert Rev Vaccines 1: 89-100.
26. Chen PC, Hsieh SJ, Chen CC, Zou J. (2013). A three-dimensional enormous surface area aluminium microneedle array with nanoporous structure. J Nanomater 2013: 1-6.
27. Christou P, Mccabe DE, Swain WF. (1990). Soybean genetic-engineering commercial production of transgenic plants. Trends Biotechnol 8: 145-51.
28. Coulman S, Allender C, Birchall J. (2006). Microneedles and other physical methods for overcoming the stratum corneum barrier for cutaneous gene therapy. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 23: 205-58.
29. Da'dara AA, Skelly PJ, Fatakdawala M, et al. (2002). Comparative efficacy of the Schistosoma mansoni nucleic acid vaccine, sm23, following microseeding or gene gun delivery. Parasite Immunol 24: 179-87.
30. Davidson A, Al Qallaf B, Das DB. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery by coated microneedles: geometry effects on effective skin thickness and drug permeability. Chem Eng Res Design 86: 1196-206.
31. Davis SP, Landis BJ, Adams ZH, et al. (2004). Insertion of microneedles into tissue: measurement and prediction of insertion force and needle fracture force. J Biomech 37: 1155-63.
32. Dehn J. (1987).Aunified theory if penetration. Int J Impact Eng 5: 239-48.
33. Disegi JA, Eschbach L. (2000). Stainless steel in bone surgery. Injury 31: 2-6.
34. Donnelly RF, Raj STR, Woolfson AD. (2010a). Micronneedle-based drug delivery systems: microfabrication, drug delivery, and safety. Drug Deliv 17: 187-207.
35. Donnelly RF, Garland MJ, Morrow DIJ, et al. (2010b). Optical coherence tomography is a valuable tool in the study of the effects of microneedle geometry on skin penetration characteristics and inskin dissolution. J Control Release 147: 333-41.
36. Donnelly RF, Majithiya R, Singh TRR, et al. (2011). Design, optimization and characterisation of polymeric microneedle arrays prepared by a novel laser-based micromoulding technique. Pharm Res 28: 41-57.
37. Donnelly RF, Garland MJ, Singh TRR, et al. (2012). Hydrogel-forming microneedle array for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Adv Funct Mater 22: 4879-90.
38. Ettinger M, Peckl SD, Gruber C, et al. (2012). Transcutaneous gene gun delivery of hNC16A induces BPAG2-Specific tolerance. J Invest Dermatol 132: 1665-71.
39. Fernandez LJ, Altuna A, Tijero M, et al. (2009). Study of functional viability of SU-8-based microneedles for neural applications. J Micromech Microeng 19: 025007. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/19/2/025007.
40. Gardeniers HJGE, Luttge R, Berenschot EJW, et al. (2003). Silicon micromachined hollow microneedles for transdermal liquid transport. J Microelectromech Syst 12: 855-62.
41. Glenn GM, Kenney RT, Ellingsworth LR, et al. (2003). Transcutaneous immunization and immunosticmulant strategies: capitalizing on the immunocompetence of the skin. Expert Rev Vaccines 2: 253-67.
42. Gu B, Kale SD, Wang QH, et al. (2011). Rust secreted protein Ps87 is conserved in diverse fungal pathogens and contains a RXLRlike motif sufficient for translocation into plant cells. PLoS One 6: e27217.
43. Gupta J, Park SS, Bondy B, et al. (2011a). Infusion pressure and pain during microneedle injection into skin of human subjects. Biomaterials 32: 6823-31.
44. Gupta J, Gill HS, Andrews SN, Prausnitz MR. (2011b). Kinetics of skin resealing after insertion of microneedles in human subjects. J Control Release 154: 148-55.
45. Han M, Hyun DH, Park HH, et al. (2007). A novel fabrication process for out-of-plane microneedle sheets of biocompatible polymer. J Micromech Microeng 17: 1184-91.
46. Han R, Peng X, Reed CA, et al. (2002). Gene gun-mediated intracutaneous vaccination with papillomavirus E7 gene delays cancer development of papillomavirus-induced skin papillomas on rabbits. Cancer Detect Prev 26: 458-67.
