Lymphocyte recruitment and homing to the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis

Seminars in Immunopathology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 309-322

  Borchers, Andrea T ^a   Shimoda, Shinji ^a   Bowlus, Christopher ^a   Keen, Carl L ^a   Gershwin, M Eric ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemokines; Lymphocyte homing; Mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule 1 MAdCAM 1; Primary biliary cirrhosis; Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CX3CR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; CXCL16 CHEMOKINE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; FRACTALKINE; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN; PADGEM PROTEIN; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; VASCULAR ADHESION PROTEIN 1;

CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL TYPE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHEMOTAXIS; CROHN DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTE HOMING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CELL MOVEMENT; CHEMOKINE CCL21; CHEMOKINE CX3CL1; CHEMOKINES, CC; CHEMOKINES, CXC; CHOLANGITIS, SCLEROSING; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS, BILIARY; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS;

EID: 70349566408     PISSN: 18632297     EISSN: 18632300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0167-2     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. A Lleo P Invernizzi IR Mackay, et al. 2008 Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis World J Gastroenterol 14 3328
2. R Chapman S Cullen 2008 Etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis World J Gastroenterol 14 3350
3. J Worthington S Cullen R Chapman 2005 Immunopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 28 93
4. E Hashimoto KD Lindor HA Homburger, et al. 1993 Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis in comparison with primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis Mayo Clin Proc 68 1049-1055
5. CY Ponsioen H Kuiper FJ Ten Kate, et al. 1999 Immunohistochemical analysis of inflammation in primary sclerosing cholangitis Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 769
6. G Senaldi B Portmann AP Mowat, et al. 1992 Immunohistochemical features of the portal tract mononuclear cell infiltrate in chronic aggressive hepatitis Arch Dis Child 67 1447
7. X Bo U Broome M Remberger, et al. 2001 Tumour necrosis factor a impairs function of liver derived T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis Gut 49 131
8. ME Gershwin RL Coppel E Bearer, et al. 1987 Molecular cloning of the liver-specific rat F antigen J Immunol 139 3828-3833
9. ME Gershwin IR Mackay 2008 The causes of primary biliary cirrhosis: convenient and inconvenient truths Hepatology 47 737
10. A Lleo C Selmi P Invernizzi, et al. 2009 Apotopes and the biliary specificity of primary biliary cirrhosis Hepatology 49 871
11. C Selmi M Zuin ME Gershwin 2008 The unfinished business of primary biliary cirrhosis J Hepatol 49 451
12. ME Gershwin AA Ansari IR Mackay, et al. 2000 Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells Immunol Rev 174-210
13. RY Lan TL Salunga K Tsuneyama, et al. 2009 Hepatic IL-17 responses in human and murine primary biliary cirrhosis J Autoimmun 32 43
14. C Selmi P Invernizzi EB Keeffe, et al. 2004 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis J Clin Gastroenterol 38 264 (Pubitemid 38233336)
15. J Allina CM Stanca J Garber, et al. 2008 Anti-CD16 autoantibodies and delayed phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in primary biliary cirrhosis J Autoimmun 30 238
16. J Buxbaum P Qian PM Allen, et al. 2008 Hepatitis resulting from liver-specific expression and recognition of self-antigen J Autoimmun 31 208
17. MA Jordan AG Baxter 2008 The genetics of immunoregulatory T cells J Autoimmun 31 237
18. A Lleo C Selmi P Invernizzi, et al. 2008 The consequences of apoptosis in autoimmunity J Autoimmun 31 257
19. AM Marmont 2008 Will hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cure human autoimmune diseases? J Autoimmun 30 145
