Antiretroviral bioanalysis methods of tissues and body biofluids

Bioanalysis

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 351-368

  DiFrancesco, Robin ^a   Maduke, Getrude ^a   Patel, Rutva ^a   Taylor, Charlene R ^a   Morse, Gene D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATAZANAVIR; DARUNAVIR; DIDANOSINE; DIDEOXYCITABINE; DRUG METABOLITE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; ETRAVIRINE; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; MARAVIROC; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; RALTEGRAVIR; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; STAVUDINE TRIPHOSPHATE; TENOFOVIR; TIPRANAVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACCURACY; AMNION FLUID; ANALYTIC METHOD; ASSAY; BIOANALYTICAL ASSAY; BODY FLUID; BREAST MILK; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG SALIVA LEVEL; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; ERADICATION THERAPY; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MATERIALS HANDLING; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PLACENTA; PUBLICATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SEMINAL PLASMA; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; SPERM; STANDARDIZATION; STORAGE; TISSUE SECTION; TISSUE WATER; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VALIDATION STUDY; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BODY FLUIDS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; SPECIMEN HANDLING; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84873572239     PISSN: 17576180     EISSN: 17576199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.319     Document Type: Review

References (228)

1. Gandhi M, Greenblatt RM. Hair it is: The long and short of monitoring antiretroviral treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 137(8), 696-697 (2002
2. Bernard L, Peytavin G, Vuagnat A, De Truchis P, Perronne C. Indinavir concentrations in hair from patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 352(9142), 1757-1758 (1998
3. Duval X, Peytavin G, Breton G et al. Hair versus plasma concentrations as indicator of indinavir exposure in HIV-1-infected patients treated with indinavir/ritonavir combination. AIDS 21(1), 106-108 (2007
4. Gandhi M, Ameli N, Bacchetti P et al. Protease inhibitor levels in hair strongly predict virologic response to treatment. AIDS 23(4), 471-478 (2009
5. Huang Y, Gandhi M, Greenblatt RM, Gee W, Lin ET, Messenkoff N. Sensitive analysis of anti-HIV drugs, efavirenz, lopinavir and ritonavir, in human hair by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22(21), 3401-3409 (2008
6. Van Heeswijk RP, Veldkamp AI, Mulder JW et al. Saliva as an alternative body fluid for therapeutic drug monitoring of the nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor nevirapine. Ther. Drug Monit. 23(3), 255-258 (2001
7. Wintergerst U, Kurowski M, Rolinski B et al. Use of saliva specimens for monitoring indinavir therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(9), 2572-2574 (2000
8. Letendre S. Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Top. Antivir. Med. 19(4), 137-142 (2011
9. Hendrix C, Minnis A, Guddera V et al. MTN-001: A phase 2 cross-over study of daily oral and vaginal TFV in healthy, sexually active women results in significantly different product acceptability and vaginal tissue drug concentrations. Presented at: 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA, 27 February-2 March 2011
10. Kashuba AD, Karim SSA, Kraft E et al. Do systemic and genital tract tenofovir concentrations predict HIV seroconversion in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial? Presented at: XVIII International AIDS Conference. Vienna, Austria, 18-23 July 2010
11. Dicenzo R, Difrancesco R, Cruttenden K, Donnelly J, Schifitto G. Lopinavir cerebrospinal fluid steady-state trough concentrations in HIV-infected adults. Ann. Pharmacother. 43(12), 1972-1977 (2009
12. Robbins BL, Nelson SR, Fletcher CV. A novel ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of intracellular raltegravir in human cell extracts. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 70, 378-387 (2012
13. Anderson PL, Zheng JH, King T et al. Concentrations of zidovudine-and lamivudine-triphosphate according to cell type in HIV-seronegative adults. AIDS 21(14), 1849-1854 (2007
14. US Department of Health and Human Services, US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine. Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation. FDA, Rockville, MD, USA (2001
15. Estrela Rde C, Ribeiro FS, Barroso PF et al. ABCB1 polymorphisms and the concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir in blood, semen and saliva of HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacogenomics 10(2), 311-318 (2009
