Mucosal immunity in liver autoimmunity: A comprehensive review

Journal of Autoimmunity

Volumn 46, Issue , 2013, Pages 97-111

  Trivedi, Palak J ^a   Adams, David H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autoimmune hepatitis; IgG4 related disease; Inflammatory bowel disease; Primary biliary cirrhosis; Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Indexed keywords

ALICAFORSEN; BACTERIAL DNA; BILE ACID; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; CD103 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; ETROLIZUMAB; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 23; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOTEICHOIC ACID; MUCOSAL ADDRESSIN CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; NATALIZUMAB; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR NUR77; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VEDOLIZUMAB;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELIAC DISEASE; CELL HOMING; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CROHN DISEASE; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 RELATED DISEASE; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE FLORA; LAMINA PROPRIA; LIVER DISEASE; LYMPHOID CELL; MEMORY T LYMPHOCYTE; MESENTERY LYMPH NODE; MUCOSAL ASSOCIATED INVARIANT T CELL; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH17 CELL; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; IGG4-RELATED DISEASE; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHOLANGITIS, SCLEROSING; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HEPATITIS, AUTOIMMUNE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; LIVER CIRRHOSIS, BILIARY; LYMPHOCYTES; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL;

EID: 84886291634     PISSN: 08968411     EISSN: 10959157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.013     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Robinson C.J., Bohannan B.J.M., Young V.B. From structure to function: the ecology of host-associated microbial communities. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev Membr 2010, 74:453-476.
2. Mueller C., Macpherson A.J. Layers of mutualism with commensal bacteria protect us from intestinal inflammation. Gut 2006, 55:276-284.
3. Akira S., Takeda K., Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2001, 2:675-680.
4. Strober W., Murray P.J., Kitani A., Watanabe T. Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev Immunol 2006, 6:9-20.
5. Swamy M., Jamora C., Havran W., Hayday A. Epithelial decision makers: in search of the "epimmunome". Nat Immunol 2010, 11:656-665.
6. Hershberg R.M., Cho D.H., Youakim A., Bradley M.B., Lee J.S., Framson P.E., et al. Highly polarized HLA class II antigen processing and presentation by human intestinal epithelial cells. JClin Invest 1998, 102:792-803.
7. Owyang A.M., Zaph C., Wilson E.H., Guild K.J., McClanahan T., Miller H.R.P., et al. Interleukin 25 regulates type 2 cytokine-dependent immunity and limits chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. JExp Med 2006, 203:843-849.
8. Walker L.J., Kang Y.-H., Smith M.O., Tharmalingham H., Ramamurthy N., Fleming V.M., et al. Human MAIT and CD8αα cells develop from a pool of type-17 precommitted CD8+ T cells. Blood 2012, 119:422-433.
9. Gapin L., Cheroutre H., Kronenberg M. Cutting edge: TCRalphabeta+ CD8alphaalpha+ T cells are found in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of mice that lack classical MHC class I molecules. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 1999, 163:4100-4104.
10. Macdonald T.T., Monteleone G. Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut. Science 2005, 307:1920-1925.
11. Stenstad H., Svensson M., Cucak H., Kotarsky K., Agace W.W. Differential homing mechanisms regulate regionalized effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell accumulation within the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:10122-10127.
12. Niess J.H., Brand S., Gu X., Landsman L., Jung S., McCormick B.A., et al. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science 2005, 307:254-258.
13. Rescigno M., Urbano M., Valzasina B., Francolini M., Rotta G., Bonasio R., et al. Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nat Immunol 2001, 2:361-367.
14. Johansson-Lindbom B., Svensson M., Pabst O., Palmqvist C., Marquez G., Förster R., et al. Functional specialization of gut CD103+ dendritic cells in the regulation of tissue-selective T cell homing. JExp Med 2005, 202:1063-1073.
15. Huang F.P., Platt N., Wykes M., Major J.R., Powell T.J., Jenkins C.D., et al. Adiscrete subpopulation of dendritic cells transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes. JExp Med 2000, 191:435-444.
16. Yrlid U., Milling S.W.F., Miller J.L., Cartland S., Jenkins C.D., MacPherson G.G. Regulation of intestinal dendritic cell migration and activation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, TNF-alpha and type 1 IFNs after feeding a TLR7/8 ligand. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2006, 176:5205-5212.
17. Reis e Sousa C. Dendritic cells in a mature age. Nat Rev Immunol 2006, 6:476-483.
18. Moseman E.A., Liang X., Dawson A.J., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., Krieg A.M., Liu Y.-J., et al. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce the generation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2004, 173:4433-4442.
19. Makita S., Kanai T., Nemoto Y., Totsuka T., Okamoto R., Tsuchiya K., et al. Intestinal lamina propria retaining CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is a suppressive site of intestinal inflammation. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2007, 178:4937-4946.
20. Macpherson A.J., Smith K. Mesenteric lymph nodes at the center of immune anatomy. JExp Med 2006, 203:497-500.
21. Gapin L. Where do MAIT cells fit in the family of unconventional T cells?. PLOS Biol 2009, 7:e70.
22. Treiner E., Duban L., Bahram S., Radosavljevic M., Wanner V., Tilloy F., et al. Selection of evolutionarily conserved mucosal-associated invariant T cells by MR1. Nature 2003, 422:164-169.
23. Dusseaux M., Martin E., Serriari N., Péguillet I., Premel V., Louis D., et al. Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells. Blood 2011, 117:1250-1259.
