Toxic elements in food: Occurrence, binding, and reduction approaches

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 457-472

  Hajeb, P ^a   Sloth, J J ^b   Shakibazadeh, S ^a   Mahyudin, N A ^a   Afsah Hejri, L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOOD PRODUCTS; HEAVY METALS;

BLOOD COMPOSITION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS; CHEMICAL AGENT; CHEMICAL BINDING; HUMAN BODIES; MOLECULAR GROUPS; PROCESSING PROCEDURES; TOXIC ELEMENTS;

FOOD PROCESSING;

EID: 84902982611     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15414337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12068     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Aichberger K. 1977. Mercury content of Austrian edible mushrooms and its relation to the protein content of the mushrooms. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung 163:35-8.
2. Aizpurua ICM, Tenuta-Filho A, Sakuma AM, Zenebon O. 1997. Use of cysteine to remove mercury from shark muscle. Int J Food Sci Tech 32:333-7.
3. Alam MGM, Allison G, Stagnitti F, Tanaka A, Westbrook M. 2002. Metal concentrations in rice and pulses of Samta village, Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 69:323-9.
4. Alberti-Fidanza A, Burini G, Perriello G. 2002. Trace elements in foods and meals consumed by students attending the faculty cafeteria. Sci Total Environ 287:133-40.
5. Alderson NL, Wang Y, Blatnik M, Frizzell N, Walla M D, Lyons TJ, Alt N, Carson JA, Nagai R, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. 2006. S-(2-Succinyl)cysteine: a novel chemical modification of tissue proteins by a Krebs cycle intermediate. Arch Biochem Biophys 450:1-8.
6. Amiard JC, Amiard-Triquet C, Charbonnier L, Mesnil A, Rainbow PS, Wang WX. 2008. Bioaccessibility of essential and non-essential metals in commercial shellfish from Western Europe and Asia. Food Chem Toxicol 46:2010-22.
7. Anderson GL, Cole RD, Williams PL. 2004. Assessing behavioral toxicity with Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1235-40.
8. Anirban B, Jayjit M, Chandra SS. 2011. Potential arsenic enrichment problems of rice and vegetable crops. Int J Res Chem Environ 1(1):29-34.
9. Atta MB, Sabaie LA, Noaman MA, Kassab HE. 1997. The effect of cooking on the concentration of heavy metals in fish (Tilapia nilotica). Food Chem 58:1-4.
10. Azizur RM, Hiroshi H. 2011. High levels of inorganic arsenic in rice in areas where arsenic-contaminated water is used for irrigation and cooking. Sci Total Environ 409(22):4645-55.
11. Baes CF. 1973. The properties of cadmium. In: Fulkerson W, Goeller HE, editors. Cadmium: the dissipated element. USA: Natl. Technical Information Service. p 29-36.
12. Bamford CH, Tipper CFH. 1972. Comprehensive chemical kinetics. Acidolysis of organometallic compounds. Comp Chem Kinet 12:107-34.
13. Barhoumi S, Messaoudi I, Deli T, Saïd K, Kerkeni A. 2009. Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. J Environ Sci (China) 21(7):980-4.
14. Baum CR. 1999. Treatment of mercury intoxication. Curr Opin Pediatr 11:265-8.
15. Bayramoglu G, Arica MY. 2008. Removal of heavy mercury(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) metal ions by live and heat-inactivated Lentinus edodes pellets. Chem Eng J 143(1-3):133-40.
16. Beauford W, Barber J, Barringer AR. 1977. Uptake and distribution of mercury within higher plants. Physiol Plant 39:261-5.
17. Bersworth FC. 1958. Method for the removal of heavy metal ions from food beverages. US Patent 2847308.
18. Bhattacharya P, Samal AC, Majumdar J, Santra SC. 2010. Arsenic contamination in rice, wheat, pulses, and vegetables: a study in an arsenic affected area of West Bengal, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:3-13.
19. Blaylock MJ, Huang JW. 2000. Phytoextraction of metals. In: Raskin I, Ensley BD, editors. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley. p 53-71.
20. Bluhm RE, Bobbitt RG, Welch LW, Wood AJ, Bonfiglio JF, Sarzen C, Branch RA. 1992. Elemental mercury vapour toxicity, treatment, and prognosis after acute, intensive exposure in chloralkali plant workers: part I. History, neuropsychological findings and chelator effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:201-10.
21. Blundell TL, Jenkins JA 1977. The binding of heavy metals to proteins. Chem Soc Rev 6:139-71.
22. Boisset M, Narbonne JF. 1996. Exposure. In: Cadmium in food. Council of Europe Publishing 11-25.
23. Bordajandi LR, Mez GG, Abad E, Rivera J, Blasco JN, Lez MJG. 2004. Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs), heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Hg), and arsenic in food samples from Huelva (Spain): levels and health implications. J Agric Food Chem 52:992-1001.
24. Borycka B, Borycki I, Zuchowski J. 1996. Metal sorption capacity of fibre preparation from fruit pomace. Polish J Food Natural Sci 1:67-76.
25. Bose-O'Reilly S, McCarty KM, Steckling N, Lettmeier B. 2010. Mercury exposure and children's health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 40(8):186-215.
26. Bourg ACM, Schindler PW. 1979. Effect of EDTA on the adsorption of Cu(II) at amorphous silica. Inorg Nucl Chem Lett 15:225-9.
27. Bryan, GW, Uysal HJ. 1978. Heavy metals in the burrowing bivalve Scrubicularia plana from the Tamus estuary in relation to environmental levels. J Mar Biol Assoc U.K. 58:89-108.
