Anti-infective activities of Lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: From probiotics to gastrointestinal anti- infectious biotherapeutic agents

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 167-199

  Liévin Le Moal, Vanessa ^a,b,c   Servin, Alain L ^a,b,c  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 1; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 3; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LYMPHOTOXIN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN LIKE RECEPTOR; PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER 1; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ACUTE DIARRHEA; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIOSTASIS; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; ENTEROVIRULENT BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IN VITRO STUDY; INTESTINE BRUSH BORDER; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM CELL; INTESTINE FLORA; LACTOBACILLUS; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; ROTAVIRUS INFECTION; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SHIGELLA; TRAVELLER DIARRHEA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIBRIO CHOLERAE; ANTIBIOSIS; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ANTIBIOSIS; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; LACTOBACILLUS; PROBIOTICS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84897511648     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00080-13     Document Type: Article

References (413)

1. Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL. 2006. The front line of enteric host defense against unwelcome intrusion of harmful microorganisms: mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiota. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19:315-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.2.315-337.2006.
2. Turner HL, Turner JR. 2010. Good fences make good neighbors: gastrointestinal mucosal structure. Gut Microbes 1:22-29. http://dx.doi.org /10.4161/gmic.1.1.11427.
3. Yang I, Nell S, Suerbaum S. 2013. Survival in hostile territory: the microbiota of the stomach. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37:736-761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12027.
4. Kouznetsova I, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Hoffmann W. 2011. Self-renewal of the human gastric epithelium: new insights from expression profiling using laser microdissection. Mol. Biosyst. 7:1105-1112. http://dx.doi.org /10.1039/c0mb00233j.
5. Wessling-Resnick M. 2010. Iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 30:105-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annure v.nutr.012809.104804.
6. Turner JR. 2009. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9:799-809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2653.
7. McGuckin MA, Linden SK, Sutton P, Florin TH. 2011. Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9:265-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2538.
8. Kim YS, Ho SB. 2010. Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 12:319-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2.
9. Bevins CL, Salzman NH. 2011. Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9:356-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2546.
10. Melo MN, Ferre R, Castanho MA. 2009. Antimicrobial peptides: linking partition, activity and high membrane-bound concentrations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:245-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2095.
11. Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. 2011. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int. Rev. Immunol. 30:16-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2010.529976.
12. O'Neill LA, Golenbock D, Bowie AG. 2013. The history of Toll-like receptors-redefining innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13:453-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3446.
13. Chu H, Mazmanian SK. 2013. Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis. Nat. Immunol. 14:668-675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.2635.
14. Deretic V. 2011. Autophagy in immunity and cell-autonomous defense against intracellular microbes. Immunol. Rev. 240:92-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00995.x.
15. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. 2012. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11234.
16. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI. 2012. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486: 222-227.
17. Rautava S, Luoto R, Salminen S, Isolauri E. 2012. Microbial contact during pregnancy, intestinal colonization and human disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9:565-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.144.
18. Kamada N, Chen GY, Inohara N, Nunez G. 2013. Control of pathogens and pathobionts by the gut microbiota. Nat. Immunol. 14:685-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.2608.
19. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, Fernandes GR, Tap J, Bruls T, Batto JM, Bertalan M, Borruel N, Casellas F, Fernandez L, Gautier L, Hansen T, Hattori M, Hayashi T, Kleerebezem M, Kurokawa K, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Manichanh C, Nielsen HB, Nielsen T, Pons N, Poulain J, Qin J, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Tims S, Torrents D, Ugarte E, Zoetendal EG, Wang J, Guarner F, Pedersen O, de Vos WM, Brunak S, Dore J, Meta HITC, Antolin M, Artiguenave F, Blottiere HM, Almeida M, Brechot C, Cara C, Chervaux C, Cultrone A, Delorme C, Denariaz G, Dervyn R, et al. 2011. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473:174-180. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09944.
20. Sommer F, Backhed F. 2013. The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11:227-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2974.
21. Matsumoto M, Kibe R, Ooga T, Aiba Y, Kurihara S, Sawaki E, Koga Y, Benno Y. 2012. Impact of intestinal microbiota on intestinal luminal metabolome. Sci. Rep. 2:233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00233.
22. Antunes LC, Han J, Ferreira RB, Lolic P, Borchers CH, Finlay BB. 2011. Effect of antibiotic treatment on the intestinal metabolome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55:1494-1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /AAC.01664-10.
23. Kamada N, Nunez G. 2013. Role of the gut microbiota in the development and function of lymphoid cells. J. Immunol. 190:1389-1395. http: //dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1203100.
24. Brown EM, Sadarangani M, Finlay BB. 2013. The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine. Nat. Immunol. 14:660-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.2611.
25. Buffie CG, Pamer EG. 2013. Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13:790-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3535.
26. Kinnebrew MA, Pamer EG. 2012. Innate immune signaling in defense against intestinal microbes. Immunol. Rev. 245:113-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01081.x.
27. Aroniadis OC, Brandt LJ. 2013. Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29:79-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835a4b3e.
28. Nell S, Suerbaum S, Josenhans C. 2010. The impact of the microbiota on the pathogenesis of IBD: lessons from mouse infection models. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8:564-577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2403.
29. Kamada N, Seo SU, Chen GY, Nunez G. 2013. Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13: 321-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3430.
30. Damman CJ, Miller SI, Surawicz CM, Zisman TL. 2012. The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease: is there a therapeutic role for fecal microbiota transplantation? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107:1452-1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.93.
31. Walker AW, Lawley TD. 2013. Therapeutic modulation of intestinal dysbiosis. Pharmacol. Res. 69:75-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.008.
32. Stecher B, Maier L, Hardt WD. 2013. 'Blooming' in the gut: how dysbiosis might contribute to pathogen evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11:277-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2989.
33. Chow J, Tang H, Mazmanian SK. 2011. Pathobionts of the gastrointestinal microbiota and inflammatory disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23: 473-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.010.
34. Yamaoka Y. 2010. Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7:629-641. http://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nrgastro.2010.154.
35. Cover TL, Blaser MJ. 2009. Helicobacter pylori in health and disease. Gastroenterology 136:1863-1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.073.
36. Clements A, Young JC, Constantinou N, Frankel G. 2012. Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes 3:71-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.19182.
37. Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB. 2013. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26:822-880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00022-13.
38. Coburn B, Grassl GA, Finlay BB. 2007. Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review. Immunol. Cell Biol. 85:112-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.icb.7100007.
39. Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Jr, Calderwood SB, Camilli A. 2009. Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:693-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2204.
40. Marteyn B, Gazi A, Sansonetti P. 2012. Shigella: a model of virulence regulation in vivo. Gut Microbes 3:104-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161 /gmic.19325.
41. Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C. 2013. Bacteriocins-a viable alternative to antibiotics? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11:95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /nrmicro2937.
42. Dobson A, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C. 2012. Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05576-11.
43. O'Shea EF, Cotter PD, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C. 2012. Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 152:189-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.025.
44. Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. 2005. Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:777-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1273.
45. Klaenhammer TR. 1993. Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12:39-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00012.x.
46. Nes IF, Holo H. 2000. Class II antimicrobial peptides from lactic acid bacteria. Biopolymers 55:50-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0282 (2000)55:1 50::AID-BIP50_3.0.CO;2-3.
47. Oscariz JC, Pisabarro AG. 2001. Classification and mode of action of membrane-active bacteriocins produced by gram-positive bacteria. Int. Microbiol. 4:13-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101230100003.
48. McAuliffe O, Ross RP, Hill C. 2001. Lantibiotics: structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25:285-308. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00579.x.
49. Gordon DM, O'Brien CL. 2006. Bacteriocin diversity and the frequency of multiple bacteriocin production in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 152: 3239-3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28690-0.
50. Duquesne S, Destoumieux-Garzon D, Peduzzi J, Rebuffat S. 2007. Microcins, gene-encoded antibacterial peptides from enterobacteria. Nat. Prod. Rep. 24:708-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b516237h.
51. Cascales E, Buchanan SK, Duche D, Kleanthous C, Lloubes R, Postle K, Riley M, Slatin S, Cavard D. 2007. Colicin biology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71:158-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00036-06.
52. Sperandio V. 2009. Deciphering bacterial language. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5:870-871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.263.
53. Sperandio V, Torres AG, Jarvis B, Nataro JP, Kaper JB. 2003. Bacteriahost communication: the language of hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:8951-8956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1537100100.
54. Parker CT, Sperandio V. 2009. Cell-to-cell signalling during pathogenesis. Cell. Microbiol. 11:363-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01272.x.
55. Risoen PA, Brurberg MB, Eijsink VG, Nes IF. 2000. Functional analysis of promoters involved in quorum sensing-based regulation of bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus. Mol. Microbiol. 37:619-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02029.x.
56. Eijsink VG, Axelsson L, Diep DB, Havarstein LS, Holo H, Nes IF. 2002. Production of class II bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria; an example of biological warfare and communication. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:639-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020582211262.
57. Sturme MH, Francke C, Siezen RJ, de Vos WM, Kleerebezem M. 2007. Making sense of quorum sensing in lactobacilli: a special focus on Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Microbiology 153:3939-3947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2007/012831-0.
58. Moslehi-Jenabian S, Vogensen FK, Jespersen L. 2011. The quorum sensing luxS gene is induced in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM in response to Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 149:269-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.011.
59. Valdez JC, Peral MC, Rachid M, Santana M, Perdigon G. 2005. Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: the potential use of probiotics in wound treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11:472-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01142.x.
60. Medellin-Pena MJ, Wang H, Johnson R, Anand S, Griffiths MW. 2007. Probiotics affect virulence-related gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:4259-4267. http://dx.doi.org /10.1128/AEM.00159-07.
61. Medellin-Pena MJ, Griffiths MW. 2009. Effect of molecules secreted by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La-5 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1165-1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01651-08.