20. G Morahan V Peeva M Mehta, et al. 2008 Systems genetics can provide new insights in to immune regulation and autoimmunity J Autoimmun 31 233
21. AB Poletaev VL Stepanyuk ME Gershwin 2008 Integrating immunity: the immunculus and self-reactivity J Autoimmun 30 68
22. S Shimoda H Miyakawa M Nakamura, et al. 2008 CD4 T-cell autoreactivity to the mitochondrial autoantigen PDC-E2 in AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis J Autoimmun 31 110
23. Harada K, Van de Water J, Leung PS, et al 1997 In situ nucleic acid hybridization of cytokines in primary biliary cirrhosis: predominance of the Th1 subset Hepatology 25 791
24. T Nagano K Yamamoto S Matsumoto, et al. 1999 Cytokine profile in the liver of primary biliary cirrhosis J Clin Immunol 19 422
25. LM Ebert P Schaerli B Moser 2005 Chemokine-mediated control of T cell traffic in lymphoid and peripheral tissues Mol Immunol 42 799
26. DD Patel W Koopmann T Imai, et al. 2001 Chemokines have diverse abilities to form solid phase gradients Clin Immunol 99 43
27. J Middleton AM Patterson L Gardner, et al. 2002 Leukocyte extravasation: chemokine transport and presentation by the endothelium Blood 100 3853
28. A Schrage K Wechsung K Neumann, et al. 2008 Enhanced T cell transmigration across the murine liver sinusoidal endothelium is mediated by transcytosis and surface presentation of chemokines Hepatology 48 1262
29. A Sauty RA Colvin L Wagner, et al. 2001 CXCR3 internalization following T cell-endothelial cell contact: preferential role of IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (CXCL11) J Immunol 167 7084-7093
30. SR Green KH Han Y Chen, et al. 2006 The CC chemokine MCP-1 stimulates surface expression of CX3CR1 and enhances the adhesion of monocytes to fractalkine/CX3CL1 via p38 MAPK J Immunol 176 7412-7420
31. S Vitale A Schmid-Alliana V Breuil, et al. 2004 Soluble fractalkine prevents monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced monocyte migration via inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase 2/p38 and matrix metalloproteinase activities J Immunol 172 585-592
32. G Steinhoff M Behrend B Schrader, et al. 1993 Expression patterns of leukocyte adhesion ligand molecules on human liver endothelia. Lack of ELAM-1 and CD62 inducibility on sinusoidal endothelia and distinct distribution of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and LFA-3 Am J Pathol 142 481-488
33. I Lautenschlager K Höckerstedt E Taskinen, et al. 1996 Expression of adhesion molecules and their ligands in liver allografts during cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and acute rejection Transpl Int 9 Suppl 1 S213
34. M Yasoshima Y Nakanuma K Tsuneyama, et al. 1995 Immunohistochemical analysis of adhesion molecules in the micro-environment of portal tracts in relation to aberrant expression of PDC-E2 and HLA-DR on the bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis J Pathol 175-319
35. S Bloom K Fleming R Chapman 1995 Adhesion molecule expression in primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis Gut 36 604
36. DH Adams SG Hubscher NC Fisher, et al. 1996 Expression of E-selectin and E-selectin ligands in human liver inflammation Hepatology 24 533
37. H Yokomori M Oda K Yoshimura, et al. 2003 Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 protein and messenger RNA in primary biliary cirrhosis Intern Med 42 947
38. S Edwards PF Lalor GB Nash, et al. 2005 Lymphocyte traffic through sinusoidal endothelial cells is regulated by hepatocytes Hepatology 41 451
39. PF Lalor S Edwards G McNab, et al. 2002 Vascular adhesion protein-1 mediates adhesion and transmigration of lymphocytes on human hepatic endothelial cells J Immunol 169 983-992
40. J Wong B Johnston SS Lee, et al. 1997 A minimal role for selectins in the recruitment of leukocytes into the inflamed liver microvasculature J Clin Invest 99 2782
41. S Jalkanen M Salmi 2008 VAP-1 and CD73, endothelial cell surface enzymes in leukocyte extravasation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 18