28. Buechler SJ, Devi G, Raschid-Sally L. 2002. Livelihoods and wastewater irrigated agriculture along the Musi River in Hyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh, India. Urban Agric Mag 8:14-7.
29. Buffle J. 1988. Complexation reactions in aquatic systems: an analytical approach. Chichester, U.K: Ellis Horwood.
30. Burford N, Eelman MD, Groom K. 2005. Identification of complexes containing glutathione with As(III), Sb(III), Cd(II), Hg(II), Tl(I), Pb(II) or Bi(III) by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Inorg Biochem 99:1992-7.
31. Burger J, Dixon C, Boring CS, Gochfeld M. 2003. Effect of deep-frying fish on risk from mercury. J Toxicol Environ Health 66(9):817-28.
32. Carbonell-Barrachina AA, Burlo F, Mataix Beneyto J. 1997. Effect of sodium arsenite on arsenic accumulation and distribution in leaves and fruit of Vitis vinifera. J Plant Nutr 20:379-87.
33. Casterline JL, Yuoh K. 1993. Binding of zinc to apple fiber, wheat bran and fiber components. J Food Sci 58:365-8.
34. Castro-González MI, Méndez-Armenta M. 2008. Heavy metals: implications associated to fish consumption. Environ Toxicol Phar 26(3):263-71.
35. Cernichiari E, Myers, GJ, Ballatori N, Zareba G, Vyas J, Clarkson T. 2007. The biological monitoring of prenatal exposure to methylmercury. NeuroToxicol 28:1015-22.
36. Chan HM, Scheuhammer AM, Ferran A, Loupelle C, Holloway J, Weech S. 2003. Impacts of mercury on freshwater fish-eating wildlife and humans. Human Ecol Risk Assess 9:867-83.
37. Chary NS, Kamala CT, Raj DSS. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage-irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 69:513-24.
38. Chen RW, Ganther HE, Hoekstra WG. 1973. Studies on the binding of methylmercury by thionein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 51:383-90.
39. Chen Y, Li T, Han X, Ding Z, Yang X, Jin Y. 2012. Cadmium accumulation in different pakchoi cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed and Biotechnol) 13(6):494-502.
40. Choudhury RA, Das T, Sharma A, Talukder G. 1997. Inhibition of clastogenic effects of arsenic through continued oral administration of garlic extract in mice in vivo. Mutat Res 392:237-42.
41. Clarkson TW. 1994. The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. In: Watras CJ, Huckabee JW, editors. Mercury pollution, integration and synthesis. Lewis Publishers. p 631-41.
42. Cobbett CS. 2000. Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3:211-6.
43. Coccini T, Randine G, Candura SM, Nappi, RE, Prockop LD, Manzo L. 2000. Low-level exposure to methylmercury modifies muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding characteristics in rat brain and lymphocytes: physiologic implications and new opportunities in biologic monitoring. Environ Health Persp 108:29-33.
44. Conklin SD, Ackerman AH, Fricke MW, Creed PA, Creed JT, Kohan MC, Herbin-Davis K, Cubadda F, Raggi A, Zanasi F, Carcea M. 2003. From durum wheat to pasta: effect of technological processing on the levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel: a pilot study. Food Add Contam 20:353-60.
45. Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. 2004. Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains. J Environ Sci 16:962-7.
46. Cui Y, Zhu YG, Zhai R, Huang Y, Qiu Y, Liang J. 2005. Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. Environ Inter 31:784-90.
47. Danesh A. 1974. Process for treating seafood. US Patent 3958022.
48. Das Sh, Jana BB. 2003. In situ cadmium reclamation by freshwater bivalve Lamellidens marginalis from an industrial pollutant-fed river canal. Chemosphere 52(1):161-73.
49. Detering J, Sanner A, Fussnegger B. 1992. Removal of heavy metal ions from wine and wine-like beverages. US Patent 5094867.
50. Devesa V, Luz Macho M, Jalon M, Urieta I, Munoz O, Suner MA, Lopez F, Velez D, Montoro R. 2001. Arsenic in cooked seafood products: study on the effect of cooking on total and inorganic arsenic contents. J Agri Food Chem 49:4132-40.
51. Di Michele A, Diodati P, Morresi A, Sassi P. 2009. Mercury acetate produced by metallic mercury subjected to acoustic cavitation in a solution of acetic acid in water. Ultrason Sonochem 16:141-4.
52. Díaz OP, Leyton I, Muñoz O, Núñez N, Devesa V, Súñer MA, Vélez D, Montoro R. 2004. Contribution of water, bread, and vegetables (raw and cooked) to dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of Northern Chile. J Agri Food Chem 52:1773-9.
53. Donia AM, Atia AA, Elwakeel KZ. 2008. Selective separation of mercury(II) using magnetic chitosan resin modified with Schiff's base derived from thiourea and glutaraldehyde. J Hazardous Mat 151:372-9.
54. Dwyer FP, Mellor DP. 1964. Chelating agents and metal chelation., New York, N.Y.: Academic Press. pp.95-330.
55. Ebadian MA. 2001. Mercury contaminated material decontamination methods: investigation and assessment. Florida Intl. Univ., Fla.: Principal Investigator Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology.
56. Endo T, Hisamichi Y, Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Ohta Ch, Koga N. 2008. Hg, Zn and Cu levels in the muscle and liver of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) from the coast of Ishigaki Island, Japan: relationship between metal concentrations and body length. Mar Poll Bull 56:1774-80.
