Sphingosine Kinases: Biochemistry, Regulation, and Roles

Lysophospholipid Receptors: Signaling and Biochemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 153-183

  Pitman, Melissa R ^a   Jarman, Kate E ^a   Leclercq, Tamara M ^a   Pham, Duyen H ^a,b   Pitson, Stuart M ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR CANCER BIOLOGY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

DGK, nucleotide binding pathophysiology; SPHK isoform characteristics; SphK, biochemistry, regulation, roles; SphK, subcellular transcription; SphKs, bioactive S1P formation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886568307     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118531426.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (196)

1. Hannun YA, Obeid LM. 2008. Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:139-150.
2. Pyne NJ, Pyne S. 2010. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 10:489-503.
3. Maceyka M, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: the Swiss army knife of sphingolipid signaling. J Lipid Res 50 Suppl:S272-S276.
4. Strub GM, Maceyka M, Hait NC, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2010. Extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Adv Exp Med Biol 688: 141-155.
5. Pitson SM. 2011. Regulation of sphingosine kinase and sphingolipid signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 36:97-107.
6. Melendez AJ, Carlos-Dias E, Gosink M, Allen JM, Takacs L. 2000. Human sphingosine kinase: molecular cloning, functional characterization and tissue distribution. Gene 251:19-26.
7. Liu H, Sugiura M, Nava VE, Edsall LC, Kono K, et al. 2000. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel mammalian sphingosine kinase type 2 isoform. J Biol Chem 275:19513-19520.
8. Marchesini N, Hannun YA. 2004. Acid and neutral sphingomyelinases: roles and mechanisms of regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 82:27-44.
9. Raas-Rothschild A, Pankova-Kholmyansky I, Kacher Y, Futerman AH. 2004. Glycosphingolipidoses: beyond the enzymatic defect. Glycoconj J 21:295-304.
10. Mao C, Obeid LM. 2008. Ceramidases: regulators of cellular responses mediated by ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1781:424-434.
11. Bandhuvula P, Saba JD. 2007. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase in immunity and cancer: silencing the siren. Trends Mol Med 13:210-217.
12. Pyne S, Kong KC, Darroch PI. 2004. Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate biology: the role of lipid phosphate phosphatases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 15:491-501.
13. Cuvillier O, Ader I, Bouquerel P, Brizuela L, Malavaud B, et al. 2010. Activation of sphingosine kinase-1 in cancer: implications for therapeutic targeting. Curr Mol Pharmacol 3:53-65.
14. Pitman MR, Pitson SM. 2010. Inhibitors of the sphingosine kinase pathway as potential therapeutics. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 10:354-367.
15. Pitson SM, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, Xia P, Gamble JR, et al. 2000. Expression of a catalytically inactive sphingosine kinase mutant blocks agonist-induced sphingosine kinase activation. A dominant-negative sphingosine kinase. J Biol Chem 275:33945-33950.
16. Pitson SM, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, Zareie R, Derian CK, et al. 2002. The nucleotidebinding site of human sphingosine kinase 1. J Biol Chem 277:49545-49553.
17. Bakali HM, Herman MD, Johnson KA, Kelly AA, Wieslander A, et al. 2007. Crystal structure of YegS, a homologue to the mammalian diacylglycerol kinases, reveals a novel regulatory metal binding site. J Biol Chem 282:19644-19652.
18. Nichols CE, Lamb HK, Lockyer M, Charles IG, Pyne S, et al. 2007. Characterization of Salmonella typhimurium YegS, a putative lipid kinase homologous to eukaryotic sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinases. Proteins 68:13-25.
19. Miller DJ, Jerga A, Rock CO, White SW. 2008. Analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus DgkB structure reveals a common catalytic mechanism for the soluble diacylglycerol kinases. Structure 16:1036-1046.
20. Yokota S, Taniguchi Y, Kihara A, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y. 2004. Asp177 in C4 domain of mouse sphingosine kinase 1a is important for the sphingosine recognition. FEBS Lett 578:106-110.
21. Kohama T, Olivera A, Edsall L, Nagiec MM, Dickson R, Spiegel S. 1998. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of murine sphingosine kinase. J Biol Chem 273:23722-23728.
22. Nava VE, Lacana E, Poulton S, Liu H, Sugiura M, et al. 2000. Functional characterization of human sphingosine kinase-1. FEBS Lett 473:81-84.
23. Pitson SM, D'Andrea RJ, Vandeleur L, Moretti PA, Xia P, et al. 2000. Human sphingosine kinase: purification, molecular cloning and characterization of the native and recombinant enzymes. Biochem J 350(Pt 2):429-441.
24. Roberts JL, Moretti PA, Darrow AL, Derian CK, Vadas MA, Pitson SM. 2004. An assay for sphingosine kinase activity using biotinylated sphingosine and streptavidin-coated membranes. Anal Biochem 331:122-129.