24. Le Bourhis L., Martin E., Péguillet I., Guihot A., Froux N., Coré M., et al. Antimicrobial activity of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Nat Immunol 2010, 11:701-708.
25. Gold M.C., Cerri S., Smyk-Pearson S., Cansler M.E., Vogt T.M., Delepine J., et al. Human mucosal associated invariant T cells detect bacterially infected cells. PLOS Biol 2010, 8:e1000407.
26. Kjer-Nielsen L., Patel O., Corbett A.J., Le Nours J., Meehan B., Liu L., et al. MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature 2012, 491:717-723.
27. Le Bourhis L., Guerri L., Dusseaux M., Martin E., Soudais C., Lantz O. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: unconventional development and function. Trends Immunol 2011, 32:212-218.
28. Powell N., Walker A.W., Stolarczyk E., Canavan J.B., Gökmen M.R., Marks E., et al. The transcription factor T-bet regulates intestinal inflammation mediated by interleukin-7 receptor+ innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 2012, 37:674-684.
29. Mazmanian S.K., Liu C.H., Tzianabos A.O., Kasper D.L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 2005, 122:107-118.
30. Flint H.J., Scott K.P., Louis P., Duncan S.H. The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012, 9:577-589.
31. Hrncir T., Stepankova R., Kozakova H., Hudcovic T., Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide content of the diet influence development of regulatory T cells: studies in germ-free mice. BMC Immunol 2008, 9:65.
32. Madsen K., Cornish A., Soper P., McKaigney C., Jijon H., Yachimec C., et al. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 2001, 121:580-591.
33. Frantz A.L., Rogier E.W., Weber C.R., Shen L., Cohen D.A., Fenton L.A., et al. Targeted deletion of MyD88 in intestinal epithelial cells results in compromised antibacterial immunity associated with downregulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, mucin-2, and antibacterial peptides. Mucosal Immunol 2012, 5:501-512.
34. Lodes M.J., Cong Y., Elson C.O., Mohamath R., Landers C.J., Targan S.R., et al. Bacterial flagellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease. JClin Invest 2004, 113:1296-1306.
35. Hampe J., Franke A., Rosenstiel P., Till A., Teuber M., Huse K., et al. Agenome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nat Genet 2007, 39:207-211.
36. Hisamatsu T., Suzuki M., Reinecker H.-C., Nadeau W.J., McCormick B.A., Podolsky D.K. CARD15/NOD2 functions as an antibacterial factor in human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:993-1000.
37. Nischalke H.D., Berger C., Aldenhoff K., Thyssen L., Gentemann M., Grünhage F., et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 promoter and intron 2 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis. JHepatol 2011, 55:1010-1016.
38. Bruns T., Reuken P.A., Fischer J., Berg T., Stallmach A. Further evidence for the relevance of TLR2 gene variants in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. JHepatol 2012, 56:1207-1208. author reply 1208-1209.
39. Watanabe T., Kitani A., Murray P.J., Strober W. NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated T helper type 1 responses. Nat Immunol 2004, 5:800-808.
40. Maeda S., Hsu L.-C., Liu H., Bankston L.A., Iimura M., Kagnoff M.F., et al. Nod2 mutation in Crohn's disease potentiates NF-kappaB activity and IL-1beta processing. Science 2005, 307:734-738.
41. Kobayashi K.S., Chamaillard M., Ogura Y., Henegariu O., Inohara N., Nuñez G., et al. Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science 2005, 307:731-734.
42. Sellon R.K., Tonkonogy S., Schultz M., Dieleman L.A., Grenther W., Balish E., et al. Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect Immun 1998, 66:5224-5231.
43. Waidmann M., Bechtold O., Frick J.-S., Lehr H.-A., Schubert S., Dobrindt U., et al. Bacteroides vulgatus protects against Escherichia coli-induced colitis in gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:162-177.
44. Khan K.J., Ullman T.A., Ford A.C., Abreu M.T., Abadir A., Abadir A., et al. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011, 106:661-673.
45. Doherty G.A., Bennett G.C., Cheifetz A.S., Moss A.C. Meta-analysis: targeting the intestinal microbiota in prophylaxis for post-operative Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 31:802-809.
46. Manichanh C., Borruel N., Casellas F., Guarner F. The gut microbiota in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012, 9:599-608.
47. Kaur N., Chen C.-C., Luther J., Kao J.Y. Intestinal dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2011, 2:211-216.
48. Henao-Mejia J., Elinav E., Jin C., Hao L., Mehal W.Z., Strowig T., et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 2012, 482:179-185.
49. Spruss A., Kanuri G., Wagnerberger S., Haub S., Bischoff S.C., Bergheim I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatol Baltim Md 2009, 50:1094-1104.
50. Erridge C. Diet, commensals and the intestine as sources of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis 2011, 216:1-6.
51. Ye D., Li F.Y.L., Lam K.S.L., Li H., Jia W., Wang Y., et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates obesity-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through activation of X-box binding protein-1 in mice. Gut 2012, 61:1058-1067.
52. Papadakis K.A., Prehn J., Nelson V., Cheng L., Binder S.W., Ponath P.D., et al. The role of thymus-expressed chemokine and its receptor CCR9 on lymphocytes in the regional specialization of the mucosal immune system. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2000, 165:5069-5076.
53. Briskin M., Winsor-Hines D., Shyjan A., Cochran N., Bloom S., Wilson J., et al. Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am J Pathol 1997, 151:97-110.
