Starch Utilization by Ruminants: From Basics to the Bunk

Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 852-867

  Huntington, Gerald B ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Absorption; Digestion; Glucose; Metabolism; Ruminants; Starch

Indexed keywords

AVENA; BOVIDAE; HORDEUM VULGARE SUBSP. VULGARE; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; ZEA MAYS;

GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; STARCH;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BOVIDS; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CATTLE; DIET; DIGESTION; FEMALE; INTESTINE; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RUMINANT STOMACH;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; DIET; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIGESTION; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; INTESTINES; MALE; MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; RUMEN; RUMINANTS; STARCH;

EID: 0031093071     PISSN: 00218812     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/1997.753852x     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Aimone, J. C., and D. G. Wagner. 1977. Micronized wheat. I. Influence of feedlot performance, digestibility, VFA and lactate levels in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 44:1088.
2. Aldrich, J. M., L. D. Muller, G. A. Varga, and L. C. Griel, Jr. 1993. Nonstructural carbohydrate and protein effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient flow, and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1091.
3. Amaral, D. M., J. J. Veenhuizen, J. K. Drackley, M. H. Cooley, A. D. McGilliard, and J. W. Young. 1990. Metabolism of propionate, glucose, and carbon dioxide as affected by exogenous glucose in dairy cows at energy equilibrium. J. Dairy. Sci. 73:1244.
4. Aslam, M., W. B. Tucker, J. F. Hogue, R. K. Vernon, and G. D. Adams. 1991. Controlled ruminal infusion of sodium bicarbonate. 2. Effects of dietary and infused buffer on ruminal millieu. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3496.
5. Axe, D. E., K. H. Bolsen, D. L. Harmon, R. W. Lee, G. A. Milliken, and T. B. Avery. 1987. Effect of wheat and high-moisture sorghum grain fed singly and in combination on ruminal fermentation, solid and liquid flow, site and extent of digestion and feeding performance of cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 64:897.
6. Bauer, M. L., D. L. Harmon, K. R. McLeod, and G. B. Huntington. 1995. Adaptation to small intestinal starch assimilation and glucose transport in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1828.
7. Bauman, D. E., C. J. Peel, W. D. Steinhour, P. J. Reynolds, H. F. Tyrrell, A.C.B. Brown, and G. L. Haaland. 1988. Effect of bovine somatotropin on metabolism of lactating dairy cows: Influence on rates of irreversible loss and oxidation of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. J. Nutr. 118:1031.
8. Beauchemin, K. A., T. A. McAllister, Y. Dong, B. I. Farr, and K.-J. Cheng. 1994. Effects of mastication on digestion of whole cereal grains by cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 72:236.
9. Bell, A. W., D. E. Bauman, and W. B. Currie. 1987. Regulation of nutrient partitioning and metabolism during pre- and postnatal growth. J. Anim. Sci. 65(Suppl 2):186.
10. Bird, A. R., W. J. Croom, Jr., Y. K. Fan, B. L. Black, B. W. McBride, and I. L. Taylor. 1996. Peptide regulation of intestinal glucose absorption. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2523.
11. Brandt, R. T. Jr. 1992. Fat in diets for feedlot cattle: Emphasis on effects of fat type and level, grain type, nutrient levels, and ionophores. Proc. 1992 Southwest Nutr. Mgt. Conf.:27. University of Arizona, Tucson.
12. Brockman, R. P. 1978. Roles of glucagon and insulin in the regulation of metabolism in ruminants - A review. Can. Vet. J. 19:55.
13. Burrin, D. G., R. A. Stock, and R. A. Britton. 1988. Monensin level during grain adaptation and finishing performance in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 66:513.
14. Camgampang, C. B., and A. W. Kirleis. 1984. Relationship of sorghum grain hardness to selected physical and chemical measurements of grain quality. Cereal Chem. 61:100.
15. Casse, E. A., H. Rulquin, and G. B. Huntington. 1994. Effect of mesenteric vein infusion of propionate on splanchnic metabolism in primiparous Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77: 3296.
16. Castlebury, R. E., and R. L. Preston. 1993. Effect of dietary protein on nutrient digestion in lambs duodenally infused with corn starch. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 1):264.
17. Chandrashekar, A., and A. W. Kirleis. 1988. Influence of protein on starch gelatinization in sorghum. Cereal Chem. 65:457.
18. Cotta, M. A. 1992. Interaction of ruminal bacteria in the production and utilization of maltooligosaccharides from starch. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:48.
19. Croom, W. J., Jr., A. R. Bird, B. L. Black, and B. W. McBride. 1993. Manipulation of gastrointestinal nutrient delivery in livestock. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2112.