25. Billich A, Bornancin F, Devay P, Mechtcheriakova D, Urtz N, Baumruker T. 2003. Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases. J Biol Chem 278:47408-47415.
26. Paugh SW, Payne SG, Barbour SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2003. The immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2. FEBS Lett 554:189-193.
27. Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, et al. 2003. Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. J Biol Chem 278: 47281-47290.
28. Allende ML, Sasaki T, Kawai H, Olivera A, Mi Y, et al. 2004. Mice deficient in sphingosine kinase 1 are rendered lymphopenic by FTY720. J Biol Chem 279: 52487-52492.
29. Kharel Y, Lee S, Snyder AH, Sheasley-O'neill SL, Morris MA, et al. 2005. Sphingosine kinase 2 is required for modulation of lymphocyte traffic by FTY720. J Biol Chem 280:36865-36872.
30. Mizugishi K, Yamashita T, Olivera A, Miller GF, Spiegel S, Proia RL. 2005. Essential role for sphingosine kinases in neural and vascular development. Mol Cell Biol 25:11113-11121.
31. Taha TA, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. 2006. Sphingosine kinase: biochemical and cellular regulation and role in disease. J Biochem Mol Biol 39:113-131.
32. Lai WQ, Irwan AW, Goh HH, Melendez AJ, McInnes IB, Leung BP. 2009. Distinct roles of sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 in murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 183:2097-2103.
33. Jo SK, Bajwa A, Ye H, Vergis AL, Awad AS, et al. 2009. Divergent roles of sphingosine kinases in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 75:167-175.
34. Wadgaonkar R, Patel V, Grinkina N, Romano C, Liu J, et al. 2009. Differential regulation of sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 in lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 296:L603-L613.
35. Oskeritzian CA, Alvarez SE, Hait NC, Price MM, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2008. Distinct roles of sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 in human mast-cell functions. Blood 111:4193-4200.
36. Maceyka M, Sankala H, Hait NC, Le Stunff H, Liu H, et al. 2005. SphK1 and SphK2, sphingosine kinase isoenzymes with opposing functions in sphingolipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 280:37118-37129.
37. Hofmann LP, Ren S, Schwalm S, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2008. Sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 regulate the capacity of mesangial cells to resist apoptotic stimuli in an opposing manner. Biol Chem 389:1399-1407.
38. Okada T, Ding G, Sonoda H, Kajimoto T, Haga Y, et al. 2005. Involvement of N-terminal-extended form of sphingosine kinase 2 in serum-dependent regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 280:36318-36325.
39. Nemoto S, Nakamura M, Osawa Y, Kono S, Itoh Y, et al. 2009. Sphingosine kinase isoforms regulate oxaliplatin sensitivity of human colon cancer cells through ceramide accumulation and Akt activation. J Biol Chem 284:10422-10432.
40. Sankala HM, Hait NC, Paugh SW, Shida D, Lepine S, et al. 2007. Involvement of sphingosine kinase 2 in p53-independent induction of p21 by the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Cancer Res 67:10466-10474.
41. Schnitzer SE, Weigert A, Zhou J, Brune B. 2009. Hypoxia enhances sphingosine kinase 2 activity and provokes sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated chemoresistance in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 7:393-401.
42. Weigert A, Schiffmann S, Sekar D, Ley S, Menrad H, et al. 2009. Sphingosine kinase 2 deficient tumor xenografts show impaired growth and fail to polarize macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Int J Cancer 125: 2114-2121.
43. Wattenberg BW, Pitson SM, Raben DM. 2006. The sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinase superfamily of signaling kinases: localization as a key to signaling function. J Lipid Res 47:1128-1139.
44. Raben DM, Wattenberg BW. 2009. Signaling at the membrane interface by the DGK/SK enzyme family. J Lipid Res 50 Suppl:S35-S39.
45. Pitson SM, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, Lynn HE, Xia P, et al. 2003. Activation of sphingosine kinase 1 by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation. EMBO J 22: 5491-5500.
46. Johnson KR, Becker KP, Facchinetti MM, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. 2002. PKCdependent activation of sphingosine kinase 1 and translocation to the plasma membrane. Extracellular release of sphingosine-1-phosphate induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). J Biol Chem 277:35257-35262.
47. Igarashi N, Okada T, Hayashi S, Fujita T, Jahangeer S, Nakamura S. 2003. Sphingosine kinase 2 is a nuclear protein and inhibits DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 278:46832-46839.
48. Pitson SM, Xia P, Leclercq TM, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, et al. 2005. Phosphorylationdependent translocation of sphingosine kinase to the plasma membrane drives its oncogenic signalling. J Exp Med 201:49-54.
49. Siow DL, Anderson CD, Berdyshev EV, Skobeleva A, Pitson SM, Wattenberg BW. 2010. Intracellular localization of sphingosine kinase 1 alters access to substrate pools but does not affect the degradative fate of sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Lipid Res 51:2546-2559.