54. Cimbro R., Vassena L., Arthos J., Cicala C., Kehrl J.H., Park C., et al. IL-7 induces expression and activation of integrin α4β7 promoting naive T-cell homing to the intestinal mucosa. Blood 2012, 120:2610-2619.
55. Jaensson-Gyllenbäck E., Kotarsky K., Zapata F., Persson E.K., Gundersen T.E., Blomhoff R., et al. Bile retinoids imprint intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells with the ability to generate gut-tropic T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2011, 4:438-447.
56. Eksteen B., Grant A.J., Miles A., Curbishley S.M., Lalor P.F., Hübscher S.G., et al. Hepatic endothelial CCL25 mediates the recruitment of CCR9+ gut-homing lymphocytes to the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis. JExp Med 2004, 200:1511-1517.
57. Annacker O., Coombes J.L., Malmstrom V., Uhlig H.H., Bourne T., Johansson-Lindbom B., et al. Essential role for CD103 in the T cell-mediated regulation of experimental colitis. JExp Med 2005, 202:1051-1061.
58. Mora J.R., Iwata M., Eksteen B., Song S.-Y., Junt T., Senman B., et al. Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells. Science 2006, 314:1157-1160.
59. Coombes J.L., Siddiqui K.R.R., Arancibia-Cárcamo C.V., Hall J., Sun C.-M., Belkaid Y., et al. Afunctionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. JExp Med 2007, 204:1757-1764.
60. Feng N., Jaimes M.C., Lazarus N.H., Monak D., Zhang C., Butcher E.C., et al. Redundant role of chemokines CCL25/TECK and CCL28/MEC in IgA+ plasmablast recruitment to the intestinal lamina propria after rotavirus infection. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2006, 176:5749-5759.
61. Eksteen B., Liaskou E., Adams D.H. Lymphocyte homing and its role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008, 14:1298-1312.
62. Bell S.J., Rigby R., English N., Mann S.D., Knight S.C., Kamm M.A., et al. Migration and maturation of human colonic dendritic cells. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2001, 166:4958-4967.
63. Adams D.H., Eksteen B. Aberrant homing of mucosal T cells and extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2006, 6:244-251.
64. Mora J.R., Cheng G., Picarella D., Briskin M., Buchanan N., von Andrian U.H. Reciprocal and dynamic control of CD8 T cell homing by dendritic cells from skin- and gut-associated lymphoid tissues. JExp Med 2005, 201:303-316.
65. Seki E., Brenner D.A. Toll-like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease: update. Hepatol Baltim Md 2008, 48:322-335.
66. Shimoda S., Harada K., Niiro H., Taketomi A., Maehara Y., Tsuneyama K., et al. CX3CL1 (fractalkine): a signpost for biliary inflammation in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2010, 51:567-575.
67. Isse K., Harada K., Zen Y., Kamihira T., Shimoda S., Harada M., et al. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 are involved in the recruitment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatol Baltim Md 2005, 41:506-516.
68. Terada R., Yamamoto K., Hakoda T., Shimada N., Okano N., Baba N., et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 from biliary epithelial cells recruits CXCR4-positive cells: implications for inflammatory liver diseases. Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol 2003, 83:665-672.
69. Heydtmann M., Lalor P.F., Eksteen J.A., Hübscher S.G., Briskin M., Adams D.H. CXC chemokine ligand 16 promotes integrin-mediated adhesion of liver-infiltrating lymphocytes to cholangiocytes and hepatocytes within the inflamed human liver. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2005, 174:1055-1062.
70. Trivedi P.J., Cullen S. Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis: an overview of recent developments. Hepatol Int 2013, 7:28-47.
71. Eksteen B., Miles A., Curbishley S.M., Tselepis C., Grant A.J., Walker L.S.K., et al. Epithelial inflammation is associated with CCL28 production and the recruitment of regulatory T cells expressing CCR10. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2006, 177:593-603.
72. Crispe I.N. The liver as a lymphoid organ. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:147-163.
73. Benseler V., Warren A., Vo M., Holz L.E., Tay S.S., Le Couteur D.G., et al. Hepatocyte entry leads to degradation of autoreactive CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:16735-16740.
74. Limmer A., Ohl J., Kurts C., Ljunggren H.G., Reiss Y., Groettrup M., et al. Efficient presentation of exogenous antigen by liver endothelial cells to CD8+ T cells results in antigen-specific T-cell tolerance. Nat Med 2000, 6:1348-1354.
75. Limmer A., Ohl J., Wingender G., Berg M., Jüngerkes F., Schumak B., et al. Cross-presentation of oral antigens by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to CD8 T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2005, 35:2970-2981.
76. Knolle P.A., Schmitt E., Jin S., Germann T., Duchmann R., Hegenbarth S., et al. Induction of cytokine production in naive CD4(+) T cells by antigen-presenting murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells but failure to induce differentiation toward Th1 cells. Gastroenterology 1999, 116:1428-1440.
77. Katz S.C., Pillarisetty V.G., Bleier J.I., Shah A.B., DeMatteo R.P. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are insufficient to activate T cells. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2004, 173:230-235.
78. Bowen D.G., Zen M., Holz L., Davis T., McCaughan G.W., Bertolino P. The site of primary T cell activation is a determinant of the balance between intrahepatic tolerance and immunity. JClin Invest 2004, 114:701-712.
79. Kruse N., Neumann K., Schrage A., Derkow K., Schott E., Erben U., et al. Priming of CD4+ T cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces CD25low forkhead box protein 3-regulatory T cells suppressing autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2009, 50:1904-1913.