47. Han T, Das DB. (2013). Permeability enhancement for transdermal delivery of large molecule using low-frequency sonophoresis combined with microneedles. J Pharm Sci 102: 3614-22.
48. Han X, Wang DK, Wang Y. (2008). Development of transdermal delivery system of microneedles. Chin J Pharm 6: 296-300.
49. Haq MI, Smith E, John DN, et al. (2009). Clinical administration of microneedles: skin puncture, pain and sensation. Biomed Microdevices 11: 35-47.
50. Hardy MP, Kendall MAF. (2005). Mucosal deformation from an impinging transonic gas jet and the ballistic impact of microparticles. Phys Med Biol 50: 4567-80.
51. Henry S, McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. (1998a). Micromachined needles for the transdermal delivery of drugs. Proceedings of the IEEE Microelectromechanical Systems, MEMS'98, Heidelberg Germany, 25: 494-8.
52. Henry S, McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. (1998b). Microfabricated microneedles: a novel approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 87: 922-5.
53. Holbrook KA. (1994). Ultrastructure of the epidermis. In: Leigh IM, Lane EB, Watt FM, eds. Keratinocyte handbook. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3-39, Chapter 1.
54. Holbrook KA, Odland GF. (1974). Regional differences in the thickness (cell layers) of the human stratum corneum: an ultrasound analysis. J Invest Dermatol 62: 415-22.
55. Hou LY, Wang PY, Kong FT, et al. (2013). Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles: a new material for biolistic bombardment. Phycol Res 61: 58-60.
56. Huang PH, Chen PY. (2011). Design of a two-stage electromagnetic impulse force circuit for gene gun. J Mar Sci Technol 19: 686-92.
57. Ikemoto K, Sakata I, Sakai T. (2012). Collision of millimetre droplets induces DNA and protein transfection into cells. Sci Rep 2: 289. doi: 10.1038/srep00289.
58. Kaushik S, Hord AH, Denson DD, et al. (2001). Lack of pain associated with microfabricated microneedles. Anesth Analg 92: 502-4.
59. Kendall MAF. (2002). The delivery of particulate vaccines and drugs to human skin with a practical, hand-held shock tube-based system. Shock Waves 12: 23-30.
60. Kendall MAF. (2006). Engineering of needle-free physical methods to target epidermal cells for DNA vaccination. Vaccine, 24: 4651-6.
61. Kendall MAF, Carter FV, Mitchell TJ, Bellhouse BJ. (2001). Comparison of the transdermal ballistic delivery of micro-particle into human and porcine skin. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE; Oct 25-28, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 3, 2991-4. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2001.1017423, ISBM: 0-7803-7211-5.
62. Kendall MAF, Quinlan NJ, Thorpe SJ, et al. (2004). Measurements of the gas and particle flow within a converging-diverging nozzle for high speed powdered vaccine and drug delivery. Exp Fluids 37: 128-36.
63. Kim YC, Quan FS, Compans RW, et al. (2010). Formulation of microneedles coated with influenza virus-like particle vaccine. AAPS PharmSciTech 11: 1193-201.
64. Kim YC, Park JH, Prausnitz MR. (2012). Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64: 1547-68.
65. Kis E.E., Gerhard W., Myschik J., (2012). Devices for intradermal vaccination, Vaccine 30: 523-38.
66. Klein TM, Wolf ED, Wu R, Sanford JC. (1987). High-velocity microprojectiles for delivery of nucleic acids into living cells. Nature (London) 327: 70-3.
67. Klein TM, Arentzen R, Lewis PA, McElligott FS. (1992). Transformation of microbes, plants by particle bombardment. Biotechnology 10: 286-91.
68. Koelmans WW, Krishnamoorthy G, Heskamp A, et al. (2013). Microneedle characterization using a double-layer skin stimulant. Mech Eng Res 3: 51-63.
69. Kuriakose B, Toit ES, Jordaan A. (2012). Transient gene expression assays in rose tissues using a Bio-Rad Helios hand-held gene gun. S Afr J Bot 78: 307-11.