20. Croom, W. J., Jr., L. S. Bull, and I. L Taylor. 1992. Regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretions in ruminants: A review. J. Nutr. 122:191.
21. Debras, E., E. Aina, J. Grizard, and C. Champredon. 1988. Influence of insulin on glucose and amino acid metabolism in lactating goat studies with the euglycemic clamp technique. 5th Intl. Symp. on Protein Metab. and Nutr. EAAP Publ. No. 35 p 33.
22. Diamond, J. M., and W. H. Karasov. 1984. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on monosaccharide uptake by mouse small intestine in vitro. J. Physiol. 349:419.
23. Eisemann, J. H., and G. B. Huntington. 1994. Metabolite flux across portal-drained viscera, liver, and hindquarters of hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2919.
24. Erdman, R. A. 1988. Dietary buffering requirements of the lactating dairy cow: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 71:3246.
25. Faulkner, A., and H. T. Pollock. 1990. Metabolic responses to euglycemic hyperinsulinemia in lactating and non-lactating sheep in vivo. J. Endocrinol. 124:59.
26. Ferraris, R. P., P. P. Lee, and J. M. Diamond. 1989. Origin of regional and species differences in intestinal glucose uptake. Am. J. Physiol. 257:G689.
27. Ferraris, R. P., S. Yasharpour, K. C. Kent Lloyd, R. Mirzaya, and J. M. Diamond. 1990. Luminal glucose concentrations in the gut under normal conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 259:G822.
28. Fluharty, F. L., and S. C. Loerch. 1989. Chemical treatment of ground corn to limit ruminal starch digestion. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:173.
29. Froetschel, M. N., M. N. Streeter, H. E. Amos, W. J. Croom, Jr., and W. M. Hagler, Jr. 1995. Effects of abomasal slaframine infusion on ruminal digesta passage and digestion in steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:157.
30. Gray, G. M. 1992. Starch digestion and absorption in nonruminants. J. Nutr. 122:172.
31. Guerino, F., G. B. Huntington, R. A. Erdman, T. H. Elsasser, and C. K. Reynolds. 1991. The effects of abomasal casein infusions in growing beef steers on portal and hepatic flux of pancreatic hormones and arterial concentrations of somatomedin-C. J. Anim. Sci. 69:379.
32. Harmon, D. L. 1992. Dietary influences on carbohydrases and small intestinal starch hydrolysis capacity in ruminants. J. Nutr. 122:203.
33. Harmon, D. L. 1993. Nutritional regulation of postruminal digestive enzymes in ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2102.
34. Hatfield, P. G., M. K. Petersen, C. K. Clar, H. A. Glimp, K. J. Hemenway, and W. S. Ramsey. 1993. Effects of barley variety and restricted versus ad libitum intake on rate, site, and extent of digestion by wethers fed a high-energy diet. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 1390.
35. Hediger, M. A., and D. B. Rhoads. 1994. Molecular physiology of sodium-glucose transporters. Physiol. Rev. 74:993.
36. Herbein, J. H., R. W. Van Maanen, A. D. McGilliard, and J. W. Young. 1978. Rumen propionate and blood glucose kinetics in growing cattle fed isoenergetic diets. J. Nutr. 108:994.
37. Herrera-Saldana, R., R. Gomez-Alarcon, M. Torabi, and J. T. Huber. 1990a. Influence of synchronizing protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and microbial protein synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 73:142.
38. Herrera-Saldana, R., and J. T. Huber. 1989. Influence of varying protein and starch intake degradabilities on performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1477.
39. Herrera-Saldana, R. E, J. T. Huber, and M. H. Poore. 1990b. Dry matter, crude protein and starch degradability of five cereal grains. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2386.
40. Hill, T. M., S. P. Schmidt, R. W. Russell, E. E. Thomas, and D. F. Wolfe. 1991. Comparison of urea treatment with established methods of sorghum grain preservation and processing on site and extent of starch digestion by cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 69:4570.
41. Huntington, G. B. 1990. Energy metabolism in the digestive tract and liver of cattle: Influence of physiological state and nutrition. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 30:35.
42. Huntington, G. B., R. L. Prior, and R. A. Britton. 1981. Glucose and lactate absorption and metabolic interrelationships in steers changed from low to high concentrate diets. J. Nutr. 111:1164.
43. Khorasani, G. R., G. De Boer, B. Robinson, and J. J. Kenelly. 1994. Influence of dietary protein and starch on production and metabolic responses of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:813.