42. M Salmi S Tohka EL Berg, et al. 1997 Vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) mediates lymphocyte subtype-specific, selectin-independent recognition of vascular endothelium in human lymph nodes J Exp Med 186-589
43. G McNab JL Reeves M Salmi, et al. 1996 Vascular adhesion protein 1 mediates binding of T cells to human hepatic endothelium Gastroenterology 110-522
44. KF Yoong G McNab SG Hübscher, et al. 1998 Vascular adhesion protein-1 and ICAM-1 support the adhesion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to tumor endothelium in human hepatocellular carcinoma J Immunol 160 3978-3988
45. M Salmi GG Yegutkin R Lehvonen, et al. 2001 A cell surface amine oxidase directly controls lymphocyte migration Immunity 14 265
46. S Jalkanen M Karikoski N Mercier, et al. 2007 The oxidase activity of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) induces endothelial E- and P-selectins and leukocyte binding Blood 110 1864
47. PF Lalor PJ Sun CJ Weston, et al. 2007 Activation of vascular adhesion protein-1 on liver endothelium results in an NF-kB-dependent increase in lymphocyte adhesion Hepatology 45 465
48. M Salmi K Kalimo S Jalkanen 1993 Induction and function of vascular adhesion protein-1 at sites of inflammation J Exp Med 178 2255
49. AM Arvilommi M Salmi S Jalkanen 1997 Organ-selective regulation of vascular adhesion protein-1 expression in man Eur J Immunol 27 1794
50. M Salmi S Tohka S Jalkanen 2000 Human vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) plays a critical role in lymphocyte-endothelial cell adhesion cascade under shear Circ Res 86 1245-1251
51. CS Bonder MU Norman MG Swain, et al. 2005 Rules of recruitment for Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes in inflamed liver: a role for alpha-4 integrin and vascular adhesion protein-1 Immunity 23 153
52. MM Stanford TB Issekutz 2003 The relative activity of CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands in T lymphocyte migration: concordant and disparate activities in vitro and in vivo J Leukoc Biol 74 791
53. F Annunziato L Cosmi G Galli, et al. 1999 Assessment of chemokine receptor expression by human Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo J Leukoc Biol 65 691-699
54. R Volpes JJ Van Den Oord VJ Desmet 1992 Vascular adhesion molecules in acute and chronic liver inflammation Hepatology 15 269
55. SM Curbishley B Eksteen RP Gladue, et al. 2005 CXCR3 activation promotes lymphocyte transendothelial migration across human hepatic endothelium under fluid flow Am J Pathol 167 887-899
56. J Medina P Sanz-Cameno L García-Buey, et al. 2005 Evidence of angiogenesis in primary biliary cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical descriptive study J Hepatol 42 124
57. DH Adams S Hubscher J Fear, et al. 1996 Hepatic expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1a and macrophage inflammatory protein-1b after liver transplantation Transplantation 61 817
58. K Lipson M Lappalainen K Höckerstedt, et al. 2006 Post-transplant reactivation of hepatitis C virus: lymphocyte infiltration and the expression of adhesion molecules and their ligands in liver allografts APMIS 114-247
59. DH Adams SG Hubscher J Shaw, et al. 1991 Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis Hepatology 14 426-431
60. P Dillon D Belchis T Tracy, et al. 1994 Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in biliary atresia Am J Pathol 145 263-267
61. H Yokomori M Oda M Ogi, et al. 2005 Expression of adhesion molecules on mature cholangiocytes in canal of Hering and bile ductules in wedge biopsy samples of primary biliary cirrhosis World J Gastroenterol 11 4382-4389
62. AJ Grant PF Lalor M Salmi, et al. 2002 Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease Lancet 359-150
63. M Briskin D Winsor-Hines A Shyjan, et al. 1997 Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue Am J Pathol 151 97 110
64. AJ Grant PF Lalor SG Hübscher, et al. 2001 MAdCAM-1 expressed in chronic inflammatory liver disease supports mucosal lymphocyte adhesion to hepatic endothelium (MAdCAM-1 in chronic inflammatory liver disease) Hepatology 33 1065