70. Kuriyama S, Mitoro A, Tsujinoue H, et al. (2000). Particle-mediated gene transfer into murine livers using a newly developed gene gun. Gene Ther 7: 1132-6.
71. Liu Y, Kendall MAF. (2004a). Numerical study of a transient gas and particle flow in a high-speed needle-free ballistic particulate vaccine delivery system. J Mech Med Biol 4: 559-78.
72. Liu Y, Kendall MAF. (2004b). Numerical simulation of heat transfer from a transonic jet impinging on skin for needle-free powdered drug and vaccine delivery. J Mech Eng Sci 218: 1373-83.
73. Liu Y, Kendall MAF. (2006). Numerical analysis of gas and microparticle interactions in a hand-held shock tube device. Biomed Microdevices 8: 341-51.
74. Liu Y. (2006). Physical-mathematical modeling of fluid and particle transportation for DNA vaccination. Int J Eng Sci 44: 1037-49.
75. Liu Y. (2007). Impact studies of high-speed micro-particle following biolistic delivery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54: 1507-13.
76. Liu Y. (2008). Simulation of transient shock motion within a biological contoured shock tube system. Phys D Nonlinear Phenom 237: 233-42.
77. Liu Y, Costigan G, Bellhouse BJ. (2008). Swirling effects on the performance of the micro-particle acceleration and penetration: parametric studies. Powder Technol 183: 189-95.
78. Macklin MD, Drape RJ, Swain WF. (2000). Preparation for particlemediated gene transfer using the Accell gene gun. Methods Mol Med 29: 297-303.
79. MacNeil S. (2007). Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin. Nature 445: 874-80.
80. Manjila SB, Baby JN, Bijin EN, et al. (2013). Novel gene delivery system. Int J Pharm Invest 3: 1-7.
81. Marks JG, Miller JJ, Lookingbill DP. (2006). Principles of dermatology, 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 1-7.
82. Marrion MC, Gostigan G, Bellhouse BJ. (2005). Flow separation control in over-expanded supersonic nozzle, 35th AIAA fluid dynamics conference and exhibit; 2005 Jun 6-9; Toronto, ON, Canada. doi: 10.2514/6.2005-5266.
83. Martanto W, Davis SP, Holiday NR, et al. (2004). Transdermal delivery of insulin using microneedles in vivo. Pharm Res 21: 947-52.
84. Matteucci M, Fanetti M, Casella M, et al. (2009). Poly vinyl alcohol re-usable masters for microneedle replication. Microelectron Eng 86: 752-6.
85. McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. (2000). Microfabricated microneedles for gene and drug delivery. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 2: 289-313.
86. McAllister DV, Wang PM, Davis SP, et al. (2003). Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 13755-60.
87. Meacham JM, Durvasula K, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG. (2013). Physical methods for intracellular delivery: particle aspects from laboratory use to industrial-scale processing. J Lab Autom. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1177/2211068213494388.
88. Memon S, Pathan DN, Ziyaurrrahman AR, et al. (2011). Microneedle as a novel drug delivery system: a review. Int Res J Pharm 2: 72-77.
89. Menezes V, Mathew Y, Takayama K, et al. (2012). Laser plasma jet driven microparticles for DNA/Drug delivery. PLoS One 7: e50823.
90. Mikolajewska P, Donnelly RF, Garland MJ, et al. (2010). Microneedle pre-treatment of human skin improves 5-aminolevulininc acid (ALA) and 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester (MAL) induced PpIX production for topical photodynamic therapy without increase in pain or erythema. Pharm Res 27: 2213-20.
91. Mikszta JA, Alarcon JB, Brittingham JM, et al. (2002). Improved genetic immunization via micromechanical disruption of skin-barrier function and targeted epidermal delivery. Nat Med 8: 415-19.
92. Mitchell TJ, Kendall MAF, Bellhouse BJ. (2003). A ballistic study of micro-particle penetration to the oral mucosa. Int J Impact Eng 28: 581-99.
93. Mohammed D, Matts PJ, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. (2012). Variation of stratum corneum biophysical and molecular properties with anatomic site. Am Assoc Pharm Sci 14: 806-12.
