Peculiarities of enhancing resistant starch in ruminants using chemical methods: Opportunities and challenges

Nutrients

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1970-1988

  Deckardt, Kathrin ^a   Khol Parisini, Annabella ^a   Zebeli, Qendrim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Austria)

Author keywords

Barley; Chemical grain processing; Resistant starch; Ruminally resistant starch; Ruminant health

Indexed keywords

AMYLOPECTIN; AMYLOSE; CARBOHYDRATE; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSIDASE; LACTIC ACID; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; SODIUM HYDROXIDE; STARCH; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

ACIDOSIS; ANALYTIC METHOD; BARLEY; BOVIDS; CHEMICAL GRAIN PROCESSING METHOD; CHEMICAL REACTION; DIETARY FIBER; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD PROCESSING; GLUCONEOGENESIS; LIPID STORAGE; MALE; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT CONTENT; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; REVIEW;

BOS; HORDEUM;

EID: 84878777111     PISSN: 20726643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu5061970     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Khiaosa-Ard, R.; Zebeli, Q. Dietary modulation of rumen metabolism: A key factor to enhancing ruminant production. Albanian J. Agric. Sci. 2012, 3, 131-140.
2. Nocek, J.E. Bovine acidosis implications on laminitis. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, 80, 1005-1028.
3. Nocek, J.E.; Tamminga, S. Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74, 3598-3629.
4. Zebeli, Q.; Mansmann, D.; Steingass, H.; Ametaj, B.N. Balancing diets for physically effective fibre and ruminally degradable starch: A key to lower the risk of sub-acute rumen acidosis and improve productivity of dairy cattle. Livest. Sci. 2010, 127, 1-10.
5. Aschenbach, J.R.; Penner, G.B.; Stumpff, F.; Gabel, G. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Role of fermentation acid absorption in the regulation of ruminal pH. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89, 1092-1107.
6. Stone, W.C. Nutritional approaches to minimize subacute ruminal acidosis and laminitis in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, E12-E26.
7. Owens, F.N.; Secrist, D.S.; Hill, W.J.; Gill, D.R. Acidosis in cattle: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76, 275-286.
8. Nagaraja, T.G.; Titgemeyer, E.C. Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: The current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90, E17-E38.
9. Plaizier, J.C.; Krause, D.O.; Gozho, G.N.; McBride, B.W. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Vet. J. 2008, 176, 21-31.
10. Calsamiglia, S.; Blanch, M.; Ferret, A.; Moya, D. Is subacute ruminal acidosis a pH related problem? Causes and tools for its control. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 172, 42-50.
11. Wang, Y.; Majak, W.; McAllister, T.A. Frothy bloat in ruminants: Cause, occurrence, and mitigation strategies. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 172, 103-114.
12. Kleen, J.L.; Hooijer, G.A.; Rehage, J.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review. J. Vet. Med. A 2003, 50, 406-414.
13. Nagaraja, T.G.; Lechtenberg, K.F. Liver Abscesses in feedlot cattle. Vet. Clin. FoodAnim. 2007, 23, 351-369.
14. Karapinar, T.; Dabak, M.; Kizil, O. Thiamine status of feedlot cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Can. Vet. J. 2010, 51, 1251-1253.
15. Zebeli, Q.; Dijkstra, J.; Tafaj, M.; Steingass, H.; Ametaj, B.N.; Drochner, W. Modeling the adequacy dietary fiber in dairy cows based on responses of ruminal pH and milk fat production to composition of the diet. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91, 2046-2066.
16. Matthe, A.; Lebzien, P.; Flachowsky, G. On the relevance of bypass-starch for the glucose supply of high-yielding dairy cows. Übers. Tierernähr. 2000, 28, 1-64.
17. Theurer, C.B. Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 1986, 63, 1649-1662.
18. Matthe, A.; Lebzien, P.; Hric, I.; Flachowsky, G.; Sommer, A. Effect of starch application into proximal duodenum of ruminants on starch digestibility in the small and total intestine. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2001, 55, 351-369.
19. Nozière, P.; Rémond, D.; Lemosquet, S.; Chauvau, B.; Durand, D.; Poncet, C. Effect of site of starch digestion on portal nutrients net fluxes in steers. Br. J. Nutr. 2005, 94, 182-191.