65. KJ Hillan KE Hagler RN MacSween, et al. 1999 Expression of the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, in inflammatory liver disease Liver 19 509
66. DH Adams B Eksteen 2006 Aberrant homing of mucosal T cells and extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease Nat Rev Immunol 6 244
67. B Eksteen AE Miles AJ Grant, et al. 2004 Lymphocyte homing in the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease Clin Med 4 173-180
68. 7-integrin-dependent adhesion of lymphocytes to MAdCAM-1 under shear flow Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294 G1257
69. + gut-homing lymphocytes to the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis J Exp Med 200 1511
70. EJ Kunkel JJ Campbell G Haraldsen, et al. 2000 Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: Epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional i J Exp Med 192-761
71. EV Loftus Jr GC Harewood CG Loftus, et al. 2005 PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis Gut 54 91
72. RK Pachynski SW Wu MD Gunn, et al. 1998 Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) stimulates integrin a4b7-mediated adhesion of lymphocytes to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) under flow J Immunol 161 952-956
73. N Wright A Hidalgo JM Rodríguez-Frade, et al. 2002 The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1a modulates a4b7 integrin-mediated lymphocyte adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin J Immunol 168 5268-5277
74. R Förster AC Davalos-Misslitz A Rot 2008 CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance Nat Rev Immunol 8 362
75. P Hjelmström 2001 Lymphoid neogenesis: de novo formation of lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammation through expression of homing chemokines J Leukoc Biol 69 331-339
76. W Weninger HS Carlsen M Goodarzi, et al. 2003 Naive T cell recruitment to nonlymphoid tissues: a role for endothelium-expressed CC chemokine ligand 21 in autoimmune disease and lymphoid neogenesis J Immunol 170 4638-4648
77. AJ Grant S Goddard J Ahmed-Choudhury, et al. 2002 Hepatic expression of secondary lymphoid chemokine (CCL21) promotes the development of portal-associated lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammatory liver disease Am J Pathol 160 1445-1455
78. B Eksteen A Miles SM Curbishley, et al. 2006 Epithelial inflammation is associated with CCL28 production and the recruitment of regulatory T cells expressing CCR10 J Immunol 177 593-603
79. RY Lan C Cheng ZX Lian, et al. 2006 Liver-targeted and peripheral blood alterations of regulatory T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis Hepatology 43 729
80. B Liu XH Shi FC Zhang, et al. 2008 Antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis: a subset of primary biliary cirrhosis Liver Int 28 233-239
81. M Sasaki H Ikeda S Sawada, et al. 2007 Naturally-occurring regulatory T cells are increased in inflamed portal tracts with cholangiopathy in primary biliary cirrhosis J Clin Pathol 60 1102
82. + regulatory and Th2 effector lymphocytes J Immunol 177 6940-6951
83. + regulatory T cells during acute graft-versus-host disease Blood 106 3300
84. V Grabovsky S Feigelson C Chen, et al. 2000 Subsecond induction of a4 integrin clustering by immobilized chemokines stimulates leukocyte tethering and rolling on endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 under flow conditions J Exp Med 192-495
85. O Wald O Pappo R Safadi, et al. 2004 Involvement of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway in the advanced liver disease that is associated with hepatitis C virus or hepatitis B virus Eur J Immunol 34 1164
86. Z Ding K Xiong TB Issekutz 2000 Regulation of chemokine-induced transendothelial migration of T lymphocytes by endothelial activation: differential effects on naive and memory T cells J Leukoc Biol 67 825-833
87. S Goddard A Williams C Morland, et al. 2001 Differential expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors shapes the inflammatory response in rejecting human liver transplants Transplantation 72 1957