50. Venkataraman K, Thangada S, Michaud J, Oo ML, Ai Y, et al. 2006. Extracellular export of sphingosine kinase-1a contributes to the vascular S1P gradient. Biochem J 397:461-471.
51. Alemany R, van Koppen CJ, Danneberg K, Ter Braak M, Meyer Zu Heringdorf D. 2007. Regulation and functional roles of sphingosine kinases. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 374:413-428.
52. Clair T, Aoki J, Koh E, Bandle RW, Nam SW, et al. 2003. Autotaxin hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphorylcholine to produce the regulator of migration, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cancer Res 63:5446-5453.
53. Nakanaga K, Hama K, Aoki J. 2010. Autotaxin--an LPA producing enzyme with diverse functions. J Biochem 148:13-24.
54. Spiegel S, Cuvillier O, Edsall LC, Kohama T, Menzeleev R, et al. 1998. Sphingosine-1-phosphate in cell growth and cell death. Ann N Y Acad Sci 845:11-18.
55. Mitra P, Oskeritzian CA, Payne SG, Beaven MA, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2006. Role of ABCC1 in export of sphingosine-1-phosphate from mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:16394-16399.
56. Kobayashi N, Nishi T, Hirata T, Kihara A, Sano T, et al. 2006. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is released from the cytosol of rat platelets in a carrier-mediated manner. J Lipid Res 47:614-621.
57. Sato K, Malchinkhuu E, Horiuchi Y, Mogi C, Tomura H, et al. 2007. Critical role of ABCA1 transporter in sphingosine 1-phosphate release from astrocytes. J Neurochem 103:2610-2619.
58. Okajima F. 2002. Plasma lipoproteins behave as carriers of extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate: is this an atherogenic mediator or an anti-atherogenic mediator? Biochim Biophys Acta 1582:132-137.
59. Pappu R, Schwab SR, Cornelissen I, Pereira JP, Regard JB, et al. 2007. Promotion of lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph by distinct sources of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Science 316:295-298.
60. Yatomi Y, Ozaki Y, Ohmori T, Igarashi Y. 2001. Sphingosine 1-phosphate: synthesis and release. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 64:107-122.
61. Venkataraman K, Lee YM, Michaud J, Thangada S, Ai Y, et al. 2008. Vascular endothelium as a contributor of plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate. Circ Res 102: 669-676.
62. Rivera J, Proia RL, Olivera A. 2008. The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8:753-763.
63. Rosen H, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Sanna MG, Brown S. 2009. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 78:743-768.
64. Hait NC, Allegood J, Maceyka M, Strub GM, Harikumar KB, et al. 2009. Regulation of histone acetylation in the nucleus by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Science 325:1254-1257.
65. Alvarez SE, Harikumar KB, Hait NC, Allegood J, Strub GM, et al. 2010. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a missing cofactor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2. Nature 465:1084-1088.
66. Strub GM, Paillard M, Liang J, Gomez L, Allegood JC, et al. 2010. Sphingosine-1-phosphate produced by sphingosine kinase 2 in mitochondria interacts with prohibitin 2 to regulate complex IV assembly and respiration. FASEB J 25: 600-612.
67. Melendez AJ. 2008. Sphingosine kinase signalling in immune cells: potential as novel therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1784:66-75.
68. Jolly PS, Rosenfeldt HM, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2002. The roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate in asthma. Mol Immunol 38:1239-1245.
69. Puneet P, Yap CT, Wong L, Lam Y, Koh DR, et al. 2010. SphK1 regulates proinflammatory responses associated with endotoxin and polymicrobial sepsis. Science 328:1290-1294.
70. Olivera A, Kohama T, Edsall L, Nava V, Cuvillier O, et al. 1999. Sphingosine kinase expression increases intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate and promotes cell growth and survival. J Cell Biol 147:545-558.
71. Xia P, Gamble JR, Wang L, Pitson SM, Moretti PA, et al. 2000. An oncogenic role of sphingosine kinase. Curr Biol 10:1527-1530.
72. French KJ, Schrecengost RS, Lee BD, Zhuang Y, Smith SN, et al. 2003. Discovery and evaluation of inhibitors of human sphingosine kinase. Cancer Res 63: 5962-5969.
73. Bayerl MG, Bruggeman RD, Conroy EJ, Hengst JA, King TS, et al. 2008. Sphingosine kinase 1 protein and mRNA are overexpressed in non-Hodgkin lymphomas and are attractive targets for novel pharmacological interventions. Leuk Lymphoma 49:948-954.
74. Johnson KR, Johnson KY, Crellin HG, Ogretmen B, Boylan AM, et al. 2005. Immunohistochemical distribution of sphingosine kinase 1 in normal and tumor lung tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 53:1159-1166.
75. Kawamori T, Osta W, Johnson KR, Pettus BJ, Bielawski J, et al. 2006. Sphingosine kinase 1 is up-regulated in colon carcinogenesis. FASEB J 20:386-388.
