Molecular and cellular regulation of skeletal myogenesis

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 110, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-73

  Comai, Glenda ^a   Tajbakhsh, Shahragim ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

Genetic regulation; Skeletal muscle; Stem progenitor; Transcription factor

Indexed keywords

BASIC HELIX LOOP HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MYOD PROTEIN; MYOGENIC FACTOR; PAIRED BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; PAX3 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PAX7 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX7;

ANIMAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOLOGY; EMBRYOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOUSE; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STEM CELL;

ANIMALS; BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; MICE; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MYOD PROTEIN; MYOGENIC REGULATORY FACTORS; PAIRED BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; PAX7 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84907694200     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-405943-6.00001-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (337)

1. Addis R.C., Epstein J.A. Induced regeneration-The progress and promise of direct reprogramming for heart repair. Nature Medicine 2013, 19:829-836.
2. Aggarwal V.S., Carpenter C., Freyer L., Liao J., Petti M., Morrow B.E. Mesodermal Tbx1 is required for patterning the proximal mandible in mice. Developmental Biology 2010, 344:669-681.
3. Albini S., Coutinho P., Malecova B., Giordani L., Savchenko A., Forcales S.V., et al. Epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells into skeletal muscle cells and generation of contractile myospheres. Cell Reports 2013, 3:661-670.
4. Albini S., Puri P.L. SWI/SNF complexes, chromatin remodeling and skeletal myogenesis: It's time to exchange. Experimental Cell Research 2010, 316:3073-3080.
5. Armour C., Garson K., McBurney M.W. Cell-cell interaction modulates myoD-induced skeletal myogenesis of pluripotent P19 cells in vitro. Experimental Cell Research 1999, 251:79-91.
6. Asakura A., Lyons G.E., Tapscott S.J. The regulation of MyoD gene expression: Conserved elements mediate expression in embryonic axial muscle. Developmental Biology 1995, 171:386-398.
7. Asp P., Blum R., Vethantham V., Parisi F., Micsinai M., Cheng J., et al. Genome-wide remodeling of the epigenetic landscape during myogenic differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:E149-E158.
8. Atchley W.R., Fitch W.M., Bronner-Fraser M. Molecular evolution of the MyoD family of transcription factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994, 91:11522-11526.
9. Atit R., Sgaier S.K., Mohamed O.A., Taketo M.M., Dufort D., Joyner A.L., et al. Beta-catenin activation is necessary and sufficient to specify the dorsal dermal fate in the mouse. Developmental Biology 2006, 296:164-176.
10. Awaya T., Kato T., Mizuno Y., Chang H., Niwa A., Umeda K., et al. Selective development of myogenic mesenchymal cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2012, 7:e51638.
11. Bajard L., Relaix F., Lagha M., Rocancourt D., Daubas P., Buckingham M.E. A novel genetic hierarchy functions during hypaxial myogenesis: Pax3 directly activates Myf5 in muscle progenitor cells in the limb. Genes & Development 2006, 20:2450-2464.
12. Ben-Yair R., Kalcheim C. Notch and bone morphogenetic protein differentially act on dermomyotome cells to generate endothelium, smooth, and striated muscle. The Journal of Cell Biology 2008, 180:607-618.
13. Benezra R., Davis R.L., Lockshon D., Turner D.L., Weintraub H. The protein Id: A negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 1990, 61:49-59.
14. Berger S.L. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature 2007, 447:407-412.
15. Bergstrom D.A., Penn B.H., Strand A., Perry R.L., Rudnicki M.A., Tapscott S.J. Promoter-specific regulation of MyoD binding and signal transduction cooperate to pattern gene expression. Molecular Cell 2002, 9:587-600.
16. Bergstrom D.A., Tapscott S.J. Molecular distinction between specification and differentiation in the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2001, 21:2404-2412.
17. Berkes C.A., Bergstrom D.A., Penn B.H., Seaver K.J., Knoepfler P.S., Tapscott S.J. Pbx marks genes for activation by MyoD indicating a role for a homeodomain protein in establishing myogenic potential. Molecular Cell 2004, 14:465-477.
18. Biesiada E., Hamamori Y., Kedes L., Sartorelli V. Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1999, 19:2577-2584.
19. Biressi S., Molinaro M., Cossu G. Cellular heterogeneity during vertebrate skeletal muscle development. Developmental Biology 2007, 308:281-293.
20. Biressi S., Tagliafico E., Lamorte G., Monteverde S., Tenedini E., Roncaglia E., et al. Intrinsic phenotypic diversity of embryonic and fetal myoblasts is revealed by genome-wide gene expression analysis on purified cells. Developmental Biology 2007, 304(2):633-651.
21. Black B.L., Molkentin J.D., Olson E.N. Multiple roles for the MyoD basic region in transmission of transcriptional activation signals and interaction with MEF2. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1998, 18:69-77.
22. Blackwell T.K., Weintraub H. Differences and similarities in DNA-binding preferences of MyoD and E2A protein complexes revealed by binding site selection. Science 1990, 250:1104-1110.
23. Blais A., Tsikitis M., Acosta-Alvear D., Sharan R., Kluger Y., Dynlacht B.D. An initial blueprint for myogenic differentiation. Genes & Development 2005, 19:553-569.
24. Blum B., Benvenisty N. The tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells. Advances in Cancer Research 2008, 100:133-158.
25. Blum R., Vethantham V., Bowman C., Rudnicki M., Dynlacht B.D. Genome-wide identification of enhancers in skeletal muscle: The role of MyoD1. Genes & Development 2012, 26:2763-2779.
26. Bober E., Franz T., Arnold H.H., Gruss P., Tremblay P. Pax-3 is required for the development of limb muscles: A possible role for the migration of dermomyotomal muscle progenitor cells. Development 1994, 120:603-612.
27. Bolos V., Peinado H., Perez-Moreno M.A., Fraga M.F., Esteller M., Cano A. The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: A comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. Journal of Cell Science 2003, 116:499-511.
28. Bothe I., Dietrich S. The molecular setup of the avian head mesoderm and its implication for craniofacial myogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 2006, 235:2845-2860.
29. Bothe I., Tenin G., Oseni A., Dietrich S. Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning. Development 2011, 138:2807-2821.
30. Boukhatmi H., Frendo J.L., Enriquez J., Crozatier M., Dubois L., Vincent A. Tup/Islet1 integrates time and position to specify muscle identity in Drosophila. Development 2012, 139:3572-3582.
31. Braun T., Arnold H.H. Inactivation of Myf-6 and Myf-5 genes in mice leads to alterations in skeletal muscle development. The EMBO Journal 1995, 14:1176-1186.
32. Braun T., Bober E., Winter B., Rosenthal N., Arnold H.-H. Myf-6 a new member of the human gene family of myogenic determination factors: Evidence for a gene cluster on chromosome 12. The EMBO Journal 1990, 9:821-831.
33. Braun T., Buschhausen-Denker G., Bober E., Tannich E., Arnold H.-H. A novel human muscle factor related to but distinct from MyoD1 induces myogenic conversion in 10T1/2 fibroblasts. The EMBO Journal 1989, 8:701-709.
34. Brennan T.J., Chakraborty T., Olson E.N. Mutagenesis of the myogenin basic region identifies an ancient protein motif critical for activation of myogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991, 88:5675-5679.
35. Brown C.B., Engleka K.A., Wenning J., Min Lu M., Epstein J.A. Identification of a hypaxial somite enhancer element regulating Pax3 expression in migrating myoblasts and characterization of hypaxial muscle Cre transgenic mice. Genesis 2005, 41:202-209.
36. Buckingham M., Relaix F. The role of Pax genes in the development of tissues and organs: Pax3 and Pax7 regulate muscle progenitor cell functions. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2007, 23:645-673.
37. Budry L., Balsalobre A., Gauthier Y., Khetchoumian K., L'Honore A., Vallette S., et al. The selector gene Pax7 dictates alternate pituitary cell fates through its pioneer action on chromatin remodeling. Genes & Development 2012, 26:2299-2310.
38. Bulut-Karslioglu A., Perrera V., Scaranaro M., de la Rosa-Velazquez I.A., van de Nobelen S., Shukeir N., et al. A transcription factor-based mechanism for mouse heterochromatin formation. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2012, 19:1023-1030.
39. Cai C.L., Liang X., Shi Y., Chu P.H., Pfaff S.L., Chen J., et al. Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart. Developmental Cell 2003, 5:877-889.
40. Cao L., Yu Y., Bilke S., Walker R.L., Mayeenuddin L.H., Azorsa D.O., et al. Genome-wide identification of PAX3-FKHR binding sites in rhabdomyosarcoma reveals candidate target genes important for development and cancer. Cancer Research 2010, 70:6497-6508.