57. Ersoy B. 2011. Effects of cooking methods on the proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Int J Food Sci Technol 46(3):522-7.
58. Escudero C, Gabaldon C, Marzal P, Villaescusa I. 2008. Effect of EDTA on divalent metal adsorption onto grape stalk and exhausted coffee wastes. J Hazard Mat 152:476-85.
59. European Commission. 2004. Report of experts participating in Task 3.2.11, Reports on tasks for scientific co-operation (SCOOP). European Commission, Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection.
60. Falco G, Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Casas C, Teixidó A. 2004. Dietary intake of hexachlorobenzene in Catalonia, Spain. Sci Total Environ 322:63-70.
61. Falco G, Llobet JM, Bocio A, Domingo JL. 2006. Daily intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by consumption of edible marine species. J Agric Food Chem 54:6106-12.
62. Farid ATM, Roy KC, Hossain KM, Sen R. 2003. A study of arsenic contamination irrigation water and its carried-over effect on vegetables. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fate of Arsenic in the Environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh. p 113-21.
63. Feng MH, Van Der Does L, Bantjes A. 1994. Iron(III) chelating resins-IV. Crosslinked copolymer beads of 1-(β-acrylamidoethyl)-3- hydroxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinone (AHMP) with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Eur Polym J 30(8):941-7.
64. Fennema O. 1996. Food chemistry. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker.
65. Findenegg GR, Haunold E. 1972. Uptake of mercury by spring wheat from different soils. Bodenkultur 23(3):252-5.
66. Flora SJS, Pachauri V. 2010. Chelation in metal intoxication. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(7):2745-88.
67. Florentine MJ, Sanfilippo DJ. 1991. Grand rounds: elemental mercury poisoning. Clinical Pharmacy Mar 10:213-21.
68. Foster S, Maher W, Taylor A, Krikowa F, Telford K. 2005. Distribution and speciation of arsenic in temperate marine slatmash ecosystems. Environ Chem 2:177-89.
69. Fournier L, Thomas G, Garnier R, Buisine A, Houze P, Pradier F, Dally S. 1988. 2, 3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment of heavy-metal poisoning in humans. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3:499-504.
70. Fowler SW, Oregioni B. 1976. Trace metals in mussels from the N. W. Mediterranean. Mar Pollut Bull 7:26-9.
71. Francesconi KA. 2010. Arsenic species in seafood: origin and human health implications. Pure Appl Chem 82(2):373-81.
72. Francesconi KA, Edmonds JS. 1997. Arsenic and marine organisms. Adv Inorg Chem 44:147-89.
73. Francesconi KA, Kuehnelt D. 2002. Arsenic compounds in the environment. In: Frankenberger WT, editor. Environmental chemistry of arsenic. New York, N.Y.: Marcel Decker, Inc. p 51-94.
74. Ganjavi M, Ezzatpanah H, Givianrad MH, Shams A. 2010. Effect of canned tuna fish processing steps on lead and cadmium contents of Iranian tuna fish. Food Chem 118:525-8.
75. Garvey JS, van der Mallie RJ, Chang CC. 1982. Radioimmunoassay of metallothioneins. Met Enzym 84:121-39.
76. Gorbunov AV, Frontasyeva MV, Kistanov AA, Lyapunov SM, Okina OI, Ramadan AB. 2003. Heavy and toxic metals in staple foodstuffs and agriproducts from contaminated soils. J Environ Sci Health B 38:181-92.
77. Grandjean P 2008. Mercury. In: Heggenhougen K, International Encyclopedia of public health. Elsevier Inc. p 434-42.
78. Grill E, Winnaker EL, Zenk MH. 1987. Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plants, are functionally analogous to metallothioneins. Proc Natl Acad Sei 84:439-43.
79. Grotti M, Soggia F, Lagomarsino C, Goessler W, Francesconi KA. 2008. Arsenobetaine is a significant arsenical constituent of the red Antarctic alga Phyllophora Antarctica. Environ Chem 5:171-5.
80. Guha Mazumder DN, Haque R, Ghosh N, De BK, Santra A, Chakraborty D, Smith AH. 1998. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. Int J Epidemiol 27:871-7.
81. Guldager B, Jorgensen PJ, Grandjean P. 1996. Metal excretion and magnesium retention in patients with intermittent claudication treated with intravenous disodium EDTA. Clin Chem 42:1938-42.
82. Gunderson EL. 1995. FDA total diet study, July 1986-April 1991, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements and other chemicals. J AOAC Int 78(6):1353-63.
83. Gupta M, Rai UN, Tripathi RD, Chandra P. 1994. Lead-induced changes in glutathione and phytochelatin in Hydrilla verticillata (l. f.) Royle. Chemosph 30:2011-20.
84. Gutenmann WH, Lisk DJ. 1991. Higher average mercury concentration in fish fillets after skinning and fat removal. J Food Safety 11:99-103.
85. Hajeb P, Jinap S. 2009. Effects of washing pretreatment on mercury concentration in fish tissue. J Food Add Contam 26(10):1354-61.
86. Hajeb P, Jinap S. 2012. Reduction of mercury from mackerel fillet using combined solution of cysteine, EDTA, and sodium chloride. J Agri Food Chem 60(23):6069-76.
87. Hamer DH. 1986. Metallothionein. Ann Rev Biochem 55:913-51.
88. Hamza-Chaffai A, Amiard JC, Pellerin J, Joux L, Berthet B. 2000. The potential use of metallothionein in the clam Ruditapes decussatus as a biomarker of in situ metal exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol 127:185-97.