62. Chifiriuc MC, Ditu LM, Banu O, Bleotu C, Dracea O, Bucur M, Larion C, Israil AM, Lazar V. 2009. Subinhibitory concentrations of phenyl lactic acid interfere with the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains. Roum. Arch. Microbiol. Immunol. 68:27-33.
63. Lazar V, Miyazaki Y, Hanawa T, Chifiriuc MC, Ditu LM, Marutescu L, Bleotu C, Kamiya S. 2009. The influence of some probiotic supernatants on the growth and virulence features expression of several selected enteroaggregative E. coli clinical strains. Roumanian Arch. Microbiol. Immunol. 68:207-214.
64. Li J, Wang W, Xu SX, Magarvey NA, McCormick JK. 2011. Lactobacillus reuteri-produced cyclic dipeptides quench agr-mediated expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in staphylococci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108:3360-3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017431108.
65. Ramos AN, Cabral ME, Noseda D, Bosch A, Yantorno OM, Valdez JC. 2012. Antipathogenic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the potential use of its supernatants in the treatment of infected chronic wounds. Wound Rep. Regen. 20:552-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2012.00798.x.
66. Metchnikoff E. 1907. The prolongation of life: optimistic studies, p 161-183. W. Heinemann, London, United Kingdom.
67. Tissier H. 1906. Traitement des infections intestinales par la méthode de la flore bactérienne de l'intestin. C.R. Soc. Biol. 60:359-361.
68. Fuller R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:365-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x.
69. FAO/WHO. 2001. Joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria, Cordoba, Argentina, 1 to 4 October 2001. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en /probiotics.pdf.
70. FAO/WHO. 2002. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Working Group Report. ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn /food/wgreport2.pdf.
71. Servin AL. 2004. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 28:405-440. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.01.003.
72. Bron PA, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M. 2012. Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10:66-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /nrmicro2690.
73. Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. 2010. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8:171-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2297.
74. Kleerebezem M, Hols P, Bernard E, Rolain T, Zhou M, Siezen RJ, Bron PA. 2010. The extracellular biology of the lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 34:199-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00208.x.
75. van Baarlen P, Wells JM, Kleerebezem M. 2013. Regulation of intestinal homeostasis and immunity with probiotic lactobacilli. Trends Immunol. 34:208-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2013.01.005.
76. Sanchez B, Bressollier P, Urdaci MC. 2008. Exported proteins in probiotic bacteria: adhesion to intestinal surfaces, host immunomodulation and molecular cross-talking with the host. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 54:1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00454.x.
77. Sanchez B, Urdaci MC, Margolles A. 2010. Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosabacteria interactions. Microbiology 156:3232-3242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.044057-0.
78. Klaenhammer TR, Kleerebezem M, Kopp MV, Rescigno M. 2012. The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12:728-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3312.
79. Doron S, Snydman DR, Gorbach SL. 2005. Lactobacillus GG: bacteriology and clinical applications. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 34:483-498, ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2005.05.011.
80. Grzeskowiak L, Isolauri E, Salminen S, Gueimonde M. 2011. Manufacturing process influences properties of probiotic bacteria. Br. J. Nutr. 105:887-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510004496.
81. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. April 1985. Lactobacillus strains and methods of selection. US patent 4,839,281.
82. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. July 1991. L. acidophilus strains. US patent 5,032,399.
83. Degeest B. 2001. Applications of probiotics. Meded. Rijksuniv. Gent Fak. Landbouwkd. Toegep. Biol. Wet. 66:557-561.
84. Yoshinori U, Hiromi S, Akiyoshi I, Taeko H, Yuushiro A, Yukifumi N. September 2004. Japanese patent 2004/244378.
85. Boisseau R, Chauviere G, Coconnier MH, Houlier P, Lievin V, Servin A. May 2000. Antibacterial composition. European patent EP1000625.
86. Brassart D, Donnet A, Link H, Mignot O, Neeser JR, Rochat F, Schiffrin E, Servin, A. February 1997. Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225. US patent 5,603,930.
87. Postaire E, Bouley C, Guerin-Danan C, Andrieux C. June 2002. Method and composition for treatment of infant diarrhea. US patent 6,399,055.
88. Rosander A, Connolly E, Roos S. 2008. Removal of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughter strain, L. reuteri DSM 17938. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:6032-6040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00 991-08.
89. Connolly E, Mollstam B. May 2008. Use of selected lactic acid bacteria for reducing infantile colic. US patent 7,374,924.
90. Kang HJ, Connolly E. June 2012. Method of improving immune function in mammals using Lactobacillus strains with certain lipids. European patent EP2468284.
91. Servin A, Chauviere G, Polter M-H, Lievin-Le Moal V, Gastebois B. July 2006. Lactobacillus fermentum strain and uses thereof. US patent 0,134,220.
92. Chauviere G, Gastebois B, Lievin-Le Moal V, Polter MH, Servin A. December 2005. Lactobacillus fermentum strain and uses thereof. European patent EP1608737.
93. Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR. 2001. The scientific basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM functionality as a probiotic. J. Dairy Sci. 84:319-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74481-5.
94. Mikelsaar M, Zilmer M. 2009. Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3-an antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 21: 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08910600902815561.
95. Hagen KE, Tramp CA, Altermann E, Welker DL, Tompkins TA. 2010. Sequence analysis of plasmid pIR52-1 from Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and investigation of its origin of replication. Plasmid 63:108-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2009.12.004.
96. Tompkins TA, Barreau G, Broadbent JR. 2012. Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, a commercial probiotic strain. J. Bacteriol. 194:6349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01638-12.
97. Foster LM, Tompkins TA, Dahl WJ. 2011. A comprehensive postmarket review of studies on a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011. Benef. Microbes 2:319-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/BM2011.0032.
98. Hoffman FA. 2008. Development of probiotics as biologic drugs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 2):S125-S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523326.
99. Sutton A. 2008. Product development of probiotics as biological drugs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 2):S128-S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086 /523325.
100. Floch MH, Walker WA, Guandalini S, Hibberd P, Gorbach S, Surawicz C, Sanders ME, Garcia-Tsao G, Quigley EM, Isolauri E, Fedorak RN, Dieleman LA. 2008. Recommendations for probiotic use-2008. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42(Suppl 2):S104-S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097 /MCG.0b013e31816b903f.
101. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. 2008. Clinical indications for probiotics: an overview. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 2):S96-S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523333.
102. Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JN, Shanman R, Johnsen B, Shekelle PG. 2012. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA 307:1959-1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.3507.
103. Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M. 2012. Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs 72:803-823. http://dx.doi.org /10.2165/11632710-000000000-00000.
104. Hempel S, Newberry S, Ruelaz A, Wang Z, Miles J, Suttorp M, Johnsen B, Fu N, Smith A, Roth E, Polak J, Motala A, Shekelle PG. 2011. Safety of probiotics used to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease. Report/technology assessment no. 200. AHRQ publication no. 11-E007. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/probiotictp.htm.
105. Sanders ME, Akkermans LM, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hormannsperger G, Huys G, Levy DD, Lutgendorff F, Mack D, Phothirath P, Solano-Aguilar G, Vaughan E. 2010. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 1:164-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.1.3.12127.
106. Whelan K, Myers CE. 2010. Safety of probiotics in patients receiving nutritional support: a systematic review of case reports, randomized controlled trials, and nonrandomized trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91:687-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28759.
107. Fayol-Messaoudi D, Berger CN, Coconnier-Polter MH, Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL. 2005. pH-, lactic acid-, and non-lactic aciddependent activities of probiotic lactobacilli against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6008-6013. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.6008-6013.2005.
108. Lahtinen SJ, Gueimonde M, Ouwehand AC, Reinikainen JP, Salminen SJ. 2005. Probiotic bacteria may become dormant during storage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:1662-1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.3.1662-1663.2005.
109. Lahtinen SJ, Ouwehand AC, Reinikainen JP, Korpela JM, Sandholm J, Salminen SJ. 2006. Intrinsic properties of so-called dormant probiotic bacteria, determined by flow cytometric viability assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5132-5134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02897-05.
110. Muller JA, Stanton C, Sybesma W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. 2010. Reconstitution conditions for dried probiotic powders represent a critical step in determining cell viability. J. Appl. Microbiol. 108:1369-1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04533.x.
111. Sanders ME. 2008. Probiotics: definition, sources, selection, and uses. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 2):S58-S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.10 86/523341.
112. Han KS, Kim Y, Kim SH, Oh S. 2007. Characterization and purification of acidocin 1B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus GP1B. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17:774-783.
113. Kim TS, Hur JW, Yu MA, Cheigh CI, Kim KN, Hwang JK, Pyun YR. 2003. Antagonism of Helicobacter pylori by bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 66:3-12.
114. Messaoudi S, Kergourlay G, Dalgalarrondo M, Choiset Y, Ferchichi M, Prevost H, Pilet MF, Chobert JM, Manai M, Dousset X. 2012. Purification and characterization of a new bacteriocin active against Campylobacter produced by Lactobacillus salivarius SMXD51. Food Microbiol. 32:129-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2012.05.002.
115. Pascual LM, Daniele MB, Giordano W, Pajaro MC, Barberis IL. 2008. Purification and partial characterization of novel bacteriocin L23 produced by Lactobacillus fermentum L23. Curr. Microbiol. 56:397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-007-9094-4.
116. Zamfir M, Callewaert R, Cornea PC, Savu L, Vatafu I, De Vuyst L. 1999. Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus IBB 801. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87:923-931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00950.x.
117. NCCLS. 1999. Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents. Approved guideline. NCCLS document M26-A, p 1-29. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, PA.
118. Hutt P, Shchepetova J, Loivukene K, Kullisaar T, Mikelsaar M. 2006. Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero-and uropathogens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100:1324-1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02857.x.
119. Zhang Y, Zhang L, Du M, Yi H, Guo C, Tuo Y, Han X, Li J, Yang L. 2011. Antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei and probiotic properties of wild lactobacilli from fermented food. Microbiol. Res. 167:27-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2011.02.006.