20. Svihus, B.; Uhlen, A.K.; Harstad, O.M. Effect of starch granule structure, associated components and processing on nutritive value of cereal starch: A review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2005, 122, 303-320.
21. Dehghan-Banadaky, M.; Corbett, R.; Oba, M. Effects of barley grain processing on productivity of cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 137, 1-24.
22. Owens, F.N.; Secrist, D.S.; Hill, W.J.; Gill, D.R. The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1997, 75, 868-879.
23. Östman, E.M.; Nilsson, M.; Liljeberg-Elmstahl, H.G.M.; Molin, G.; Björck, I.M.E. On the effect of lactic acid on blood glucose and insulin responses to cereal products: Mechanistic studies in healthy subjects and in vitro. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 36, 339-346.
24. Iqbal, S.; Zebeli, Q.; Mazzolari, A.; Bertoni, G.; Dunn, S.M.; Yang, W.Z.; Ametaj, B.N. Feeding barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulates rumen fermentation patterns and increases milk fat content in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92, 6023-6032.
25. Iqbal, S.; Zebeli, Q.; Mazzolari, A.; Dunn, S.M.; Ametaj, B.N. Feeding rolled barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulated energy status and innate immunity in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 5147-5156.
26. Martínez, T.F.; Moyano, F.J.; Díaz, M.; Barroso, F.G.; Alarcón, F.J. Use of tannic acid to protect barley meal against ruminal degradation. J. Sci. FoodAgric. 2005, 85, 1371-1378.
27. Seal, C.J.; Jones, A.R.; Whitney, A.D. Whole grains uncovered. Nutr. Bull. 2006, 31, 129-137.
28. Cromey, M.; Wright, D.; Boddington, H. Effects of frost during grain filling on wheat yield and grain structure. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 1998, 26, 279-290.
29. Amrein, T.M.; Gränicher, P.; Arrigoni, E.; Amadò, R. In vitro digestibility and colonic fermentability of aleurone isolated from wheat bran. LWT-FoodSci. Technol. 2003, 36, 451-460.
30. Huntington, G.B. Starch utilization by ruminants: From basics to the bunk. J. Anim. Sci. 1997, 75, 852-867.
31. Kotarski, S.F.; Waniska, R.D.; Thurn, K.K. Starch hydrolysis by the ruminal microflora. J. Nutr. 1992, 122, 178-190.
32. Andersson, L.; Fredriksson, H.; Oscarsson Bergh, M.; Andersson, R.; Âman, P. Characterisation of starch from inner and peripheral parts of normal and waxy barley kernels. J. Cereal Sci. 1999, 30, 165-171.
33. Huntington, G.B.; Harmon, D.L.; Richards, C.J. Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 84, E14-E24.
34. Pérez, S.; Bertoft, E. The molecular structures of starch components and their contribution to the architecture of starch granules: A comprehensive review. Starch Stärke 2010, 62, 389-420.
35. Buléon, A.; Colonna, P.; Planchot, V.; Ball, S. Mini review Starch granules: Structure and biosynthesis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1998, 23, 85-112.
36. Lindeboom, N.; Chang, P.R.; Tyler, R.T. Analytical, biochemical and physicochemical aspects of starch granule size, with emphasis on small granule starches: A review. Starch Stärke 2004, 56, 89-99.
37. Panozzo, J.F.; Eagles, H.A. Cultivar and environmental effects on quality characters in wheat. I. Starch. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1998, 49, 757-766.
38. Baldwin, P.M. Starch granule-associated proteins and polypeptides: A review. Starch Stärke 2001, 53, 475-503.
39. Salomonsson, A.C.; Sundberg, B. Amylose content and chain profile of amylopectin from normal, high amylose and waxy barleys. Starch Stärke 1994, 46, 325-328.
40. Chen, Y.; Fringant, C.; Rinaudo, M. Molecular characterization of starch by SEC: Dependance of the performances on the amylopectin content. Carbohydr. Polym. 1997, 33, 73-78.
41. Hanashiro, I.; Takeda, Y. Examination of number-average degree of polymerization and molar-based distribution of amylose by fluorescent labeling with 2-aminopyridine. Carbohydr. Res. 1998, 42, 421-426.
42. Sajilata, M.G.; Singhal, R.S.; Kulkarni, P.R. Resistant starch-A review. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. FoodSaf. 2006, 5, 1-17.
43. Hizukuri, S.; Takagi, T. Estimation of the distribution of molecular weight for amylose by the low-angle laser-light-scattering technique combined with high-performance gel chromatography. Carbohydr. Res. 1984, 134, 1-10.