16. Ghosn J, Chaix ML, Peytavin G et al. Absence of HIV-1 shedding in male genital tract after 1 year of first-line lopinavir/ ritonavir alone or in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61(6), 1344-1347 (2008
17. Rolinski B, Bogner JR, Sadri I, Wintergerst U, Goebel FD. Absorption and elimination kinetics of zidovudine in the cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 15(3), 192-197 (1997
18. Alcorn J, Mcnamara PJ. Acyclovir, ganciclovir, and zidovudine transfer into rat milk. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(6), 1831-1836 (2002
19. Granda BW, Giancarlo GM, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. Analysis of ritonavir in plasma/serum and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 40(4), 235-239 (1998
20. Mirochnick M, Thomas T, Capparelli E et al. Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of mothers receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(3), 1170-1176 (2009
21. Shapiro RL, Holland DT, Capparelli E et al. Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of women in Botswana receiving antiretroviral treatment. J. Infect. Dis. 192(5), 720-727 (2005
22. Kwara A, Delong A, Rezk N et al. Antiretroviral drug concentrations and HIV RNA in the genital tract of HIV-infected women receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(5), 719-725 (2008
23. Taylor S, Back DJ, Drake SM et al. Antiretroviral drug concentrations in semen of HIV-infected men: Differential penetration of indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48(3), 351-354 (2001
24. Dumond JB, Yeh RF, Patterson KB et al. Antiretroviral drug exposure in the female genital tract: Implications for oral pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS 21(14), 1899-1907 (2007
25. Burger DM, Rosing H, Ten Napel CH et al. Application of a radioimmunoassay for determination of levels of zalcitabine (ddC) in human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38(12), 2763-2767 (1994
26. Gandhi M, Ameli N, Bacchetti P et al. Atazanavir concentration in hair is the strongest predictor of outcomes on antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(10), 1267-1275 (2011
27. Chu CK, Bhadti VS, Doshi KJ et al. Brain targeting of anti-HIV nucleosides: Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo studies of dihydropyridine derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 3́-azido-3́- deoxythymidine. J. Med. Chem. 33(8), 2188-2192 (1990
28. Hamidi M. Central nervous system distribution kinetics of indinavir in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 59(8), 1077-1085 (2007
29. Yilmaz A, Stahle L, Hagberg L, Svennerholm B, Fuchs D, Gisslen M. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and lopinavir concentrations following lopinavir/ritonavir regimen. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36(11-12), 823-828 (2004
30. Gisolf EH, Enting RH, Jurriaans S et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA during treatment with ritonavir/saquinavir or ritonavir/saquinavir/stavudine. AIDS 14(11), 1583-1589 (2000
31. Yilmaz A, Fuchs D, Hagberg L et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA, intrathecal immunoactivation, and drug concentrations after treatment with a combination of saquinavir, nelfinavir, and two nucleoside analogues: The M61022 study. BMC Infect. Dis. 6, 63 (2006
32. Kravcik S, Gallicano K, Roth V et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and drug levels with combination ritonavir and saquinavir. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 21(5), 371-375 (1999
33. Tashima KT, Caliendo AM, Ahmad M et al. Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression and efavirenz drug concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients receiving combination therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 180(3), 862-864 (1999
34. Yilmaz A, Watson V, Else L, Gisslen M. Cerebrospinal fluid maraviroc concentrations in HIV-1 infected patients. AIDS 23(18), 2537-2540 (2009
35. Doshi KJ, Gallo JM, Boudinot FD, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Comparative pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 3'-azido-2',3'- dideoxyuridine (AZddU) in mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. 17(6), 590-594 (1989
36. Lupia RH, Ferencz N, Lertora JJ, Aggarwal SK, George WJ, Agrawal KC. Comparative pharmacokinetics of two prodrugs of zidovudine in rabbits: Enhanced levels of zidovudine in brain tissue. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37(4), 818-824 (1993
37. Taylor S, Van Heeswijk RP, Hoetelmans RM et al. Concentrations of nevirapine, lamivudine and stavudine in semen of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 14(13), 1979-1984 (2000
38. Chan DJ, Ray JE, Mcnally L, Batterham M, Smith DE. Correlation between HIV-1 RNA load in blood and seminal plasma depending on antiretroviral treatment status, regimen and penetration of semen by antiretroviral drugs. Curr. HIV Res. 6(5), 477-484 (2008