94. Nagata T, Koide Y. (2010). Induction of specific CD8+ T cells against intracellular bacteria by CD 8+ T-cell-oriented immunization approaches. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010: 764542. doi: 10.1155/2010/764542.
95. Nayak A, Das DB. (2013). Potential of biodegradable microneedles as a transdermal delivery vehicle for lidocaine. Biotechnol Lett 35: 1351-63.
96. Nguyen-Hoai T, Hohn O, Vu MD, et al. (2012). CCL19 as an adjuvant for intradermal gene gun immunization in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model: improved vaccine efficacy and a role for B cells as APC. Cancer Gene Ther 19: 880-7.
97. O'Brien JA, Lummis SCR. (2011). Nano-biolistics: a method of biolistic transfection of cells and tissues using a gene gun with novel nanometer-sized projectiles. BMC Biotechnol 11: 66.
98. O'Brien JA, Lummis SCR. (2007). Diolistics: incorporating fluorescent dyes into biological samples using a gen gun. Trends Biotechnol 25: 530-4.
99. O'Brien JA, Lummis SCR. (2006). Biolistic transfection of neuronal cultures using a hand-held gene gun. Nat Protoc 1: 977-81.
100. Oh J, Park H, Do K, et al. (2008). Influence of the delivery systems using a microneedle array on the permeation of a hydrophilic molecule, calcein. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 69: 1040-5.
101. Olatunji O, Das DB. (2010). Painless drug delivery using microneedles. In: Escober-Chavez J, ed. Current technologies to increase the transdermal delivery of drugs. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers, 96-110.
102. Olatunji O, Das DB. (2011). Drug delivery using microneedles. In: Cui Z, ed. Comprehensive biotechnology, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 625-42.
103. Olatunji O, Das DB, Nassehi V. (2012). Modelling transdermal drug delivery using microneedles: effect of geometry on drug transport behavior. J Pharm Sci 101: 164-75.
104. Olatunji O, Das DB, Garland MJ, et al. (2013). Influence of array interspacing on the force required for successful microneedle skin penetration: theoretical and practical approaches. J Pharm Sci 102: 1209-21.
105. Palastanga N, Field D, Soames RW. (2006). Anatomy and human movement: structure and function, 5th edition. London: Elsevier Health Science.
106. Park JH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. (2005). Biodegradable polymer microneedles: fabrication, mechanics and transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 104: 51-66.
107. Park JH, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. (2006). Polymer microneedles for controlled-release drug delivery. Pharm Res 23: 1008-19.
108. Parker ER, Rao MP, Turner KL, et al. (2007). Bulk micromachined titanium microneedles. J Microelectromech Syst 16: 289-95.
109. Parker F. (1991). Structure and function of the skin. In: Orkin M, Maibach HI, Dahl MV, eds. Dermatology, 1st edition. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange, Chapter 1.
110. Phipps JB, Padmanabhan RV, Lattin GA. (1988). Transport of ionic species through skin. Solid State Ionics 28: 1778-83.
111. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery. Nat Biotech 26: 1261-8.
112. Qi P, Chen GG, Wei P. (2007). Research and development of microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. J Nanjing Univ Technol (Nat Sci Ed) 29: 57-63.
113. Quan FS, Kim YC, Compans RW, et al. (2010). Does sparing enabled by skin immunization with influenza virus-like particle vaccine using microneedles. J Control Release 147: 326-32.
114. Quinlan NJ, Kendall MAF, Bellhouse BJ, Ainsworth RW. (2001). Investigations of gas and particle dynamics in first generation needlefree drug delivery device. Shock Waves 10: 395-404.
115. Raju PA, Truong NK, Kendall MAF. (2006). Assessment of epidermal cell viability by near infra-red two-photon microscopy following ballistic delivery of gold micro-particles. Vaccine 24: 4644-7.
116. Rao W. (2010). A proteomic analysis of lipid raft and GPI anchored protein in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Leeds, UK.