89. Hanaoka K, Yosida K, Tamano M, Kuroiwa T, Kaise T, Maeda S. 2001. Arsenic in the prepared edible brown alga hijiki, Hizikia fusiforme. Appl Organometal Chem 15:561-5.
90. Hasegawa T, Asano M, Takatani K, Matsuura H, Umemura T, Haraguchi H. 2005. Speciation of mercury in salmon egg cell cytoplasm in relation with metallomics research. Talanta 68:465-9.
91. Heitkemper DT, Kubachka KM, Halpin PR, Allen MN, Shockey NV. 2009. Survey of total arsenic and arsenic speciation in US-produced rice as a reference point for evaluating change and future trends. Food Add Contam Part B: Surveillance 2(2):112-20.
92. Hinners T. 2007. Food decontamination method. US Patent 28 1061 (A1).
93. Honda K. 1990. Contamination of heavy metals in marine mammals. In: Miyazaki N, Kasuya T, editors. Biology of marine mammals., Tokyo, Japan: Scientist Inc. p 242-53.
94. Houlbrèque F, Hervé-Fernández P, Teyssié JL, Oberhaënsli F, Boisson F, Jeffree R. 2011. Cooking makes cadmium contained in Chilean mussels less bioaccessible to humans. Food Chem 126:917-21.
95. Hu G, Huang Sh, Chen H, Wanga F. 2010. Binding of four heavy metals to hemicelluloses from rice bran. Food Res Int 43:203-6.
96. Hueter RE, Fong WG, Henderson G, French MF, Manire CA. 1995. Methylmercury concentration in shark muscle by species, size and distribution of sharks in Florida coastal waters. Water Air Soil Poll 80(1-4):893-9.
97. Hunt CT, Boulanger Y, Fesik SW, Armitage IM. 1984. NMR analysis of the structure and metal sequestering properties of metallothioneins. Environ Health Perspect 54:135-45.
98. Ichikawa S, Komoshida M, Hanaoka K, Hamano M, Maitani T, Kaise T. 2006. Decrease of arsenic in edible brown algae Hijikia fusiforme by the cooking process. Appl Organo Chem 20(9):585-90.
99. Jain MJ, Gadre RP. 1995. Effect of arsenic on chlorophyll and protein contents and enzymatic activities in greening maize tissues. Water Air Soil Poll 93:109-15.
100. Jakimska A, Konieczka P, Skora K, Namiesnik J. 2011. Bioaccumulation of metals in tissues of marine animals. Part II: metal concentrations of animal tissues. Pol J Environ Stud 20(5):1127-46.
101. Järup L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Med Bull 68(1):167-82.
102. Jezierska B, Witeska M. 2006. The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. In: Twardowska I, editor. Soil and water pollution monitoring, protection and remediation. Springer. p 3-23.
103. Jiang QQ, Singh BR. 1993. Effect of different forms and sources of arsenic on crop yield and arsenic concentration. Water Air Soil Poll 74:321-43.
104. Jiang GF, Li GZL, Cullen XF, Le WR. 2003. Interaction of trivalent arsenicals with metallothionein. Chem Res Toxicol 16:873-80.
105. Jorhem L, Engman J, Sundstrom B, Thim AM. 1994. Trace elements in crayfish: regional differences and changes induced by cooking. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 26:137-42.
106. Jorhem L, Åstrand C, Sundström B, Baxter M, Stokes P, Lewis J, Grawé KP. 2008. Elements in rice from the Swedish market: cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic). Food Add Contam 25(3):284-92.
107. Julshamn K, Nilsen B, Frantzen S, Valdersnes S, Maage A, Nedreaas K, Sloth JJ. 2012. Survey on total and inorganic arsenic in more than 900 fish samples from Norwegian waters. Food Add Contam B 5:229-35.
108. Jung MC, Thornton I. 1997. Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils, plants and waters in the paddy fields around a Pb-Zn mine in Korea. Sci Total Environ 198:105-21.
109. Jures D, Blanus M. 2003. Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the Adriatic Sea. Food Add Contam 20(3):241-6.
110. Kägi JHR, KoJima Y. 1987. Chemistry and biochemistry of metallothionein. In: Kagi JHR, KoJima Y, editors. Metafiothionein. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. p 2561.
111. Kagi JHR, Nordberg M. 1979. Metallothionein. Basel: Birkhäuser.
112. Kalogeropoulos N, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Avramidou S, Dassenakis M, Scoullos M. 2012. Heavy metals in raw, fried and grilled Mediterranean finfish and shellfish. Food Chem Toxicol 50:3702-8.
113. Kaoud HA, El-Dahshan AR. 2010. Bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations of the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nat Sci 8(4):147-56.
114. Karamac M, Pegg RB. 2009. Limitations of the tetramethylmurexide assay for investigating the Fe(II) chelation activity of phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 57:6425-31.
115. Karez CS, Magalhaes VF, Pfeiffer WC, Amado G M. 1994. Trace metal accumulation by algae in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Environ Pollut 83:351-6.
116. Khayat A, Courtney GW, Dunn HJ. 1975. Method of treatment of animal flesh. US Patent 3928637.
117. Khokhar S, Apenten RKO. 2003. Iron binding characteristics of phenolic compounds: some tentative structure-activity relations. Food Chem 81:133-40.
118. Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2006. Arsenite binding to synthetic peptides: the effect of increasing length between two cysteines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:35-8.
119. Kohlmeyer U, Jakubik S, Kuballa J, Jantzen E. 2005. Determination of arsenic species in fish oil after acid digestion. Microchimica Acta 151:249-55.