39. Taylor S, Jayasuriya AN, Berry A et al. Darunavir concentrations exceed the protein-corrected EC(5)(0) for wild-type HIV in the semen of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 24(16), 2583-2587 (2010
40. Yilmaz A, Izadkhashti A, Price RW et al. Darunavir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 25(4), 457-461 (2009
41. Patterson K, Jennings S, Falcon R, Mrus J, Kashuba A. Darunavir, ritonavir, and etravirine pharmacokinetics in the cervicovaginal fluid and blood plasma of HIV-infected women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(3), 1120-1122 (2011
42. Anderson BD, May MJ, Jordan S, Song L, Roberts MJ, Leggas M. Dependence of nelfinavir brain uptake on dose and tissue concentrations of the selective P-glycoprotein inhibitor zosuquidar in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(4), 653-659 (2006
43. Ding Y, Williamson LN, White CA, Bartlett MG. Determination of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, placental and fetal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 811(2), 183-189 (2004
44. Clark TN, White CA, Chu CK, Bartlett MG. Determination of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal and placental tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 755(1-2), 165-172 (2001
45. Clark TN, White CA, Bartlett MG. Determination of Abacavir in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal and placental tissues by a polarity switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18(4), 405-411 (2004
46. Pereira AS, Kenney KB, Cohen MS, Eron JJ, Tidwell RR, Dunn JA. Determination of amprenavir, a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human seminal plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 766(2), 307-317 (2002
47. Clark TN, White CA, Bartlett MG. Determination of didanosine in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal and placental tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed. Chromatogr. 20(6-7), 605-611 (2006
48. Zhong L, Yeh KC. Determination of indinavir in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with column switching. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 734(1), 63-71 (1999
49. Alnouti Y, White CA, Bartlett MG. Determination of lamivudine in plasma, amniotic fluid, and rat tissues by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 803(2), 279-284 (2004
50. Estrela RC, Ribeiro FS, Seixas BV, Suarez-Kurtz G. Determination of lopinavir and ritonavir in blood plasma, seminal plasma, saliva and plasma ultra-filtrate by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22(5), 657-664 (2008
51. Difrancesco R, Dicenzo R, Vicente G et al. Determination of lopinavir cerebral spinal fluid and plasma ultrafiltrate concentrations by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44(5), 1139-1146 (2007
52. Theron A, Cromarty D, Rheeders M, Viljoen M. Determination of salivary efavirenz by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 878(28), 2886-2890 (2010
53. Hoetelmans RM, Van Essenberg M, Meenhorst PL, Mulder JW, Beijnen JH. Determination of saquinavir in human plasma, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 698(1-2), 235-241 (1997
54. Rezk NL, Abdel-Megeed MF, Kashuba AD. Development of a highly efficient extraction technique and specific multiplex assay for measuring antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk. Ther. Drug Monit. 29(4), 429-436 (2007
55. Choi SO, Rezk N, Kim JS, Kashuba AD. Development of an LC-MS method for measuring TNF in human vaginal tissue. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 48(3), 219-223 (2010
56. Deremer M, D'ambrosio R, Morse GD. Didanosine measurement by radioimmunoassay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(6), 1331-1334 (1996
57. Lafeuillade A, Solas C, Halfon P, Chadapaud S, Hittinger G, Lacarelle B. Differences in the detection of three HIV-1 protease inhibitors in non-blood compartments: Clinical correlations. HIV Clin. Trials 3(1), 27-35 (2002
58. Launay O, Tod M, Louchahi K et al. Differential diffusions of indinavir and lopinavir in genital secretions of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(2), 632-634 (2004
59. Dumond JB, Reddy YS, Troiani L et al. Differential extracellular and intracellular concentrations of zidovudine and lamivudine in semen and plasma of HIV-1-infected men. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 48(2), 156-162 (2008
60. Yajima T, Juni K, Saneyoshi M, Hasegawa T, Kawaguchi T. Direct transport of 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (D4T) and its ester derivatives to the cerebrospinal fluid via the nasal mucous membrane in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21(3), 272-277 (1998
61. Lorello G, La Porte C, Pilon R, Zhang G, Karnauchow T, Macpherson P. Discordance in HIV-1 viral loads and antiretroviral drug concentrations comparing semen and blood plasma. HIV Med. 10(9), 548-554 (2009