76. Malavaud B, Pchejetski D, Mazerolles C, de Paiva GR, Calvet C, et al. 2010. Sphingosine kinase-1 activity and expression in human prostate cancer resection specimens. Eur J Cancer 46:3417-3424.
77. Van Brocklyn JR, Jackson CA, Pearl DK, Kotur MS, Snyder PJ, Prior TW. 2005. Sphingosine kinase-1 expression correlates with poor survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: roles of sphingosine kinase isoforms in growth of glioblastoma cell lines. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64:695-705.
78. Li J, Guan HY, Gong LY, Song LB, Zhang N, et al. 2008. Clinical significance of sphingosine kinase-1 expression in human astrocytomas progression and overall patient survival. Clin Cancer Res 14:6996-7003.
79. Ruckhaberle E, Rody A, Engels K, Gaetje R, von Minckwitz G, et al. 2008. Microarray analysis of altered sphingolipid metabolism reveals prognostic significance of sphingosine kinase 1 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112:41-52.
80. Li W, Yu CP, Xia JT, Zhang L, Weng GX, et al. 2009. Sphingosine kinase 1 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor survival of patients. Clin Cancer Res 15:1393-1399.
81. Liu G, Zheng H, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Xiong H, et al. 2010. Overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 is associated with salivary gland carcinoma progression and might be a novel predictive marker for adjuvant therapy. BMC Cancer 10:495.
82. Facchinetti MM, Gandini NA, Fermento ME, Sterin-Speziale NB, Ji Y, et al. 2010. The expression of sphingosine kinase-1 in head and neck carcinoma. Cells Tissues Organs 192:314-324.
83. Sinha UK, Schorn VJ, Hochstim C, Chinn SB, Zhu S, Masood R. 2011. Increased radiation sensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with sphingosine kinase 1 inhibition. Head Neck 33:178-188.
84. Kohno M, Momoi M, Oo ML, Paik JH, Lee YM, et al. 2006. Intracellular role for sphingosine kinase 1 in intestinal adenoma cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 26: 7211-7223.
85. Kawamori T, Kaneshiro T, Okumura M, Maalouf S, Uflacker A, et al. 2009. Role for sphingosine kinase 1 in colon carcinogenesis. FASEB J 23:405-414.
86. Sobue S, Nemoto S, Murakami M, Ito H, Kimura A, et al. 2008. Implications of sphingosine kinase 1 expression level for the cellular sphingolipid rheostat: relevance as a marker for daunorubicin sensitivity of leukemia cells. Int J Hematol 87:266-275.
87. Le Scolan E, Pchejetski D, Banno Y, Denis N, Mayeux P, et al. 2005. Overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 is an oncogenic event in erythroleukemic progression. Blood 106:1808-1816.
88. Li QF, Huang WR, Duan HF, Wang H, Wu CT, Wang LS. 2007. Sphingosine kinase-1 mediates BCR/ABL-induced upregulation of Mcl-1 in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncogene 26:7904-7908.
89. Paugh SW, Paugh BS, Rahmani M, Kapitonov D, Almenara JA, et al. 2008. A selective sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor integrates multiple molecular therapeutic targets in human leukemia. Blood 112:1382-1391.
90. Baran Y, Salas A, Senkal CE, Gunduz U, Bielawski J, et al. 2007. Alterations of ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate rheostat involved in the regulation of resistance to imatinib-induced apoptosis in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 282:10922-10934.
91. Bonhoure E, Lauret A, Barnes DJ, Martin C, Malavaud B, et al. 2008. Sphingosine kinase-1 is a downstream regulator of imatinib-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 22:971-979.
92. Bonhoure E, Pchejetski D, Aouali N, Morjani H, Levade T, et al. 2006. Overcoming MDR-associated chemoresistance in HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia cells by targeting sphingosine kinase-1. Leukemia 20:5-102.
93. Ricci C, Onida F, Servida F, Radaelli F, Saporiti G, et al. 2009. In vitro antileukaemia activity of sphingosine kinase inhibitor. Br J Haematol 144:350-357.
94. Leclercq TM, Pitson SM. 2006. Cellular signalling by sphingosine kinase and sphingosine 1-phosphate. IUBMB Life 58:467-472.
95. Xia P, Wang L, Moretti PA, Albanese N, Chai F, et al. 2002. Sphingosine kinase interacts with TRAF2 and dissects tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling. J Biol Chem 277:7996-8003.
96. Mastrandrea LD, Sessanna SM, Laychock SG. 2005. Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingosine-1 phosphate production in rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 cells: response to cytokines. Diabetes 54:1429-1436.
97. Olivera A, Spiegel S. 1993. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as second messenger in cell proliferation induced by PDGF and FCS mitogens. Nature 365:557-560.