44. French, D. Chemical and physical properties of starch. J. Anim. Sci. 1973, 37, 1048-1061.
45. Topping, D.L.; Fukushima, M.; Bird, A.R. Resistant starch as a prebiotic and symbiotic: State of the art. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2003, 62, 171-176.
46. Fuentes-Zaragoza, E.; Sánchez-Zapata, E.; Sendra, E.; Sayas, E.; Navarro, C.; Fernández-López, J.; Pérez-Alvarez, J.A. Resistant starch as prebiotic: A review. Starch Stärke 2011, 63, 406-415.
47. Englyst, H.; Wiggins, H.S.; Cummings, J.H. Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 1982, 107, 307-318.
48. Bird, A.R.; Brown, I.L.; Topping, D.L. Starches, resistant starches, the gut microflora and human health. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol. 2000, 1, 25-37.
49. Niba, L.L. Resistant starch: A potential functional food ingredient. Nutr. Food Sci. 2002, 32, 62-67.
50. Nugent, A.P. Health properties of resistant starch. Nutr. Bull. 2005, 30, 27-54.
51. Zhou, Z.; Cao, X.; Zhou, J.Y.H. Effect of resistant starch structure on short-chain fatty acids production by human gut microbiota fermentation in vitro. Starch Stärke 2013, 65, 509-516.
52. Langkilde, A.M.; Ekwall, H.; Björck, I.; Asp, N.G.; Andersson, H. Retrograded high-amylose corn starch reduces cholic acid excretion from the small bowel in ileostomy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 52, 790-795.
53. Jenkins, D.J.A.; Kendall, C.W.C. Resistant starches. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2000, 16, 178-183.
54. Penn-Marshall, M.; Holtzman, G.I.; Barbeau, W.E. African Americans may have to consume more than 12 grams a day of resistant starch to lower their risk for type 2 diabetes. J. Med. Food 2010, 13, 999-1004.
55. Kwak, JH.; Paik, J.K.; Kim, H I.; Kim, O.Y.; Shin, D.Y.; Kim, HJ.; Lee, JH.; Lee, J.H. Dietary treatment with rice containing resistant starch improves markers of endothelial function with reduction of postprandial blood glucose and oxidative stress in patients with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2012, 224, 457-464.
56. Topping, D.L.; Morell, M.K.; King, R.A.; Li, Z.; Bird, A.R.; Noakes, M. Resistant starch and health-Himalaya 292, a novel barley cultivar to deliver benefits to consumers. Starch Stärke 2003, 55, 539-545.
57. Zheng, J.; Enright, F.; Keenan, M.; Finley, J.; Zhou, J.; Ye, J.; Greenway, F.; Senevirathne, R.N.; Gissendanner, C.R.; Manaois, R.; et al. Resistant starch, fermented resistant starch, and short-chain fatty acids reduce intestinal fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 4744-4748.
58. Fuentes-Zaragoza, E.; Riquelme-Navarrete, M.J.; Sánchez-Zapata, E.; Pérez-Álvarez, J.A. Resistant starch as functional ingredient: A review. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 931-942.
59. Polesi, L.F.; Sarmento, S.B.S. Structural and physicochemical characterization of RS prepared using hydrolysis and heat treatments of chickpea starch. Starch Stärke 2011, 63, 226-235.
60. Sha, X.S.; Xiang, Z.J.; Bin, L.; Jing, L.; Bin, Z.; Jiao, Y.J.; Kun, S.R. Preparation and physical characteristics of resistant starch (type 4) in acetylated indica rice. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 149-154.
61. Lee, K.Y.; Yoo, S.H.; Lee, H.G. The effect of chemically-modified resistant starch, RS type-4, on body weight and blood lipid profiles of high fat diet-induced obese mice. Starch Stärke 2012, 64, 78-85.
62. Shu, X.; Backes, G.; Rasmussen, S.K. Genome-wide association study of resistant starch (RS) phenotypes in a barley variety collection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 10302-10311.
63. Hale, W.H.; Cuitun, L.; Saba, W.J.; Taylor, B.; Theurer, B. Effect of steam processing and flaking milo and barley on performance and digestion by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 1966, 25, 392-396.
64. Schmidt, J.; Toth, T.; Fabian, J. Rumen fermentation and starch degradation by Holstein steers fed sodium hydroxide or formaldehyde treated wheat. Acta Vet. Hung. 2006, 54, 201-212.
65. Miron, J.; Ben-Ghedalia, D.; Solomon, R. Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharide components in diets containing either ground sorghum or sorghum grain treated with sodium hydroxide. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, 80, 144-151.
66. Kennedy, S.; Rice, D.A. Renal lesions in cattle fed sodium hydroxide-treated Barley. Vet. Pathol. 1987, 24, 265-271.