41. Cao Y., Kumar R.M., Penn B.H., Berkes C.A., Kooperberg C., Boyer L.A., et al. Global and gene-specific analyses show distinct roles for Myod and Myog at a common set of promoters. The EMBO Journal 2006, 25:502-511.
42. Cao Y., Yao Z., Sarkar D., Lawrence M., Sanchez G.J., Parker M.H., et al. Genome-wide MyoD binding in skeletal muscle cells: A potential for broad cellular reprogramming. Developmental Cell 2010, 18:662-674.
43. Caretti G., Di Padova M., Micales B., Lyons G.E., Sartorelli V. The Polycomb Ezh2 methyltransferase regulates muscle gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes & Development 2004, 18:2627-2638.
44. Carvajal J.J., Keith A., Rigby P.W. Global transcriptional regulation of the locus encoding the skeletal muscle determination genes Mrf4 and Myf5. Genes & Development 2008, 22:265-276.
45. Carvajal J.J., Rigby P.W. Regulation of gene expression in vertebrate skeletal muscle. Experimental Cell Research 2010, 316:3014-3018.
46. Chalepakis G., Gruss P. Identification of DNA recognition sequences for the Pax3 paired domain. Gene 1995, 162:267-270.
47. Chalepakis G., Wijnholds J., Gruss P. Pax-3-DNA interaction: Flexibility in the DNA binding and induction of DNA conformational changes by paired domains. Nucleic Acids Research 1994, 22:3131-3137.
48. Chen B., Han B.H., Sun X.H., Lim R.W. Inhibition of muscle-specific gene expression by Id3: Requirement of the C-terminal region of the protein for stable expression and function. Nucleic Acids Research 1997, 25:423-430.
49. Chen J.C., Goldhamer D.J. The core enhancer is essential for proper timing of MyoD activation in limb buds and branchial arches. Developmental Biology 2004, 265:502-512.
50. Choi J., Costa M., Mermelstein C., Chagas C., Holtzer S., Holtzer H. MyoD converts primary dermal fibroblasts, chondroblasts, smooth muscle, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells into striated mononucleated myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:7988-8022.
51. Cirillo L.A., Lin F.R., Cuesta I., Friedman D., Jarnik M., Zaret K.S. Opening of compacted chromatin by early developmental transcription factors HNF3 (FoxA) and GATA-4. Molecular Cell 2002, 9:279-289.
52. Conway K., Pin C., Kiernan J.A., Merrifield P. The E protein HEB is preferentially expressed in developing muscle. Differentiation 2004, 72:327-340.
53. Comai, G., Sambasivan, R., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Tajbakhsh, S. (2014). Variations in the efficiency of lineage marking and ablation confound distinctions between myogenic cell populations (Developmental Cell in press).
54. Darabi R., Arpke R.W., Irion S., Dimos J.T., Grskovic M., Kyba M., et al. Human ES- and iPS-derived myogenic progenitors restore DYSTROPHIN and improve contractility upon transplantation in dystrophic mice. Cell Stem Cell 2012, 10:610-619.
55. Darabi R., Gehlbach K., Bachoo R., Kamath S., Osawa M., Kamm K., et al. Functional skeletal muscle regeneration from differentiating embryonic stem cells. Nature Medicine 2008, 14:134-143.
56. Darabi R., Pan W., Bosnakovski D., Baik J., Kyba M., Perlingeiro R.C. Functional myogenic engraftment from mouse iPS cells. Stem Cell Reviews 2011, 7:948-957.
57. Darabi R., Santos F.N., Filareto A., Pan W., Koene R., Rudnicki M.A., et al. Assessment of the myogenic stem cell compartment following transplantation of Pax3/Pax7-induced embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors. Stem Cells 2011, 29:777-790.
58. Dastjerdi A., Robson L., Walker R., Hadley J., Zhang Z., Rodriguez-Niedenfuhr M., et al. Tbx1 regulation of myogenic differentiation in the limb and cranial mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 2007, 236:353-363.
59. Davie J.K., Cho J.H., Meadows E., Flynn J.M., Knapp J.R., Klein W.H. Target gene selectivity of the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor myogenin in embryonic muscle. Developmental Biology 2007, 311:650-664.
60. Davis R.L., Cheng P.F., Lassar A.B., Weintraub H. The MyoD DNA binding domain contains a recognition code for muscle-specific gene activation. Cell 1990, 60:733-746.
61. Davis R.L., Weintraub H. Acquisition of myogenic specificity by replacement of three amino acid residues from MyoD into E12. Science 1992, 256:1027-1030.
62. Davis R.L., Weintraub H., Lassar A.B. Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 1987, 51:987-1000.
63. de la Serna I.L., Carlson K.A., Imbalzano A.N. Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes promote MyoD-mediated muscle differentiation. Nature Genetics 2001, 27:187-190.
64. de la Serna I.L., Ohkawa Y., Berkes C.A., Bergstrom D.A., Dacwag C.S., Tapscott S.J., et al. MyoD targets chromatin remodeling complexes to the myogenin locus prior to forming a stable DNA-bound complex. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2005, 25:3997-4009.
65. Degenhardt K.R., Milewski R.C., Padmanabhan A., Miller M., Singh M.K., Lang D., et al. Distinct enhancers at the Pax3 locus can function redundantly to regulate neural tube and neural crest expressions. Developmental Biology 2010, 339:519-527.
66. Dekel I., Magal Y., Pearson-White S., Emerson C.P., Shani M. Conditional conversion of ES cells to skeletal muscle by an exogenous MyoD1 gene. The New Biologist 1992, 4:217-224.
67. Delfini M.C., Duprez D. Ectopic Myf5 or MyoD prevents the neuronal differentiation program in addition to inducing skeletal muscle differentiation, in the chick neural tube. Development 2004, 131:713-723.
68. Delfini M.C., Hirsinger E., Pourquie O., Duprez D. Delta 1-activated notch inhibits muscle differentiation without affecting Myf5 and Pax3 expression in chick limb myogenesis. Development 2000, 127:5213-5224.
69. Di Padova M., Caretti G., Zhao P., Hoffman E.P., Sartorelli V. MyoD acetylation influences temporal patterns of skeletal muscle gene expression. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007, 282:37650-37659.
70. Diehl A.G., Zareparsi S., Qian M., Khanna R., Angeles R., Gage P.J. Extraocular muscle morphogenesis and gene expression are regulated by Pitx2 gene dose. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2006, 47:1785-1793.
71. Dilworth F.J., Seaver K.J., Fishburn A.L., Htet S.L., Tapscott S.J. In vitro transcription system delineates the distinct roles of the coactivators pCAF and p300 during MyoD/E47-dependent transactivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:11593-11598.
72. Dong F., Sun X., Liu W., Ai D., Klysik E., Lu M.F., et al. Pitx2 promotes development of splanchnic mesoderm-derived branchiomeric muscle. Development 2006, 133:4891-4899.
73. Dong Z., Yang N., Yeo S.Y., Chitnis A., Guo S. Intralineage directional Notch signaling regulates self-renewal and differentiation of asymmetrically dividing radial glia. Neuron 2012, 74:65-78.
74. Edmondson D.G., Olson E.N. A gene with homology to the myc similarity region of MyoD1 is expressed during myogenesis and is sufficient to activate the muscle differentiation program. Genes & Development 1989, 3:628-640.
75. Epstein J.A., Shapiro D.N., Cheng J., Lam P.Y., Maas R.L. Pax3 modulates expression of the c-Met receptor during limb muscle development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93:4213-4218.
76. Etzioni S., Yafe A., Khateb S., Weisman-Shomer P., Bengal E., Fry M. Homodimeric MyoD preferentially binds tetraplex structures of regulatory sequences of muscle-specific genes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005, 280:26805-26812.
77. Faerman A., Goldhamer D.J., Puzis R., Emerson C.P., Shani M. The distal human myoD enhancer sequences direct unique muscle-specific patterns of lacZ expression during mouse development. Developmental Biology 1995, 171:27-38.
78. Faerman A., Pearson-White S., Emerson C., Shani M. Ectopic expression of MyoD1 in mice causes prenatal lethalities. Developmental Dynamics 1993, 196:165-173.
79. Farah M.H., Olson J.M., Sucic H.B., Hume R.I., Tapscott S.J., Turner D.L. Generation of neurons by transient expression of neural bHLH proteins in mammalian cells. Development 2000, 127:693-702.