98. Pebay A, Wong RC, Pitson SM, Wolvetang EJ, Peh GS, et al. 2005. Essential roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate and platelet-derived growth factor in the maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 23:1541-1548.
99. Shu X, Wu W, Mosteller RD, Broek D. 2002. Sphingosine kinase mediates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of ras and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Cell Biol 22:7758-7768.
100. Hait NC, Sarkar S, Le Stunff H, Mikami A, Maceyka M, et al. 2005. Role of sphingosine kinase 2 in cell migration toward epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 280:29462-29469.
101. Rius RA, Edsall LC, Spiegel S. 1997. Activation of sphingosine kinase in pheochromocytoma PC12 neuronal cells in response to trophic factors. FEBS Lett 417:173-176.
102. Meyer Zu Heringdorf D, Lass H, Kuchar I, Lipinski M, Alemany R, et al. 2001. Stimulation of intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate production by G-proteincoupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 414:145-154.
103. Ramos JW. 2008. The regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2707-2719.
104. Barr RK, Lynn HE, Moretti PA, Khew-Goodall Y, Pitson SM. 2008. Deactivation of sphingosine kinase 1 by protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 283: 34994-35002.
105. Pitman MR, Barr RK, Gliddon BL, Magarey AM, Moretti PA, Pitson SM. 2011. A critical role for the protein phosphatase 2A B'alpha regulatory subunit in dephosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 43:342-347.
106. Arnold HK, Sears RC. 2008. A tumor suppressor role for PP2A-B56alpha through negative regulation of c-Myc and other key oncoproteins. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27:147-158.
107. Kim EK, Choi EJ. 2010. Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1802:396-405.
108. Rosenfeldt HM, Hobson JP, Maceyka M, Olivera A, Nava VE, et al. 2001. EDG-1 links the PDGF receptor to Src and focal adhesion kinase activation leading to lamellipodia formation and cell migration. FASEB J 15:2649-2659.
109. Toman RE, Payne SG, Watterson KR, Maceyka M, Lee NH, et al. 2004. Differential transactivation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors modulates NGF-induced neurite extension. J Cell Biol 166:381-392.
110. El-Shewy HM, Johnson KR, Lee MH, Jaffa AA, Obeid LM, Luttrell LM. 2006. Insulin-like growth factors mediate heterotrimeric G protein-dependent ERK1/2 activation by transactivating sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem 281:31399-31407.
111. Jolly PS, Bektas M, Olivera A, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Proia RL, et al. 2004. Transactivation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors by FcepsilonRI triggering is required for normal mast cell degranulation and chemotaxis. J Exp Med 199: 959-970.
112. Young KW, Willets JM, Parkinson MJ, Bartlett P, Spiegel S, et al. 2003. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent translocation of sphingosine kinase: role in plasma membrane relocation but not activation. Cell Calcium 33:119-128.
113. Sutherland CM, Moretti PA, Hewitt NM, Bagley CJ, Vadas MA, Pitson SM. 2006. The calmodulin-binding site of sphingosine kinase and its role in agonistdependent translocation of sphingosine kinase 1 to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 281:11693-11701.
114. Delon C, Manifava M, Wood E, Thompson D, Krugmann S, et al. 2004. Sphingosine kinase 1 is an intracellular effector of phosphatidic acid. J Biol Chem 279: 44763-44774.
115. Stahelin RV, Hwang JH, Kim JH, Park ZY, Johnson KR, et al. 2005. The mechanism of membrane targeting of human sphingosine kinase 1. J Biol Chem 280: 43030-43038.
116. Jarman KE, Moretti PA, Zebol JR, Pitson SM. 2010. Translocation of sphingosine kinase 1 to the plasma membrane is mediated by calcium-and integrin-binding protein 1. J Biol Chem 285:483-492.
117. Meyer T, York JD. 1999. Calcium-myristoyl switches turn on new lights. Nat Cell Biol 1:E93-E95.
118. Spiegel S, Milstien S. 2003. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:397-407.
119. Maceyka M, Alvarez SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2008. Filamin A links sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 at lamellipodia to orchestrate cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 28:5687-5697.
120. Fujita T, Okada T, Hayashi S, Jahangeer S, Miwa N, Nakamura S. 2004. Deltacatenin/NPRAP (neural plakophilin-related armadillo repeat protein) interacts with and activates sphingosine kinase 1. Biochem J 382:717-723.
121. Urtz N, Olivera A, Bofill-Cardona E, Csonga R, Billich A, et al. 2004. Early activation of sphingosine kinase in mast cells and recruitment to FcepsilonRI are mediated by its interaction with Lyn kinase. Mol Cell Biol 24:8765-8777.
122. Olivera A, Urtz N, Mizugishi K, Yamashita Y, Gilfillan AM, et al. 2006. IgEdependent activation of sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 and secretion of sphingosine 1-phosphate requires Fyn kinase and contributes to mast cell responses. J Biol Chem 281:2515-2525.