120. Bernet-Camard MF, Lievin V, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL, Hudault S. 1997. The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2747-2753.
121. Spinler JK, Taweechotipatr M, Rognerud CL, Ou CN, Tumwasorn S, Versalovic J. 2008. Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri demonstrate antimicrobial activities targeting diverse enteric bacterial pathogens. Anaerobe 14:166-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.02.001.
122. Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Bernet-Camard MF, Hudault S, Servin AL. 1997. Antibacterial effect of the adhering human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1046-1052.
123. Silva M, Jacobus NV, Deneke C, Gorbach SL. 1987. Antimicrobial substance from a human Lactobacillus strain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31:1231-1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.31.8.1231.
124. Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Nomoto K, Tanaka R, Hamabata T, Yamasaki S, Takeda T, Takeda Y. 2001. Inhibition of in vitro growth of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 by probiotic Lactobacillus strains due to production of lactic acid. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68:135-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00465-2.
125. Lievin-Le Moal V, Amsellem R, Servin AL, Coconnier MH. 2002. Lactobacillus acidophilus (strain LB) from the resident adult human gastrointestinal microflora exerts activity against brush border damage promoted by a diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in human enterocyte-like cells. Gut 50:803-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.50.6.803.
126. Burkholder KM, Bhunia AK. 2009. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium adhesion and cytotoxicity during epithelial cell stress is reduced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Gut Pathog. 1:14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-1-14.
127. Marianelli C, Cifani N, Pasquali P. 2010. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium 1344 in a common medium under different environmental conditions. Res. Microbiol. 161:673-680. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.resmic.2010.06.007.
128. Fayol-Messaoudi D, Coconnier-Polter MH, Moal VL, Atassi F, Berger CN, Servin AL. 2007. The Lactobacillus plantarum strain ACA-DC287 isolated from a Greek cheese demonstrates antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103:657-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03293.x.
129. Makras L, Triantafyllou V, Fayol-Messaoudi D, Adriany T, Zoumpopoulou G, Tsakalidou E, Servin A, De Vuyst L. 2006. Kinetic analysis of the antibacterial activity of probiotic lactobacilli towards Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a role for lactic acid and other inhibitory compounds. Res. Microbiol. 157:241-247. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.resmic.2005.09.002.
130. Hudault S, Lievin V, Bernet-Camard MF, Servin AL. 1997. Antagonistic activity exerted in vitro and in vivo by Lactobacillus casei (strain GG) against Salmonella typhimurium C5 infection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:513-518.
131. Lehto EM, Salminen SJ. 1997. Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium adhesion to Caco-2 cell cultures by Lactobacillus strain GG spent culture supernate: only a pH effect? FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 18:125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01037.x.
132. Atassi F, Servin AL. 2010. Individual and co-operative roles of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the killing activity of enteric strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 against enteric, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated pathogens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 304:29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x.
133. Pridmore RD, Pittet AC, Praplan F, Cavadini C. 2008. Hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 and its role in anti-Salmonella activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 283:210-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01176.x.
134. Vizoso Pinto MG, Franz CM, Schillinger U, Holzapfel WH. 2006. Lactobacillus spp. with in vitro probiotic properties from human faeces and traditional fermented products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 109:205-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.01.029.
135. Asahara T, Shimizu K, Takada T, Kado S, Yuki N, Morotomi M, Tanaka R, Nomoto K. 2011. Protective effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota against lethal infection with multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in mice. J. Appl. Microbiol. 110:163-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04884.x.
136. Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Lorrot M, Servin AL. 2000. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB against intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infecting human enterocyte-like Caco-2/ TC-7 cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1152-1157. http://dx.doi.org /10.1128/AEM.66.3.1152-1157.2000.
137. Coconnier-Polter MH, Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL. 2005. A Lactobacillus acidophilus strain of human gastrointestinal microbiota origin elicits killing of enterovirulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by triggering lethal bacterial membrane damage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6115-6120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.6115-6120.2005.
138. Bernet-Camard MF, Coconnier MH, Hudault S, Servin AL. 1996. Pathogenicity of the diffusely adhering strain Escherichia coli C1845: F1845 adhesin-decay accelerating factor interaction, brush border microvillus injury, and actin disassembly in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 64:1918-1928.
139. Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Hemery E, Servin AL. 1998. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4573-4580.
140. De Keersmaecker SC, Verhoeven TL, Desair J, Marchal K, Vanderleyden J, Nagy I. 2006. Strong antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against Salmonella typhimurium is due to accumulation of lactic acid. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259:89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111 /j.1574-6968.2006.00250.x.
141. Lu R, Fasano S, Madayiputhiya N, Morin NP, Nataro J, Fasano A. 2009. Isolation, identification, and characterization of small bioactive peptides from Lactobacillus GG conditional media that exert both anti-Gram-negative and Gram-positive bactericidal activity. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 49:23-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181 924d1e.
142. Gong HS, Meng XC, Wang H. 2010. Mode of action of plantaricin MG, a bacteriocin active against Salmonella typhimurium. J. Basic Microbiol. 50(Suppl 1):S37-S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201000130.
143. Sharafi H, Maleki H, Ahmadian G, Shahbani Zahiri H, Sajedinejad N, Houshmand B, Vali H, Akbari Noghabi K. 2013. Antibacterial activity and probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum HKN01: a new insight into the morphological changes of antibacterial compound-treated Escherichia coli by electron microscopy. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:225-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1208.08005.
144. Svetoch EA, Eruslanov BV, Levchuk VP, Perelygin VV, Mitsevich EV, Mitsevich IP, Stepanshin J, Dyatlov I, Seal BS, Stern NJ. 2011. Isolation of Lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (NRRL B-50053) and characterization of its bacteriocin, including the antimicrobial activity spectrum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2749-2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02481-10.
145. Carey CM, Kostrzynska M, Ojha S, Thompson S. 2008. The effect of probiotics and organic acids on Shiga-toxin 2 gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Microbiol. Methods 73:125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2008.01.014.
146. Jelcic I, Hufner E, Schmidt H, Hertel C. 2008. Repression of the locus of the enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator of gene transcription of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Lactobacillus reuteri culture supernatants is LuxS and strain dependent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:3310-3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00072-08.
147. Lievin-Le Moal V, Amsellem R, Servin AL. 2011. Impairment of swimming motility by antidiarrheic Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB retards internalization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium within human enterocyte-like cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55:4810-4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00418-11.
148. Lievin-Le Moal V, Fayol-Messaoudi D, Servin AL. 2013. Compound(s) secreted by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota YIT9029 irreversibly and reversibly impair the swimming motility of Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, respectively. Microbiology 159: 1956-1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.067678-0.
149. Sgouras DN, Panayotopoulou EG, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Petraki K, Michopoulos S, Mentis A. 2005. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 attenuates Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and reduces levels of proinflammatory chemokines in C57BL/6 mice. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12: 1378-1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.12.1378-1386.2005.
150. Michetti P, Dorta G, Wiesel PH, Brassart D, Verdu E, Herranz M, Felley C, Porta N, Rouvet M, Blum AL, Corthesy-Theulaz I. 1999. Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Digestion 60:203-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000007660.
151. Avonts L, De Vuyst L. 2001. Antimicrobial potential of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Meded. Rijksuniv. Gent Fak. Landbouwkd. Toegep. Biol. Wet. 66:543-550.
152. Morency H, Mota-Meira M, LaPointe G, Lacroix C, Lavoie MC. 2001. Comparison of the activity spectra against pathogens of bacterial strains producing a mutacin or a lantibiotic. Can. J. Microbiol. 47:322-331. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-013.
153. Ryan KA, O'Hara AM, van Pijkeren JP, Douillard FP, O'Toole PW. 2009. Lactobacillus salivarius modulates cytokine induction and virulence factor gene expression in Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 58:996-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.009407-0.
154. Simova ED, Beshkova DB, Dimitrov ZP. 2009. Characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Bulgarian dairy products. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106:692-701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04052.x.
155. Berry V, Jennings K, Woodnutt G. 1995. Bactericidal and morphological effects of amoxicillin on Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1859-1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.39.8.1859.
156. DeLoney CR, Schiller NL. 1999. Competition of various beta-lactam antibiotics for the major penicillin-binding proteins of Helicobacter pylori: antibacterial activity and effects on bacterial morphology. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:2702-2709.
157. Bland MV, Ismail S, Heinemann JA, Keenan JI. 2004. The action of bismuth against Helicobacter pylori mimics but is not caused by intracellular iron deprivation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1983-1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.6.1983-1988.2004.
158. Sisto F, Brenciaglia MI, Scaltrito MM, Dubini F. 2000. Helicobacter pylori: ureA, cagA and vacA expression during conversion to the coccoid form. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 15:277-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /S0924-8579(00)00188-6.
159. Lertsethtakarn P, Ottemann KM, Hendrixson DR. 2011. Motility and chemotaxis in Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 65:389-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102908.
160. Isobe H, Nishiyama A, Takano T, Higuchi W, Nakagawa S, Taneike I, Fukushima Y, Yamamoto T. 2012. Reduction of overall Helicobacter pylori colonization levels in the stomach of Mongolian gerbil by Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (LC1) and its in vitro activities against H. pylori motility and adherence. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 76:850-852. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110921.
161. Boyle EC, Finlay BB. 2003. Bacterial pathogenesis: exploiting cellular adherence. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15:633-639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /S0955-0674(03)00099-1.
162. Croxen MA, Finlay BB. 2010. Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8:26-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /nrmicro2265.
163. Grassl GA, Finlay BB. 2008. Pathogenesis of enteric Salmonella infections. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 24:22-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097 /MOG.0b013e3282f21388.
164. Viswanathan VK, Hodges K, Hecht G. 2009. Enteric infection meets intestinal function: how bacterial pathogens cause diarrhoea. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:110-119.