80. Ferrari G., Cusella-De Angelis G., Coletta M., Paolucci E., Stornaiuolo A., Cossu G., et al. Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science 1998, 279:1528-1530. (see comments, published erratum appears in Science, 281(5379), 923 (1998)).
81. Filareto A., Parker S., Darabi R., Borges L., Iacovino M., Schaaf T., et al. An ex vivo gene therapy approach to treat muscular dystrophy using inducible pluripotent stem cells. Nature Communications 2013, 4:1549.
82. Fong A.P., Tapscott S.J. Skeletal muscle programming and re-programming. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2013, 23:568-573.
83. Fong A.P., Yao Z., Zhong J.W., Cao Y., Ruzzo W.L., Gentleman R.C., et al. Genetic and epigenetic determinants of neurogenesis and myogenesis. Developmental Cell 2012, 22:721-735.
84. Forcales S.V. The BAF60c-MyoD complex poises chromatin for rapid transcription. BioArchitecture 2012, 2:104-109.
85. Forcales S.V., Albini S., Giordani L., Malecova B., Cignolo L., Chernov A., et al. Signal-dependent incorporation of MyoD-BAF60c into Brg1-based SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex. The EMBO Journal 2012, 31:301-316.
86. Franz T., Kothary R., Surani M.A., Halata Z., Grim M. The Splotch mutation interferes with muscle development in the limbs. Anatomy and Embryology 1993, 187:153-160.
87. Fukushige T., Krause M. The myogenic potency of HLH-1 reveals wide-spread developmental plasticity in early C. elegans embryos. Development 2005, 132:1795-1805.
88. Gage P.J., Suh H., Camper S.A. Dosage requirement of Pitx2 for development of multiple organs. Development 1999, 126:4643-4651.
89. Gensch N., Borchardt T., Schneider A., Riethmacher D., Braun T. Different autonomous myogenic cell populations revealed by ablation of Myf5-expressing cells during mouse embryogenesis. Development 2008, 135:1597-1604.
90. Gerber A.N., Klesert T.R., Bergstrom D.A., Tapscott S.J. Two domains of MyoD mediate transcriptional activation of genes in repressive chromatin-A mechanism for lineage determination in myogenesis. Genes & Development 1997, 11:436-450.
91. Gilbert P.M., Havenstrite K.L., Magnusson K.E., Sacco A., Leonardi N.A., Kraft P., et al. Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. Science 2010, 329:1078-1081.
92. Giordani J., Bajard L., Demignon J., Daubas P., Buckingham M., Maire P. Six proteins regulate the activation of Myf5 expression in embryonic mouse limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:11310-11315.
93. Giordani L., Puri P.L. Epigenetic control of skeletal muscle regeneration: Integrating genetic determinants and environmental changes. The FEBS Journal 2013, 280:4014-4025.
94. Goldhamer D.J., Faerman A., Shani M., Emerson C. Regulatory elements that control the lineage-specific expression of myoD. Science 1992, 256:538-542.
95. Goudenege S., Lebel C., Huot N.B., Dufour C., Fujii I., Gekas J., et al. Myoblasts derived from normal hESCs and dystrophic hiPSCs efficiently fuse with existing muscle fibers following transplantation. Molecular Therapy 2012, 20:2153-2167.
96. Goulding M., Lumsden A., Paquette A.J. Regulation of Pax-3 expression in the dermomyotome and its role in muscle development. Development 1994, 120:957-971.
97. Grifone R., Demignon J., Giordani J., Niro C., Souil E., Bertin F., et al. Eya1 and Eya2 proteins are required for hypaxial somitic myogenesis in the mouse embryo. Developmental Biology 2007, 302:602-616.
98. Grifone R., Demignon J., Houbron C., Souil E., Niro C., Seller M.J., et al. Six1 and Six4 homeoproteins are required for Pax3 and Mrf expression during myogenesis in the mouse embryo. Development 2005, 132:2235-2249.
99. Grifone R., Jarry T., Dandonneau M., Grenier J., Duprez D., Kelly R.G. Properties of branchiomeric and somite-derived muscle development in Tbx1 mutant embryos. Developmental Dynamics 2008, 237:3071-3078.
100. Guasconi V., Puri P.L. Chromatin: The interface between extrinsic cues and the epigenetic regulation of muscle regeneration. Trends in Cell Biology 2009, 19:286-294.
101. Gunther S., Kim J., Kostin S., Lepper C., Fan C.M., Braun T. Myf5-positive satellite cells contribute to Pax7-dependent long-term maintenance of adult muscle stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013, 13:590-601.
102. Guo K., Wang J., Andres V., Smith R.C., Walsh K. MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1995, 15:3823-3829.
103. Hacker A., Guthrie S. A distinct developmental programme for the cranial paraxial mesoderm in the chick embryo. Development 1998, 125:3461-3472.
104. Hajra K.M., Chen D.Y., Fearon E.R. The SLUG zinc-finger protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Research 2002, 62:1613-1618.
105. Haldar M., Karan G., Tvrdik P., Capecchi M.R. Two cell lineages, myf5 and myf5-independent, participate in mouse skeletal myogenesis. Developmental Cell 2008, 14:437-445.
106. Hamamori Y., Wu H.Y., Sartorelli V., Kedes L. The basic domain of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins is the novel target for direct inhibition by another bHLH protein, Twist. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1997, 17:6563-6573.
107. Han D.W., Tapia N., Hermann A., Hemmer K., Hoing S., Arauzo-Bravo M.J., et al. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into neural stem cells by defined factors. Cell Stem Cell 2012, 10:465-472.
108. Harel I., Maezawa Y., Avraham R., Rinon A., Ma H.Y., Cross J.W., et al. Pharyngeal mesoderm regulatory network controls cardiac and head muscle morphogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:18839-18844.
109. Harel I., Nathan E., Tirosh-Finkel L., Zigdon H., Guimaraes-Camboa N., Evans S.M., et al. Distinct origins and genetic programs of head muscle satellite cells. Developmental Cell 2009, 16:822-832.
110. Hasty P., Bradley A., Morris J.H., Edmondson D.G., Venuti J.M., Olson E.N., et al. Muscle deficiency and neonatal death in mice with a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene. Nature 1993, 364:501-506.
111. Hebert S.L., Daniel M.L., McLoon L.K. The role of Pitx2 in maintaining the phenotype of myogenic precursor cells in the extraocular muscles. PLoS One 2013, 8:e58405.
112. Heintzman N.D., Hon G.C., Hawkins R.D., Kheradpour P., Stark A., Harp L.F., et al. Histone modifications at human enhancers reflect global cell-type-specific gene expression. Nature 2009, 459:108-112.
113. Henrique D., Hirsinger E., Adam J., Le Roux I., Pourquie O., Ish-Horowicz D., et al. Maintenance of neuroepithelial progenitor cells by Delta-Notch signalling in the embryonic chick retina. Current Biology 1997, 7:661-670.
114. Henthorn P., Kiledjian M., Kadesch T. Two distinct transcription factors that bind the immunoglobulin enhancer microE5/kappa 2 motif. Science 1990, 247:467-470.
115. Hinterberger T.J., Sassoon D.A., Rhodes S.J., Konieczny S.F. Expression of the muscle regulatory factor MRF4 during somite and skeletal myofiber development. Developmental Biology 1991, 147:144-156.
116. Hirsinger E., Malapert P., Dubrulle J., Delfini M.C., Duprez D., Henrique D., et al. Notch signalling acts in postmitotic avian myogenic cells to control MyoD activation. Development 2001, 128:107-116.
117. Ho L., Crabtree G.R. Chromatin remodelling during development. Nature 2010, 463:474-484.
118. Hopwood N.D., Gurdon J.B. Activation of muscle genes without myogenesis by ectopic expression of MyoD in frog embryo cells. Nature 1990, 347:197-200.
119. Hopwood N.D., Pluck A., Gurdon J.B. Xenopus Myf-5 marks early muscle cells and can activate muscle genes ectopically in early embryos. Development 1991, 111:551-560.
120. Horst D., Ustanina S., Sergi C., Mikuz G., Juergens H., Braun T., et al. Comparative expression analysis of Pax3 and Pax7 during mouse myogenesis. The International journal of developmental biology 2006, 50:47-54.
121. Hu E., Tontonoz P., Spiegelman B.M. Transdifferentiation of myoblasts by the adipogenic transcription factors PPAR gamma and C/EBP alpha. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995, 92:9856-9860.
122. Hu P., Geles K.G., Paik J.H., DePinho R.A., Tjian R. Codependent activators direct myoblast-specific MyoD transcription. Developmental Cell 2008, 15:534-546.