88. R Terada K Yamamoto T Hakoda, et al. 2003 Stromal cell-derived factor-1 from biliary epithelial cells recruits CXCR4-positive cells: implications for inflammatory liver diseases Lab Invest 83 665
89. NA Shackel PH McGuinness CA Abbott, et al. 2001 Identification of novel molecules and pathogenic pathways in primary biliary cirrhosis: cDNA array analysis of intrahepatic differential gene expression Gut 49 565
90. CD Buckley N Amft PF Bradfield, et al. 2000 Persistent induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by TGF-b1 on synovial T cells contributes to their accumulation within the rheumatoid synovium J Immunol 165 3423-3429
91. M Yasoshima K Tsuneyama K Harada, et al. 2000 Immunohistochemical analysis of cell-matrix adhesion molecules and their ligands in the portal tracts of primary biliary cirrhosis J Pathol 190 93
92. MJ Elices V Tsai D Strahl, et al. 1994 Expression and functional significance of alternatively spliced CS1 fibronectin in rheumatoid arthritis microvasculature J Clin Invest 93 405
93. K Mohan Z Ding J Hanly, et al. 2002 IFN-g-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant is a potent stimulator of normal human blood T lymphocyte transendothelial migration: differential regulation by IFN-g and TNF-a J Immunol 168 6420-6428
94. L Piali C Weber G LaRosa, et al. 1998 The chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates rapid and shear-resistant adhesion-induction of effector T lymphocytes by the chemokines IP10 and Mig Eur J Immunol 28 961
95. KF Yoong SC Afford R Jones, et al. 1999 Expression and function of CXC and CC chemokines in human malignant liver tumors: a role for human monokine induced by g-interferon in lymphocyte recruitment to hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatology 30 100
96. YH Chuang ZX Lian CM Cheng, et al. 2005 Increased levels of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and chemokines IP-10 and MIG in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and their first degree relatives J Autoimmun 25 126
97. Intrahepatic levels of CXCR3-associated chemokines correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
98. PL Shields CM Morland M Salmon, et al. 1999 Chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions provide a mechanism for selective T cell recruitment to specific liver compartments within hepatitis C-infected liver J Immunol 163 6236-6243
99. KJ Helbig A Ruszkiewicz L Semendric, et al. 2004 Expression of the CXCR3 ligand I-TAC by hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis C and its correlation with hepatic inflammation Hepatology 39 1220
100. A Apolinario PL Majano E Alvarez-Pérez, et al. 2002 Increased expression of T cell chemokines and their receptors in chronic hepatitis C: relationship with the histological activity of liver disease Am J Gastroenterol 97 2861
101. CE Harvey JJ Post P Palladinetti, et al. 2003 Expression of the chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10) by hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis C virus infection correlates with histological severity and lobular inflammation J Leukoc Biol 74 360
102. S Mihm S Schweyer G Ramadori 2003 Expression of the chemokine IP-10 correlates with the accumulation of hepatic IFN-g and IL-18 mRNA in chronic hepatitis C but not in hepatitis B J Med Virol 70 562
103. S Qin J Rottman P Myers, et al. 1998 The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions J Clin Invest 101-746
104. K Nishioji T Okanoue Y Itoh, et al. 2001 Increase of chemokine interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in the serum of patients with autoimmune liver diseases and increase of its mRNA expression in hepatocytes Clin Exp Immunol 123-271
105. S Narumi Y Tominaga M Tamaru, et al. 1997 Expression of IFN-inducible protein-10 in chronic hepatitis J Immunol 158 5536-5544
106. S Shimoda K Harada H Niiro, et al. 2008 Biliary epithelial cells and primary biliary cirrhosis: the role of liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells Hepatology 47 958
107. A Apolinario PL Majano R Lorent, et al. 2005 Gene expression profile of T-cell-specific chemokines in human hepatocyte-derived cells: evidence for a synergistic inducer effect of cytokines and hepatitis C virus proteins J Viral Hepat 12 27