165. McCormick BA, Stocker BA, Laux DC, Cohen PS. 1988. Roles of motility, chemotaxis, and penetration through and growth in intestinal mucus in the ability of an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium to colonize the large intestine of streptomycin-treated mice. Infect. Immun. 56:2209-2217.
166. Stecher B, Barthel M, Schlumberger MC, Haberli L, Rabsch W, Kremer M, Hardt WD. 2008. Motility allows S. Typhimurium to benefit from the mucosal defence. Cell. Microbiol. 10:1166-1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01118.x.
167. van Asten FJ, Hendriks HG, Koninkx JF, van Dijk JE. 2004. Flagellamediated bacterial motility accelerates but is not required for Salmonella serotype Enteritidis invasion of differentiated Caco-2 cells. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:395-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.07.012.
168. Aldridge P, Hughes KT. 2002. Regulation of flagellar assembly. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5:160-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274 (02)00302-8.
169. Chevance FF, Hughes KT. 2008. Coordinating assembly of a bacterial macromolecular machine. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6:455-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1887.
170. Navarro-Garcia F, Elias WP. 2011. Autotransporters and virulence of enteroaggregative E. coli. Gut Microbes 2:13-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.2.1.14933.
171. Law RJ, Gur-Arie L, Rosenshine I, Finlay BB. 2013. In vitro and in vivo model systems for studying enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 3:a009977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101 /cshperspect.a009977.
172. Navarro-Garcia, F., Serapio-Palacios, A., Ugalde-Silva, P., Tapia-Pastrana, G., Chavez-Duenas, L. 2013. Actin cytoskeleton manipulation by effector proteins secreted by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. BioMed Res. Int. 2013:374395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/374395.
173. Guttman JA, Finlay BB. 2009. Tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1788:832-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.bbamem.2008.10.028.
174. Stavru F, Archambaud C, Cossart P. 2011. Cell biology and immunology of Listeria monocytogenes infections: novel insights. Immunol. Rev. 240:160-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00993.x.
175. Ramsden AE, Holden DW, Mota LJ. 2007. Membrane dynamics and spatial distribution of Salmonella-containing vacuoles. Trends Microbiol. 15:516-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.002.
176. Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL. 2013. Pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria: lessons from cultured human fully-differentiated colon cancer cell lines. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 77:380-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00064-12.
177. Lee YK, Lim CY, Teng WL, Ouwehand AC, Tuomola EM, Salminen S. 2000. Quantitative approach in the study of adhesion of lactic acid bacteria to intestinal cells and their competition with enterobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3692-3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.9.3692-3697.2000.
178. Lee YK, Puong KY, Ouwehand AC, Salminen S. 2003. Displacement of bacterial pathogens from mucus and Caco-2 cell surface by lactobacilli. J. Med. Microbiol. 52:925-930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05009-0.
179. Larsen N, Nissen P, Willats WG. 2007. The effect of calcium ions on adhesion and competitive exclusion of Lactobacillus ssp. and E. coli O138. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114:113-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfood micro.2006.10.033.
180. Bernet MF, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL. 1994. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut 35:483-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.4.483.
181. Chauviere G, Coconnier MH, Kerneis S, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Joly B, Servin AL. 1992. Competitive exclusion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by heat-killed Lactobacillus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 70:213-217.
182. Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Chauviere G, Servin AL. 1993. Adhering heat-killed human Lactobacillus acidophilus, strain LB, inhibits the process of pathogenicity of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in cultured human intestinal cells. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 11:235-242.
183. Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Kerneis S, Chauviere G, Fourniat J, Servin AL. 1993. Inhibition of adhesion of enteroinvasive pathogens to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB decreases bacterial invasion. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett. 110:299-305. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06339.x.
184. Vesterlund S, Paltta J, Karp M, Ouwehand AC. 2005. Adhesion of bacteria to resected human colonic tissue: quantitative analysis of bacterial adhesion and viability. Res. Microbiol. 156:238-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2004.08.012.
185. Ingrassia I, Leplingard A, Darfeuille-Michaud A. 2005. Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 inhibits the ability of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli isolated from Crohn's disease patients to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelial cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2880-2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.6.2880-2887.2005.
186. Parassol N, Freitas M, Thoreux K, Dalmasso G, Bourdet-Sicard R, Rampal P. 2005. Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 inhibits the increase in paracellular permeability of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected T84 cells. Res. Microbiol. 156:256-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2004.09.013.
187. Fourniat J, Colomban C, Linxe C, Karam D. 1992. Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits adhesion of Escherichia coli B41 to HeLa cells. Ann. Rech. Vet. 23:361-370.
188. Chauviere G, Coconnier MH, Kerneis S, Fourniat J, Servin AL. 1992. Adhesion of human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:1689-1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-138-8-1689.
189. Tuomola EM, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ. 1999. The effect of probiotic bacteria on the adhesion of pathogens to human intestinal mucus. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 26:137-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111 /j.1574-695X.1999.tb01381.x.
190. Neeser JR, Granato D, Rouvet M, Servin A, Teneberg S, Karlsson KA. 2000. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 shares carbohydrate-binding specificities with several enteropathogenic bacteria. Glycobiology 10:1193-1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/10.11.1193.
191. Kankainen M, Paulin L, Tynkkynen S, von Ossowski I, Reunanen J, Partanen P, Satokari R, Vesterlund S, Hendrickx AP, Lebeer S, De Keersmaecker SC, Vanderleyden J, Hamalainen T, Laukkanen S, Salovuori N, Ritari J, Alatalo E, Korpela R, Mattila-Sandholm T, Lassig A, Hatakka K, Kinnunen KT, Karjalainen H, Saxelin M, Laakso K, Surakka A, Palva A, Salusjarvi T, Auvinen P, de Vos WM. 2009. Comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosusGGreveals pili containing a human mucus binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:17193-17198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908876106.
192. von Ossowski I, Reunanen J, Satokari R, Vesterlund S, Kankainen M, Huhtinen H, Tynkkynen S, Salminen S, de Vos WM, Palva A. 2010. Mucosal adhesion properties of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG SpaCBA and SpaFED pilin subunits. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 2049-2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01958-09.
193. Reunanen J, von Ossowski I, Hendrickx AP, Palva A, de Vos WM. 2012. Characterization of the SpaCBA pilus fibers in the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:2337-2344. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07047-11.
194. Tripathi P, Beaussart A, Alsteens D, Dupres V, Claes I, von Ossowski I, de Vos WM, Palva A, Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, Dufrene YF. 2013. Adhesion and nanomechanics of pili from the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. ACS Nano. 7:3685-3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021 /nn400705u.
195. Lebeer S, Claes I, Tytgat HL, Verhoeven TL, Marien E, von Ossowski I, Reunanen J, Palva A, Vos WM, Keersmaecker SC, Vanderleyden J. 2012. Functional analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG pili in relation to adhesion and immunomodulatory interactions with intestinal epithelial cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:185-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06192-11.
196. Tripathi P, Dupres V, Beaussart A, Lebeer S, Claes IJ, Vanderleyden J, Dufrene YF. 2012. Deciphering the nanometer-scale organization and assembly of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG pili using atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 28:2211-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la203834d.
197. von Ossowski I, Satokari R, Reunanen J, Lebeer S, De Keersmaecker SC, Vanderleyden J, de Vos WM, Palva A. 2011. Functional characterization of a mucus-specific LPXTG surface adhesin from probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:4465-4472. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02497-10.
198. Finlay BB, Falkow S. 1990. Salmonella interactions with polarized human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1096-1106. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.5.1096.
199. Finlay BB, Ruschkowski S, Dedhar S. 1991. Cytoskeletal rearrangements accompanying Salmonella entry into epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 99:283-296.
200. Jones BD, Lee CA, Falkow S. 1992. Invasion by Salmonella typhimurium is affected by the direction of flagellar rotation. Infect. Immun. 60:2475-2480.
201. Watson KG, Holden DW. 2010. Dynamics of growth and dissemination of Salmonella in vivo. Cell. Microbiol. 12:1389-1397. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01511.x.
202. Abu Kwaik Y, Bumann D. 2013. Microbial quest for food in vivo: 'nutritional virulence' as an emerging paradigm. Cell. Microbiol. 15:882-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12138.
203. Lewis K. 2007. Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:48-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1557.
204. Louvard D, Kedinger M, Hauri HP. 1992. The differentiating intestinal epithelial cell: establishment and maintenance of functions through interactions between cellular structures. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8:157-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.8.1.157.
205. Servin AL. 2005. Pathogenesis of Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:264-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.2.264-292.2005.
206. Guignot J, Chaplais C, Coconnier-Polter MH, Servin AL. 2007. The secreted autotransporter toxin, Sat, functions as a virulence factor in Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli by promoting lesions in tight junction of polarized epithelial cells. Cell. Microbiol. 9:204-221. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00782.x.
207. Lievin-Le Moal V, Sarrazin-Davila LE, Servin AL. 2007. An experimental study and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the antisecretory activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB against nonrotavirus diarrhea. Pediatrics 120:e795-803. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2930.
208. Hodges K, Hecht G. 2012. Interspecies communication in the gut, from bacterial delivery to host-cell response. J. Physiol. 590:433-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.220822.
209. Ruas-Madiedo P, Medrano M, Salazar N, De Los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Perez PF, Abraham AG. 2010. Exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains abrogate in vitro the cytotoxic effect of bacterial toxins on eukaryotic cells. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109:2079-2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04839.x.
210. Tao Y, Drabik KA, Waypa TS, Musch MW, Alverdy JC, Schneewind O, Chang EB, Petrof EO. 2006. Soluble factors from Lactobacillus GG activate MAPKs and induce cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 290:C1018-C1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00131.2005.
211. Montalto M, Maggiano N, Ricci R, Curigliano V, Santoro L, Di Nicuolo F, Vecchio FM, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini G. 2004. Lactobacillus acidophilus protects tight junctions from aspirin damage in HT-29 cells. Digestion 69:225-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079152.