123. Huang P., He Z., Ji S., Sun H., Xiang D., Liu C., et al. Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors. Nature 2011, 475:386-389.
124. Hutcheson D.A., Kardon G. Genetic manipulations reveal dynamic cell and gene functions: Creating a new view of myogenesis. Cell Cycle 2009, 8:3675-3678.
125. Hutcheson D.A., Zhao J., Merrell A., Haldar M., Kardon G. Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for beta-catenin. Genes & Development 2009, 23:997-1013.
126. Hutson M.R., Kirby M.L. Neural crest and cardiovascular development: A 20-year perspective. Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today Reviews 2003, 69:2-13.
127. Hwang Y., Suk S., Lin S., Tierney M., Du B., Seo T., et al. Directed in vitro myogenesis of human embryonic stem cells and their in vivo engraftment. PLoS One 2013, 8:e72023.
128. Iacovino M., Bosnakovski D., Fey H., Rux D., Bajwa G., Mahen E., et al. Inducible cassette exchange: A rapid and efficient system enabling conditional gene expression in embryonic stem and primary cells. Stem Cells 2011, 29:1580-1588.
129. Ieda M., Fu J.D., Delgado-Olguin P., Vedantham V., Hayashi Y., Bruneau B.G., et al. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell 2010, 142:375-386.
130. Ishibashi J., Perry R.L., Asakura A., Rudnicki M.A. MyoD induces myogenic differentiation through cooperation of its NH2- and COOH-terminal regions. The Journal of Cell Biology 2005, 171:471-482.
131. Jarad G., Miner J.H. The Pax3-Cre transgene exhibits a rostrocaudal gradient of expression in the skeletal muscle lineage. Genesis 2009, 47:1-6.
132. Jerome L.A., Papaioannou V.E. DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1. Nature Genetics 2001, 27:286-291.
133. Kablar B., Krastel K., Ying C., Asakura A., Tapscott S.J., Rudnicki M.A. MyoD and Myf-5 differentially regulate the development of limb versus trunk skeletal muscle. Development 1997, 124:4729-4738.
134. Kaji K., Norrby K., Paca A., Mileikovsky M., Mohseni P., Woltjen K. Virus-free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors. Nature 2009, 458:771-775.
135. Kassar-Duchossoy L., Gayraud-Morel B., Gomès D., Rocancourt D., Buckingham M., Shinin V., et al. Mrf4 determines skeletal muscle identity in Myf5:Myod double-mutant mice. Nature 2004, 431:466-471.
136. Kassar-Duchossoy L., Giacone E., Gayraud-Morel B., Jory A., Gomes D., Tajbakhsh S. Pax3/Pax7 mark a novel population of primitive myogenic cells during development. Genes & Development 2005, 19:1426-1431.
137. Kawakami K., Sato S., Ozaki H., Ikeda K. Six family genes-structure and function as transcription factors and their roles in development. Bioessays 2000, 22:616-626.
138. Kazuki Y., Hiratsuka M., Takiguchi M., Osaki M., Kajitani N., Hoshiya H., et al. Complete genetic correction of iPS cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Molecular Therapy 2010, 18:386-393.
139. Kelly R.G. Craniofacial muscle development. Stem cells in craniofacial development and regeneration 2013, 87-107. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. G.T.J. Huang, I. Thesleff (Eds.).
140. Kelly R.G., Jerome-Majewska L.A., Papaioannou V.E. The del22q11.2 candidate gene Tbx1 regulates branchiomeric myogenesis. Human Molecular Genetics 2004, 13:2829-2840.
141. Kim D., Kim C.H., Moon J.I., Chung Y.G., Chang M.Y., Han B.S., et al. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 4:472-476.
142. Kitamura K., Miura H., Miyagawa-Tomita S., Yanazawa M., Katoh-Fukui Y., Suzuki R., et al. Mouse Pitx2 deficiency leads to anomalies of the ventral body wall, heart, extra- and periocular mesoderm and right pulmonary isomerism. Development 1999, 126:5749-5758.
143. Knapp J.R., Davie J.K., Myer A., Meadows E., Olson E.N., Klein W.H. Loss of myogenin in postnatal life leads to normal skeletal muscle but reduced body size. Development 2006, 133:601-610.
144. Knoepfler P.S., Bergstrom D.A., Uetsuki T., Dac-Korytko I., Sun Y.H., Wright W.E., et al. A conserved motif N-terminal to the DNA-binding domains of myogenic bHLH transcription factors mediates cooperative DNA binding with pbx-Meis1/Prep1. Nucleic Acids Research 1999, 27:3752-3761.
145. Kok F.O., Oster E., Mentzer L., Hsieh J.C., Henry C.A., Sirotkin H.I. The role of the SPT6 chromatin remodeling factor in zebrafish embryogenesis. Developmental Biology 2007, 307:214-226.
146. Kong P., Racedo S.E., Macchiarulo S., Hu Z., Carpenter C., Guo T., et al. Tbx1 is required autonomously for cell survival and fate in the pharyngeal core mesoderm to form the muscles of mastication. Human Molecular Genetics 2014, 23(16):4215-4231.
147. Krause M., Fire A., White-Harrison S., Weintraub H., Tapscott S. Functional conservation of nematode and vertebrate myogenic regulatory factors. Journal of Cell Science. Supplement 1992, 16:111-115.
148. Krause M., Weintraub H. CeMyoD expression and myogenesis in C. elegans. Seminars in Developmental Biology 1992, 3:277-285.
149. Kuang S., Charge S.B., Seale P., Huh M., Rudnicki M.A. Distinct roles for Pax7 and Pax3 in adult regenerative myogenesis. The Journal of Cell Biology 2006, 172:103-113.
150. Kumar D., Shadrach J.L., Wagers A.J., Lassar A.B. Id3 is a direct transcriptional target of Pax7 in quiescent satellite cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2009, 20:3170-3177.
151. L'Honore A., Ouimette J.F., Lavertu-Jolin M., Drouin J. Pitx2 defines alternate pathways acting through MyoD during limb and somitic myogenesis. Development 2010, 137:3847-3856.
152. Lagha M., Kormish J.D., Rocancourt D., Manceau M., Epstein J.A., Zaret K.S., et al. Pax3 regulation of FGF signaling affects the progression of embryonic progenitor cells into the myogenic program. Genes & Development 2008, 22:1828-1837.
153. Lagha M., Sato T., Bajard L., Daubas P., Esner M., Montarras D., et al. Regulation of skeletal muscle stem cell behavior by Pax3 and Pax7. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 2008, 73:307-315.
154. Lagha M., Sato T., Regnault B., Cumano A., Zuniga A., Licht J., et al. Transcriptome analyses based on genetic screens for Pax3 myogenic targets in the mouse embryo. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:696.
155. Lang D., Brown C.B., Milewski R., Jiang Y.Q., Lu M.M., Epstein J.A. Distinct enhancers regulate neural expression of Pax7. Genomics 2003, 82:553-560.
156. Lapidos K.A., Chen Y.E., Earley J.U., Heydemann A., Huber J.M., Chien M., et al. Transplanted hematopoietic stem cells demonstrate impaired sarcoglycan expression after engraftment into cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2004, 114:1577-1585.
157. Lassar A.B., Buskin J.N., Lockshon D., Davis R.L., Apone S., Hauschka S.D., et al. MyoD is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein requiring a region of myc homology to bind to the muscle creatine kinase enhancer. Cell 1989, 58:823-831.
158. Lassar A.B., Davis R.L., Wright W.E., Kadesch T., Murre C., Voronova A., et al. Functional activity of myogenic HLH proteins requires hetero-oligomerization with E12/E47-like proteins in vivo. Cell 1991, 66:305-315.
159. Lee K.S., Kim H.J., Li Q.L., Chi X.Z., Ueta C., Komori T., et al. Runx2 is a common target of transforming growth factor beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2, and cooperation between Runx2 and Smad5 induces osteoblast-specific gene expression in the pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C2C12. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2000, 20:8783-8792.
160. Lei H., Fukushige T., Niu W., Sarov M., Reinke V., Krause M. A widespread distribution of genomic CeMyoD binding sites revealed and cross validated by ChIP-Chip and ChIP-Seq techniques. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15898.
161. Lemercier C., To R.Q., Carrasco R.A., Konieczny S.F. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Mist1 functions as a transcriptional repressor of myoD. The EMBO Journal 1998, 17:1412-1422.
162. Lepper C., Conway S.J., Fan C.M. Adult satellite cells and embryonic muscle progenitors have distinct genetic requirements. Nature 2009, 460(7255):627-631.
