MicroRNA-dependent regulation of telomere maintenance mechanisms: A field as much unexplored as potentially promising

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 20, Issue 41, 2014, Pages 6404-6421

  Santambrogio, Francesca ^a   Gandellini, Paolo ^a   Cimino Reale, Graziella ^a   Zaffaroni, Nadia ^a   Folini, Marco ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

ALT; Cancer; Chromosome stability; miRNA; Senescence; Telomerase; Telomeres; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTAGOMIR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CALCITRIOL; ELLAGIC ACID; ELLAGITANNIN; IMETELSTAT; LOCKED NUCLEIC ACID; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 122; MIRAVIRSEN; MORPHOLINO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; PEPTIDE NUCLEIC ACID; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; TELOMERASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WB 1066;

ARTICLE; CANCER CELL; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL AGING; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; CYTOLOGY; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; RNA INTERFERENCE; RNA PROCESSING; SUMOYLATION; TELOMERE; TELOMERE HOMEOSTASIS; TELOMERE SHORTENING; ANIMAL; GENETICS; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NEOPLASMS; TELOMERE;

EID: 84911468786     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630095918     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Ambros V. The evolution of our thinking about microRNAs. Nat Med 2008; 14: 1036-40.
2. Krol J, Loedige I, Filipowicz W. The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11: 597-610.
3. Farazi TA, Hoell JI, Morozov P, Tuschl T. MicroRNAs in human cancer. In: Schmitz U, Wolkenhauer O, Vera J, Eds. MicroRNA Cancer Regulation Advanced Concepts, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Tools. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 774. Dordrecht: Springer Science-Business Media 2013; pp. 1-20.
4. Fabian MR, Sonemberg N. Regulation of mRNA translation and stability by microRNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 2010; 79: 351-79.
5. Huntzinger E, Izaurralde E. Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay. Nat Rev Genet 2011; 12: 99-110.
6. Chendrimada TP, Finn KJ, Ji X, et al. MicroRNA silencing through RISC recruitment of eIF6. Nature 2007; 447: 823-8.
7. Eulalio A, Huntzinger E, Izaurralde E. Getting the root of miRNA-mediated gene silencing. Cell 2008; 132: 9-14.
8. Petersen CP, Bordeleau ME, Pelletier J, Sharp PA. Short RNAs repress translation after initiation in mammalian cells. Mol Cell 2006; 21: 533-42.
9. Fabian MR, Sonemberg N. The mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing: a look under the hood of miRISC. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19: 586-93.
10. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011; 144: 646-74.
11. Kasinski AL, Slack FJ. Epigenetics and genetics. MicroRNAs en route to the clinic: progress in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11: 849-64.
12. Stenvang J, Petri A, Lindow M, Obad S, Kauppinen S. Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides. Silence 2012; 3: 1.
13. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 15524-9.
14. Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 13944-9.
15. Ruan K, Fang X, Ouyang G. MicroRNAs: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer. Cancer Lett 2009; 285: 116-26.
16. Merritt WM, Bar-Eli M, Sood AK. The dicey role of Dicer: implications for RNAi therapy. Cancer Res 2010; 70: 2571-4.
17. Chin LJ, Ratner E, Leng S, et al. A SNP in a let-7 microRNA complementary site in the KRAS 3' untranslated region increases non-small cell lung cancer risk. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8535-40.
18. Hu Z, Liang J, Wang Z, et al. Common genetic variants in pre-microRNAs were associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese women. Hum Mutat 2009; 30: 79-84.
19. Yang R, Schlehe B, Hemminki K, et al. A genetic variant in the pre-miR-27a oncogene is associated with a reduced familial breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 121: 693-702.
20. De Cecco L, Dugo M, Canevari S, Daidone MG, Callari M. Measuring microRNA expression levels in oncology: from samples to data analysis. Crit Rev Oncog 2013; 18: 273-87.
21. Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, et al. A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2257-61.
22. Iorio MV, Croce CM. MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. A comprehensive review. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4: 143-59.
23. Subramanian S, Kartha RV. MicroRNA-mediated gene regulations in human sarcomas. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69: 3571-85.