117. Rasel MAI, Taher MA, Kim HD. (2013). A study on the gas-solid particle flows in a needle-free drug delivery device. J Therm Sci 22: 340-4.
118. Rinberg D. (2005). Pneumatic capillary gun for ballistic delivery of micro-particles. Appl Phys Lett 87: 014103.
119. Rosi NL, Giljohann DA, Thaxton CS, et al. (2006). Oligonucleotidemodified gold nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation. Science 312: 1027-30.
120. Russell JA, Roy MK, Sanford JC. (1992). Physical trauma and tungsten toxicity reduce the efficiency of biolistic transformation. Plant Physiol 98: 1050-6.
121. Sachdeva V, Banga AK. (2011). Microneedles and their applications. Recent Pat. Drug Deliv Formulation 5: 95-132.
122. Sakai T, Hisaeda H, Nakano Y, et al. (2000). Gene gun-mediated delivery of an interleukin-12 expression plasmid protects against infections with the intracellular protozoan parasites leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi in mice. Immunology 99: 615-24.
123. Sanford JC, Klein TM, Wolf ED, Allen N. (1987). Delivery of substances into cells and tissues using a particle bombardment process. Part Sci Technol 5: 27-37.
124. Sanford JC, Smith FD, Russell JA. (1993). Optimizing the biolistic process for different biological applications. Methods Enzymol 217: 483-509.
125. Satish D. (2009). In vitro manipulation of pollen for transformation in cotton and tomato. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Agricultural Sciences, India.
126. Sato H, Hattori S, Kawamoto S, et al. (2000). In vivo gene gun-mediated DNA delivery into rodent brain tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270: 163-70.
127. Schaefer H, Redelmeier TE. (1996). Skin barrier: principles of percutaneous absorption. New York: Karger.
128. Shah UU, Roberts M, Gul MO, et al. (2011). Needle-free and microneedle drug delivery in children: a case for disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Int J Pharm 416: 1-11.
129. Shampine LF, Reichelt MW. (1997). The matlab ode suite. SIAM J Sci Comput 18: 1-22. DOI: 10.1137/S1064827594276424.
130. Smith FD, Harpending PR, Sanford JC. (1992). Biolistic transformation of prokaryotes: factors that affect biolistic transformation of very small cells. J Gen Microbiol 138: 239-48.
131. Silpi C, Manish B, Kumar TR. (2011). Microneedles in transdermal drug delivery: an unique painless option. Int Res J Pharm 2: 72-8.
132. Singh R, Dahotre NB. (2007). Corrosion degradation and prevention by surface modification of biometallic materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 18: 725-51.
133. Soliman SM. (2011). Micro-particle and gas dynamics in an axisymmetric supersonic nozzle. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aerospace Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
134. Soliman SM, Abdallah S. (2011). CFD investigation of powdered vaccine and gas dynamics in biolistic gun. Powder Technol 214: 135-42.
135. Soliman SM, Abdallah S, Gutmark E, Turner MG. (2011). Numerical simulation of microparticles penetration and gas dynamics in an axisymmetric supersonic nozzle for genetic vaccination. Powder Technol 208: 676-83.
136. Stoeber B, Liepmann D. (2000). Fluid injection through out-of-plane microneedles, Proceedings of the 1st Annual International IEEEEMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, Lyon, France, 14: 224-8.
137. Sung HW, Chen MC, Lee PW, Tu HS. (2011). Nanoparticles for protein/peptide delivery and delivery means thereof. US Patent US7901711 B1.
138. Svarovsky S, Borovkov A, Sykes K. (2008). Cationic gold microparticles for biolistic delivery of nucleic acids. Biotechniques, 45: 535-40.
139. Tekeuchi Y, Doston M, Keen NT. (1992). Plant transformation: a simple particle bombardment device based on flowing helium. Plant Mol Biol 18: 835-9.
140. Thomas JL, Bardou J, Mauchamp B, et al. (2001). A helium burst biolistic device adapted to penetrate fragile insect tissues. J Insect Sci 1: 1-10.
141. Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH. (2011). Principles of anatomy and physiology, 13 edn. New York: Wiley.