62. Solas C, Lafeuillade A, Halfon P, Chadapaud S, Hittinger G, Lacarelle B. Discrepancies between protease inhibitor concentrations and viral load in reservoirs and sanctuary sites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(1), 238-243 (2003
63. Washington CB, Wiltshire HR, Man M et al. The disposition of saquinavir in normal and P-glycoprotein deficient mice, rats, and in cultured cells. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28(9), 1058-1062 (2000
64. Takasawa K, Terasaki T, Suzuki H, Ooie T, Sugiyama Y. Distributed model analysis of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine distribution in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282(3), 1509-1517 (1997
65. Wong SL, Van Belle K, Sawchuk RJ. Distributional transport kinetics of zidovudine between plasma and brain extracellular fluid/cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit: Investigation of the inhibitory effect of probenecid utilizing microdialysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264(2), 899-909 (1993
66. Jordan HL, Pereira AS, Cohen MS, Kashuba AD. Domestic cat model for predicting human nucleoside analogue pharmacokinetics in blood and seminal plasma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(7), 2173-2176 (2001
67. Hoesterey BL, Galinsky RE, Anderson BD. Dose dependence in the plasma pharmacokinetics and uptake kinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19(5), 907-912 (1991
68. Best BM, Koopmans PP, Letendre SL et al. Efavirenz concentrations in CSF exceed IC50 for wild-type HIV. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(2), 354-357 (2011
69. Colebunders R, Hodossy B, Burger D et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on viral load and antiretroviral drug levels in breast milk. AIDS 19(16), 1912-1915 (2005
70. Khaliq Y, Gallicano K, Venance S, Kravcik S, Cameron DW. Effect of ketoconazole on ritonavir and saquinavir concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68(6), 637-646 (2000
71. Tuntland T, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. Effect of pregnancy, mode of administration and neonatal age on the pharmacokinetics of zalcitabine (2', 3'-dideoxycytidine) in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40(5), 687-693 (1997
72. Cao YJ, Ndovi TT, Parsons TL, Guidos AM, Caffo B, Hendrix CW. Effect of semen sampling frequency on seminal antiretroviral drug concentration. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83(6), 848-856 (2008
73. Pereira CM, Nosbisch C, Baughman WL, Unadkat JD. Effect of zidovudine on transplacental pharmacokinetics of ddI in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(2), 343-345 (1995
74. Chaudry NI, Eron JJ, Naderer OJ et al. Effects of formulation and dosing strategy on amprenavir concentrations in the seminal plasma of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(6), 760-762 (2002
75. Haas DW, Johnson B, Nicotera J et al. Effects of ritonavir on indinavir pharmacokinetics in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(7), 2131-2137 (2003
76. Antinori A, Perno CF, Giancola ML et al. Efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-penetrating antiretroviral drugs against HIV in the neurological compartment: Different patterns of phenotypic resistance in CSF and plasma. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(12), 1787-1793 (2005
77. Karlstrom O, Stahle L, Perrin L, Tegude H, Sonnerborg A. Efficacy of nelfinavir-based treatment in the central nervous system of HIV-1 infected patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 38(5), 371-374 (2006
78. Gehrig AK, Mikus G, Haefeli WE, Burhenne J. Electrospray tandem mass spectroscopic characterisation of 18 antiretroviral drugs and simultaneous quantification of 12 antiretrovirals in plasma. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21(16), 2704-2716 (2007
79. Hudelson SE, Mcconnell MS, Bagenda D et al. Emergence and persistence of nevirapine resistance in breast milk after single-dose nevirapine administration. AIDS 24(4), 557-561 (2010
80. Van Praag RM, Weverling GJ, Portegies P et al. Enhanced penetration of indinavir in cerebrospinal fluid and semen after the addition of low-dose ritonavir. AIDS 14(9), 1187-1194 (2000
81. Brewster ME, Anderson WR, Webb AI et al. Evaluation of a brain-targeting zidovudine chemical delivery system in dogs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(1), 122-128 (1997
82. Rolinski B, Wintergerst U, Matuschke A et al. Evaluation of saliva as a specimen for monitoring zidovudine therapy in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 5(7), 885-888 (1991
83. Aweeka F, Jayewardene A, Staprans S et al. Failure to detect nelfinavir in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 20(1), 39-43 (1999