44. Kotarski, S. F., R. D. Waniska and K. K. Thurn. 1992. Starch hydrolysis by the ruminal microflora. J. Nutr. 122:178.
45. Krehbiel, C. R., R. A. Britton, D. L. Harmon, J. P. Peters, R. A. Stock, and H. E. Grotjan. 1996. Effects of varying levels of duodenal or midjejunal glucose and 2-deoxyglucose infusion on small intestinal disappearance and net portal glucose absorption in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 74:693.
46. Kreikemeier, K. K., D. L. Harmon, R. T. Brandt, Jr., T. B. Avery, and D. E. Johnson. 1991. Effect of various levels of abomasal glucose, corn starch and corn dextrin on small intestinal disappearance and net glucose absorption. J. Anim. Sci. 69:328.
47. Kreikemeier, K. K., D. L. Harmon, R. T. Brandt, Jr., T. G. Nagaraja and R. C. Cochran. 1990. Steam-rolled wheat diets for finishing cattle: Effects of dietary roughage and feed intake on finishing steer performance and ruminal metabolism. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 2130.
48. Larson, E. M., R. A. Stock, T. J. Klopfenstein, M. H. Sindt, and R. P. Huffman. 1993. Feeding value of wet distillers byproducts for finishing ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2228.
49. Loerch, S. C. 1990. Effects of feeding growing cattle high concentrate diets at a restricted intake on feedlot performance. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3086.
50. Lu, C. D., N. A. Jorgensen, and L. D. Satter. 1988. Site and extent of nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa protein concentrate or soybean meal. J. Dairy Sci. 71:697.
51. Mahanna, B. 1994. Proper management assures high-quality silage, grains. Feedstuffs 66:12.
52. Mahmoudzadeh, H., E. Karangwa, G. E. Mitchell, Jr., R. B. Muntifering, and R. E. Tucker. 1989. Post-ruminal digestion of starch in the presence of phenolic monomers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 27:111.
53. Matras, J., S. J. Bartle, and R. L. Preston. 1991. Nitrogen utilization in growing lambs: Effects of grain (starch) and protein sources with various rates of ruminal degradation. J. Anim. Sci. 69:339.
54. McAllister, T. A., H. D. Bae, G. A. Jones, and K-J. Chung. 1994. Microbial attachment and feed digestion in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3004.
55. McAllister, T. A., K. A. Beauchemin, L. A. McClelland, and K.-J. Cheng. 1992a. Effect of formaldehyde-treated barley or escape protein on the nutrient digestibility, growth and carcass traits of feedlot lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:309.
56. McAllister, T. A., K.-J. Cheng, L. M. Rode, and J. G. Buchanan-Smith. 1990a. Use of formaldehyde to regulate digestion of barley starch. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 70:581.
57. McAllister, T. A., L. M. Rode, K.-J. Cheng, and J. G. Buchanan-Smith. 1992b. Effect of formaldehyde-treated barley or escape protein on the ruminal environment and digestion in steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:317.
58. McAllister, T. A., L. M. Rode, D. J. Major, K.-J. Chung, and J. G. Buchanan-Smith. 1990b. Effect of ruminal microbial colonization on cereal grain digestion. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 70:571.
59. McCarthy, R. D., Jr., T. H. Klusmeyer, J. L. Vicini, and J. H. Clark. 1989. Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2002.
60. McGuire, M. A., J. M. Grinaldi, D. A. Dwyer, and D. E. Bauman. 1995. Role of insulin in the regulation of mammary synthesis of fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 78:816.
61. McNiven, M. A., M. R. Weisbjerg, and T. Hvelplund. 1995. Influence of roasting or sodium hydroxide treatment of barley on digestion in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1106.
62. Mendoza, G. D., R. A. Britton, and R. A. Stock. 1993. Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and ruminal fermentation. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1572.
63. Miller, T. P., W. B. Tucker, M. Lema, I. S. Shin, J. F. Hogue, and G. D. Adams. 1993. Influence of dietary buffer value index on the ruminal millieu of lactating dairy cows fed sorghum silage and grain. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3571.
64. Nicoletti, J. M., C. L. Davis, R. B. Hespell, and J.A.Z. Leedle. 1984. Enumeration and presumptive identification of bacteria from the small intestine in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1227.
65. Nocek, J. E., and S. Tamminga. 1991. Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3598.
66. Oke, B. O., S. C. Loerch, and D. R. Redman. 1991. Effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn in nutrient digestion and metabolism in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1197.
67. Oliveira, J. S., J. T. Huber, J. M. Simas, C. B. Theurer, and R. S. Swingle. 1995. Effect of sorghum grain processing on site and extent of digestion of starch in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1318.
68. Ørskov, E. R. 1986. Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1624.