120. Korai AL, Sahato GA, Kaziand TG, Lashari KH. 2008. Lead concentrations in fresh water, muscle, gill and liver of Catla Catla (Hamilton) from Keenjhar Lake. Pakistan J Anal Environ Chem 9(1):11-19.
121. Kovarova J, Kizek R, Adam V, Harustiakova D, Celechovska O, Svobodova Z. 2009. Effect of cadmium chloride on metallothionein levels in carp. Sensors (Basel) 9(6):4789-803.
122. Kreuzer W, Sansoni B, Kracke W, Wiszmath P. 1976. Cadmium background content in meat. Liver and kidney from cattle and its consequences to cadmium tolerance level. Chemosph 4:231-40.
123. Krishna D, Virginie D, Stéphane P, Jean-Marie B. 2003. Heavy metals in marine mammals. In: Vos JV, Bossart GD, Fournier M, O'Shea T, editors. Toxicology of marine mammals. Washington DC: Taylor and Francis Publishers. p 135-67.
124. Krystek P, Ritsema R. 2004. Determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in shark fillets. Appl Organometal Chem 18:640-5.
125. Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2010. Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: a review. Food Chem 120:945-59.
126. Kumar CS, Jaikumar M, Robin RS, Karthikeyan P. 2013. Heavy metal concentration of sea water and marine organisms in Ennore Creek, southeast coast of India. J Toxicol Health 103:192-201.
127. Kyokuyo K. 1976. Mercury removal from meat and fish: by soaking in aques solution of L-cysteine (hydrochloride). Japan Patent 76001774-B.
128. Laparra JM, Velez D, Montoro R, Barbera R, Farre R. 2003. Estimation of arsenic bioaccessibility in edible seaweed by an in vitro digestion method. J Agric Food Chem 51:6080-5.
129. Laparra JM, Velez D, Montoro R, Barbera R, Farre R. 2004. Bioaccessibility of inorganic arsenic species in raw and cooked Hizikia fusiforme seaweed. Appl Organomet Chem 18:662-9.
130. Lebeau T, Bagot D, Jezequel K, Fabr B. 2002. Cadmium biosorption by free and immobilized microorganisms cultivated in a liquid soil extract medium: effects of Cd, pH, and techniques of culture. Sci Total Environ 291:73-83.
131. Lee SS, Mate BR, von der Trenck KT, Rimerman RA, Buhler DR. 1977. Metallothionein and the subcellular localization of mercury and cadmium in the California sea lion. Comp Biochem Physiol C 57:45-53.
132. Leeuwen HPV, Pinheiro JP. 2001. Speciation dynamics and bioavailability of metals. Exploration of the case of two uptake routes. Pure Appl Chem 73(1):39-44.
133. Lin HT, Wong SS, Li GC. 2004. Heavy metal content of rice and shellfish in Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 12:167-74.
134. Liobet JM, Falco G, Casas C, Teixido A, Domingo JL. 2003. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children, adolescents, adults, and seniors of Catalonia, Spain. J Agric Food Chem 51:838-42.
135. Lipre E. 1980. Removal of mercury from fish. Tallinna Politechnilise Instituudi Toimetised 489:41-4.
136. Lopez ML, Peralta-Videa JR, Parsons JG, Benitez T, Gardea-Torresdey JL. 2007. Gibberellic acid, kinetin, and the mixture indole-3-acetic acid-kinetin assisted with EDTA-induced lead hyperaccumulation in alfalfa plants. Environ Sci Technol 41:8165-70.
137. Lopez ML, Peralta-Videa JR, Parsons JG, Gardea-Torresdey JL. 2009. Effect of indole-3-acetic acid, kinetin, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on plant growth and uptake and translocation of lead, micronutrients, and macronutrients in alfalfa plants. Int J Phytorem 11:131-49.
138. Lopes MS, Iglesia-Turiño S, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Serret MD, Bort J, Febrero A, Araus JL. 2013. Molecular and physiological mechanisms associated with root exposure to mercury in barley. Metallomics 5:1305-15.
139. Lorenz H. 1979. Binding forms of toxic heavy metals, mechanisms of entrance of heavy metals into the food chain, and possible measures to reduce levels in foodstuff. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 3(1):47-58.
140. Lunde G. 1968. Analysis of arsenic in marine oils by neutron activation: evidence of arseno organic compounds. J Am Oil Chem Soc 45(5):331-2.
141. Lunde G. 1972. Analysis of arsenic and bromine in marine and terrestrial oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 49:44-7.
142. Maher W, Goessler W, Kirby J, Raber G. 1999. Arsenic concentrations and speciation in the tissues and blood of sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) from Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia. Mar Chem 68:169-82.
143. Manceau A. 1995. The mechanisms of anion adsorption on iron oxides: evidence for the bonding of arsenate tetrahedra on free Fe(O, OH)6 edges. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:3647-53.
144. Mansour SA, Sidky MM. 2002. Ecotoxicological studies: heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Food Chem 78:15-22.
145. Marafante E, Pozzi G, Scoppa P. 1972. Detossificazione dei metalh pesanti nei pesci: isolamento della metallotionema da1 fegato di Carassius auratus. Boll Sot Ital Biol Sperim 48S:109.
146. Marti-Cid R, Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL. 2007. Intake of chemical contaminants through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain: health risks. Food Chem Toxicol 45:1968-74.