163. Lepper C., Fan C.M. Inducible lineage tracing of Pax7-descendant cells reveals embryonic origin of adult satellite cells. Genesis 2010, 48:424-436.
164. Lepper C., Partridge T.A., Fan C.M. An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 2011, 138:3639-3646.
165. Lescroart F., Kelly R.G., Le Garrec J.F., Nicolas J.F., Meilhac S.M., Buckingham M. Clonal analysis reveals common lineage relationships between head muscles and second heart field derivatives in the mouse embryo. Development 2010, 137:3269-3279.
166. Lessard J., Wu J.I., Ranish J.A., Wan M., Winslow M.M., Staahl B.T., et al. An essential switch in subunit composition of a chromatin remodeling complex during neural development. Neuron 2007, 55:201-215.
167. Lessard J.A., Crabtree G.R. Chromatin regulatory mechanisms in pluripotency. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2010, 26:503-532.
168. Li J., Chen F., Epstein J.A. Neural crest expression of Cre recombinase directed by the proximal Pax3 promoter in transgenic mice. Genesis 2000, 26:162-164.
169. Li S., Czubryt M.P., McAnally J., Bassel-Duby R., Richardson J.A., Wiebel F.F., et al. Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:1082-1087.
170. Lin Z., Lu M.H., Schultheiss T., Choi J., Holtzer S., DiLullo C., et al. Sequential appearance of muscle-specific proteins in myoblasts as a function of time after cell division: Evidence for a conserved myoblast differentiation program in skeletal muscle. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1994, 29:1-19.
171. Liu Y., Chu A., Chakroun I., Islam U., Blais A. Cooperation between myogenic regulatory factors and SIX family transcription factors is important for myoblast differentiation. Nucleic Acids Research 2010, 38:6857-6871.
172. Liu J., Willet S.G., Bankaitis E.D., Xu Y., Wright C.V., Gu G. Non-parallel recombination limits Cre-LoxP-based reporters as precise indicators of conditional genetic manipulation. Genesis 2013, 51:436-442.
173. Lu J., Webb R., Richardson J.A., Olson E.N. MyoR: A muscle-restricted basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that antagonizes the actions of MyoD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96:552-557.
174. Lu J.R., Bassel-Duby R., Hawkins A., Chang P., Valdez R., Wu H., et al. Control of facial muscle development by MyoR and capsulin. Science 2002, 298:2378-2381.
175. Ludolph D.C., Neff A.W., Mescher A.L., Malacinski G.M., Parker M.A., Smith R.C. Overexpression of XMyoD or XMyf5 in Xenopus embryos induces the formation of enlarged myotomes through recruitment of cells of nonsomitic lineage. Developmental Biology 1994, 166:18-33.
176. Ma Q., Zhou B., Pu W.T. Reassessment of Isl1 and Nkx2-5 cardiac fate maps using a Gata4-based reporter of Cre activity. Developmental Biology 2008, 323:98-104.
177. MacQuarrie K.L., Yao Z., Fong A.P., Diede S.J., Rudzinski E.R., Hawkins D.S., et al. Comparison of genome-wide binding of MyoD in normal human myogenic cells and rhabdomyosarcomas identifies regional and local suppression of promyogenic transcription factors. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2013, 33:773-784.
178. Mansouri A., Stoykova A., Torres M., Gruss P. Dysgenesis of cephalic neural crest derivatives in Pax7-/- mutant mice. Development 1996, 122:831-838.
179. Maroto M., Reshef R., Munsterberg A.E., Koester S., Goulding M., Lassar A.B. Ectopic Pax-3 activates MyoD and Myf-5 expression in embryonic mesoderm and neural tissue. Cell 1997, 89:139-148.
180. Marro S., Pang Z.P., Yang N., Tsai M.C., Qu K., Chang H.Y., et al. Direct lineage conversion of terminally differentiated hepatocytes to functional neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2011, 9:374-382.
181. Martin J.F., Miano J.M., Hustad C.M., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A., Olson E.N. A Mef2 gene that generates a muscle-specific isoform via alternative mRNA splicing. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1994, 14:1647-1656.
182. Mascarenhas J.B., Littlejohn E.L., Wolsky R.J., Young K.P., Nelson M., Salgia R., et al. PAX3 and SOX10 activate MET receptor expression in melanoma. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 2010, 23:225-237.
183. Maves L., Waskiewicz A.J., Paul B., Cao Y., Tyler A., Moens C.B., et al. Pbx homeodomain proteins direct Myod activity to promote fast-muscle differentiation. Development 2007, 134:3371-3382.
184. McKinnell I.W., Ishibashi J., Le Grand F., Punch V.G., Addicks G.C., Greenblatt J.F., et al. Pax7 activates myogenic genes by recruitment of a histone methyltransferase complex. Nature Cell Biology 2008, 10:77-84.
185. Meadows E., Cho J.H., Flynn J.M., Klein W.H. Myogenin regulates a distinct genetic program in adult muscle stem cells. Developmental Biology 2008, 322:406-414.
186. Meedel T.H., Farmer S.C., Lee J.J. The single MyoD family gene of Ciona intestinalis encodes two differentially expressed proteins: Implications for the evolution of chordate muscle gene regulation. Development 1997, 124:1711-1721.
187. Megeney L.A., Kablar B., Garrett K., Anderson J.E., Rudnicki M.A. MyoD is required for myogenic stem cell function in adult skeletal muscle. Genes & Development 1996, 10:1173-1183.
188. Merlino G., Helman L.J. Rhabdomyosarcoma-Working out the pathways. Oncogene 1999, 18:5340-5348.
189. Merrell A.J., Kardon G. Development of the diaphragm-A skeletal muscle essential for mammalian respiration. The FEBS Journal 2013, 280:4026-4035.
190. Messina G., Biressi S., Monteverde S., Magli A., Cassano M., Perani L., et al. Nfix regulates fetal-specific transcription in developing skeletal muscle. Cell 2010, 140:554-566.
191. Michelson A.M., Abmayr S.M., Bate M., Arias A.M., Maniatis T. Expression of a MyoD family member prefigures muscle pattern in Drosophila embryos. Genes & Development 1990, 4:2086-2097.
192. Milewski R.C., Chi N.C., Li J., Brown C., Lu M.M., Epstein J.A. Identification of minimal enhancer elements sufficient for Pax3 expression in neural crest and implication of Tead2 as a regulator of Pax3. Development 2004, 131:829-837.
193. Miller P.J., Dietz K.N., Hollenbach A.D. Identification of serine 205 as a site of phosphorylation on Pax3 in proliferating but not differentiating primary myoblasts. Protein Science 2008, 17:1979-1986.
194. Miner J.H., Miller J.B., Wold B.J. Skeletal muscle phenotypes initiated by ectopic MyoD in transgenic mouse heart. Development 1992, 114:853-860.
195. Miner J.H., Wold B.J. Herculin a fourth member of the MyoD family of myogenic regulatory genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:1089-1093.
196. Molkentin J.D., Black B.L., Martin J.F., Olson E.N. Cooperative activation of muscle gene expression by MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins. Cell 1995, 83:1125-1136.
197. Moncaut N., Cross J.W., Siligan C., Keith A., Taylor K., Rigby P.W., et al. Musculin and TCF21 coordinate the maintenance of myogenic regulatory factor expression levels during mouse craniofacial development. Development 2012, 139:958-967.
198. Moore S., Ribes V., Terriente J., Wilkinson D., Relaix F., Briscoe J. Distinct regulatory mechanisms act to establish and maintain Pax3 expression in the developing neural tube. PLoS Genetics 2013, 9:e1003811.
199. Mootoosamy R.C., Dietrich S., Gustafsson M.K., Pan H., Pinney D.F., Liu Y., et al. Distinct regulatory cascades for head and trunk myogenesis. Development 2002, 129:573-583.
200. Mourikis P., Gopalakrishnan S., Sambasivan R., Tajbakhsh S. Cell-autonomous Notch activity maintains the temporal specification potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. Development 2012, 139:4536-4548.
201. Mourikis P., Sambasivan R., Castel D., Rocheteau P., Bizzarro V., Tajbakhsh S. A critical requirement for Notch signaling in maintenance of the quiescent skeletal muscle stem cell state. Stem Cells 2012, 30(2):243-252.
202. Mousavi K., Zare H., Dell'orso S., Grontved L., Gutierrez-Cruz G., Derfoul A., et al. eRNAs promote transcription by establishing chromatin accessibility at defined genomic loci. Molecular Cell 2013, 51:606-617.
203. Murphy M., Kardon G. Origin of vertebrate limb muscle: The role of progenitor and myoblast populations. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2011, 96:1-32.