123. Leclercq TM, Moretti PA, Vadas MA, Pitson SM. 2008. Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A interacts with sphingosine kinase and directly enhances its catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 283:9606-9614.
124. Abbott CM, Proud CG. 2004. Translation factors: in sickness and in health. Trends Biochem Sci 29:25-31.
125. Ejiri S. 2002. Moonlighting functions of polypeptide elongation factor 1: from actin bundling to zinc finger protein R1-associated nuclear localization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1-21.
126. Al-Maghrebi M, Anim JT, Olalu AA. 2005. Up-regulation of eukaryotic elongation factor-1 subunits in breast carcinoma. Anticancer Res 25:2573-2577.
127. Andersen GR, Nissen P, Nyborg J. 2003. Elongation factors in protein biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 28:434-441.
128. Leclercq TM, Moretti PA, Pitson SM. 2011. Guanine nucleotides regulate sphingosine kinase 1 activation by eukaryotic elongation factor 1A and provide a mechanism for eEF1A-associated oncogenesis. Oncogene 30:372-378.
129. Lacana E, Maceyka M, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2002. Cloning and characterization of a protein kinase A anchoring protein (AKAP)-related protein that interacts with and regulates sphingosine kinase 1 activity. J Biol Chem 277:32947-32953.
130. Maceyka M, Nava VE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2004. Aminoacylase 1 is a sphingosine kinase 1-interacting protein. FEBS Lett 568:30-34.
131. Fukuda Y, Aoyama Y, Wada A, Igarashi Y. 2004. Identification of PECAM-1 association with sphingosine kinase 1 and its regulation by agonist-induced phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1636:12-21.
132. Sun J, Yan G, Ren A, You B, Liao JK. 2006. FHL2/SLIM3 decreases cardiomyocyte survival by inhibitory interaction with sphingosine kinase-1. Circ Res 99: 468-476.
133. Hayashi H, Nakagami H, Takami Y, Koriyama H, Mori M, et al. 2009. FHL-2 suppresses VEGF-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt activation via interaction with sphingosine kinase-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:909-914.
134. Hait NC, Bellamy A, Milstien S, Kordula T, Spiegel S. 2007. Sphingosine kinase type 2 activation by ERK-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 282: 12058-12065.
135. Ding G, Sonoda H, Yu H, Kajimoto T, Goparaju SK, et al. 2007. Protein kinase D-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear export of sphingosine kinase 2. J Biol Chem 282:27493-27502.
136. Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Gerber SA, Gygi SP. 2007. Large-scale phosphorylation analysis of mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1488-1493.
137. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, et al. 2008. A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 10762-10767.
138. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, et al. 2008. Kinaseselective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell 31:438-448.
139. Don AS, Rosen H. 2009. A lipid binding domain in sphingosine kinase 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 380:87-92.
140. Shida D, Fang X, Kordula T, Takabe K, Lepine S, et al. 2008. Cross-talk between LPA1 and epidermal growth factor receptors mediates up-regulation of sphingosine kinase 1 to promote gastric cancer cell motility and invasion. Cancer Res 68:6569-6577.
141. Sukocheva OA, Wang L, Albanese N, Pitson SM, Vadas MA, Xia P. 2003. Sphingosine kinase transmits estrogen signaling in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 17:2002-2012.
142. Doll F, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2007. Prolactin upregulates sphingosine kinase-1 expression and activity in the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 and triggers enhanced proliferation and migration. Endocr Relat Cancer 14:325-335.
143. Doll F, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2005. The epidermal growth factor stimulates sphingosine kinase-1 expression and activity in the human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF7. Biochim Biophys Acta 1738:72-81.
144. Kleuser B, Maceyka M, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2001. Stimulation of nuclear sphingosine kinase activity by platelet-derived growth factor. FEBS Lett 503:85-90.
145. Sobue S, Hagiwara K, Banno Y, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Suzuki M, et al. 2005. Transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is the main regulator of nerve growth factor-induced sphingosine kinase 1 gene expression of the rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. J Neurochem 95:940-949.
146. Nakade Y, Banno Y, T-Koizumi K, Hagiwara K, Sobue S, et al. 2003. Regulation of sphingosine kinase 1 gene expression by protein kinase C in a human leukemia cell line, MEG-O1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1635:104-116.
147. Huwiler A, Doll F, Ren S, Klawitter S, Greening A, et al. 2006. Histamine increases sphingosine kinase-1 expression and activity in the human arterial endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 by a PKC-alpha-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1761:367-376.
148. Klawitter S, Hofmann LP, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2007. Extracellular nucleotides induce migration of renal mesangial cells by upregulating sphingosine kinase-1 expression and activity. Br J Pharmacol 150:271-280.
149. Paugh BS, Bryan L, Paugh SW, Wilczynska KM, Alvarez SM, et al. 2009. Interleukin-1 regulates the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 in glioblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 284:3408-3417.