147. Maulvault AL, Machado R, Afonso C, Lourenço HM, Nunes, ML, Coelho I, Langerholc T, Marques A. 2011. Bioaccessibility of Hg, Cd and As in cooked black scabbard fish and edible crab. Food Chem Toxicol 49:2808-15.
148. McFee RB, Caraccio TR. 2001. Intravenous mercury injection and ingestion: clinical manifestations and management. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39(7):733-8.
149. Meador JP, Ernest DW, Kagley AN. 2005. A comparison of the non-essential elements cadmium, mercury, and lead found in fish and sediment from Alaska and California. Sci Total Environ 339:189-205.
150. Meharg AA, Naylor J, McNair MR. 1994. Phosphorus nutrition of arsenate-tolerant and nontolerant phenotypes of velvet grass. J Environ Qual 23:234-8.
151. Meharg AA, Williams PN, Adomako E, Lawgali YY, Deacon C, Villada A, Cambell RCJ, Sun G, Zhu YG, Feldmann J, Raab A, Zhao FJ, Islam R, Hossain S, Yanai J. 2009. Geographical variation in total and inorganic arsenic content of polished (white) rice. Environ Sci Technol 43(5):1612-17.
152. Mehansho H, Butler LG, Carlson DM. 1987. Dietary tannins and salivary proline-rich proteins: interactions, induction, and defense mechanisms. Ann Rev Nutr 7:423-40.
153. Metian M, Charbonnier L, Oberhaensli F, Bustamante P, Jeffree R, Amiard JC, Warnau M. 2009. Assessment of metal, metalloid and radionuclide bioaccessibility from mussels to human consumers, using centrifugation and simulated digestion methods coupled with radiotracer techniques. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 72(5):1499-502.
154. Mira L, Fernandez MT, Santos M, Rocha R, Florencio MH, Jennings KR. 2002. Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: a mechanism for their antioxidant activity. Free Rad Res 36:1199-208.
155. Moran JF, Klucas RV, Grayer RJ, Abian J, Becana M. 1997. Complexes of iron with phenolic compounds from soybean nodules and other legume tissues: prooxidant and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 22:861-70.
156. Morel JL, Mench M, Guckert A. 1986. Measurement of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ binding with mucilage exudates frommaize (Zea mays L.) roots. Biol Fertil Soils 2:29-34.
157. Morgan J, Berry MR, Graves RL. 1997. Effects of commonly used cooking practices on total mercury concentration in fish and their impact on exposure assessments. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 7:119-34.
158. Morita M, Shibata Y. 1988. Isolation and identification of arseno-lipid from a brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame). Chemosph 17(6):1147-52.
159. Munz O, Bastias JM, Araya M, Morales A, Orellana C, Rebolledo R, Velez D. 2005. Estimation of the dietary intake of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a total diet study. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1647-55.
160. Musaiger AO, D'Souza R. 2008. The effects of different methods of cooking on proximate, mineral and heavy metal composition of fish and shrimps consumed in the Arabian Gulf. Arch Latinoam Nutr 58(1):103-9.
161. Nawirska A. 2005. Binding of heavy metals to pomace fibers. Food Chem 90:395-400.
162. Neff JM. 2002. Bioaccumulation in marine organisms: effect of contaminants from oil well produced water. Elsevier, Science. p 161-74.
163. Nordberg GF. 1974. Health hazards of environmental cadmium pollution. Ambio 3:55.
164. 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury chloride. Arch Environ Health 22:568-77.
165. Nowack B. 1996. Behavior of EDTA in ground water: a study of the surface reactions of metal-EDTA complexes [Doctoral Thesis]. ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.
166. Nriagu JO. 1979. The biogeochemistry of mercury in the environment. North Holand: Elsevier Biomedical Press.
167. O'Flaherty C, Beorlegui N, Beconi MT. 2003. Participation of superoxide anion in the capacitation of cryopreserved bovine sperm. Int J Androl 26:109-14.
168. Ohta F, Nishimoto J, Miki H, Takebayashi T. 1982. Reduction of mercury with cysteine in comminuted fish muscle. Mem Faculty Fisheries Kagoshima Univ. 31:273-8.
169. Okazaki E, Kanna K, Suzuki T, Kikuchi T. 1984. Elimination of mercury from shark flesh. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Res Labo 114:125-32.
170. Olafson RW, Thompson JAJ. 1974. Isolation of heavy metal binding proteins from marine vertebrates. Mar Biol 28:83-6.
171. Ouédraogo O, Amyot M. 2011. Effects of various cooking methods and food components on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish. Environ Res 111(8):1064-9.
172. Overnell J, Coombs IL. 1979. Purification and properties of plaice metallothionein. A cadmium-binding protein from the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes plafessa). Biochem J 183:277-83.
173. Pawlik-Skowronska B. 2000. Relationships between acid-soluble thiol peptides and accumulated Pb in the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris. Aquatic Toxicol 50:221-30.
174. Perello G, Marti-Cid R, Liobet JM, Domingo JEL. 2008. Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods. J Agric Food Chem 56:11262-9.
175. Pethybridge H, Cossa D, Butler ECV. 2010. Mercury in 16 demersal sharks from southeast Australia: biotic and abiotic sources of variation and consumer health implications. Mar Environ Res 69:18-26.
176. Phillips DJH. 1976. The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. I. Effects of environmental variables on uptake of metals. Mar Biol 38:59-69.
177. Phuong TD, Chuong PV, Khiem DT, Kokot S. 1999. Elemental content of Vietnamese rice. Part 1. Sampling, analysis and comparison with previous studies. Analyst 124:553-60.