80. Neumann K., Kruse N., Szilagyi B., Erben U., Rudolph C., Flach A., et al. Connecting liver and gut: murine liver sinusoidal endothelium induces gut tropism of CD4+ T cells via retinoic acid. Hepatol Baltim Md 2012, 55:1976-1984.
81. Goddard S., Youster J., Morgan E., Adams D.H. Interleukin-10 secretion differentiates dendritic cells from human liver and skin. Am J Pathol 2004, 164:511-519.
82. Cabillic F., Rougier N., Basset C., Lecouillard I., Quelvennec E., Toujas L., et al. Hepatic environment elicits monocyte differentiation into a dendritic cell subset directing Th2 response. JHepatol 2006, 44:552-559.
83. Thomson A.W., Knolle P.A. Antigen-presenting cell function in the tolerogenic liver environment. Nat Rev Immunol 2010, 10:753-766.
84. Holz L.E., Benseler V., Vo M., McGuffog C., Van Rooijen N., McCaughan G.W., et al. Naïve CD8 T cell activation by liver bone marrow-derived cells leads to a "neglected" IL-2 low Bim high phenotype, poor CTL function and cell death. JHepatol 2012, 57:830-836.
85. Sawa Y., Arima Y., Ogura H., Kitabayashi C., Jiang J.-J., Fukushima T., et al. Hepatic interleukin-7 expression regulates T cell responses. Immunity 2009, 30:447-457.
86. Holt A.P., Haughton E.L., Lalor P.F., Filer A., Buckley C.D., Adams D.H. Liver myofibroblasts regulate infiltration and positioning of lymphocytes in human liver. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:705-714.
87. Douglas D.B., Beiting D.P., Loftus J.P., Appleton J.A., Bliss S.K. Combinatorial effects of interleukin 10 and interleukin 4 determine the progression of hepatic inflammation following murine enteric parasitic infection. Hepatol Baltim Md 2010, 51:2162-2171.
88. Lunz J.G., Specht S.M., Murase N., Isse K., Demetris A.J. Gut-derived commensal bacterial products inhibit liver dendritic cell maturation by stimulating hepatic interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity. Hepatol Baltim Md 2007, 46:1946-1959.
89. Uhrig A., Banafsche R., Kremer M., Hegenbarth S., Hamann A., Neurath M., et al. Development and functional consequences of LPS tolerance in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver. JLeukoc Biol 2005, 77:626-633.
90. Goubier A., Dubois B., Gheit H., Joubert G., Villard-Truc F., Asselin-Paturel C., et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells mediate oral tolerance. Immunity 2008, 29:464-475.
91. Oo Y.H., Adams D.H. The role of chemokines in the recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver. JAutoimmun 2010, 34:45-54.
92. Trivedi P.J., Hirschfield G.M. Review article: overlap syndromes and autoimmune liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 36:517-533.
93. Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D. Autoimmune hepatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 8:320-329.
94. Gupta A., Bowlus C.L. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: etiopathogenesis and clinical management. Front Biosci Elite Ed 2012, 4:1683-1705.
95. Longhi M.S., Hussain M.J., Mitry R.R., Arora S.K., Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D., et al. Functional study of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in health and autoimmune hepatitis. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2006, 176:4484-4491.
96. Rong G., Zhou Y., Xiong Y., Zhou L., Geng H., Jiang T., et al. Imbalance between T helper type 17 and T regulatory cells in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: the serum cytokine profile and peripheral cell population. Clin Exp Immunol 2009, 156:217-225.
97. Bernuzzi F., Fenoglio D., Battaglia F., Fravega M., Gershwin M.E., Indiveri F., et al. Phenotypical and functional alterations of CD8 regulatory T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. JAutoimmun 2010, 35:176-180.
98. Peiseler M., Sebode M., Franke B., Wortmann F., Schwinge D., Quaas A., et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are fully functional and not reduced in frequency. JHepatol 2012, 57:125-132.
99. Wilson N.J., Boniface K., Chan J.R., McKenzie B.S., Blumenschein W.M., Mattson J.D., et al. Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat Immunol 2007, 8:950-957.
100. Zenewicz L.A., Yancopoulos G.D., Valenzuela D.M., Murphy A.J., Stevens S., Flavell R.A. Innate and adaptive interleukin-22 protects mice from inflammatory bowel disease. Immunity 2008, 29:947-957.
101. Harada K., Shimoda S., Sato Y., Isse K., Ikeda H., Nakanuma Y. Periductal interleukin-17 production in association with biliary innate immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009, 157:261-270.
102. Zhao L., Tang Y., You Z., Wang Q., Liang S., Han X., et al. Interleukin-17 contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis through inducing hepatic interleukin-6 expression. PLOS One 2011, 6:e18909.
103. Katt J., Schwinge D., Schoknecht T., Quaas A., Sobottka I., Burandt E., et al. increased Th17 response to pathogen stimulation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2013.
104. Atarashi K., Nishimura J., Shima T., Umesaki Y., Yamamoto M., Onoue M., et al. ATP drives lamina propria T(H)17 cell differentiation. Nature 2008, 455:808-812.
105. Puel A., Döffinger R., Natividad A., Chrabieh M., Barcenas-Morales G., Picard C., et al. Autoantibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. JExp Med 2010, 207:291-297.
106. Esplugues E., Huber S., Gagliani N., Hauser A.E., Town T., Wan Y.Y., et al. Control of TH17 cells occurs in the small intestine. Nature 2011, 475:514-518.