24. Yanaihara N, Caplen N, Bowman E, et al. Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell 2006; 9: 189-98.
25. Ji J, Shi J, Budhu A, et al. MicroRNA expression, survival, and response to interferon in liver cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1437-47.
26. Zhou M, Liu Z, Zhao Y, et al. MicroRNA-125b confers the resistance of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel through suppression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1 (Bak1) expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 21496-507.
27. Giovannetti E, Funel N, Peters GJ, et al. MicroRNA-21 in pancreatic cancer: correlation with clinical outcome and pharmacologic aspects underlying its role in the modulation of gemcitabine activity. Cancer Res 2010; 70: 4528-38.
28. Sita-Lumsden A, Dart DA, Waxman J, Bevan CL. Circulating microRNAs as potential new biomarkers for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 1925-30.
29. Gandellini P, Profumo V, Folini M, Zaffaroni N. MicroRNAs as new therapeutic targets and tools in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15: 265-79.
30. Folini M, Gandellini P, Longoni N, et al. miR-21: an oncomir on strike in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9: 12.
31. Metheetrairut C, Slack FJ. MicroRNAs in the ionizing radiation response and in radiotherapy. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23: 12-9.
32. Allen KE, Weiss GJ. Resistance may not be futile: microRNA biomarkers for chemoresistance and potential therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9: 3126-36.
33. Wan G, Mathur R, Hu X, Zhang X, Lu X. miRNA response to DNA damage. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36: 478-84.
34. Redis RS, Berindan-Neagoe I, Pop VI, Calin GA. Non-coding RNAs as theranostics in human cancers. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113: 1451-9.
35. Stephenson ML, Zamecnik PC. Inhibition of Rous sarcoma viral RNA translation by a specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 285-8.
36. Alvarez-Salas LM. Nucleic acids as therapeutic agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2008; 8: 1379-404.
37. Deleavey GF, Damha MJ. Designing chemically modified oligonucleotides for targeted gene silencing. Chem Biol 2012; 19: 937-54.
38. Burnett JC, Rossi JJ. RNA-based therapeutics: current progress and future prospects. Chem Biol 2012; 19: 60-71.
39. Haasnoot J, Berkhout B. Nucleic acids-based therapeutics in the battle against pathogenic viruses. In: Kräusslich HG, Bartenschlager R, Eds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag 2009; pp. 243-63.
40. Hair P, Cameron F, McKeage K. Mipomersen sodium: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73: 487-93.
41. Krützfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature 2005; 438: 685-9.
42. Fontana L, Fiori ME, Albini S, et al. Antagomir-17-5p abolishes the growth of therapy-resistant neuroblastoma through p21 and BIM. PLoS One 2008; 3: e2236.
43. Ma L, Reinhardt F, Pan E, et al. Therapeutic silencing of miR-10b inhibits metastasis in a mouse mammary tumor model. Nat Bio-technol 2010; 28: 341-7.
44. Ziegler S, Eberle ME, Wölfle SJ, Heeg K, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Bifunctional oligodeoxynucleotide/antagomiR constructs: evaluation of a new tool for microRNA silencing. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23: 427-34.
45. Stenvang J, Silahtaroglu AN, Lindow M, Elmen J, Kauppinen S. The utility of LNA in microRNA-based cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18: 89-102.
46. Elmén J, Lindow M, Silahtaroglu A, et al. Antagonism of mi-croRNA-122 in mice by systemically administered LNA-antimiR leads to up-regulation of a large set of predicted target mRNAs in the liver. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36: 1153-62.
47. Elmén J, Lindow M, Schütz S, et al. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature 2008; 452: 896-9.
48. Lindow M, Kauppinen S. Discovering the first microRNA-targeted drug. J Cell Biol 2012; 199: 407-12.
49. Lanford RE, Hildebrandt-Eriksen ES, Petri A, et al. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science 2010; 327: 198-201.
50. Janssen HL, Reesink HW, Lawitz EJ, et al. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1685-94.
51. Obad S, dos Santos CO, Petri A, et al. Silencing of microRNA families by seed-targeting tiny LNAs. Nat Genet 2011; 43: 371-8.