212. Seth A, Yan F, Polk DB, Rao RK. 2008. Probiotics ameliorate the hydrogen peroxide-induced epithelial barrier disruption by a PKC-and MAP kinasedependent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 294: G1060-G1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00202.2007.
213. Yan F, Cao H, Cover TL, Whitehead R, Washington MK, Polk DB. 2007. Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology 132:562-575. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.022.
214. Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM. 2009. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1:a002584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a002584.
215. Johnson-Henry KC, Donato KA, Shen-Tu G, Gordanpour M, Sherman PM. 2008. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG prevents enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced changes in epithelial barrier function. Infect. Immun. 76:1340-1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00778-07.
216. Hofman PM. 2010. Pathobiology of the neutrophil-intestinal epithelial cell interaction: role in carcinogenesis. World J. Gastroenterol. 16:5790-5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5790.
217. Ohland CL, Macnaughton WK. 2010. Probiotic bacteria and intestinal epithelial barrier function. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 298:G807-G819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2009.
218. Lopez M, Li N, Kataria J, Russell M, Neu J. 2008. Live and ultravioletinactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decrease flagellin-induced interleukin-8 production in Caco-2 cells. J. Nutr. 138:2264-2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.093658.
219. Nandakumar NS, Pugazhendhi S, Madhu Mohan K, Jayakanthan K, Ramakrishna BS. 2009. Effect of Vibrio cholerae on chemokine gene expression in HT29 cells and its modulation by Lactobacillus GG. Scand. J. Immunol. 69:181-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02214.x.
220. Nandakumar NS, Pugazhendhi S, Ramakrishna BS. 2009. Effects of enteropathogenic bacteria and lactobacilli on chemokine secretion and Toll like receptor gene expression in two human colonic epithelial cell lines. Indian J. Med. Res. 130:170-178.
221. Malago JJ, Nemeth E, Koninkx JF, Tooten PC, Fajdiga S, van Dijk JE. 2010. Microbial products from probiotic bacteria inhibit Salmonella enteritidis 857-induced IL-8 synthesis in Caco-2 cells. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 55:401-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-010-0068-8.
222. Toki S, Kagaya S, Shinohara M, Wakiguchi H, Matsumoto T, Takahata Y, Morimatsu F, Saito H, Matsumoto K. 2009. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei suppress Escherichia coli-induced chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 148:45-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000151505.
223. Ho NK, Hawley SP, Ossa JC, Mathieu O, Tompkins TA, Johnson-Henry KC, Sherman PM. 2013. Immune signalling responses in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to pathogenic Escherichia coli and lactic acidproducing probiotics. Benef. Microbes 4:195-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/BM2012.0038.
224. Tien MT, Girardin SE, Regnault B, Le Bourhis L, Dillies MA, Coppee JY, Bourdet-Sicard R, Sansonetti PJ, Pedron T. 2006. Antiinflammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei on Shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 176:1228-1237.
225. Di Caro S, Tao H, Grillo A, Elia C, Gasbarrini G, Sepulveda AR, Gasbarrini A. 2005. Effects of Lactobacillus GG on genes expression pattern in small bowel mucosa. Dig. Liver Dis. 37:320-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2004.12.008.
226. Shima T, Fukushima K, Setoyama H, Imaoka A, Matsumoto S, Hara T, Suda K, Umesaki Y. 2008. Differential effects of two probiotic strains with different bacteriological properties on intestinal gene expression, with special reference to indigenous bacteria. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 52:69-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00344.x.
227. Mattar AF, Teitelbaum DH, Drongowski RA, Yongyi F, Harmon CM, Coran AG. 2002. Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a Caco-2 cell-culture model. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 18:586-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-002-0855-7.
228. Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA. 1999. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 276:G941-G950.
229. Hagbom M, Sharma S, Lundgren O, Svensson L. 2012. Towards a human rotavirus disease model. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2:408-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.006.
230. Varyukhina S, Freitas M, Bardin S, Robillard E, Tavan E, Sapin C, Grill JP, Trugnan G. 2012. Glycan-modifying bacteria-derived soluble factors from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Lactobacillus casei inhibit rotavirus infection in human intestinal cells. Microbes Infect. 14:273-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2011.10.007.
231. Maragkoudakis PA, Chingwaru W, Gradisnik L, Tsakalidou E, Cencic A. 2010. Lactic acid bacteria efficiently protect human and animal intestinal epithelial and immune cells from enteric virus infection. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 141(Suppl 1):S91-S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfood micro.2009.12.024.
232. Liu F, Li G, Wen K, Bui T, Cao D, Zhang Y, Yuan L. 2010. Porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) of rotavirus infection as a new model for the study of innate immune responses to rotaviruses and probiotics. Viral Immunol. 23:135-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2009.0088.
233. Servin AL. 2002. Effects of rotavirus infection on the structure and functions of intestinal cells, p 237-254. In Desselberger U, Gray J (ed), Viral gastroenteritis. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
234. Bergonzelli GE, Granato D, Pridmore RD, Marvin-Guy LF, Donnicola D, Corthesy-Theulaz IE. 2006. GroEL of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (NCC 533) is cell surface associated: potential role in interactions with the host and the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 74:425-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.1.425-434.2006.
235. Rokka S, Myllykangas S, Joutsjoki V. 2008. Effect of specific colostral antibodies and selected lactobacilli on the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori on AGS cells and the Helicobacter-induced IL-8 production. Scand. J. Immunol. 68:280-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02138.x.
236. Myllyluoma E, Ahonen AM, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H, Kankuri E. 2008. Effects of multispecies probiotic combination on Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15:1472-1482. http://dx.doi.org /10.1128/CVI.00080-08.
237. Bhinder G, Sham HP, Chan JM, Morampudi V, Jacobson K, Vallance BA. 2013. The Citrobacter rodentium mouse model: studying pathogen and host contributions to infectious colitis. J. Vis. Exp. 2013:e50222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/50222.
238. Borenshtein D, McBee ME, Schauer DB. 2008. Utility of the Citrobacter rodentium infection model in laboratory mice. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 24:32-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2b0fb.
239. Barthel M, Hapfelmeier S, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kremer M, Rohde M, Hogardt M, Pfeffer K, Russmann H, Hardt WD. 2003. Pretreatment of mice with streptomycin provides a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colitis model that allows analysis of both pathogen and host. Infect. Immun. 71:2839-2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.5.2839-2858.2003.
240. Kaiser P, Diard M, Stecher B, Hardt WD. 2012. The streptomycin mouse model for Salmonella diarrhea: functional analysis of the microbiota, the pathogen's virulence factors, and the host's mucosal immune response. Immunol. Rev. 245:56-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01070.x.
241. Chen CC, Louie S, Shi HN, Walker WA. 2005. Preinoculation with the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus early in life effectively inhibits murine Citrobacter rodentium colitis. Pediatr. Res. 58:1185-1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000183660.39116.83.
242. Mackos AR, Eubank TD, Parry NM, Bailey MT. 2013. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri attenuates the stressor-enhanced severity of Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect. Immun. 81:3253-3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00278-13.
243. Balla KM, Troemel ER. 2013. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for intracellular pathogen infection. Cell. Microbiol. 15:1313-1322. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12152.
244. Clark LC, Hodgkin J. 29 October 2013. Commensals, probiotics and pathogens in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Cell. Microbiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12234.
245. Ikeda T, Yasui C, Hoshino K, Arikawa K, Nishikawa Y. 2007. Influence of lactic acid bacteria on longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans and host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6404-6409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00704-07.
246. Kim Y, Mylonakis E. 2012. Caenorhabditis elegans immune conditioning with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NCFM enhances gram-positive immune responses. Infect. Immun. 80:2500-2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.06350-11.
247. Komura T, Ikeda T, Yasui C, Saeki S, Nishikawa Y. 2013. Mechanism underlying prolongevity induced by bifidobacteria in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology. 14:73-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10522-012-9411-6.
248. Zhao Y, Zhao L, Zheng X, Fu T, Guo H, Ren F. 2013. Lactobacillus salivarius strain FDB89 induced longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans by dietary restriction. J. Microbiol. 51:183-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007 /s12275-013-2076-2.
249. Fourniat J, Djaballi Z, Maccario J, Bourlioux P, German A. 1986. Effect of the administration of killed Lactobacillus acidophilus on the survival of suckling mice infected with a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Ann. Rech. Vet. 17:401-407.
250. Sherman MP, Bennett SH, Hwang FF, Yu C. 2004. Neonatal small bowel epithelia: enhancing anti-bacterial defense with lactoferrin and Lactobacillus GG. Biometals 17:285-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023 /B:BIOM.0000027706.51112.62.
251. Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Nomoto K, Takahashi M, Watanuki M, Tanaka R, Tanaka T, Hamabata T, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y. 2001. Protective effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in infant rabbits. Infect. Immun. 69:1101-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.2.1101-1108.2001.
252. Zhang L, Xu YQ, Liu HY, Lai T, Ma JL, Wang JF, Zhu YH. 2010. Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG using an Escherichia coli K88 model of piglet diarrhoea: Effects on diarrhoea incidence, faecal microflora and immune responses. Vet. Microbiol. 141:142-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.003.
253. Moyen EN, Bonneville F, Fauchere JL. 1986. Modification of intestinal colonization and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni by erythromycin and an extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus in axenic mice. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 137A:199-207.
254. de Waard R, Garssen J, Bokken GC, Vos JG. 2002. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota against gastrointestinal Listeria monocytogenes infection in rats. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 73:93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00699-7.
255. Depardieu F, Podglajen I, Leclercq R, Collatz E, Courvalin P. 2007. Modes and modulations of antibiotic resistance gene expression. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20:79-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00015-06.
256. Fernandez L, Hancock RE. 2012. Adaptive and mutational resistance: role of porins and efflux pumps in drug resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25:661-681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00043-12.