107. Maggi L., Santarlasci V., Capone M., Peired A., Frosali F., Crome S.Q., et al. CD161 is a marker of all human IL-17-producing T-cell subsets and is induced by RORC. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40:2174-2181.
108. Becker C., Wirtz S., Blessing M., Pirhonen J., Strand D., Bechthold O., et al. Constitutive p40 promoter activation and IL-23 production in the terminal ileum mediated by dendritic cells. JClin Invest 2003, 112:693-706.
109. Ivanov I.I., Atarashi K., Manel N., Brodie E.L., Shima T., Karaoz U., et al. Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria. Cell 2009, 139:485-498.
110. Cua D.J., Sherlock J.P. Autoimmunity's collateral damage: gut microbiota strikes "back". Nat Med 2011, 17:1055-1056.
111. Mielants H., Veys E.M., Cuvelier C., De Vos M., Goemaere S., De Clercq L., et al. The evolution of spondyloarthropathies in relation to gut histology. II. Histological aspects. JRheumatol 1995, 22:2273-2278.
112. Kang Y.-H., Seigel B., Bengsch B., Fleming V.M., Billerbeck E., Simmons R., et al. CD161(+)CD4(+) T cells are enriched in the liver during chronic hepatitis and associated with co-secretion of IL-22 and IFN-γ. Front Immunol 2012, 3:346.
113. Longhi M.S., Hussain M.J., Kwok W.W., Mieli-Vergani G., Ma Y., Vergani D. Autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells, a potential tool for immune-tolerance reconstitution in type-2 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2011, 53:536-547.
114. - cells into stable T regulatory cells in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2012, 142:1526-1535.e6.
115. Marzo A.L., Vezys V., Williams K., Tough D.F., Lefrançois L. Tissue-level regulation of Th1 and Th2 primary and memory CD4 T cells in response to Listeria infection. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2002, 168:4504-4510.
116. Klonowski K.D., Williams K.J., Marzo A.L., Blair D.A., Lingenheld E.G., Lefrançois L. Dynamics of blood-borne CD8 memory T cell migration invivo. Immunity 2004, 20:551-562.
117. Borchers A.T., Shimoda S., Bowlus C., Keen C.L., Gershwin M.E. Lymphocyte recruitment and homing to the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31:309-322.
118. Kawasuji A., Hasegawa M., Horikawa M., Fujita T., Matsushita Y., Matsushita T., et al. L-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 regulate the development of Concanavalin A-induced liver injury. JLeukoc Biol 2006, 79:696-705.
119. March S., Garcia-Pagán J.-C., Massaguer A., Pizcueta P., Panés J., Engel P., et al. P-selectin mediates leukocyte rolling in concanavalin-A-induced hepatitis. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver 2005, 25:1053-1060.
120. Jaruga B., Hong F., Kim W.-H., Gao B. IFN-gamma/STAT1 acts as a proinflammatory signal in T cell-mediated hepatitis via induction of multiple chemokines and adhesion molecules: a critical role of IRF-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004, 287:G1044-G1052.
121. Bonder C.S., Norman M.U., Swain M.G., Zbytnuik L.D., Yamanouchi J., Santamaria P., et al. Rules of recruitment for Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes in inflamed liver: a role for alpha-4 integrin and vascular adhesion protein-1. Immunity 2005, 23:153-163.
122. Chuang Y.-H., Lian Z.-X., Cheng C.-M., Lan R.Y., Yang G.-X., Moritoki Y., et al. Increased levels of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and chemokines IP-10 and MIG in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and their first degree relatives. JAutoimmun 2005, 25:126-132.
123. Oo Y.H., Banz V., Kavanagh D., Liaskou E., Withers D.R., Humphreys E., et al. CXCR3-dependent recruitment and CCR6-mediated positioning of Th-17 cells in the inflamed liver. JHepatol 2012, 57:1044-1051.
124. Nishioji K., Okanoue T., Itoh Y., Narumi S., Sakamoto M., Nakamura H., et al. Increase of chemokine interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in the serum of patients with autoimmune liver diseases and increase of its mRNA expression in hepatocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2001, 123:271-279.
125. Manousou P., Kolios G., Drygiannakis I., Koulentaki M., Pyrovolaki K., Voumvouraki A., et al. CXCR3 axis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a possible novel mechanism of the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid. Clin Exp Immunol 2013, 172:9-15.
126. Oo Y.H., Weston C.J., Lalor P.F., Curbishley S.M., Withers D.R., Reynolds G.M., et al. Distinct roles for CCR4 and CXCR3 in the recruitment and positioning of regulatory T cells in the inflamed human liver. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2010, 184:2886-2898.
127. Thomas C.H. Ulceration of the colon with a much enlarged fatty liver. Trans Pathol Soc Phil 1873, 4:87-88.
128. Lister J.D. Aspecimen of diffuse ulcerative colitis with secondary diffuse hepatitis. Trans Pathol Soc Lon 1899, 50:130-134.
129. Chapman R., Fevery J., Kalloo A., Nagorney D.M., Boberg K.M., Shneider B., et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2010, 51:660-678.
130. Trivedi P.J., Chapman R.W. PSC, AIH and overlap syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012, 36:420-436.
131. Broomé U., Löfberg R., Veress B., Eriksson L.S. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential. Hepatol Baltim Md 1995, 22:1404-1408.
132. Braden B., Halliday J., Aryasingha S., Sharifi Y., Checchin D., Warren B.F., et al. Risk for colorectal neoplasia in patients with colonic Crohn's disease and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pr J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2012, 10:303-308.