52. Choi WY, Giraldez AJ, Schier AF. Target protectors reveal dampening and balancing of Nodal agonist and antagonist by miR-430. Science 2007; 318: 271-4.
53. Wang Z. The principles of MiRNA-masking antisense oligonucleotides technology. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 676: 43-9.
54. Ebert MS, Sharp PA. MicroRNA sponges: progress and possibilities. RNA 2010; 16: 2043-50.
55. Hansen TB, Jensen TI, Clausen BH, et al. Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges. Nature 2013; 495: 384-8.
56. Gumireddy K, Young DD, Xiong X, Hogenesch JB, Huang Q, Deiters A. Small-molecule inhibitors of microrna miR-21 function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47: 7482-84.
57. Vannucci L, Lai M, Chiuppesi F, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Pistello M. Viral vectors: a look back and ahead on gene transfer technology. New Microbiol 2013; 36: 1-22.
58. Kota J, Chivukula RR, O'Donnell KA, et al. Therapeutic mi-croRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell 2009; 137: 1005-17.
59. Jansson MD, Lund AH. MicroRNA and cancer. Mol Oncol 2012; 6: 590-610.
60. Musacchio T, Torchilin VP. siRNA delivery: from basics to therapeutic applications. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2013; 18: 58-79.
61. Takeshita F, Patrawala L, Osaki M, et al. Systemic delivery of synthetic microRNA-16 inhibits the growth of metastatic prostate tumors via downregulation of multiple cell-cycle genes. Mol Ther 2010; 18: 181-7.
62. Blackburn EH. Telomeres and Telomerase: The Means to the End. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49: 7405-21.
63. Sfeir A, de Lange T. Removal of shelterin reveals the telomere end-protection problem. Science 2012; 336: 593-7.
64. Takai KK, Kibe T, Donigian JR, Frescas D, de Lange T. Telomere protection by TPP1/POT1 requires tethering to TIN2. Mol Cell 2011; 44: 647-59.
65. Corriveau M, Mullins MR, Baus D, Harris ME, Taylor DJ. Coordinated interactions of multiple POT1-TPP1 proteins with telomere DNA. J Biol Chem 2013; 288: 16361-70.
66. Arat NÖ, Griffith JD. Human Rap1 interacts directly with te-lomeric DNA and regulates TRF2 localization at the telomere. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 41583-94.
67. O'Sullivan RJ, Karlseder J. Telomeres: protecting chromosomes against genome instability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11: 171-81.
68. Lehtiö L, Chi NW, Krauss S. Tankyrases as drug targets. FEBS J 2013; 280: 3576-93.
69. Giraud-Panis MJ, Teixeira MT, Géli V, Gilson E. CST meets shel-terin to keep telomeres in check. Mol Cell 2010; 39: 665-76.
70. Sharty JF, Baumann P. Apollo-taking the lead in telomere protection. Mol Cell 2010; 39: 489-91.
71. Blackburn EH. Telomere states and cell fates. Nature 2000; 408: 53-6.
72. Shay JW, Wright WE. Role of telomeres and telomerase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21: 349-53.
73. Folini M, Venturini L, Cimino-Reale G, Zaffaroni N. Telomeres as targets for anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15: 579-93.
74. Shay JW, Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 787-91.
75. Hukezalie KR, Wong JM. Structure-function relationship and biogenesis regulation of the human telomerase holoenzyme. FEBS J 2013; 280: 3194-204.
76. Berger W, Steiner E, Grusch M, Elbling L, Micksche M. Vaults and the major vault protein: novel roles in signal pathway regulation and immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66: 43-61.
77. Cesare AJ, Reddel RR. Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11: 319-30.
78. Henson JD, Reddel RR. Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers. FEBS Lett 2010; 584: 3800-11.
79. Perrem K, Colgin LM, Neumann AA, Yeager TR, Reddel RR. Coexistence of alternative lengthening of telomeres and telomerase in hTERT-transfected GM847 cells. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21: 3862-75.
80. Venturini L, Daidone MG, Motta R, et al. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: expression and prognostic relevance. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14: 736-44.