150. Murakami M, Ichihara M, Sobue S, Kikuchi R, Ito H, et al. 2007. RET signalinginduced SPHK1 gene expression plays a role in both GDNF-induced differentiation and MEN2-type oncogenesis. J Neurochem 102:1585-1594.
151. Schwalm S, Doll F, Romer I, Bubnova S, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2008. Sphingosine kinase-1 is a hypoxia-regulated gene that stimulates migration of human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 368:1020-1025.
152. Ahmad M, Long JS, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. 2006. The effect of hypoxia on lipid phosphate receptor and sphingosine kinase expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in human pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 79:278-286.
153. Anelli V, Gault CR, Cheng AB, Obeid LM. 2008. Sphingosine kinase 1 is upregulated during hypoxia in U87MG glioma cells. Role of hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 283:3365-3375.
154. Sobue S, Murakami M, Banno Y, Ito H, Kimura A, et al. 2008. v-Src oncogene product increases sphingosine kinase 1 expression through mRNA stabilization: alteration of AU-rich element-binding proteins. Oncogene 27:6023-6033.
155. Tani M, Ito M, Igarashi Y. 2007. Ceramide/sphingosine/sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism on the cell surface and in the extracellular space. Cell Signal 19: 229-237.
156. Waters C, Sambi B, Kong KC, Thompson D, Pitson SM, et al. 2003. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) act via PDGF beta receptor-sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor complexes in airway smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 278:6282-6290.
157. Soldi R, Mandinova A, Venkataraman K, Hla T, Vadas M, et al. 2007. Sphingosine kinase 1 is a critical component of the copper-dependent FGF1 export pathway. Exp Cell Res 313:3308-3318.
158. Hammad SM, Taha TA, Nareika A, Johnson KR, Lopes-Virella MF, Obeid LM. 2006. Oxidized LDL immune complexes induce release of sphingosine kinase in human U937 monocytic cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 79:126-140.
159. Weigert A, Cremer S, Schmidt MV, von Knethen A, Angioni C, et al. 2010. Cleavage of sphingosine kinase 2 by caspase-1 provokes its release from apoptotic cells. Blood 115:3531-3540.
160. Woodcock J. 2006. Sphingosine and ceramide signalling in apoptosis. IUBMB Life 58:462-466.
161. Woodcock JM, Ma Y, Coolen C, Pham D, Jones C, et al. 2010. Sphingosine and FTY720 directly bind pro-survival 14-3-3 proteins to regulate their function. Cell Signal 22:1291-1299.
162. Vessey DA, Kelley M, Zhang J, Li L, Tao R, Karliner JS. 2007. Dimethylsphingosine and FTY720 inhibit the SK1 form but activate the SK2 form of sphingosine kinase from rat heart. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:273-279.
163. Ren S, Xin C, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. 2010. A novel mode of action of the putative sphingosine kinase inhibitor 2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl) thiazole (SKI II): induction of lysosomal sphingosine kinase 1 degradation. Cell Physiol Biochem 26:97-104.
164. French KJ, Upson JJ, Keller SN, Zhuang Y, Yun JK, Smith CD. 2006. Antitumor activity of sphingosine kinase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:596-603.
165. Nishiuma T, Nishimura Y, Okada T, Kuramoto E, Kotani Y, et al. 2008. Inhalation of sphingosine kinase inhibitor attenuates airway inflammation in asthmatic mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294:L1085-L1093.
166. Maines LW, French KJ, Wolpert EB, Antonetti DA, Smith CD. 2006. Pharmacologic manipulation of sphingosine kinase in retinal endothelial cells: implications for angiogenic ocular diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:5022-5031.
167. Loveridge C, Tonelli F, Leclercq T, Lim KG, Long JS, et al. 2010. The sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor 2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole induces proteasomal degradation of sphingosine kinase 1 in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 285:38841-38852.
168. Olivera A, Spiegel S. 1998. Sphingosine kinase. Assay and product analysis. Methods Mol Biol 105:233-242.
169. Olivera A, Barlow KD, Spiegel S. 2000. Assaying sphingosine kinase activity. Methods Enzymol 311:215-223.
170. Togame H, Dodo R, Inaoka T, Reinemer P. 2007. Development of a simple and robust assay to screen for inhibitors of sphingosine kinases. Assay Drug Dev Technol 5:215-223.
171. Kharel Y, Mathews TP, Kennedy AJ, Houck JD, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR. 2011. A rapid assay for assessment of sphingosine kinase inhibitors and substrates. Anal Biochem 411:230-235.
172. Vessey DA, Kelley M, Karliner JS. 2005. A rapid radioassay for sphingosine kinase. Anal Biochem 337:136-142.
173. Gijsbers S, Van Der Hoeven G, Van Veldhoven PP. 2001. Subcellular study of sphingoid base phosphorylation in rat tissues: evidence for multiple sphingosine kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1532:37-50.