133. Imam M.H., Thackeray E.W., Lindor K.D. Colonic neoplasia in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Color Dis Off J Assoc Coloproctology Gt Br Irel 2013, 15:198-203.
134. Ngu J.H., Gearry R.B., Wright A.J., Stedman C.A.M. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with poor outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pr J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2011, 9:1092-1097. quiz e135.
135. Boberg K.M., Bergquist A., Mitchell S., Pares A., Rosina F., Broomé U., et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: risk factors and clinical presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:1205-1211.
136. Rudolph G., Gotthardt D., Kloeters-Plachky P., Rost D., Kulaksiz H., Stiehl A. In PSC with dominant bile duct stenosis, IBD is associated with an increase of carcinomas and reduced survival. JHepatol 2010, 53:313-317.
137. Jørgensen K.K., Lindström L., Cvancarova M., Karlsen T.H., Castedal M., Friman S., et al. Immunosuppression after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis influences activity of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pr J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2013, 11:517-523.
138. Alabraba E., Nightingale P., Gunson B., Hubscher S., Olliff S., Mirza D., et al. Are-evaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts. Liver Transplant Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transplant Soc 2009, 15:330-340.
139. Bergquist A., Lindberg G., Saarinen S., Broomé U. Increased prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis among first-degree relatives. JHepatol 2005, 42:252-256.
140. Bergquist A., Montgomery S.M., Bahmanyar S., Olsson R., Danielsson A., Lindgren S., et al. Increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis in first-degree relatives of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pr J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2008, 6:939-943.
141. Karlsen T.H., Franke A., Melum E., Kaser A., Hov J.R., Balschun T., et al. Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2010, 138:1102-1111.
142. Melum E., Franke A., Schramm C., Weismüller T.J., Gotthardt D.N., Offner F.A., et al. Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies two non-HLA susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2011, 43:17-19.
143. Folseraas T., Melum E., Franke A., Karlsen T.H. Genetics in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011, 25:713-726.
144. Wakabayashi K., Lian Z.-X., Moritoki Y., Lan R.Y., Tsuneyama K., Chuang Y.-H., et al. IL-2 receptor alpha(-/-) mice and the development of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2006, 44:1240-1249.
145. Bo X., Broome U., Remberger M., Sumitran-Holgersson S. Tumour necrosis factor alpha impairs function of liver derived T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2001, 49:131-141.
146. Hara H., Saito T. CARD9 versus CARMA1 in innate and adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol 2009, 30:234-242.
147. Raab M., Wang H., Lu Y., Smith X., Wu Z., Strebhardt K., et al. Tcell receptor "inside-out" pathway via signaling module SKAP1-RapL regulates T cell motility and interactions in lymph nodes. Immunity 2010, 32:541-556.
148. Katagiri K., Katakai T., Ebisuno Y., Ueda Y., Okada T., Kinashi T. Mst1 controls lymphocyte trafficking and interstitial motility within lymph nodes. EMBO J 2009, 28:1319-1331.
149. Häuser F., Deyle C., Berard D., Neukirch C., Glowacki C., Bickmann J.K., et al. Macrophage-stimulating protein polymorphism rs3197999 is associated with a gain of function: implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Genes Immun 2012, 13:321-327.
150. Lee D.-H., Esworthy R.S., Chu C., Pfeifer G.P., Chu F.-F. Mutation accumulation in the intestine and colon of mice deficient in two intracellular glutathione peroxidases. Cancer Res 2006, 66:9845-9851.
151. Folseraas T., Melum E., Rausch P., Juran B.D., Ellinghaus E., Shiryaev A., et al. Extended analysis of a genome-wide association study in primary sclerosing cholangitis detects multiple novel risk loci. JHepatol 2012, 57:366-375.
152. Rausch P., Rehman A., Künzel S., Häsler R., Ott S.J., Schreiber S., et al. Colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of Crohn disease and FUT2 (Secretor) genotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:19030-19035.
153. Liu J.Z., Hov J.R., Folseraas T., Ellinghaus E., Rushbrook S.M., Doncheva N.T., et al. Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Genet 2013.
154. Moran C.J., Walters T.D., Guo C.-H., Kugathasan S., Klein C., Turner D., et al. IL-10R polymorphisms are associated with very-early-onset ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013, 19:115-123.
155. Devkota S., Wang Y., Musch M.W., Leone V., Fehlner-Peach H., Nadimpalli A., et al. Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. Nature 2012, 487:104-108.
156. Papp M., Norman G.L., Vitalis Z., Tornai I., Altorjay I., Foldi I., et al. Presence of anti-microbial antibodies in liver cirrhosis-a tell-tale sign of compromised immunity?. PLOS One 2010, 5:e12957.
157. Terjung B., Söhne J., Lechtenberg B., Gottwein J., Muennich M., Herzog V., et al. p-ANCAs in autoimmune liver disorders recognise human beta-tubulin isotype 5 and cross-react with microbial protein FtsZ. Gut 2010, 59:808-816.
158. Xu B., Broome U., Ericzon B.-G., Sumitran-Holgersson S. High frequency of autoantibodies in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that bind biliary epithelial cells and induce expression of CD44 and production of interleukin 6. Gut 2002, 51:120-127.
159. Karrar A., Broomé U., Södergren T., Jaksch M., Bergquist A., Björnstedt M., et al. Biliary epithelial cell antibodies link adaptive and innate immune responses in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2007, 132:1504-1514.