204. Murphy M.M., Lawson J.A., Mathew S.J., Hutcheson D.A., Kardon G. Satellite cells, connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration. Development 2011, 138:3625-3637.
205. Murre C., Bain G., van Dijk M.A., Engel I., Furnari B.A., Massari M.E., et al. Structure and function of helix-loop-helix proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1994, 1218:129-135.
206. Murre C., McCaw P.S., Baltimore D. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell 1989, 56:777-783.
207. Murre C., McCaw P.S., Vaessin H., Caudy M., Jan L.Y., Jan Y.N., et al. Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell 1989, 58:537-544.
208. Nabeshima Y., Hanaoka K., Hayasaka M., Esumi E., Li S., Nonaka I., et al. Myogenin gene disruption results in perinatal lethality because of severe muscle defect. Nature 1993, 364:532-535.
209. Nathan E., Monovich A., Tirosh-Finkel L., Harrelson Z., Rousso T., Rinon A., et al. The contribution of Islet1-expressing splanchnic mesoderm cells to distinct branchiomeric muscles reveals significant heterogeneity in head muscle development. Development 2008, 135:647-657.
210. Neuhold L.A., Wold B. HLH forced dimers: Tethering MyoD to E47 generates a dominant positive myogenic factor insulated from negative regulation by Id. Cell 1993, 74:1033-1042.
211. Niro C., Demignon J., Vincent S., Liu Y., Giordani J., Sgarioto N., et al. Six1 and Six4 gene expression is necessary to activate the fast-type muscle gene program in the mouse primary myotome. Developmental Biology 2010, 338:168-182.
212. Nitzan E., Kalcheim C. Neural crest and somitic mesoderm as paradigms to investigate cell fate decisions during development. Development, Growth & Differentiation 2013, 55:60-78.
213. Noden D.M., Francis-West P. The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. Developmental Dynamics 2006, 235:1194-1218.
214. Ohkawa Y., Marfella C.G., Imbalzano A.N. Skeletal muscle specification by myogenin and Mef2D via the SWI/SNF ATPase Brg1. The EMBO Journal 2006, 25:490-501.
215. Okita K., Nakagawa M., Hyenjong H., Ichisaka T., Yamanaka S. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors. Science 2008, 322:949-953.
216. Olson E.N., Arnold H.-H., Rigby P.W.J., Wold B.J. Know your neighbors: Three phenotypes in null mutants of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4. Cell 1996, 85:1-4.
217. Ono Y., Boldrin L., Knopp P., Morgan J.E., Zammit P.S. Muscle satellite cells are a functionally heterogeneous population in both somite-derived and branchiomeric muscles. Developmental Biology 2010, 337:29-41.
218. Oustanina S., Hause G., Braun T. Pax7 directs postnatal renewal and propagation of myogenic satellite cells but not their specification. The EMBO Journal 2004, 23:3430-3439.
219. Ozasa S., Kimura S., Ito K., Ueno H., Ikezawa M., Matsukura M., et al. Efficient conversion of ES cells into myogenic lineage using the gene-inducible system. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007, 357:957-963.
220. Palacios D., Summerbell D., Rigby P.W., Boyes J. Interplay between DNA methylation and transcription factor availability: Implications for developmental activation of the mouse Myogenin gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2010, 30:3805-3815.
221. Pang Z.P., Yang N., Vierbuchen T., Ostermeier A., Fuentes D.R., Yang T.Q., et al. Induction of human neuronal cells by defined transcription factors. Nature 2011, 476:220-223.
222. Pari G., Jardine K., McBurney M.W. Multiple CArG boxes in the human cardiac actin gene promoter required for expression in embryonic cardiac muscle cells developing in vitro from embryonal carcinoma cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1991, 11:4796-4803.
223. Parker M.H., Perry R.L., Fauteux M.C., Berkes C.A., Rudnicki M.A. MyoD synergizes with the E-protein HEB beta to induce myogenic differentiation 2006, 26:5771-5783.
224. Pasini D., Bracken A.P., Hansen J.B., Capillo M., Helin K. The polycomb group protein Suz12 is required for embryonic stem cell differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2007, 27:3769-3779.
225. Patel T., Tursun B., Rahe D.P., Hobert O. Removal of Polycomb repressive complex 2 makes C. elegans germ cells susceptible to direct conversion into specific somatic cell types. Cell Reports 2012, 2:1178-1186.
226. Peinado H., Ballestar E., Esteller M., Cano A. Snail mediates E-cadherin repression by the recruitment of the Sin3A/histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)/HDAC2 complex. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2004, 24:306-319.
227. Penn B.H., Bergstrom D.A., Dilworth F.J., Bengal E., Tapscott S.J. A MyoD-generated feed-forward circuit temporally patterns gene expression during skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes & Development 2004, 18:2348-2353.
228. Pownall M.E., Gustafsson M.K., Emerson C.P. Myogenic regulatory factors and the specification of muscle progenitors in vertebrate embryos. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2002, 18:747-783.
229. Puri P., Sartorelli V., Yang X.J., Hamamori Y., Ogryzko V.V., Howard B.H., et al. Differential roles of p300 and PCAF acetyltransferases in muscle differentiation. Molecular Cell 1997, 1:35-45.
230. Puri P.L., Mercola M. BAF60 A, B, and Cs of muscle determination and renewal. Genes & Development 2012, 26:2673-2683.
231. Puri P.L., Sartorelli V. Regulation of muscle regulatory factors by DNA-binding, interacting proteins, and post-transcriptional modifications. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2000, 185:155-173.
232. Rada-Iglesias A., Bajpai R., Swigut T., Brugmann S.A., Flynn R.A., Wysocka J. A unique chromatin signature uncovers early developmental enhancers in humans. Nature 2011, 470:279-283.
233. Rajapakse I., Perlman M.D., Scalzo D., Kooperberg C., Groudine M., Kosak S.T. The emergence of lineage-specific chromosomal topologies from coordinate gene regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:6679-6684.
234. Rao L., Tang W., Wei Y., Bao L., Chen J., Chen H., et al. Highly efficient derivation of skeletal myotubes from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reviews 2012, 8:1109-1119.
235. Rawls A., Morris J.H., Rudnicki M., Braun T., Arnold H.H., Klein W.H., et al. Myogenin's functions do not overlap with those of MyoD or Myf-5 during mouse embryogenesis. Developmental Biology 1995, 172:37-50.
236. Rawls A., Valdez M.R., Zhang W., Richardson J., Klein W.H., Olson E.N. Overlapping functions of the myogenic bHLH genes MRF4 and MyoD revealed in double mutant mice. Development 1998, 125:2349-2358.
237. Razy-Krajka F., Lam K., Wang W., Stolfi A., Joly M., Bonneau R., et al. Collier/OLF/EBF-dependent transcriptional dynamics control pharyngeal muscle specification from primed cardiopharyngeal progenitors. Developmental Cell 2014, 29:263-276.
238. Relaix F., Demignon J., Laclef C., Pujol J., Santolini M., Niro C., et al. Six homeoproteins directly activate Myod expression in the gene regulatory networks that control early myogenesis. PLoS Genetics 2013, 9:e1003425.
239. Relaix F., Marcelle C. Muscle stem cells. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2009, 21:748-753.
240. Relaix F., Montarras D., Zaffran S., Gayraud-Morel B., Rocancourt D., Tajbakhsh S., et al. Pax3 and Pax7 have distinct and overlapping functions in adult muscle progenitor cells. The Journal of Cell Biology 2006, 172:91-102.
241. Relaix F., Rocancourt D., Mansouri A., Buckingham M. Divergent functions of murine Pax3 and Pax7 in limb muscle development. Genes & Development 2004, 18:1088-1105.
242. Relaix F., Rocancourt D., Mansouri A., Buckingham M. A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Nature 2005, 435:948-953.
243. Relaix F., Zammit P.S. Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: The cell on the edge returns centre stage. Development 2012, 139:2845-2856.
244. Rhodes S.J., Konieczny S. Identification of MRF4: A new member of the muscle regulatory factor gene family. Genes & Development 1989, 3:2050-2061.
245. Ribas R., Moncaut N., Siligan C., Taylor K., Cross J.W., Rigby P.W., et al. Members of the TEAD family of transcription factors regulate the expression of Myf5 in ventral somitic compartments. Developmental Biology 2011, 355:372-380.
246. Richard A.F., Demignon J., Sakakibara I., Pujol J., Favier M., Strochlic L., et al. Genesis of muscle fiber-type diversity during mouse embryogenesis relies on Six1 and Six4 gene expression. Developmental Biology 2011, 359:303-320.