84. Edwards JE, Brouwer KR, Mcnamara PJ. GF120918, a P-glycoprotein modulator, increases the concentration of unbound amprenavir in the central nervous system in rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(7), 2284-2286 (2002
85. Salado-Rasmussen K, Theilgaard ZP, Chiduo M, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, Katzenstein TL. Good performance of an immunoassay based method for nevirapine measurements in human breast milk. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 49(7), 1171-1175 (2011
86. Barau C, Delaugerre C, Braun J et al. High concentration of raltegravir in semen of HIV-infected men: Results from a substudy of the EASIER-ANRS 138 trial. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(2), 937-939 (2010
87. Burhenne J, Riedel KD, Martin-Facklam M, Mikus G, Haefeli WE. Highly sensitive determination of saquinavir in biological samples using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 784(2), 233-242 (2003
88. Avery LB, Parsons TL, Meyers DJ, Hubbard WC. A highly sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) technique for quantitation of protein free and bound efavirenz (EFV) in human seminal and blood plasma. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 878(31), 3217-3224 (2010
89. Hoetelmans RM, Van Essenberg M, Profijt M, Meenhorst PL, Mulder JW, Beijnen JH. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ritonavir in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and saliva. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 705(1), 119-126 (1998
90. Lafeuillade A, Solas C, Chadapaud S, Hittinger G, Poggi C, Lacarelle B. HIV-1 RNA levels, resistance, and drug diffusion in semen versus blood in patients receiving a lopinavir-containing regimen. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 32(4), 462-464 (2003
91. Mudigonda K, Jukanti R, Apte SS et al. HPLC quantification of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in brain and testis of mice. Biomed. Chromatogr. 20(10), 1028-1032 (2006
92. Pav JW, Rowland LS, Korpalski DJ. HPLC-UV method for the quantitation of nevirapine in biological matrices following solid phase extraction. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 20(1-2), 91-98 (1999
93. Salama NN, Kelly EJ, Bui T, Ho RJ. The impact of pharmacologic and genetic knockout of P-glycoprotein on nelfinavir levels in the brain and other tissues in mice. J. Pharm. Sci. 94(6), 1216-1225 (2005
94. Namane A, Gouyette C, Fillion MP, Fillion G, Huynh-Dinh T. Improved brain delivery of AZT using a glycosyl phosphotriester prodrug. J. Med. Chem. 35(16), 3039-3044 (1992
95. Tuntland T, Odinecs A, Pereira CM, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. In vitro models to predict the in vivo mechanism, rate, and extent of placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 180(1 Pt 1), 198-206 (1999
96. Ndesendo VM, Pillay V, Choonara YE et al. In vivo evaluation of the release of zidovudine and polystyrene sulfonate from a dual intravaginal bioadhesive polymeric device in the pig model. J. Pharm. Sci. 100(4), 1416-1435 (2011
97. Takasawa K, Terasaki T, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y. In vivo evidence for carrier-mediated efflux transport of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine across the blood-brain barrier via a probenecid-sensitive transport system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281(1), 369-375 (1997
98. Odinecs A, Nosbisch C, Keller RD, Baughman WL, Unadkat JD. In vivo maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(1), 196-202 (1996
99. Tuntland T, Odinecs A, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. In vivo maternal-fetal-amniotic fluid pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in the pigtailed macaque: Comparison of steady-state and single-dose regimens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 285(1), 54-62 (1998
100. Chow HH, Li P, Brookshier G, Tang Y. In vivo tissue disposition of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and its anabolites in control and retrovirus-infected mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25(4), 412-422 (1997
101. Poirier MC, Patterson TA, Slikker W Jr, Olivero OA. Incorporation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) into fetal DNA and fetal tissue distribution of drug after infusion of pregnant late-term rhesus macaques with a human-equivalent AZT dose. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 22(5), 477-483 (1999
102. Stahle L, Martin C, Svensson JO, Sonnerborg A. Indinavir in cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients. Lancet 350(9094), 1823 (1997
103. Letendre SL, Capparelli EV, Ellis RJ, Mccutchan JA. Indinavir population pharmacokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(8), 2173-2175 (2000