178. Puginier B. 1995 Facteurs géochimiques contrôlant l'atténuation des polluants métalliques dans les panaches de lixiviats issus des décharges [Doctoral Thesis]. Univ. of Toulouse, France.
179. Raab A, Meharg AA, Jaspars M, Genney DR, Feldmann J. 2004. Arsenic-glutathione complexes: their stability in solution during separation by different HPLC modes. J Anal At Spectrom 19:183-90.
180. Rasmussen RS, Morrissey MT. 2007. Effects of canning on total mercury, protein, lipid, and moisture content in troll-caught albacore tuna (Thunnusalalunga). Food Chem 101(3):1130-5.
181. Record IR, McInerney JK, Dreosti IE. 1996. Black tea, green tea, and tea polyphenols. Biol Trace Elem Res 53:27-43.
182. Richards MP, Fuller BT, Hedges R. 2001. Sulphur isotopic variation in ancient bone collagen from Europe: implications for human palaeodiet, residence mobility, and modern pollutant studies. Earth Planetary Sci Lett 191:185-90.
183. Risher JF, Amler SN. 2005. Mercury exposure: evaluation and intervention, the inappropriate use of chelating agents in diagnosis and treatment of putative mercury poisoning. Neurotoxicol 26(4):691-9.
184. Roh JK, Bradley RL, Richardson JRT, Weckel KG. 1975. Distribution and removal of added mercury in milk. J Dairy Sci 58(12):1782-8.
185. Ryan J, Pahren H, Lucas J. 1982. Controlling cadmium in the human food chain: review and rationale based on the health effect. Environ Res 28:251-302.
186. Sahi SV, Bryant NL, Nilesh CS, Singh SR. 2002. Characterization of a lead hyperaccumulator shrub, Sesbania drummondii. Environ Sci Technol 36:4676-80.
187. Sangnark A, Noomhorm A. 2003. Effect of particle size on in vitro calcium and magnesium binding capacity of prepared dietary fibers. Food Res Int 36:91-6.
188. Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PEB, Williams DJ. 2003. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 137:65-83.
189. Schab R, Sachs K, Yannai Sh. 1978. A proposed industrial method for the removal of mercury from fish. J Sci Food Agri 29:274-80.
190. Schat H, Llugany M, Vooijs R, Hartley-Whitaker J, Bleeker PM. 2002. The role of phytochelations in constitutive and adaptive heavy metal tolerances in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator metaallophytes. J Exp Botany 53(379):2381-92.
191. Schoof RA, Yost LJ, Eickhoff J, Crecelius, EA, Cragin DW, Meacher DM, Menzel DB. 1999. A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food. Food Chem Toxicol 37(8):839-46
192. Schmidt AC, Neustadt M, Otto M. 2007. Quantitative evaluation of the binding of phenylarsenic species to glutathione, isotocin, and thioredoxin by means of electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spect 42:771-80.
193. Schwartz A. 2008. Systems and methods of removing and managing heavy metals. World Patent WO2008154452 (A1).
194. Sele V, Sloth JJ, Lundebye AK, Larsen EH, Berntssen MHG, Amlund H. 2012. Arsenolipids in marine oils and fats: a review of occurrence, chemistry and future research needs. Food Chem 133:618-30.
195. Semenov BN, Odintsov AB, Semenov JAB. 2001a. Method for withdrawing heavy metals and heavy metal salts from raw fish material. Russia Patent 2166860.
196. Semenov BN, Odintsov AB, Semenov JAB. 2001b. Method for isolation of heavy metals form, for instance mercury, from fish stock. Russia Patent 2167541.
197. Sengupta MK, Hossain MA, Mukherjee A, Ahamed S, Das B, Nayak B, Pal A, Chakraborti D. 2006. Arsenic burden of cooked rice: traditional and modern methods. Food Chem Toxicol 44(11):1823-9.
198. Sharma P, Dubey RS. 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:35-52.
199. Sharma NC, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Parsons J, Sahi SV. 2004a. Chemical speciation and cellular deposition of lead in Sesbania drummondii. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2068-73.
200. Sharma SS, Kaul S, Metwally A, Goyal KC, Finkemeier I, Dietz K-J. 2004b. Cadmium toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as affected by varying Fe nutritional status. Plant Sci 166:1287-95.
201. She LK, Kheng LC. 1992. Arsenic contents in some Malaysian vegetables. Pertanika 15: 171-3.
202. Shim SM, Ferruzzi MG, Kim YC, Janle EM, Santerre CR. 2009. Impact of phytochemical-rich foods on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish. Food Chem 112:46-50.
203. Shimbo S, Zhang ZW, Watanabe T, Nakatasuka H, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. 2001. Cadmium and lead contents in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998-2000. Sci Total Environ 281:165-75.
204. Shiomi K. 1994.Arsenic in marine organisms: chemical forms and toxicological aspects. In Nriagu JO, editor. Arsenic in the environment. Part II: human health and ecosystem effects. New York, N.Y.: Wiley. Chapter 12, p 261-93.
205. Signes AJ, Mitra K, Burlo F, Carbonell-Barrachina A. 2008a. Effect of two dehusking procedures on total arsenic concentration in rice. Eur Food Res Technol 226:561-7.
206. Signes AJ, Mitra K, Sarkhel S, Hobbes M, Burló F, De Groot WT, Carbonell-Barrachina AA. 2008b. Arsenic speciation in food and estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal, India. J Agric Food Chem 56:9469-74.