247. Robson E.J., He S.J., Eccles M.R. A PANorama of PAX genes in cancer and development. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2006, 6:52-62.
248. Roy K., de la Serna I.L., Imbalzano A.N. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors shows similar requirements for SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes during muscle differentiation in culture. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002, 277:33818-33824.
249. Rudnicki M.A., Schneglesberg P.N.J., Stead R.H., Braun T., Arnold H.-H., Jaenisch R. MyoD or myf-5 is required for the formation of skeletal muscle. Cell 1993, 75:1351-1359.
250. Ruggieri M., Riboldi G., Brajkovic S., Bucchia M., Bresolin N., Comi G.P., et al. Induced neural stem cells: Methods of reprogramming and potential therapeutic applications. Progress in Neurobiology 2013, 114:15-24.
251. Sakurai H., Okawa Y., Inami Y., Nishio N., Isobe K. Paraxial mesodermal progenitors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells contribute to muscle regeneration via differentiation into muscle satellite cells. Stem Cells 2008, 26:1865-1873.
252. Salani S., Donadoni C., Rizzo F., Bresolin N., Comi G.P., Corti S. Generation of skeletal muscle cells from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as an in vitro model and for therapy of muscular dystrophies. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2012, 16:1353-1364.
253. Sambasivan R., Comai G., Le Roux I., Gomes D., Konge J., Dumas G., et al. Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. Developmental Biology 2013, 381:241-255.
254. Sambasivan R., Gayraud-Morel B., Dumas G., Cimper C., Paisant S., Kelly R., et al. Distinct regulatory cascades govern extraocular and pharyngeal arch muscle progenitor cell fates. Developmental Cell 2009, 16:810-821.
255. Sambasivan R., Kuratani S., Tajbakhsh S. An eye on the head: The development and evolution of craniofacial muscles. Development 2011, 138:2401-2415.
256. Sambasivan R., Yao R., Kissenpfennig A., Van Wittenberghe L., Paldi A., Gayraud-Morel B., et al. Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 2011, 138:3647-3656.
257. Sambasivan R., Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle stem cell birth and properties. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 2007, 18:870-882.
258. Santerre R.F., Bales K.R., Janney M.J., Hannon K., Fisher L.F., Bailey C.S., et al. Expression of bovine myf5 induces ectopic skeletal muscle formation in transgenic mice. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1993, 13:6044-6051.
259. Sartorelli V., Webster K.A., Kedes L. Muscle-specific expression of the cardiac alpha-actin gene requires MyoD1, CArG-box binding factor, and Sp1. Genes & Development 1990, 4:1811-1822.
260. Schafer B.W., Blakely B.T., Darlington G.J., Blau H.M. Effect of cell history on response to helix-loop-helix family of myogenic regulators. Nature 1990, 344:454-458.
261. Schuster-Gossler K., Cordes R., Gossler A. Premature myogenic differentiation and depletion of progenitor cells cause severe muscle hypotrophy in Delta1 mutants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:537-542.
262. Seale P., Bjork B., Yang W., Kajimura S., Chin S., Kuang S., et al. PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch. Nature 2008, 454:961-967.
263. Seale P., Sabourin L.A., Girgis-Gabardo A., Mansouri A., Gruss P., Rudnicki M.A. Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. Cell 2000, 102:777-786.
264. Sebastian S., Faralli H., Yao Z., Rakopoulos P., Palii C., Cao Y., et al. Tissue-specific splicing of a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor is essential for muscle differentiation. Genes & Development 2013, 27:1247-1259.
265. Seenundun S., Rampalli S., Liu Q.C., Aziz A., Palii C., Hong S., et al. UTX mediates demethylation of H3K27me3 at muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. The EMBO Journal 2010, 29:1401-1411.
266. Sekiya S., Suzuki A. Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors. Nature 2011, 475:390-393.
267. Shih H.P., Gross M.K., Kioussi C. Cranial muscle defects of Pitx2 mutants result from specification defects in the first branchial arch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:5907-5912.
268. Shklover J., Weisman-Shomer P., Yafe A., Fry M. Quadruplex structures of muscle gene promoter sequences enhance in vivo MyoD-dependent gene expression. Nucleic Acids Research 2010, 38:2369-2377.
269. Siles L., Sanchez-Tillo E., Lim J.W., Darling D.S., Kroll K.L., Postigo A. ZEB1 imposes a temporary stage-dependent inhibition of muscle gene expression and differentiation via CtBP-mediated transcriptional repression. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2013, 33:1368-1382.
270. Simone C., Forcales S.V., Hill D.A., Imbalzano A.N., Latella L., Puri P.L. p38 pathway targets SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex to muscle-specific loci. Nature Genetics 2004, 36:738-743.
271. Singh K., Dilworth F.J. Differential modulation of cell cycle progression distinguishes members of the myogenic regulatory factor family of transcription factors. The FEBS Journal 2013, 280:3991-4003.
272. Skerjanc I.S., Slack R.S., McBurney M.W. Cellular aggregation enhances MyoD-directed skeletal myogenesis in embryonal carcinoma cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1994, 14:8451-8459.
273. Soleimani V.D., Punch V.G., Kawabe Y., Jones A.E., Palidwor G.A., Porter C.J., et al. Transcriptional dominance of Pax7 in adult myogenesis is due to high-affinity recognition of homeodomain motifs. Developmental Cell 2012, 22:1208-1220.
274. Soleimani V.D., Yin H., Jahani-Asl A., Ming H., Kockx C.E., van Ijcken W.F., et al. Snail regulates MyoD binding-site occupancy to direct enhancer switching and differentiation-specific transcription in myogenesis. Molecular Cell 2012, 47:457-468.
275. Spicer D.B., Rhee J., Cheung W.L., Lassar A.B. Inhibition of myogenic bHLH and MEF2 transcription factors by the bHLH protein Twist. Science 1996, 272:1476-1480.
276. Spitz F., Demignon J., Porteu A., Kahn A., Concordet J.P., Daegelen D., et al. Expression of myogenin during embryogenesis is controlled by Six/sine oculis homeoproteins through a conserved MEF3 binding site. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998, 95:14220-14225.
277. Stadtfeld M., Nagaya M., Utikal J., Weir G., Hochedlinger K. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science 2008, 322:945-949.
278. Sweetman D., Goljanek K., Rathjen T., Oustanina S., Braun T., Dalmay T., et al. Specific requirements of MRFs for the expression of muscle specific microRNAs, miR-1, miR-206 and miR-133. Developmental Biology 2008, 321:491-499.
279. Szabo E., Rampalli S., Risueno R.M., Schnerch A., Mitchell R., Fiebig-Comyn A., et al. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to multilineage blood progenitors. Nature 2010, 468:521-526.
280. Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle stem cells in developmental versus regenerative myogenesis. Journal of Internal Medicine 2009, 266:372-389.
281. Tajbakhsh S., Buckingham M. The birth of muscle progenitor cells in the mouse: Spatiotemporal considerations. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2000, 48:225-268.
282. Tajbakhsh S., Cossu G. Establishing myogenic identity during somitogenesis. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1997, 7:634-641.
283. Tajbakhsh S., Rocancourt D., Cossu G., Buckingham M. Redefining the genetic hierarchies controlling skeletal myogenesis: Pax-3 and Myf-5 act upstream of MyoD. Cell 1997, 89:127-138.
284. Tajbakhsh S., Rocancourt D., Buckingham M. Muscle progenitor cells failing to respond to positional cues adopt non-myogenic fates in myf-5 null mice. Nature 1996, 384:266-270.
285. Takahashi K., Tanabe K., Ohnuki M., Narita M., Ichisaka T., Tomoda K., et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007, 131:861-872.
286. Takahashi K., Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006, 126:663-676.
287. Takeuchi J.K., Bruneau B.G. Directed transdifferentiation of mouse mesoderm to heart tissue by defined factors. Nature 2009, 459:708-711.
288. Tanaka A., Woltjen K., Miyake K., Hotta A., Ikeya M., Yamamoto T., et al. Efficient and reproducible myogenic differentiation from human iPS cells: Prospects for modeling Miyoshi Myopathy in vitro. PLoS One 2013, 8:e61540.
289. Tapscott S.J. The circuitry of a master switch: Myod and the regulation of skeletal muscle gene transcription. Development 2005, 132:2685-2695.
290. Tapscott S.J., Lassar A.B., Weintraub B. A novel myoblast enhancer element mediates MyoD transcription. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1992, 12:4994-5003.
291. Tedesco F.S., Dellavalle A., Diaz-Manera J., Messina G., Cossu G. Repairing skeletal muscle: Regenerative potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010, 120:11-19.