108. M Heydtmann PF Lalor JA Eksteen, et al. 2005 CXC chemokine ligand 16 promotes integrin-mediated adhesion of liver-infiltrating lymphocytes to cholangiocytes and hepatocytes within the inflamed human liver J Immunol 174 1055-1062
109. CH Kim EJ Kunkel J Boisvert, et al. 2001 Bonzo/CXCR6 expression defines type 1-polarized T-cell subsets with extralymphoid tissue homing potential J Clin Invest 107-595
110. AM Fong LA Robinson DA Steeber, et al. 1998 Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate a novel mechanism of leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow J Exp Med 188 1413
111. CA Haskell MD Cleary IF Charo 1999 Molecular uncoupling of fractalkine-mediated cell adhesion and signal transduction. Rapid flow arrest of CX3CR1-expressing cells is independent of G-protein activation J Biol Chem 274 10053
112. M Sans S Danese C De la Motte, et al. 2007 Enhaned recruitment of CX3R1+ T cells by mucosal endothelial cell-derived fractalkine in inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 132-139
113. S Goda T Imai O Yoshie, et al. 2000 CX3C-chemokine, fractalkine-enhanced adhesion of THP-1 cells to endothelial cells through integrin-dependent and -independent mechanisms J Immunol 164 4313-4320
114. + monocytes in response to fractalkine under constitutive and inflammatory conditions Immunobiology 209 11
115. T Imai K Hieshima C Haskell, et al. 1997 Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion Cell 91 521
116. H Sawai YW Park J Roberson, et al. 2005 T cell costimulation by fractalkine-expressing synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 52 1392
117. M Nishimura H Umehara T Nakayama, et al. 2002 Dual functions of fractalkine/CX3C ligand 1 in trafficking of perforin+/granzyme B+ cytotoxic effector lymphocytes that are defined by CX3CR1 expression J Immunol 168 6137-6180
118. P Ancuta R Rao A Moses, et al. 2003 Fractalkine preferentially mediates arrest and migration of CD16+ monocytes J Exp Med 197 1701
119. + T cells in inflammatory bowel disease and their recruitment as intraepithelial lymphocytes Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 837
120. P Fraticelli M Sironi G Bianchi, et al. 2001 Fractalkine (CX3CL1) as an amplification circuit of polarized Th1 responses J Clin Invest 107 1173
121. K Isse K Harada Y Zen, et al. 2005 Fractalkine and CX3CR1 are involved in the recruitment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of intrahepatic bile ducts Hepatology 41 506
122. E Efsen C Grappone RM DeFranco, et al. 2002 Up-regulated expression of fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 during liver injury in humans J Hepatol 37 39
123. T Kamihira S Shimoda K Harada, et al. 2003 Distinct costimulation dependent and independent autoreactive T-cell clones in primary biliary cirrhosis Gastroenterology 125 1379
124. - intra-epithelial lymphocytes are increased in primary biliary Pathol Int 56 17 24
125. T Kamihira S Shimoda M Nakamura, et al. 2005 Biliary epithelial cells regulate autoreactive T cells: implications for biliary-specific diseases Hepatology 41 151
126. L Wen M Peakman G Mieli-Vergani, et al. 1992 Elevation of activated gd T cell receptor bearing T lymphocytes in patients with autoimmune chronic liver disease Clin Exp Immunol 89 78 82
127. EBG Martins AK Graham RW Chapman, et al. 1996 Elevation of gd T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and other autoimmune liver diseases Hepatology 23 988-993
128. + T cells in response to MIP-1a and MIP-1b Science 260-355
129. SC Afford NC Fisher DA Neil, et al. 1998 Distinct patterns of chemokine expression are associated with leukocyte recruitment in alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis J Pathol 186 82
130. K Tsuneyama K Harada M Yasoshim, et al. 2001 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, -2, and -3 are distinctively expressed in portal tracts and granulomata in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for pathogenesis J Pathol 193-102