69. Owens, F. N., and A. L. Goetsch. 1986. Digesta passage and microbial protein synthesis. In: L. P. Milligan, W. L. Grovum, and A. Dobson (Ed.) Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants. pp 196-223. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
70. Owens, F. N., R. A. Zinn, and Y. K. Kim. 1986. Limits to starch 4 digestion in the ruminant small intestine. J. Anim. Sci. 63: 1634.
71. Pappenheimer, J. R., and K. Z. Reiss. 1987. Contribution of solvent drag through intercellular junctions to absorption of nutrients by the small intestine of the rat. J. Membrane Biol. 100:123.
72. Petterson, J. A., F. R. Dunshea, R. A. Ehrhardt, and A. W. Bell. 1993. Pregnancy and undernutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. J. Nutr. 123:1286.
73. Poore, M. H., J. A. Moore, T. P. Eck, R. S. Swingle, and C. B. Theurer. 1993. Effect of fiber source and ruminal starch degradability on site and extent of digestion in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2244.
74. Preston, R. L., S. J. Bartle, and R. E. Castlebury. 1991. Laboratory evaluation of grain sorghum for steam-flaking and utilization by feedlot cattle. Texas Tech Univ. Agric. Sci. Tech. Rep. No. T-5-297:69.
75. Preston, R. L., A. C. Brake, T. P. Karnezos, A. G. Matches and Y. Xiong. 1993. Near infrared reflectance and gelatinization as measures of starch availability in steam-flaked sorghum grain. Texas Tech Univ. Agric. Sci. Tech. Rep. No. T-5-327:189.
76. Pritchard, R. H. 1995. Why are they using programmed feeding? Proc. 1995 Southwest Nutr. Mgt. Conf.:27. University of Arizona, Tucson.
77. Reynolds, C. K., and H. F. Tyrrell. 1991. Effects of mesenteric alanine vein L-alanine infusion on liver metabolism in beef heifers fed on diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio. Br. J. Nutr. 66:437.
78. Rooney, L. W., and R. L. Pflugfelder. 1986. Factors affecting starch digestibility with special emphasis on sorghum and corn. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1607.
79. Russell, J. B., and J. M. Chow. 1993. Another theory for the action of ruminal buffer salts: Decreased starch fermentation and propionate production. J. Dairy Sci. 76:826.
80. Sano, H., S. Matsunobu, T. Abe, and Y. Terashima. 1992. Combined effects of diet and cold exposure on insulin responsiveness to glucose and tissue responsiveness to insulin in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3514.
81. Schmidt, S. P., and R. K. Keith. 1983. Effects of diet and energy intake on kinetics of glucose metabolism in steers. J. Nutr. 113: 2155.
82. Shirazi-Beechey, I., S. Wood, J. Dyer, D. Scott, and T. P. King. 1995. Intestinal sugar transport in ruminants. In: W. V. Engelhardt, S. Leonhard-Marek, G. Breves, and D. Giesecke (Ed.) Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction: Proc. 8th Intl. Symp. Ruminant Physiol. p 117. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
83. Sklan, D., A. Arieli, W. Chalupa, and D. S. Kronfeld. 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids and bile acids in sheep fed stearic acid, oleic acid, or tristearin. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1667.
84. Sklan, D., and O. Halevy. 1985. Digestion and absorption of protein along ovine gastrointestinal tract. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1676.
85. Sklan, D., and S. Hurwitz. 1985. Movement and absorption of major minerals and water in ovine gastrointestinal tract. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1659.
86. Spicer, L. A., C. B. Theurer, J. Sowe, and T. H. Noon. 1986. Ruminal and post-ruminal utilization of nitrogen and starch from sorghum grain-, corn- and barley-based diets by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 62: 521.
87. Stock, R. A., D. R. Brink, R. A. Britton, F. K. Goedeken, M. H. Sindt, K. K. Kreikemeier, M. L. Bauer, and K. K. Smith. 1987a. Feeding combinations of high moisture corn and dry-rolled sorghum to finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 65:290.
88. Stock, R. A., D. R. Brink, K. K. Kreikemeier, and K. K. Smith. 1987b. Evaluation of early harvested and reconstituted grain sorghum in finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 65:548.
89. Stock, R. A., M. H. Sindt, J. C. Parrot, and F. K. Goedeken. 1990. Effects of grain type, roughage level and monensin level on finishing cattle performance. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3441.
90. Streeter, M. N., and M. J. Mathis. 1995. Effect of supplemental fish meal protein of site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1196.
91. Streeter, M. N., D. G. Wagner, C. A. Hibberd, and E. D. Mitchell, Jr. 1990a. Effect of variety of sorghum grain on digestion and availability of dry matter and starch in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 29:279.