174. Billich A, Ettmayer P. 2004. Fluorescence-based assay of sphingosine kinases. Anal Biochem 326:114-119.
175. Lee KJ, Mwongela SM, Kottegoda S, Borland L, Nelson AR, et al. 2008. Determination of sphingosine kinase activity for cellular signaling studies. Anal Chem 80:1620-1627.
176. Mitra P, Payne SG, Milstien S, Spiegel S. 2007. A rapid and sensitive method to measure secretion of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Methods Enzymol 434:257-264.
177. Yatomi Y, Ruan F, Ohta J, Welch RJ, Hakomori S, Igarashi Y. 1995. Quantitative measurement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in biological samples by acylation with radioactive acetic anhydride. Anal Biochem 230:315-320.
178. Takabe K, Kim RH, Allegood JC, Mitra P, Ramachandran S, et al. 2010. Estradiol induces export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from breast cancer cells via ABCC1 and ABCG2. J Biol Chem 285:10477-10486.
179. Siow DL, Wattenberg BW. 2007. An assay system for measuring the acute production of sphingosine 1-phosphate in intact monolayers. Anal Biochem 371: 184-193.
180. Dickson MA, Carvajal RD, Merrill AH, Gonen M, Cane LM, Schwartz GK. 2011. A phase I clinical trial of safingol in combination with cisplatin in advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 17:2484-2492.
181. Endo K, Igarashi Y, Nisar M, Zhou QH, Hakomori S. 1991. Cell membrane signaling as target in cancer therapy: inhibitory effect of N, N-dimethyl and N, N, Ntrimethyl sphingosine derivatives on in vitro and in vivo growth of human tumor cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 51:1613-1618.
182. Lai WQ, Goh HH, Bao Z, Wong WS, Melendez AJ, Leung BP. 2008. The role of sphingosine kinase in a murine model of allergic asthma. J Immunol 180: 4323-4329.
183. Maines LW, Fitzpatrick LR, French KJ, Zhuang Y, Xia Z, et al. 2008. Suppression of ulcerative colitis in mice by orally available inhibitors of sphingosine kinase. Dig Dis Sci 53:997-1012.
184. Maines LW, Fitzpatrick LR, Green CL, Zhuang Y, Smith CD. 2010. Efficacy of a novel sphingosine kinase inhibitor in experimental Crohn's disease. Inflammopharmacology 18:73-85.
185. Fitzpatrick LR, Green C, Frauenhoffer EE, French KJ, Zhuang Y, et al. 2011. Attenuation of arthritis in rodents by a novel orally-available inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. Inflammopharmacology 19:75-87.
186. French KJ, Zhuang Y, Maines LW, Gao P, Wang W, et al. 2010. Pharmacology and antitumor activity of ABC294640, a selective inhibitor of sphingosine kinase-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 333:129-139.
187. Beljanski V, Knaak C, Smith CD. 2010. A novel sphingosine kinase inhibitor induces autophagy in tumor cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 333:454-464.
188. Beljanski V, Knaak C, Zhuang Y, Smith CD. 2011. Combined anticancer effects of sphingosine kinase inhibitors and sorafenib. Invest New Drugs 29:1132-1142.
189. Beljanski V, Lewis CS, Smith CD. 2011. Antitumor activity of sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitor ABC294640 and sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. Cancer Biol Ther 11:524-534.
190. Chumanevich AA, Poudyal D, Cui X, Davis T, Wood PA, et al. 2010. Suppression of colitis-driven colon cancer in mice by a novel small molecule inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. Carcinogenesis 31:1787-1793.
191. Antoon JW, White MD, Meacham WD, Slaughter EM, Muir SE, et al. 2010. Antiestrogenic effects of the novel sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor ABC294640. Endocrinology 151:5124-5135.
192. Kono K, Sugiura M, Kohama T. 2002. Inhibition of recombinant sphingosine kinases by novel inhibitors of microbial origin, F-12509A and B-5354c. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 55:99-103.
193. Pchejetski D, Doumerc N, Golzio M, Naymark M, Teissie J, et al. 2008. Chemosensitizing effects of sphingosine kinase-1 inhibition in prostate cancer cell and animal models. Mol Cancer Ther 7:1836-1845.
194. Kapitonov D, Allegood JC, Mitchell C, Hait NC, Almenara JA, et al. 2009. Targeting sphingosine kinase 1 inhibits Akt signaling, induces apoptosis, and suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells and xenografts. Cancer Res 69:6915-6923.
195. Hayashi S, Okada T, Igarashi N, Fujita T, Jahangeer S, Nakamura S. 2002. Identification and characterization of RPK118, a novel sphingosine kinase-1-binding protein. J Biol Chem 277:33319-33324.
196. Zebol JR, Hewitt NM, Moretti PA, Lynn HE, Lake JA, et al. 2009. The CCT/TRiC chaperonin is required for maturation of sphingosine kinase 1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:822-827.