257. Balaban NQ, Merrin J, Chait R, Kowalik L, Leibler S. 2004. Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch. Science 305:1622-1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099390.
258. Lewis K. 2010. Persister cells. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 64:357-372. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306.
259. Lam EK, Yu L, Wong HP, Wu WK, Shin VY, Tai EK, So WH, Woo PC, Cho CH. 2007. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG enhances gastric ulcer healing in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 565:171-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.050.
260. Deriu E, Liu JZ, Pezeshki M, Edwards RA, Ochoa RJ, Contreras H, Libby SJ, Fang FC, Raffatellu M. 2013. Probiotic bacteria reduce Salmonella typhimurium intestinal colonization by competing for iron. Cell Host Microbe 14:26-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.06.007.
261. Jacobi CA, Malfertheiner P. 2011. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (Mutaflor): new insights into an old probiotic bacterium. Dig. Dis. 29:600-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000333307.
262. Corr SC, Li Y, Riedel CU, O'Toole PW, Hill C, Gahan CG. 2007. Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the antiinfective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:7617-7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700440104.
263. Isolauri E, Kaila M, Arvola T, Majamaa H, Rantala I, Virtanen E, Arvilommi H. 1993. Diet during rotavirus enteritis affects jejunal permeability to macromolecules in suckling rats. Pediatr. Res. 33:548-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199306000-00002.
264. Pant N, Marcotte H, Brussow H, Svensson L, Hammarstrom L. 2007. Effective prophylaxis against rotavirus diarrhea using a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and antibodies. BMC Microbiol. 7:86. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-7-86.
265. Zhang Z, Xiang Y, Li N, Wang B, Ai H, Wang X, Huang L, Zheng Y. 2013. Protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against human rotavirus-induced diarrhoea in a neonatal mouse model. Pathog. Dis. 67:184-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2049-632X.12030.
266. Guerin-Danan C, Meslin JC, Chambard A, Charpilienne A, Relano P, Bouley C, Cohen J, Andrieux C. 2001. Food supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 protects suckling rats from rotavirus-associated diarrhea. J. Nutr. 131:111-117.
267. Preidis GA, Saulnier DM, Blutt SE, Mistretta TA, Riehle KP, Major AM, Venable SF, Barrish JP, Finegold MJ, Petrosino JF, Guerrant RL, Conner ME, Versalovic J. 2012. Host response to probiotics determined by nutritional status of rotavirus-infected neonatal mice. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 55:299-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31 824d2548.
268. Sanders ME, Levy DD. 2011. The science and regulations of probiotic food and supplement product labeling. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1219(Suppl 1):E1-E23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05956.x.
269. Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Braegger C, Goulet O, Koletzko B, Michaelsen KF, Rigo J, Shamir R, Szajewska H, Turck D, Weaver LT, Nutrition ECo. 2004. Probiotic bacteria in dietetic products for infants: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 38:365-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00001.
270. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL, Saxelin M, Barakat S, Gualtieri L, Salminen S. 1992. Survival of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) in human gastrointestinal tract. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37:121-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007 /BF01308354.
271. Millar MR, Bacon C, Smith SL, Walker V, Hall MA. 1993. Enteral feeding of premature infants with Lactobacillus GG. Arch. Dis. Child. 69:483-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.69.5_Spec_No.483.
272. Sheen P, Oberhelman RA, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Verastegui M, Madico G. 1995. A placebo-controlled study of Lactobacillus GG colonization in one-to-three-year-old Peruvian children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52:389-392.
273. Hilton E, Kolakowski P, Singer C, Smith M. 1997. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a diarrheal preventive in travelers. J. Travel Med. 4:41-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00772.x.
274. Alander M, Satokari R, Korpela R, Saxelin M, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Mattila-Sandholm T, von Wright A. 1999. Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:351-354.
275. Dommels YE, Kemperman RA, Zebregs YE, Draaisma RB, Jol A, Wolvers DA, Vaughan EE, Albers R. 2009. Survival of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the human gastrointestinal tract with daily consumption of a low-fat probiotic spread. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:6198-6204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /AEM.01054-09.
276. Tiengrim S, Leelaporn A, Manatsathit S, Thamlikitkul V. 2012. Viability of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) from feces of Thai healthy subjects regularly taking milk product containing LcS. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 95(Suppl 2):S42-S47.
277. Fujimoto J, Matsuki T, Sasamoto M, Tomii Y, Watanabe K. 2008. Identification and quantification of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in human feces with strain-specific primers derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 126:210-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.022.
278. Yuki N, Watanabe K, Mike A, Tagami Y, Tanaka R, Ohwaki M, Morotomi M. 1999. Survival of a probiotic, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, in the gastrointestinal tract: selective isolation from faeces and identification using monoclonal antibodies. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 48: 51-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00029-X.
279. Rochet V, Rigottier-Gois L, Levenez F, Cadiou J, Marteau P, Bresson JL, Goupil-Feillerat N, Dore J. 2008. Modulation of Lactobacillus casei in ileal and fecal samples from healthy volunteers after consumption of a fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001Rif. Can. J. Microbiol. 54:660-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/W08-050.
280. Oozeer R, Leplingard A, Mater DD, Mogenet A, Michelin R, Seksek I, Marteau P, Dore J, Bresson JL, Corthier G. 2006. Survival of Lactobacillus casei in the human digestive tract after consumption of fermented milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5615-5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00722-06.
281. Abrahamsson TR, Sinkiewicz G, Jakobsson T, Fredrikson M, Bjorksten B. 2009. Probiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of life. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 49:349-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818f 091b.
282. Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkanen H, Salo E, Vesikari T. 1997. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16:1103-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002.
283. Holmgren J, Svennerholm AM. 2012. Vaccines against mucosal infections. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 24:343-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2012.03.014.
284. Shaw AR. 2013. The rotavirus saga revisited. Annu. Rev. Med. 64:165-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-121511-093810.
285. Estes MK, Desselberger U. 2012. Rotaviruses: cause of vaccine preventable disease yet many fundamental questions remain to be explored. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2:369-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.002.
286. Greenberg HB, Estes MK. 2009. Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination. Gastroenterology 136:1939-1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076.
287. Soares-Weiser K, Maclehose H, Bergman H, Ben-Aharon I, Nagpal S, Goldberg E, Pitan F, Cunliffe N. 2012. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2:CD008521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008521.
288. Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD, WHO-Coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. 2012. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12:136-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)702 53-5.
289. Vesikari T, Van Damme P, Giaquinto C, Gray J, Mrukowicz J, Dagan R, Guarino A, Szajewska H, Usonis V. 2008. European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition evidence-based recommendations for rotavirus vaccination in Europe. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 46(Suppl 2):S38-S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816f7a10.
290. WHO. 2009. Rotavirus vaccines: an update. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 84: 533-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.102.
291. WHO. 2009. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, October 2009-conclusions and recommendations. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 84:517-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biologic als.2009.12.007.
292. Mrukowicz J, Szajewska H, Vesikari T. 2008. Options for the prevention of rotavirus disease other than vaccination. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 46(Suppl 2):S32-S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318 16f79b0.
293. Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, Hoekstra JH, Shamir R, Szajewska H, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases. 2008. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 46(Suppl 2):S81-S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816f7b16.
294. Menees S, Saad R, Chey WD. 2012. Agents that act luminally to treat diarrhoea and constipation. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9:661-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.162.
295. Willing BP, Russell SL, Finlay BB. 2011. Shifting the balance: antibiotic effects on host-microbiota mutualism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9:233-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2536.
296. Isolauri E, Juntunen M, Rautanen T, Sillanaukee P, Koivula T. 1991. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics 88:90-97.
297. Isolauri E, Kaila M, Mykkanen H, Ling WH, Salminen S. 1994. Oral bacteriotherapy for viral gastroenteritis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 39:2595-2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02087695.
298. Kaila M, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Arvilommi H, Vesikari T. 1995. Viable versus inactivated Lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhoea. Arch. Dis. Child. 72:51-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.72.1.51.
299. Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Vesikari T. 1995. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 20:333-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199504000-00012.
300. Raza S, Graham SM, Allen SJ, Sultana S, Cuevas L, Hart CA. 1995. Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute nonbloody diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14:107-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097 /00006454-199502000-00005.
301. Pant AR, Graham SM, Allen SJ, Harikul S, Sabchareon A, Cuevas L, Hart CA. 1996. Lactobacillus GG and acute diarrhoea in young children in the tropics. J. Trop. Pediatr. 42:162-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093 /tropej/42.3.162.
302. Shornikova AV, Isolauri E, Burkanova L, Lukovnikova S, Vesikari T. 1997. A trial in the Karelian Republic of oral rehydration and LactobacillusGGfor treatment of acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 86:460-465. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08913.x.
303. Rautanen T, Isolauri E, Salo E, Vesikari T. 1998. Management of acute diarrhoea with low osmolarity oral rehydration solutions and Lactobacillus strain GG. Arch. Dis. Child. 79:157-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136 /adc.79.2.157.
304. Oberhelman RA, Gilman RH, Sheen P, Taylor DN, Black RE, Cabrera L, Lescano AG, Meza R, Madico G. 1999. A placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG to prevent diarrhea in undernourished Peruvian children. J. Pediatr. 134:15-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(99) 70366-5.
305. Guandalini S, Pensabene L, Zikri MA, Dias JA, Casali LG, Hoekstra H, Kolacek S, Massar K, Micetic-Turk D, Papadopoulou A, de Sousa JS, Sandhu B, Szajewska H, Weizman Z. 2000. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: a multicenter European trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 30:54-60. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200001000-00018.
306. Canani RB, Cirillo P, Terrin G, Cesarano L, Spagnuolo MI, De Vincenzo A, Albano F, Passariello A, De Marco G, Manguso F, Guarino A. 2007. Probiotics for treatment of acute diarrhoea in children: randomised clinical trial of five different preparations. BMJ 335:340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39272.581736.55.