81. Venturini L, Daidone MG, Motta R, et al. Telomere maintenance in Wilms tumors: first evidence for the presence of alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50: 823-9.
82. Neumann AA, Watson CM, Noble JR, Pickett HA, Tam PP, Red-del RR. Alternative lengthening of telomeres in normal mammalian somatic cells. Genes Dev 2013; 27: 18-23.
83. Daniel M, Peek GW, Tollefsbol TO. Regulation of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT). Gene 2012; 498: 135-46.
84. Atkinson SP, Hoare SF, Glasspool RM, Keith WN. Lack of telom-erase gene expression in alternative lengthening of telomere cells is associated with chromatin remodeling of the hTR and hTERT gene promoters. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7585-90.
85. Koziel JE, Fox MJ, Steding CE, Sprouse AA, Herbert BS. Medical genetics and epigenetics of telomerase. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15: 457-67.
86. Listerman I, Sun J, Gazzaniga FS, Lukas JL, Blackburn EH. The major reverse transcriptase-incompetent splice variant of the human telomerase protein inhibits telomerase activity but protects from apoptosis. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 2817-28.
87. Wojtyla A, Gladych M, Rubis B. Human telomerase activity regulation. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38: 3339-49.
88. Mocellin S, Pooley KA, Nitti D. Telomerase and the search for the end of cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19: 125-33.
89. Röth A, Harley CB, Baerlocher GM. Imetelstat (GRN163L)--telomerase-based cancer therapy. Recent Results Cancer Res 2010; 184: 221-34.
90. Jiang WQ, Zhong ZH, Henson JD, Reddel RR. Identification of candidate alternative lengthening of telomeres genes by methionine restriction and RNA interference. Oncogene 2007; 26: 4635-47.
91. Zhong ZH, Jiang WQ, Cesare AJ, Neumann AA, Wadhwa R, Reddel RR. Disruption of telomere maintenance by depletion of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex in cells that use alternative lengthening of telomeres. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 29314-22.
92. Potts PR, Yu H. The SMC5/6 complex maintains telomere length in ALT cancer cells through SUMOylation of telomere-binding proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007; 14: 581-90.
93. Perrem K, Bryan TM, Englezou A, Hackl T, Moy EL, Reddel RR. Repression of an alternative mechanism for lengthening of telomeres in somatic cell hybrids. Oncogene 1999; 18: 3383-90.
94. Nittis T, Guittat L, Stewart SA. Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and chromatin: is there a connection? Biochimie 2008; 90: 5-12.
95. Heaphy CM, de Wilde RF, Jiao Y, et al. Altered telomeres in tumors with ATRX and DAXX mutations. Science 2011; 333: 425.
96. Lovejoy CA, Li W, Reisenweber S, et al. Loss of ATRX, genome instability, and an altered DNA damage response are hallmarks of the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway. PLoS Genet 2012; 8: e1002772.
97. Mitomo S, Maesawa C, Ogasawara S, et al. Downregulation of miR-138 is associated with overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 280-6.
98. Chakrabarti M, Banik NL, Ray SK. miR-138 overexpression is more powerful than hTERT knockdown to potentiate apigenin for apoptosis in neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319: 1575-85.
99. Chen L, Lu MH, Zhang D, et al. miR-1207-5p and miR-1266 suppress gastric cancer growth and invasion by targeting telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5: e1034.
100. Hrdličková R, Nehyba J, Bargmann W, Bose HR Jr. Multiple tumor suppressor microRNAs regulate telomerase and TCF7, an important transcriptional regulator of the Wnt pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9: e86990.
101. Miura N, Sato R, Tsukamoto T, et al. A noncoding RNA gene on chromosome 10p15. 3 may function upstream of hTERT. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10: 5.
102. Romilda C, Marika P, Alessandro S, et al. Oxidative DNA damage correlates with cell immortalization and mir-92 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 177.
103. Watanabe A, Tagawa H, Yamashita J, et al. The role of mi-croRNA-150 as a tumor suppressor in malignant lymphoma. Leukemia 2011; 25: 1324-34.