160. Björnsson E.S., Kilander A.F., Olsson R.G. Bile duct bacterial isolates in primary sclerosing cholangitis and certain other forms of cholestasis - a study of bile cultures from ERCP. Hepatogastroenterology 2000, 47:1504-1508.
161. Björnsson E., Cederborg A., Akvist A., Simren M., Stotzer P.-O., Bjarnason I. Intestinal permeability and bacterial growth of the small bowel in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005, 40:1090-1094.
162. Tabibian J.H., Weeding E., Jorgensen R.A., Petz J.L., Keach J.C., Talwalkar J.A., et al. Randomised clinical trial: vancomycin or metronidazole in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis - a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013, 37:604-612.
163. Duboc H., Rajca S., Rainteau D., Benarous D., Maubert M.-A., Quervain E., et al. Connecting dysbiosis, bile-acid dysmetabolism and gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut 2013, 62:531-539.
164. Fickert P., Fuchsbichler A., Wagner M., Zollner G., Kaser A., Tilg H., et al. Regurgitation of bile acids from leaky bile ducts causes sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:261-274.
165. Jahnel J., Fickert P., Langner C., Högenauer C., Silbert D., Gumhold J., et al. Impact of experimental colitis on hepatobiliary transporter expression and bile duct injury in mice. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver 2009, 29:1316-1325.
166. Grant A.J., Lalor P.F., Hübscher S.G., Briskin M., Adams D.H. MAdCAM-1 expressed in chronic inflammatory liver disease supports mucosal lymphocyte adhesion to hepatic endothelium (MAdCAM-1 in chronic inflammatory liver disease). Hepatol Baltim Md 2001, 33:1065-1072.
167. Wurbel M.-A., McIntire M.G., Dwyer P., Fiebiger E. CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate large intestinal inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis. PLOS One 2011, 6:e16442.
168. Miles A., Liaskou E., Eksteen B., Lalor P.F., Adams D.H. CCL25 and CCL28 promote alpha4 beta7-integrin-dependent adhesion of lymphocytes to MAdCAM-1 under shear flow. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008, 294:G1257-G1267.
169. Wright N., Hidalgo A., Rodríguez-Frade J.M., Soriano S.F., Mellado M., Parmo-Cabañas M., et al. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha modulates alpha 4 beta 7 integrin-mediated lymphocyte adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin. JImmunol Baltim Md 1950 2002, 168:5268-5277.
170. Salmi M., Kalimo K., Jalkanen S. Induction and function of vascular adhesion protein-1 at sites of inflammation. JExp Med 1993, 178:2255-2260.
171. Grant A.J., Lalor P.F., Salmi M., Jalkanen S., Adams D.H. Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 2002, 359:150-157.
172. Teufel A., Weinmann A., Kahaly G.J., Centner C., Piendl A., Wörns M., et al. Concurrent autoimmune diseases in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. JClin Gastroenterol 2010, 44:208-213.
173. Liaskou E., Karikoski M., Reynolds G.M., Lalor P.F., Weston C.J., Pullen N., et al. Regulation of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human and mice by vascular adhesion protein 1 amine oxidase activity. Hepatol Baltim Md 2011, 53:661-672.
174. Shen S.H., Wertz D.L., Klinman J.P. Implication for functions of the ectopic adipocyte copper amine oxidase (AOC3) from purified enzyme and cell-based kinetic studies. PLOS One 2012, 7:e29270.
175. Kaitaniemi S., Grön K., Elovaara H., Salmi M., Jalkanen S., Elima K. Functional modulation of vascular adhesion protein-1 by a novel splice variant. PLOS One 2013, 8:e54151.
176. Lalor P.F., Herbert J., Bicknell R., Adams D.H. Hepatic sinusoidal endothelium avidly binds platelets in an integrin-dependent manner, leading to platelet and endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013, 304:G469-G478.
177. Stagg A.J., Kamm M.A., Knight S.C. Intestinal dendritic cells increase T cell expression of alpha4beta7 integrin. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32:1445-1454.
178. Eksteen B., Mora J.R., Haughton E.L., Henderson N.C., Lee-Turner L., Villablanca E.J., et al. Gut homing receptors on CD8 T cells are retinoic acid dependent and not maintained by liver dendritic or stellate cells. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:320-329.
179. Tsuda M., Ambrosini Y.M., Zhang W., Yang G.-X., Ando Y., Rong G., et al. Fine phenotypic and functional characterization of effector cluster of differentiation 8 positive T cells in human patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2011, 54:1293-1302.
180. Feld J.J., Meddings J., Heathcote E.J. Abnormal intestinal permeability in primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2006, 51:1607-1613.
181. Kimura Y., Leung P.S.C., Kenny T.P., Van De Water J., Nishioka M., Giraud A.S., et al. Differential expression of intestinal trefoil factor in biliary epithelial cells of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Baltim Md 2002, 36:1227-1235.
182. Floreani A., Baragiotta A., Pizzuti D., Martines D., Cecchetto A., Chiarelli S. Mucosal IgA defect in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:508-510.
183. Murai M., Yoneyama H., Ezaki T., Suematsu M., Terashima Y., Harada A., et al. Peyer's patch is the essential site in initiating murine acute and lethal graft-versus-host reaction. Nat Immunol 2003, 4:154-160.
184. Dutt S., Ermann J., Tseng D., Liu Y.P., George T.I., Fathman C.G., et al. L-selectin and beta7 integrin on donor CD4 T cells are required for the early migration to host mesenteric lymph nodes and acute colitis of graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2005, 106:4009-4015.