307. Basu S, Chatterjee M, Ganguly S, Chandra PK. 2007. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in persistent diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41:756-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000248009.47526.ea.
308. Basu S, Paul DK, Ganguly S, Chatterjee M, Chandra PK. 2009. Efficacy of high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute watery diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43:208-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31815a 5780.
309. Parker MW, Schaffzin JK, Lo Vecchio A, Yau C, Vonderhaar K, Guiot A, Brinkman WB, White CM, Simmons JM, Gerhardt WE, Kotagal UR, Conway PH. 2013. Rapid adoption of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for acute gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 131(Suppl 1):S96-S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1427l.
310. Piescik-Lech M, Urbanska M, Szajewska H. 2013. Lactobacillus GG (LGG) and smectite versus LGG alone for acute gastroenteritis: a doubleblind, randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Pediatr. 172:247-253. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1878-2.
311. Szajewska H, Wanke M, Patro B. 2011. Meta-analysis: the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for the prevention of healthcare-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 34:1079-1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04837.x.
312. Szajewska H, Skorka A, Ruszczynski M, Gieruszczak-Bialek D. 2007. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25:871-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03282.x.
313. Basu S, Chatterjee M, Ganguly S, Chandra PK. 2007. Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosusGGin acute watery diarrhoea of Indian children: a randomised controlled trial. J. Paediatr. Child. Health 43:837-842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01201.x.
314. Salazar-Lindo E, Miranda-Langschwager P, Campos-Sanchez M, Chea-Woo E, Sack RB. 2004. Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. BMC Pediatr. 4:18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-4-18.
315. Misra S, Sabui TK, Pal NK. 2009. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in infantile diarrhea. J. Pediatr. 155:129-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.060.
316. Ritchie BK, Brewster DR, Tran CD, Davidson GP, McNeil Y, Butler RN. 2010. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in aboriginal children with acute diarrhoeal disease: a randomised clinical trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 50:619-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181bbf53d.
317. Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Isolauri E, Mykkanen H, Vesikari T. 1997. Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 24:399-404. http://dx.doi.org /10.1097/00005176-199704000-00008.
318. Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A. 2005. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics 115:5-9.
319. Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Ciruzzi F, Indrio F, Masciale A, Fontana C, La Rosa MM, Cavallo L, Francavilla A. 2012. Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 vs. placebo in children with acute diarrhoea-a double-blind study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 36:363-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05180.x.
320. Adams CA. 2010. The probiotic paradox: live and dead cells are biological response modifiers. Nutr. Res. Rev. 23:37-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000090.
321. Sanders ME, Hamilton J, Reid G, Gibson G. 2007. A nonviable preparation of Lactobacillus acidophilus is not a probiotic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44:886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511694.
322. Lahtinen SJ. 18 June 2012. Probiotic viability-does it matter? Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18567.
323. Boulloche J, Mouterde O, Mallet E. 1994. Management of acute diarrhoea in infants and young children: controlled study of the antidiarrhoeal efficacy of killed L. acidophilus (LB Strain) versus a placebo and a reference drug (loperamide). Ann. Pediatr. 41:457-463.
324. Bin LX. 1995. Controlled clinical trial in infants and children comparing Lacteol Fort sachets with two antidiarrhoeal reference drugs Ann. Pediatr. 42:396-401.
325. Simakachorn N, Pichaipat V, Rithipornpaisarn P, Kongkaew C, Tongpradit P, Varavithya W. 2000. Clinical evaluation of the addition of lyophilized, heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 30:68-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-20000100 0-00020.
326. Costa-Ribeiro H, Ribeiro TC, Mattos AP, Valois SS, Neri DA, Almeida P, Cerqueira CM, Ramos E, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA. 2003. Limitations of probiotic therapy in acute, severe dehydrating diarrhea. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 36:112-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/000051 76-200301000-00021.
327. Salazar-Lindo E, Figueroa-Quintanilla D, Caciano MI, Reto-Valiente V, Chauviere G, Colin P. 2007. Effectiveness and safety of Lactobacillus LB in the treatment of mild acute diarrhea in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 44:571-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180 375594.
328. Xiao SD, Zhang DZ, Lu H, Jiang SH, Liu HY, Wang GS, Xu GM, Zhang ZB, Lin GJ, Wang GL. 2003. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea. Adv. Ther. 20:253-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007 /BF02849854.
329. Sanders ME. 2008. Use of probiotics and yogurts in maintenance of health. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42(Suppl 2):S71-S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181621e87.
330. Hojsak I, Abdovic S, Szajewska H, Milosevic M, Krznaric Z, Kolacek S. 2010. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 125:e1171-1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2568.
331. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz JZ, Armanska M, Mikolajczyk W. 2001. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J. Pediatr. 138:361-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.111321.
332. Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R, Mazzaccara A, Gianino P. 2002. Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 35:527-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200210000-00013.
333. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovic S, Szajewska H, Misak Z, Kolacek S. 2010. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care centers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. 29:312-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.09.008.
334. Sur D, Manna B, Niyogi SK, Ramamurthy T, Palit A, Nomoto K, Takahashi T, Shima T, Tsuji H, Kurakawa T, Takeda Y, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK. 2011. Role of probiotic in preventing acute diarrhoea in children: a community-based, randomized, double-blind placebocontrolled field trial in an urban slum. Epidemiol. Infect. 139:919-926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810001780.
335. Guillemard E, Tondu F, Lacoin F, Schrezenmeir J. 2010. Consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 reduces the duration of respiratory infections in the elderly in a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 103:58-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991395.
336. Merenstein D, Murphy M, Fokar A, Hernandez RK, Park H, Nsouli H, Sanders ME, Davis BA, Niborski V, Tondu F, Shara NM. 2010. Use of a fermented dairy probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei (DN-114 001) to decrease the rate of illness in kids: the DRINK study. A patientoriented, double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64:669-677.
337. Pedone CA, Arnaud CC, Postaire ER, Bouley CF, Reinert P. 2000. Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhoea. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 54:568-571.
338. Pedone CA, Bernabeu AO, Postaire ER, Bouley CF, Reinert P. 1999. The effect of supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (strain DN-114 001) on acute diarrhoea in children attending day care centres. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 53:179-184.
339. Wanke M, Szajewska H. 2012. Lack of an effect of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in preventing nosocomial diarrhea in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Pediatr. 161:40-43 e41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.049.
340. Oksanen PJ, Salminen S, Saxelin M, Hamalainen P, Ihantola-Vormisto A, Muurasniemi-Isoviita L, Nikkari S, Oksanen T, Porsti I, Salminen E, et al. 1990. Prevention of travellers' diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG. Ann. Med. 22:53-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853899009 147242.
341. Briand V, Buffet P, Genty S, Lacombe K, Godineau N, Salomon J, Vandemelbrouck E, Ralaimazava P, Goujon C, Matheron S, Fontanet A, Bouchaud O. 2006. Absence of efficacy of nonviable Lactobacillus acidophilus for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:1170-1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508178.
342. Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. 2009. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:526-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2164.
343. Lessa FC, Gould CV, McDonald LC. 2012. Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(Suppl 2):S65-S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis319.
344. Mitchell BG, Gardner A. 2012. Mortality and Clostridium difficile infection: a review. Antimicrob. Res. Infect. Contr. 1:20-26. http://dx.doi.org /10.1186/2047-2994-1-20.
345. Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, Corver J, Fawley WN, Goorhuis B, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH. 2010. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23:529-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00082-09.
346. Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. 2012. The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile. Trends Microbiol. 20:21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.11.003.
347. Wultanska D, Pituch H, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M. 2006. Influence of selected Lactobacillus sp. on Clostridium difficile strains with different toxigenicity profile. Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol. 58:127-133.
348. McFarland LV, Elmer GW. 1997. Pharmaceutical probiotics for the treatment of anaerobic and other infections. Anaerobe 3:73-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anae.1996.0062.
349. Elmer GW. 2001. Probiotics: "living drugs. " Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 58:1101-1109.
350. Surawicz CM. 2003. Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 17:775-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00054-4.
351. Venuto C, Butler M, Ashley ED, Brown J. 2010. Alternative therapies for Clostridium difficile infections. Pharmacotherapy 30:1266-1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.30.12.1266.
352. Johnson S, Maziade PJ, McFarland LV, Trick W, Donskey C, Currie B, Low DE, Goldstein EJ. 2012. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16: e786-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.06.005.
353. Miller M. 2009. The fascination with probiotics for Clostridium difficile infection: lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy. Anaerobe 15:281-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.08.005.
354. McFarland LV. 2006. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101:812-822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x.
355. Ritchie ML, Romanuk TN. 2012. A meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases. PLoS One 7:e34938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034938.
356. Johnston BC, Ma SS, Goldenberg JZ, Thorlund K, Vandvik PO, Loeb M, Guyatt GH. 2012. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 157:878-888. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-12-201212180-00563.
357. Johnston BC, Goldenberg JZ, Vandvik PO, Sun X, Guyatt GH. 2011. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011:CD004827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub2.
358. Gorbach SL, Chang TW, Goldin B. 1987. Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet ii:1519.
359. Biller JA, Katz AJ, Flores AF, Buie TM, Gorbach SL. 1995. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 21:224-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199508000-00016.
360. Arvola T, Laiho K, Torkkeli S, Mykkanen H, Salminen S, Maunula L, Isolauri E. 1999. Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibioticassociated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics 104:e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.5.e64.
361. Pochapin M. 2000. The effect of probiotics on Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95:S11-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(99)00809-6.
362. Thomas MR, Litin SC, Osmon DR, Corr AP, Weaver AL, Lohse CM. 2001. Lack of effect of LactobacillusGGon antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin. Proc. 76:883-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/76.9.883.
363. Hell M, Bernhofer C, Stalzer P, Kern JM, Claassen E. 2013. Probiotics in Clostridium difficile infection: reviewing the need for a multistrain probiotic. Benef. Microbes 4:39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/BM2012.0049.