92. Streeter, M. N., D. G. Wagner, C. A. Hibberd, and F. N. Owens. 1990b. Comparison of corn with four sorghum grain hybrids: Site and extent of digestion in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3429.
93. Streeter, M. N., D. G. Wagner, F. N. Owens, and C. A. Hibberd. 1989. Combinations of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain and dry-rolled corn: Effects on site and extent of digestion in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1623.
94. Streeter, M. N., D. G. Wagner, F. N. Owens, and C. A. Hibberd. 1991. The effect of pure and partial yellow endosperm sorghum grain hybrids on site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2571.
95. Taniguchi, K., G. B. Huntington, and B. P. Glenn. 1995. Net nutrient flux by visceral tissues of beef steers given abomasal and ruminal infusion of casein and starch. J. Anim. Sci. 73:236.
96. Taniguchi, K., Y. Sunada, and T. Obitsu. 1993. Starch digestion in the small intestine of sheep sustained by intragastric infusion without protein supply. Anim. Sci. Technol. Jpn. 64:892.
97. Theurer, C. B. 1986. Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 63: 1649.
98. Theurer, C. B., G. B. Huntington, J. T. Huber, M. H. Poore, and R. S. Swingle. 1990. Net glucose and L-lactate absorption and visceral oxygen use in beef steers fed diets containing 77% dry-rolled (DR) or steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain. J. Anim. Sci. 68(Suppl. 1):540.
99. Theurer, C. B., G. B. Huntington, R. S. Swingle, and J. T. Huber. 1991. Net VFA and energy absorption in beef steers fed diets containing 77% dry-rolled (DR) or steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain. J. Anim. Sci. 69(Suppl. 1):503.
100. 2 in steers as affected by injecting phlorizin and feeding propionate. J. Nutr. 118: 1366.
101. Walker, J. A., and D. L. Harmon. 1995. Influence of ruminal or abomasal starch hydrolysate infusion on pancreatic exocrine secretion and blood glucose and insulin concentration in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3766.
102. Walker, J. A., C. R. Krehbiel, D. L. Harmon, G. St. Jean, W. J. Croom, Jr., and W. M. Hagler, Jr. 1994. Effects of slaframine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4DAMP) on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the bovine. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 72:39.
103. Weighart, M., R. Slepetis, J. M. Elliot, and D. F. Smith. 1986. Glucose absorption and hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows fed diets varying in forage content. J. Nutr. 116:839.
104. Wester, T. J., S. M. Gramlich, R. A. Britton, and R. A. Stock. 1992. Effect of grain sorghum hybrid on in vitro rate of starch disappearance and finishing performance of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 70:2866.
105. Wiedmeier, R. D., M. J. Arambel, R. C. Lamb, and D. P. Marcinowski. 1987. Effect of mineral salts, carbachol, and pilocarpine on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 70:592.
106. Xiong, Y., S. J. Bartle, and R. L. Preston. 1991. Density of steam-flaked sorghum grain, roughage level, and feeding regimen for feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1707.
107. Xu, S., J. H. Harrison, R. E. Riley, and K. A. Loney. 1994. Effect of buffer addition to high grain total mixed rations on rumen pH, feed intake, milk production, and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 77:782.
108. Zinn, R. A. 1987. Influence of lasalocid and monensin plus tylosin on comparative feeding value of steam-flaked versus dry-rolled corn in diets for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 65:256.
109. Zinn, R. A. 1988. Influence of tempering on the comparative feeding value of rolled and steam-flaked corn for feedlot steers. Proc West. Sect. Am. Sci. Anim. Sci. 39:286.
110. Zinn, R. A. 1990a. Influence of steaming time on site of digestion of flaked corn in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 68:776.
111. Zinn, R. A. 1990b. Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:767.
112. Zinn, R. A. 1991. Comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn and sorghum in finishing diets supplemented with or without sodium bicarbonate. J. Anim. Sci. 69:905.
113. Zinn, R. A. 1993a. Influence of processing on the feeding value of barley for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3.
114. Zinn, R. A. 1993b. Influence of processing on the feeding value of oats for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2303.
115. Zinn, R. A. 1994. Influence of flake thickness on the feeding value of steam-rolled wheat for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 72:21.
116. Zinn, R. A., C. F. Adam, and M. S. Tamayo. 1995. Interaction of feed intake on comparative ruminal and total tract digestion of dry-rolled and steam-flaked corn. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1239.
117. Zinn, R. A., and J. L. Borques. 1993. Influence of sodium bicarbonate and monensin on utilization of a fat-supplemented, high-energy growing-finishing diet by feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 71:18.