67. Dehghan-Banadaky, M.; Amanlob, H.; Nikkhah, A.; Danesh-Mesgaran, M.; Emamic, M.R. Rumen and post-abomasal disappearance in lactating cows of amino acids and other components of barley grain treated with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde or urea. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 142, 306-316.
68. McNiven, M.A.; Weisbjerg, M.R.; Hvelplund, T. Influence of roasting or sodium hydroxide treatment of barley on digestion in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1995, 78, 1106-1115.
69. Cameron, R.E.; Roberts, S.A. The effects of concentration and sodium hydroxide on the rheological properties of potato starch gelatinization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2002, 50, 133-143.
70. Martínez, X.P.; Sánchez, M.R.; López, J.; Manjarrez, E.V.-A.; Padilla, E.G.; Ávila, H.R.V. Desarrollo folicular y tasa ovulatoria en cabras criollas después de un periodo corto de consumo de trigo protegido de la degradación ruminal (Follicular development and ovulation rate in Creole goats after short-term consumption of wheat protected from ruminal degradation). Tec. Pecu. Mex. 2008, 46, 449-462.
71. Leroy, J.L.M.R.; Opsomer, G.; Van Soom, A.; Goovaerts, I.G.F.; Bols, P.E.J. Reduced fertility in high-yielding dairy cows: Are the oocyte and embryo in danger? Part II: Mechanisms linking nutrition and reduced oocyte and embryo quality in high-yielding cows. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 2008, 43, 623-632.
72. Garnsworthy, P.C.; Gong, J.G.; Armstrong, D.G.; Mann, G.E.; Sinclair, K.D.; Webb, R. Effect of site of starch digestion on metabolic hormones and ovarian function in dairy cows. Livest. Sci.2008, 125, 161-168.
73. Fluharty, F.L.; Loerch, S.C. Chemical treatment of ground corn to limit ruminal starch digestion. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1989, 69, 173-180.
74. Oke, B.O.; Loerch, S.C.; Redman, D.R. Effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn on nutrient digestion and rnetabolism in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71, 1197-1205.
75. Colkesen, M.; Kamalak, A.; Canbolat, O.; Gurbuz, Y.; Ozkan, C.O. Effect of cultivar and formaldehyde treatment of barley grain on rumen fermentation characteristics using in vitro gas production. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 35, 206-212.
76. Ortega-Cerrilla, M.E.; Finlayson, H.J.; Armstrong, D.G. The effect of chemical treatment of barley on starch digestion in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1999, 77, 73-81.
77. Robinson, P.H.; Kennelly, J.J. Influence of ammoniation of high moisture barley on its in situ rumen degradation and influence on rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1988,68, 839-851.
78. Robinson, P.H.; Kennelly, J.J. Influence of ammoniation of high moisture barley on its in situ rumen degradation and influence on rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci 1989,68, 195-203.
79. Iqbal, S.; Terrill, S.J.; Zebeli, Q.; Mazzolari, A.; Dunn, S.M.; Yang, W.Z.; Ametaj, B.N. Treating barley grain with lactic acid and heat prevented sub-acute ruminal acidosis and increased milk fat content in dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 172, 141-149.
80. Iqbal, S.; Zebeli, Q.; Mazzolari, A.; Dunn, S.M.; Ametaj, B.N. Barley grain-based diet treated with lactic acid and heat modulated plasma metabolites and acute phase response in dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 2012, 90, 3143-3152.
81. Yu, J.; Wang, W.H.; Menghe, B.L.G.; Jiri, M.T.; Wang, H.M.; Liu, W.J.; Bao, Q.H.; Lu, O.; Zhang, J.C.; Wang, F.; et al. Diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional fermented dairy products in Mongolia. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94, 3229-3241.
82. Rhee, S.J.; Lee, J.E.; Lee, C.H. Importance of lactic acid bacteria in Asian fermented foods. Microb. Cell Fact. 2011, 10, S5:1-S5:13.
83. Arendt, E.K.; Moroni, A.; Zannini, E. Medical nutrition therapy: Use of sourdough lactic acid bacteria as a cell factory for delivering functional biomolecules and food ingredients in gluten free bread. Microb. Cell Fact. 2011, 10, S15:1-S15:9.
84. Liljeberg, H.G.M.; Lönner, C.H.; Björck, I.M.E. Sourdough fermentation or addition of organic acids or corresponding salts to bread improves nutritional properties of starch in healthy humans. J. Nutr. 1995, 125, 1503-1511.