142. Trainer AT, Alexander MY. (1997). Gene delivery to the epidermis. Hum Mol Genet 6: 1761-7.
143. Truong NK, Liu Y, Kendall MAF. (2006). Gas and particle dynamics of a contoured shock tube for pre-clinical micro-particle drug delivery. Shock Waves 15: 149-64.
144. Tuan-Mahmood TM, McCrudden MTC, Torrisi BM, et al. (2013). Microneedles for intradermal and transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 50: 623-37.
145. Uchida M, Li XW, Mertens P, Alpar HO. (2009). Transfection by particle bombardment: delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells using gene gun. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790: 754-64.
146. Valenstein JC. (2012). Developing nanotechnology for biofuel and plant science applications, Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Iowa State University, USA.
147. Verbaan FJ, Bal SM, van den Berg DJ, et al. (2008). Improved piercing of microneedle arrays in dermatomed human skin by an impact insertion method. J Control Release 128: 80-8.
148. Williams RS, Johnston SA, Riedy M, et al. (1991). Introduction of foreign genes into tissues of living mice by DNA-coated microprojectiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 2726-30.
149. Xia JX, Martinez A, Daniell H, Ebert SN. (2011). Evaluation of biolistic gene transfer methods in vivo using non-invasive bioluminescent imaging techniques. BMC Biotechnol 11: 62.
150. Yager EJ, Stagnar C, Gopalakrishnan R, et al. (2013). Optimizing particle-mediated epidermal delivery of an influenza DNA vaccine in ferrets. Methods Mol Biol 940: 223-37.
151. Yang NS, Burkholder J, Roberts B, et al. (1990). In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 9568-72.
152. Yen MC, Lai MD. (2013). Biolistic DNA delivery to mice with the low pressure gene gun. Methods Mol Biol 940: 169-74.
153. Yoshida Y, Kobayashi E, Endo H, et al. (1997). Introduction of DNA into rat liver with a hand-held gene gun: distribution of the expressed enzyme, [32P] DNA, and Ca2+ flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 234: 695-700.
154. Yoshimitsu Y, Tanaka K, Tagawa T, et al. (2009). Improvement of DNA/metal particle adsorption in tungsten-based biolistic bombardment, alkaline pH is necessary for DNA adsorption and suppression of DNA degradation. J Plant Biol 52: 524-32.
155. Zhang MJ, Tao WM, Pianetta PA. (2007). Dynamics modeling of biolistic gene guns. Phys Med Biol 52: 1485-93.
156. Zhang DW, Das DB, Rielly CD. (2013). An experimental study of microneedles assisted micro-particle delivery using a model system. J Pharm Sci 102: 3632-44.
157. Zhao HY, Avenarius MR, Gillespie PG. (2012). Improved biolistic transfection of hair cells. PLoS One 7: e46765.
158. Zhao YJ, Zhang JY, Yang XL. (2006). Design and manufacture of microneedles array for transdermal drug delivery. Chin J Med Instrum 30: 33-8.
159. Zhou F. (2000). High-pressure gas gene gun. Chinese Patent CN 1262323A, State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.
160. China, China. Zhou F. (2007). Liquid gene gun. Chinese Patent CN 189217A, State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.
161. China, China. Zhou WZ. (1995). Gene gun. Chinese Patent CN 2196119Y, State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.
162. China, China. Zhu M, Chen Y, Wang Z, et al. (2012). Fabrication method for hollow microneedles for drug delivery. US Patent US 8137736 B2, Nanjing University, USA.
163. Ziegler AS. (2008). Needle-free delivery of powdered protein vaccine: a new and rapidly developing technique. J Pharm Innov 3: 204-13.
164. Zilony N, Tzur-Balter A, Segal E, Shefi O. (2013). Bombarding cancer: biolistic delivery of therapeutics using porous Si carriers. Sci Rep 3: 2499.
165. Zuraida AR, Rahiniza K, Hafiza MRN, et al. (2010). Factors affecting delivery and transient expression of gusa gene in Malaysian indica rice MR 219 callus via biolistic gun system. Afr J Biotechnol 9: 8810-18.