364. Russell G, Kaplan J, Ferraro M, Michelow IC. 2010. Fecal bacteriotherapy for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in a child: a proposed treatment protocol. Pediatrics 126:e239-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542 /peds.2009-3363.
365. Kassam Z, Lee CH, Yuan Y, Hunt RH. 2013. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108:500-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038 /ajg.2013.59.
366. Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. 2006. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6:374-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9.
367. Piescik-Lech M, Shamir R, Guarino A, Szajewska H. 2013. The management of acute gastroenteritis in children. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 37:289-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.12163.
368. Van Niel CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. 2002. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a metaanalysis. Pediatrics 109:678-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.4.678.
369. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. 2010. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010: CD003048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3.
370. Johnston BC, Supina AL, Vohra S. 2006. Probiotics for pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a meta-analysis of randomized placebocontrolled trials. CMAJ 175:377-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051603.
371. Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo Pariasca NY, Rojas Galarza RA. 2010. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010:CD007401. http://dx.doi.org /10.1002/14651858.CD007401.pub2.
372. Rimbara E, Fischbach LA, Graham DY. 2011. Optimal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8:79-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.210.
373. Felley CP, Corthesy-Theulaz I, Rivero JL, Sipponen P, Kaufmann M, Bauerfeind P, Wiesel PH, Brassart D, Pfeifer A, Blum AL, Michetti P. 2001. Favourable effect of an acidified milk (LC-1) on Helicobacter pylori gastritis in man. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13:25-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200101000-00005.
374. Pantoflickova D, Corthesy-Theulaz I, Dorta G, Stolte M, Isler P, Rochat F, Enslen M, Blum AL. 2003. Favourable effect of regular intake of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus johnsonii on Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 18:805-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01675.x.
375. Gotteland M, Cruchet S. 2003. Suppressive effect of frequent ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in asymptomatic volunteers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:1317-1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg227.
376. Cruchet S, Obregon MC, Salazar G, Diaz E, Gotteland M. 2003. Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children. Nutrition 19:716-721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00109-6.
377. Gotteland M, Andrews M, Toledo M, Munoz L, Caceres P, Anziani A, Wittig E, Speisky H, Salazar G. 2008. Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children. Nutrition 24:421-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.007.
378. Cats A, Kuipers EJ, Bosschaert MA, Pot RG, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Kusters JG. 2003. Effect of frequent consumption of a Lactobacillus casei-containing milk drink in Helicobacter pylori-colonized subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17:429-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01452.x.
379. Sahagun-Flores JE, Lopez-Pena LS, de la Cruz-Ramirez Jaimes J, Garcia-Bravo MS, Peregrina-Gomez R, de Alba-Garcia JE. 2007. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: triple treatment scheme plus Lactobacillus vs. triple treatment alone. Cir. Cir. 75:333-336.
380. Sykora J, Valeckova K, Amlerova J, Siala K, Dedek P, Watkins S, Varvarovska J, Stozicky F, Pazdiora P, Schwarz J. 2005. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 39: 692-698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000173855.77191.44.
381. Canducci F, Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Cammarota G, Bartolozzi F, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. 2000. A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:1625-1629. http://dx.doi.org /10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00885.x.
382. Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Ojetti V, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, Santarelli L, Cammarota G, De Lorenzo A, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. 2001. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a pilot study. Digestion 63:1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000051865.
383. Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Covino M, Armuzzi A, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, Nista EC, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. 2002. Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-Helicobacter pylori therapyrelated side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97:2744-2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07063.x.
384. Myllyluoma E, Veijola L, Ahlroos T, Tynkkynen S, Kankuri E, Vapaatalo H, Rautelin H, Korpela R. 2005. Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy-a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21:1263-1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02448.x.
385. Szajewska H, Albrecht P, Topczewska-Cabanek A. 2009. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 48:431-436. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318182e716.
386. Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, Magista AM, Maurogiovanni G, Bucci N, De Canio A, Indrio F, Cavallo L, Ierardi E, Miniello VL. 2008. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection in humans by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and effect on eradication therapy: a pilot study. Helicobacter 13:127-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00593.x.
387. De Francesco V, Stoppino V, Sgarro C, Faleo D. 2000. Lactobacillus acidophilus administration added to omeprazole/amoxycillin-based double therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig. Liver Dis. 32:746-747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(00)80343-6.
388. Gotteland M, Poliak L, Cruchet S, Brunser O. 2005. Effect of regular ingestion of Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin or Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in children colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Acta Paediatr. 94: 1747-1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01848.x.
389. Teusink B, Smid EJ. 2006. Modelling strategies for the industrial exploitation of lactic acid bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:46-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1319.
390. Spurbeck RR, Arvidson CG. 2011. Lactobacilli at the front line of defense against vaginally acquired infections. Future Microbiol. 6:567-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.11.36.
391. Shanahan F, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C. 2009. Pharmabiotics: bioactives from mining host-microbe-dietary interactions. Funct. Food Rev. 1:20-25.
392. Beceiro A, Tomas M, Bou G. 2013. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world? Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26:185-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00059-12.
393. Orman MA, Brynildsen MP. 2013. Dormancy is not necessary or sufficient for bacterial persistence. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57:3230-3239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00243-13.
394. Seo MD, Won HS, Kim JH, Mishig-Ochir T, Lee BJ. 2012. Antimicrobial peptides for therapeutic applications: a review. Molecules 17:12276-12286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules171012276.
395. Gallo RL, Hooper LV. 2012. Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12:503-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3228.
396. Brogden KA. 2005. Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:238-250. http://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nrmicro1098.
397. Bush K, Courvalin P, Dantas G, Davies J, Eisenstein B, Huovinen P, Jacoby GA, Kishony R, Kreiswirth BN, Kutter E, Lerner SA, Levy S, Lewis K, Lomovskaya O, Miller JH, Mobashery S, Piddock LJ, Projan S, Thomas CM, Tomasz A, Tulkens PM, Walsh TR, Watson JD, Witkowski J, Witte W, Wright G, Yeh P, Zgurskaya HI. 2011. Tackling antibiotic resistance. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9:894-896. http://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nrmicro2693.
398. Klaenhammer TR, Barrangou R, Buck BL, Azcarate-Peril MA, Altermann E. 2005. Genomic features of lactic acid bacteria effecting bioprocessing and health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:393-409. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.fmrre.2005.04.007.
399. Ventura M, O'Flaherty S, Claesson MJ, Turroni F, Klaenhammer TR, van Sinderen D, O'Toole PW. 2009. Genome-scale analyses of healthpromoting bacteria: probiogenomics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7:61-71. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2047.
400. Klaenhammer TR, Altermann E, Pfeiler E, Buck BL, Goh YJ, O'Flaherty S, Barrangou R, Duong T. 2008. Functional genomics of probiotic lactobacilli. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42(Suppl 3):S160-S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31817da140.
401. Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. 2008. Genes and molecules of lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72:728-764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00017-08.
402. Sybesma W, Molenaar D, van Ijcken W, Venema K, Kort R. 2013. Genome instability in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:2233-2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03566-12.
403. Douillard FP, Ribbera A, Jarvinen HM, Kant R, Pietila TE, Randazzo C, Paulin L, Laine PK, Caggia C, von Ossowski I, Reunanen J, Satokari R, Salminen S, Palva A, de Vos WM. 2013. Comparative genomic and functional analysis of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains marketed as probiotics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:1923-1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03467-12.
404. Pridmore RD, Berger B, Desiere F, Vilanova D, Barretto C, Pittet AC, Zwahlen MC, Rouvet M, Altermann E, Barrangou R, Mollet B, Mercenier A, Klaenhammer T, Arigoni F, Schell MA. 2004. The genome sequence of the probiotic intestinal bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:2512-2517. http://dx.doi.org /10.1073/pnas.0307327101.
405. Boekhorst J, Siezen RJ, Zwahlen MC, Vilanova D, Pridmore RD, Mercenier A, Kleerebezem M, de Vos WM, Brussow H, Desiere F. 2004. The complete genomes of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus johnsonii reveal extensive differences in chromosome organization and gene content. Microbiology 150:3601-3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27392-0.
406. Denou E, Pridmore RD, Berger B, Panoff JM, Arigoni F, Brussow H. 2008. Identification of genes associated with the long-gut-persistence phenotype of the probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii strain NCC533 using a combination of genomics and transcriptome analysis. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3161-3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01637-07.
407. Denou E, Berger B, Barretto C, Panoff JM, Arigoni F, Brussow H. 2007. Gene expression of commensal Lactobacillus johnsonii strain NCC533 during in vitro growth and in the murine gut. J. Bacteriol. 189: 8109-8119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00991-07.
408. Yasuda E, Serata M, Sako T. 2008. Suppressive effect on activation of macrophages by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota genes determining the synthesis of cell wall-associated polysaccharides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:4746-4755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00412-08.
409. Lebeer S, Verhoeven TL, Perea Velez M, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. 2007. Impact of environmental and genetic factors on biofilm formation by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6768-6775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01393-07.
410. Lebeer S, Verhoeven TL, Francius G, Schoofs G, Lambrichts I, Dufrene Y, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. 2009. Identification of a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of a long, galactose-rich exopolysaccharide in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and functional analysis of the priming glycosyltransferase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:3554-3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02919-08.
411. Sonnenburg JL, Chen CT, Gordon JI. 2006. Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biol. 4:e413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040413.
412. Ganzle MG, Holtzel A, Walter J, Jung G, Hammes WP. 2000. Characterization of reutericyclin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4325-4333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128 /AEM.66.10.4325-4333.2000.
413. Riboulet-Bisson E, Sturme MH, Jeffery IB, O'Donnell MM, Neville BA, Forde BM, Claesson MJ, Harris H, Gardiner GE, Casey PG, Lawlor PG, O'Toole PW, Ross RP. 2012. Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteriocin Abp118 on the mouse and pig intestinal microbiota. PLoS One 7:e31113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031113.