104. Martin C, Sonnerborg A, Svensson JO, Stahle L. Indinavir-based treatment of HIV-1 infected patients: Efficacy in the central nervous system. AIDS 13(10), 1227-1232 (1999
105. Kaddoumi A, Choi SU, Kinman L et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity at the primate blood-brain barrier increases the distribution of nelfinavir into the brain but not into the cerebrospinal fluid. Drug Metab. Dispos. 35(9), 1459-1462 (2007
106. Giri N, Shaik N, Pan G et al. Investigation of the role of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp/Abcg2) on pharmacokinetics and central nervous system penetration of abacavir and zidovudine in the mouse. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36(8), 1476-1484 (2008
107. Lewis LL, Venzon D, Church J et al. Lamivudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A Phase I/II study. The National Cancer Institute Pediatric Branch-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Working Group. J. Infect. Dis. 174(1), 16-25 (1996
108. Brewer E, Felix T, Clarke P, Edgington A, Muirhead D. An LC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of maraviroc (UK-427,857) in human plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Biomed. Chromatogr. 24(12), 1316-1323 (2010
109. Vergara TR, Estrela RC, Suarez-Kurtz G, Schechter M, Cerbino-Neto J, Barroso PF. Limited penetration of lopinavir and ritonavir in the genital tract of men infected with HIV-1 in Brazil. Ther. Drug Monit. 28(2), 175-179 (2006
110. Sankatsing SU, Droste J, Burger D et al. Limited penetration of lopinavir into seminal plasma of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 16(12), 1698-1700 (2002
111. Kinman L, Brodie SJ, Tsai CC et al. Lipid-drug association enhanced HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir localization in lymphoid tissues and viral load reduction: A proof of concept study in HIV-2287-infected macaques. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 34(4), 387-397 (2003
112. Huang Y, Zurlinden E, Lin E et al. Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous determination of didanosine and stavudine in human plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, alveolar cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, seminal plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and tonsil tissue. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 799(1), 51-61 (2004
113. Capparelli EV, Holland D, Okamoto C et al. Lopinavir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceed the 50% inhibitory concentration for HIV. AIDS 19(9), 949-952 (2005
114. Isaac A, Taylor S, Cane P et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir combined with twice-daily 400 mg indinavir: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in blood, CSF and semen. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54(2), 498-502 (2004
115. Van Zyl GU, Van Mens TE, Mcilleron H et al. Low lopinavir plasma or hair concentrations explain second-line protease inhibitor failures in a resource-limited setting. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 56(4), 333-339 (2011
116. Desormeaux A, Bergeron MG. Lymphoid tissue targeting of anti-HIV drugs using liposomes. Meth. Enzymol. 391, 330-351 (2005
117. Zhang L, Price R, Aweeka F, Bellibas SE, Sheiner LB. Making the most of sparse clinical data by using a predictive-model-based analysis, illustrated with a stavudine pharmacokinetic study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 12(4), 377-385 (2001
118. Dumond JB, Patterson KB, Pecha AL et al. Maraviroc concentrates in the cervicovaginal fluid and vaginal tissue of HIV-negative women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 51(5), 546-553 (2009
119. Tiraboschi JM, Niubo J, Curto J, Podzamczer D. Maraviroc concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 55(5), 606-609 (2010
120. Huang CS, Boudinot FD, Feldman S. Maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 85(9), 965-970 (1996
121. Mandelbrot L, Peytavin G, Firtion G, Farinotti R. Maternal-fetal transfer and amniotic fluid accumulation of lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 184(2), 153-158 (2001
122. Chappuy H, Treluyer JM, Jullien V et al. Maternal-fetal transfer and amniotic fluid accumulation of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(11), 4332-4336 (2004
123. Sadler BM, Chittick GE, Polk RE et al. Metabolic disposition and pharmacokinetics of [14C]-amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor, administered as a single oral dose to healthy male subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41(4), 386-396 (2001
124. Yang Z, Huang Y, Gan G, Sawchuk RJ. Microdialysis evaluation of the brain distribution of stavudine following intranasal and intravenous administration to rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 94(7), 1577-1588 (2005