292. Theis S., Patel K., Valasek P., Otto A., Pu Q., Harel I., et al. The occipital lateral plate mesoderm is a novel source for vertebrate neck musculature. Development 2010, 137:2961-2971.
293. Thoma E.C., Maurus K., Wagner T.U., Schartl M. Parallel differentiation of embryonic stem cells into different cell types by a single gene-based differentiation system. Cellular Reprogramming 2012, 14:106-111.
294. Tian H., Biehs B., Warming S., Leong K.G., Rangell L., Klein O.D., et al. A reserve stem cell population in small intestine renders Lgr5-positive cells dispensable. Nature 2011, 478:255-259.
295. Trapnell C., Williams B.A., Pertea G., Mortazavi A., Kwan G., van Baren M.J., et al. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nature Biotechnology 2010, 28:511-515.
296. Tremblay P., Dietrich S., Mericskay M., Schubert F.R., Li Z., Paulin D. A crucial role for Pax3 in the development of the hypaxial musculature and the long-range migration of muscle precursors. Developmental Biology 1998, 203:49-61.
297. Tzahor E. Heart and craniofacial muscle development: A new developmental theme of distinct myogenic fields. Developmental Biology 2009, 327:273-279.
298. Tzahor E., Kempf H., Mootoosamy R.C., Poon A.C., Abzhanov A., Tabin C.J., et al. Antagonists of Wnt and BMP signaling promote the formation of vertebrate head muscle. Genes & Development 2003, 17:3087-3099.
299. Valdez M.R., Richardson J.A., Klein W.H., Olson E.N. Failure of Myf5 to support myogenic differentiation without myogenin, MyoD, and MRF4. Developmental Biology 2000, 219:287-298.
300. Vasyutina E., Birchmeier C. The development of migrating muscle precursor cells. Anatomy and Embryology 2006, 211(Suppl. 1):37-41.
301. Venuti J.M., Goldberg L., Chakraborty T., Olson E.N., Klein W.H. A myogenic factor from sea urchin embryos capable of programming muscle differentiation in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991, 88:6219-6223.
302. Venuti J.M., Morris J.H., Vivian J.L., Olson E.N., Klein W.H. Myogenin is required for late but not early aspects of myogenesis during mouse development. The Journal of Cell Biology 1995, 128:563-576.
303. Vierbuchen T., Ostermeier A., Pang Z.P., Kokubu Y., Sudhof T.C., Wernig M. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Nature 2010, 463:1035-1041.
304. von Maltzahn J., Jones A.E., Parks R.J., Rudnicki M.A. Pax7 is critical for the normal function of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:16474-16479.
305. von Scheven G., Bothe I., Ahmed M.U., Alvares L.E., Dietrich S. Protein and genomic organisation of vertebrate MyoR and Capsulin genes and their expression during avian development. Gene Expression Patterns 2006, 6:383-393.
306. Walther C., Guenet J.L., Simon D., Deutsch U., Jostes B., Goulding M.D., et al. Pax: a murine multigene family of paired box-containing genes. Genomics 1991, 11:424-434.
307. Wang A.H., Zare H., Mousavi K., Wang C., Moravec C.E., Sirotkin H.I., et al. The histone chaperone Spt6 coordinates histone H3K27 demethylation and myogenesis. The EMBO Journal 2013, 32:1075-1086.
308. Wang Y., Jaenisch R. Myogenin can substitute for Myf5 in promoting myogenesis but less efficiently. Development 1997, 124:2507-2513.
309. Warren L., Manos P.D., Ahfeldt T., Loh Y.H., Li H., Lau F., et al. Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA. Cell Stem Cell 2010, 7:618-630.
310. Wasserman W.W., Fickett J.W. Identification of regulatory regions which confer muscle-specific gene expression. Journal of Molecular Biology 1998, 278:167-181.
311. Watanabe S., Hirai H., Asakura Y., Tastad C., Verma M., Keller C., et al. MyoD gene suppression by Oct4 is required for reprogramming in myoblasts to produce induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2011, 29:505-516.
312. Watt F.M., Huck W.T. Role of the extracellular matrix in regulating stem cell fate. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 2013, 14:467-473.
313. Weintraub H., Davis R., Lockshon D., Lassar A. MyoD binds cooperatively to two sites in a target enhancer sequence: Occupancy of two sites is required for activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:5623-5627.
314. Weintraub H., Tapscott S.J., Davis R.L., Thayer M.J., Adam M.A., Lassar A.B., et al. Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989, 86:5434-5438.
315. Wood W.M., Etemad S., Yamamoto M., Goldhamer D.J. MyoD-expressing progenitors are essential for skeletal myogenesis and satellite cell development. Developmental Biology 2013, 384:114-127.
316. Wright W.E., Sassoon D.A., Lin V.K. Myogenin, a factor regulating myogenesis, has a domain homologous to MyoD. Cell 1989, 56:607-617.
317. Wu J., Lim R.W. Regulation of inhibitor of differentiation gene 3 (Id3) expression by Sp2-motif binding factor in myogenic C2C12 cells: Downregulation of DNA binding activity following skeletal muscle differentiation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2005, 1731:13-22.
318. Wu J.I., Lessard J., Crabtree G.R. Understanding the words of chromatin regulation. Cell 2009, 136:200-206.
319. Wu J.I., Lessard J., Olave I.A., Qiu Z., Ghosh A., Graef I.A., et al. Regulation of dendritic development by neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complexes. Neuron 2007, 56:94-108.
320. Wyzykowski J.C., Winata T.I., Mitin N., Taparowsky E.J., Konieczny S.F. Identification of novel MyoD gene targets in proliferating myogenic stem cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2002, 22:6199-6208.
321. Yao Z., Fong A.P., Cao Y., Ruzzo W.L., Gentleman R.C., Tapscott S.J. Comparison of endogenous and overexpressed MyoD shows enhanced binding of physiologically bound sites. Skeletal Muscle 2013, 3:8.
322. Yokoyama S., Asahara H. The myogenic transcriptional network. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2011, 68:1843-1849.
323. Yokoyama S., Ito Y., Ueno-Kudoh H., Shimizu H., Uchibe K., Albini S., et al. A systems approach reveals that the myogenesis genome network is regulated by the transcriptional repressor RP58. Developmental Cell 2009, 17:836-848.
324. Yoo A.S., Staahl B.T., Chen L., Crabtree G.R. MicroRNA-mediated switching of chromatin-remodelling complexes in neural development. Nature 2009, 460:642-646.
325. Yu J., Hu K., Smuga-Otto K., Tian S., Stewart R., Slukvin I.I., et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science 2009, 324:797-801.
326. Yu J., Vodyanik M.A., Smuga-Otto K., Antosiewicz-Bourget J., Frane J.L., Tian S., et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 2007, 318:1917-1920.
327. Yuan J., Zhang S., Liu Z., Luan Z., Hu G. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of an amphioxus myogenic bHLH gene AmphiMDF. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003, 301:960-967.
328. Zacharias A.L., Lewandoski M., Rudnicki M.A., Gage P.J. Pitx2 is an upstream activator of extraocular myogenesis and survival. Developmental Biology 2011, 349:395-405.
329. Zammit P.S. All muscle satellite cells are equal, but are some more equal than others?. Journal of Cell Science 2008, 121:2975-2982.
330. Zammit P.S., Golding J.P., Nagata Y., Hudon V., Partridge T.A., Beauchamp J.R. Muscle satellite cells adopt divergent fates: A mechanism for self-renewal?. The Journal of Cell Biology 2004, 166:347-357.
331. Zammit P.S., Partridge T.A., Yablonka-Reuveni Z. The skeletal muscle satellite cell: the stem cell that came in from the cold. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society 2006, 54:1177-1191.
332. Zaret K.S., Carroll J.S. Pioneer transcription factors: Establishing competence for gene expression. Genes & Development 2011, 25:2227-2241.
333. Zhao X., Yu Q., Huang L., Liu Q.X. Patterns of positive selection of the myogenic regulatory factor gene family in vertebrates. PLoS One 2014, 9:e92873.
334. Zhou H., Wu S., Joo J.Y., Zhu S., Han D.W., Lin T., et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 4:381-384.
335. Zhou Q., Brown J., Kanarek A., Rajagopal J., Melton D.A. In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature 2008, 455:627-632.
336. Zhou Q., Melton D.A. Extreme makeover: Converting one cell into another. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3:382-388.
337. Zhu J., Adli M., Zou J.Y., Verstappen G., Coyne M., Zhang X., et al. Genome-wide chromatin state transitions associated with developmental and environmental cues. Cell 2013, 152:642-654.