104. Jazbutyte V, Thum T. MicroRNA-21: from cancer to cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11: 926-35.
105. Wang YY, Sun G, Luo H, et al. MiR-21 modulates hTERT through a STAT3-dependent manner on glioblastoma cell growth. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18: 722-8.
106. Dellago H, Preschitz-Kammerhofer B, Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, et al. High levels of oncomiR-21 contribute to the senescence-induced growth arrest in normal human cells and its knock-down increases the replicative lifespan. Aging Cell 2013; 12: 446-58.
107. Kasiappan R, Shen Z, Tse AK, et al. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses telomerase expression and human cancer growth through microRNA-498. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 41297-309.
108. Uziel O, Beery E, Dronichev V, et al. Telomere shortening sensitizes cancer cells to selected cytotoxic agents: in vitro and in vivo studies and putative mechanisms. PLoS One 2010; 5: e9132.
109. Liu FJ, Wen T, Liu L. MicroRNAs as a novel cellular senescence regulator. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11: 41-50.
110. Maes OC, Sarojini H, Wang E. Stepwise up-regulation of mi-croRNA expression levels from replicating to reversible and irreversible growth arrest states in WI-38 human fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221: 109-19.
111. Bonifacio LN, Jarstfer MB. MiRNA Profile Associated with Replicative Senescence, Extended Cell Culture, and Ectopic Telomerase Expression in Human Foreskin Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2010; 5: e12519.
112. Yoon AR, Gao R, Kaul Z, et al. MicroRNA-296 is enriched in cancer cells and downregulates p21WAF1 mRNA expression via interaction with its 3' untranslated region. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39: 8078-91.
113. Benetti R, Gonzalo S, Jaco I, et al. A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via Rbl2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2008; 15: 268-79.
114. Shirode AB, Kovvuru P, Chittur SV, Henning SM, Heber D, Reli-ene R. Antiproliferative effects of pomegranate extract in MCF-7 breast cancer cells are associated with reduced DNA repair gene expression and induction of double strand breaks. Mol Carcinog 2014; 53: 458-70.
115. Yang L, Li Y, Cheng M, et al. A functional polymorphism at mi-croRNA-629-binding site in the 3'-untranslated region of NBS1 gene confers an increased risk of lung cancer in Southern and Eastern Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33: 338-47.
116. Castro-Vega LJ, Jouravleva K, Liu WY, et al. Telomere crisis in kidney epithelial cells promotes the acquisition of a microRNA signature retrieved in aggressive renal cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34: 1173-80.
117. Mongroo PS, Rustgi AK. The role of the miR-200 family in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10: 219-22.
118. Roh JI, Sung YH, Lee HW. Clinical implications of antitelomeric drugs with respect to the nontelomeric functions of telomerase in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6: 1161-66.
119. Hakin-Smith V, Jellinek DA, Levy D, et al. Alternative lengthening of telomeres and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Lancet 2003; 361: 836-8.
120. Ulaner GA, Huang HY, Otero J, et al. Absence of a telomere maintenance mechanism as a favorable prognostic factor in patients with osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1759-63.
121. Costa A, Daidone MG, Daprai L, et al. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in liposarcomas: association with histologic subtypes and disease progression. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 8918-24.
122. Villa R, Daidone MG, Motta R, et al. Multiple mechanisms of telomere maintenance exist and differentially affect clinical outcome in diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 4134-40.
123. Johnson JE, Gettings EJ, Schwalm J, et al. Whole-genome profiling in liposarcomas reveals genetic alterations common to specific telomere maintenance mechanisms. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 9221-8.
124. Fajkus J. Detection of telomerase activity by the TRAP assay and its variants and alternatives. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 371: 25-31.
125. Jeyapalan JN, Mendez-Bermudez A, Zaffaroni N, Dubrova YE, Royle NJ. Evidence for alternative lengthening of telomeres in liposarcomas in the absence of ALT-associated PML bodies. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2414-21.
126. Henson JD, Cao Y, Huschtscha LI, et al. DNA C-circles are specific and quantifiable markers of alternative-lengthening-of-telomeres activity. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27: 1181-85.