207. Sloth JJ, Julshamn K. 2008. Survey of total and inorganic arsenic content inblue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from Norwegian fjords: revelation of unusual high levels of inorganic arsenic. J Agri Food Chem 56(4):1269-73.
208. Sloth JJ, Larsen EH, Julshamn K. 2005. Survey of inorganicarsenic in marine animals and marine certified reference materials by anion exchange HPLC-ICPMS. J Agric Food Chem. 53:6011-8.
209. Smaoui-Damak W, Hamza-Chaffai A, Berthet B, Amiard JC. 2003. Preliminary study of the clam Ruditapes decussatus exposed in situ to metal contamination and originating from the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71:961-70.
210. Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG. 2002. A review on the sources, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl Geochem 17:517-68.
211. Smith AH, Goycolea M, Haque R, Biggs ML. 1998. Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am J Epidemiol 147:660-9.
212. Spinelli J, Steinberg MA, Miller R, Hall A, Lehman L. 1973. Reduction of mercury with cysteine in comminuted halibut and hake fish protein concentrate. J Agri Food Chem 21:264-8.
213. Storelli M, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Storelli A, Marcotrigiano G. 2005. Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: comparative study. Mar Pollut Bull 50:1004-7.
214. Sun X, Doner HE. 1996. An Investigation of arsenite and arsenate bonding structures on goethite by FTIR. Soil Sci 161:865-72.
215. Suruchi S, Khanna P. 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Res J Env Toxicology 5:162-79.
216. Suzuki T. 1974. Developing a new food material from fish flesh: removal of mercury from fish flesh. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Res Lab 78:67-72.
217. Tangahu BV, Abdullah SRS, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. 2011. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. Int J Chem Eng 31. [Article ID: 939161]
218. Taylor DM, Williams DR. 1995. Trace element medicine and chelation therapy. Cabridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p 19-24.
219. Tetsuji I, Miyuki H. 1982. Heavy metal removing agent. Japan Patent 57-033285.
220. Tetsuji I, Miyuki H. 1983. Heavy metal removing agent. Japan Patent 58-150433.
221. Thomas DJ. 2006. In vitro biotransformation of an arsenosugar by mouse anaerobic cecal microflora and cecal tissue as examined using IC-ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Analyst 131:648-55.
222. Tomoji T. 1995. Demetalization and desalination processing for fishery product, livestock industry product, and fresh vegetable and fruit largely containing toxic metal and salt. Japan Patent 07-231903.
223. Tomoji T. 1997. Demetalization and desalination processing for fishery product, livestock industry product and fresh vegetable and fruit largely containing toxic metal and salt. Japan Patent 09-047237.
224. Tondel M, Rahman M, Magnuson A, Chowdhury IA, Faruquee MH, Ahmad SkA. 1999. The relationship of arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence rate of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect 107:727-9.
225. Torres-Escribano S, Leal M, Vélez D, Montoro R. 2008. Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice sold in Spain. Effect of cooking, and risk assessments. Environ Sci Technol 42:3867-72.
226. Tuzen M, Sesli E, Soylak M. 2007a. Trace element levels of mushroom species from east Black Sea region of Turkey. Food Control 18:806-10.
227. Tuzen M, Silici S, Mendil D, Soylak M. 2007b. Trace element levels in honeys from different regions of Turkey. Food Chem 103:325-30.
228. van Acker SABE, van den Berg DJ, Tromp MNJL, Griffioen DH, van Bennekom WP, van der Vijgh WJF, Bast A. 1996. Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med 20:331-42.
229. Verkleij JAC, Koevoets P, vant Riet J, Bank R, Nijdam Y, Ernst WHO. 1990. Poly (-y-glutamylcysteinyl) glycines or phytochelatins and their role in cadmium tolerance of Silene vulgaris. Plant Cell Environ 13:913-21.
230. Vymazal J. 1990. Use of reed-bed systems for the treatment of concentrated wastes from agriculture. In: Cooper PF, Findlater BC, editors. Constructed wetlands in water pollution control. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press. p 347-58.
231. Wachope RD. 1983. Uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity of arsenic in plants. New York, N.Y.: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
232. Wagner G J. 1984. Characterization of a cadmium-binding complex of cabbage leaves. Plant Physiol 76:797-805.
233. Waychunas GA, Rea BA, Fuler CC, Davis JA. 1993. Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: part 1. EXAFS studies of the geometry of coprecipitated and adsorbed arsenate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2251-69.
234. Webb M. 1986. Role of metallothionein in cadmium metabolism. In: Foulkes EC, editor. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vol. 80, p 281-337.
235. Wei Q, Jiang H, Matthews CP, Colburn NH. 2008. Sulfuredoxin is an AP-1 target gene that is required for transformation and shows elevated expression in human skin malignancies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:19738-43.
236. Williams PN, Price AH, Raab A, Hossain SA, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. 2005. Variation in arsenic speciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 39:5531-40.
237. Wrench JJ, Addison RF. 1981. Reduction, methylation, and incorporation of arsenic into lipids by the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta. Canadian J Fish Aqua Sci 38:518-23.
238. Yamamoto M, Charoenraks T, Pan-Hou H, Nakano A, Apilux A, Tabata M. 2007. Electrochemical behaviors of sulfhydryl compounds in the presence of elemental mercury. Chemosph 69:534-9.
239. Yannai S, Saltzman R. 1973. Elimination of mercury from fish. J Sci Food Agri 24:157-60.
240. Ysart G, Miller P, Crews H, Robb P, Baxter M, De Largy C, Lofthouse S, Sargent C, Harrison N. 1999. Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK total diet study. Food Add Contam 16(9):391-403.