185. Lee R.S., Kuhr C.S., Sale G.E., Zellmer E., Hogan W.J., Storb R., et al. FTY720 does not abrogate acute graft-versus-host disease in the dog leukocyte antigen-nonidentical unrelated canine model. Transplantation 2003, 76:1155-1158.
186. Petrovic A., Alpdogan O., Willis L.M., Eng J.M., Greenberg A.S., Kappel B.J., et al. LPAM (alpha 4 beta 7 integrin) is an important homing integrin on alloreactive T cells in the development of intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2004, 103:1542-1547.
187. Koenecke C., Prinz I., Bubke A., Schreder A., Lee C.-W., Pabst O., et al. Shift of graft-versus-host-disease target organ tropism by dietary vitamin A. PLOS One 2012, 7:e38252.
188. Ciccia F., Bombardieri M., Principato A., Giardina A., Tripodo C., Porcasi R., et al. Overexpression of interleukin-23, but not interleukin-17, as an immunologic signature of subclinical intestinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:955-965.
189. Sherlock J.P., Joyce-Shaikh B., Turner S.P., Chao C.-C., Sathe M., Grein J., et al. IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt+ CD3+CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med 2012, 18:1069-1076.
190. Poussier P., Ning T., Banerjee D., Julius M. Aunique subset of self-specific intraintestinal T cells maintains gut integrity. JExp Med 2002, 195:1491-1497.
191. Armstrong M.J., Hegade V.S., Robins G. Advances in coeliac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012, 28:104-112.
192. Luciani A., Villella V.R., Vasaturo A., Giardino I., Pettoello-Mantovani M., Guido S., et al. Lysosomal accumulation of gliadin p31-43 peptide induces oxidative stress and tissue transglutaminase-mediated PPARgamma downregulation in intestinal epithelial cells and coeliac mucosa. Gut 2010, 59:311-319.
193. Barone M.V., Nanayakkara M., Paolella G., Maglio M., Vitale V., Troiano R., et al. Gliadin peptide p31-43 localises to endocytic vesicles and interferes with their maturation. PLOS One 2010, 5:e12246.
194. Anderson R.P., van Heel D.A., Tye-Din J.A., Barnardo M., Salio M., Jewell D.P., et al. Tcells in peripheral blood after gluten challenge in coeliac disease. Gut 2005, 54:1217-1223.
195. Volta U. Pathogenesis and clinical significance of liver injury in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009, 36:62-70.
196. Sainsbury A., Sanders D.S., Ford A.C. Meta-analysis: coeliac disease and hypertransaminasaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011, 34:33-40.
197. Hunt K.A., Zhernakova A., Turner G., Heap G.A.R., Franke L., Bruinenberg M., et al. Newly identified genetic risk variants for celiac disease related to the immune response. Nat Genet 2008, 40:395-402.
198. Hirschfield G.M., Liu X., Xu C., Lu Y., Xie G., Lu Y., et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants. NEngl J Med 2009, 360:2544-2555.
199. Czaja A.J., Doherty D.G., Donaldson P.T. Genetic bases of autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2002, 47:2139-2150.
200. Stone J.H., Zen Y., Deshpande V. IgG4-related disease. NEngl J Med 2012, 366:539-551.
201. Hamano H., Kawa S., Horiuchi A., Unno H., Furuya N., Akamatsu T., et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. NEngl J Med 2001, 344:732-738.
202. Frulloni L., Lunardi C., Simone R., Dolcino M., Scattolini C., Falconi M., et al. Identification of a novel antibody associated with autoimmune pancreatitis. NEngl J Med 2009, 361:2135-2142.
203. Aalberse R.C., Stapel S.O., Schuurman J., Rispens T. Immunoglobulin G4: an odd antibody. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 2009, 39:469-477.
204. Ravi K., Chari S.T., Vege S.S., Sandborn W.J., Smyrk T.C., Loftus E.V. Inflammatory bowel disease in the setting of autoimmune pancreatitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009, 15:1326-1330.
205. Akitake R., Watanabe T., Zaima C., Uza N., Ida H., Tada S., et al. Possible involvement of T helper type 2 responses to Toll-like receptor ligands in IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Gut 2010, 59:542-545.
206. Alswat K., Al-Harthy N., Mazrani W., Alshumrani G., Jhaveri K., Hirschfield G.M. The spectrum of sclerosing cholangitis and the relevance of IgG4 elevations in routine practice. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:56-63.
207. Zhang L., Lewis J.T., Abraham S.C., Smyrk T.C., Leung S., Chari S.T., et al. IgG4+ plasma cell infiltrates in liver explants with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Surg Pathol 2010, 34:88-94.
208. Navaneethan U., Venkatesh P.G.K., Choudhary M., Shen B., Kiran R.P. Elevated immunoglobulin G4 level is associated with reduced colectomy-free survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. JCrohns Colitis 2013, 7:e35-e41.
209. Raina A., Yadav D., Regueiro M., Krasinskas A.M., Saul M.I., Sapienza D.A.M., et al. Mucosal IgG4 cell infiltration in ulcerative colitis is linked to disease activity and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013, 19:1232-1237.
210. Thomas S., Baumgart D.C. Targeting leukocyte migration and adhesion in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2012, 20:1-18.
211. Trivedi P.J., Hirschfield G.M. Treatment of autoimmune liver disease: current and future therapeutic options. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013, 4:119-141.