85. Berry, C.S. Resistant starch-formation and measurement of starch that survives exhaustive digestion with amylolytic enzymes during the determination of dietary fiber. J. Cereal Sci. 1986, 4, 301-314.
86. Liljeberg, H.; Akerberg, A.; Björck, I. Resistant starch formation in bread as influenced by choice of ingredients or baking conditions. Food Chem. 1996, 56, 389-394.
87. Hallström, E.; Sestili, F.; Lafiandra, D.; Björck, I.; Östman, E. A novel wheat variety with elevated content of amylose increases resistant starch formation and may beneficially influence glycaemia in healthy subjects. Food Nutr. Res. 2011, 55, 7074:1-7074:8.
88. Östman, E.M.; Liljeberg-Elmstahl, H.G.M.; Björck, I.M.E. Barley bread containing lactic acid improves glucose tolerance at a subsequent meal in healthy men and women. J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 1173-1175.
89. Östman, E.M.; Elmstahl, H.G.M.; Molin, G.; Lundquist, I.; Björck, I.M.E. A diet based on wheat bread baked with lactic acid improves glucosetolerance in hyperinsulinaemic Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J. Cereal Sci. 2005, 42, 300-308.
90. Offner, A.; Bach, A.; Sauvant, D. Quantitative review of in situ starch degradation in the rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2003, 106, 81-93.
91. Lj0kel, K.; Harstad, O.M.; Prestl0kken, E.; Skrede, A. In situ digestibility of starch in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) in dairy cows: Influence of heat treatment and glucose addition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2003, 105, 105-116.
92. Jalc, D.; Kisidayová, S.; Nerud, F. Effect of plant oils and organic acids on rumen fermentation in vitro. Folia Microbiol. 2002, 47, 171-178.
93. Martin, S.A. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76, 3123-3132.
94. Khampa, S.; Wanapat, M. Manipulation of rumen fermentation with organic acids supplementation in ruminants raised in the tropics. Pak. J. Nutr. 2007, 6, 20-27.
95. Castillo, C.; Benedito, J.L.; Mendez, J.; Pereira, V.; Lopez-Alonso, M.; Miranda, M.; Hernandez, J. Organic acids as a substitute for monensin in diets for beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2004, 115, 101-116.
96. Makkar, H.P.S. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res. 2003, 49, 241-256.
97. Patra, A.K.; Saxena, J. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. J. Sci. FoodAgric. 2011, 91, 24-37.
98. Cerrilla, M.E.O.; Martinez, G.M. Starch digestion and glucose metabolism in the ruminant: A review. Interciencia 2003, 28, 380-386.
99. Herdt, T. Postabsorptive Nutrient Utilization. In Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 3rd ed.; Cunningham, J.G., Ed.; W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2002; pp. 305-308.
100. Bergman, E.N. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species (Review). Physiol. Rev. 1990, 70, 567-590.
101. Saleem, F.; Ametaj, B.N.; Bouatra, S.; Mandal, R.; Zebeli, Q.; Dunn, S.M.; Wishart, D.S. Metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 6606-6623.
102. Zebeli, Q.; Aschenbach, J.R.; Tafaj, M.; Boguhn, J.; Ametaj, B.N.; Drochner, W. Invited review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 1041-1056.
103. Kirat, D.; Masuoka, J.; Hayashi, H.; Iwano, H.; Yokota, H.; Taniyama, H.; Kato, S. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays a direct role in short-chain fatty acids absorption in caprine rumen. J. Physiol. 2006, 576, 635-647.
104. Koho, N.M.; Taponen, J.; Tiihonen, H.; Manninen, M.; Pösö, A.R. Effects of age and concentrate feeding on the expression of MCT 1 and CD147 in the gastrointestinal tract of goats and Hereford finishing beef bulls. Res. Vet. Sci. 2011, 90, 301-305.
105. Armentano, L.E. Ruminant hepatic metabolism of volatile fatty acids, lactate and pyruvate. J. Nutr. 1992, 122, 838-842.
106. Harmon, D.L.; Yamka, R.M.; Elam, N.A. Factors affecting intestinal starch digestion in ruminants: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 84, 309-318.
107. Reynolds, C.K. Production and metabolic effects of site of starch digestion in dairy cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2006, 130, 78-94.
108. Gressley, T.F.; Hall, M.B.; Armentano, L.E. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Productivity, digestion, and health responses to hindgut acidosis in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89, 1120-1130.