125. Yang Z, Brundage RC, Barbhaiya RH, Sawchuk RJ. Microdialysis studies of the distribution of stavudine into the central nervous system in the freely-moving rat. Pharm. Res. 14(7), 865-872 (1997
126. Mcdowell JA, Lou Y, Symonds WS, Stein DS. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abacavir alone and in combination with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(8), 2061-2067 (2000
127. Seki T, Sato N, Hasegawa T, Kawaguchi T, Juni K. Nasal absorption of zidovudine and its transport to cerebrospinal fluid in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17(8), 1135-1137 (1994
128. Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Pluda JM et al. The National Cancer Institute Phase I study of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine administration in adults with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: Analysis of activity and toxicity profiles. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12(Suppl. 5), S522-S533 (1990
129. Rakhmanina NY, Capparelli EV, Van Den Anker JN et al. Nevirapine concentration in nonstimulated saliva: An alternative to plasma sampling in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ther. Drug Monit. 29(1), 110-117 (2007
130. Bennetto-Hood C, Johnson VA, King JR, Hoesley CJ, Acosta EP. Novel methodology for antiretroviral quantitation in the female genital tract. HIV Clin. Trials 10(3), 193-199 (2009
131. Pereira AS, Kashuba AD, Fiscus SA et al. Nucleoside analogues achieve high concentrations in seminal plasma: Relationship between drug concentration and virus burden. J. Infect. Dis. 180(6), 2039-2043 (1999
132. Kinman L, Bui T, Larsen K et al. Optimization of lipid-indinavir complexes for localization in lymphoid tissues of HIV-infected macaques. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 42(2), 155-161 (2006
133. Hoetelmans RM, Kraaijeveld CL, Meenhorst PL et al. Penetration of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine, a cytotoxic metabolite of zidovudine, into the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 15(2), 131-136 (1997
134. Van Leeuwen E, Ter Heine R, Van Der Veen F, Repping S, Beijnen JH, Prins JM. Penetration of atazanavir in seminal plasma of men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(1), 335-337 (2007
135. Cruciani M, Liuzzi G, Chirianni A et al. Penetration of didanosine in semen of HIV-1-infected men. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(6), 1244-1247 (2006
136. Taylor S, Reynolds H, Sabin CA et al. Penetration of efavirenz into the male genital tract: Drug concentrations and antiviral activity in semen and blood of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 15(15), 2051-2053 (2001
137. Ghosn J, Chaix ML, Peytavin G et al. Penetration of enfuvirtide, tenofovir, efavirenz, and protease inhibitors in the genital tract of HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 18(14), 1958-1961 (2004
138. Van Praag RM, Van Heeswijk RP, Jurriaans S, Lange JM, Hoetelmans RM, Prins JM. Penetration of the nucleoside analogue abacavir into the genital tract of men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33(8), e91-e92 (2001
139. Ljungdahl-Stahle E, Guzenda E, Bottiger D, Wahren B, Oberg B, Stahle L. Penetration of zidovudine and 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine into the brain, muscle tissue, and veins in cynomolgus monkeys: Relation to antiviral action. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(11), 2418-2422 (1992
140. Burger DM, Kraaijeveld CL, Meenhorst PL et al. Penetration of zidovudine into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients infected with HIV. AIDS 7(12), 1581-1587 (1993
141. Kunz A, Frank M, Mugenyi K et al. Persistence of nevirapine in breast milk and plasma of mothers and their children after single-dose administration. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63(1), 170-177 (2009
142. Shaik N, Giri N, Pan G, Elmquist WF. P-glycoprotein-mediated active efflux of the anti-HIV1 nucleoside abacavir limits cellular accumulation and brain distribution. Drug Metab. Dispos. 35(11), 2076-2085 (2007
143. Reddy YS, Gotzkowsky SK, Eron JJ et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of efavirenz in the semen and blood of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men. J. Infect. Dis. 186(9), 1339-1343 (2002
144. Boal JH, Plessinger MA, Van Den Reydt C, Miller RK. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of AZT (zidovudine) following perfusion of human term placenta for 14 hours. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143(1), 13-21 (1997
145. Hirt D, Urien S, Jullien V et al. Pharmacokinetic modelling of the placental transfer of nelfinavir and its M8 metabolite: A population study using 75 maternal-cord plasma samples. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 64(5), 634-644 (2007
146. Van Praag RM, Repping S, De Vries JW, Lange JM, Hoetelmans RM, Prins JM. Pharmacokinetic profiles of nevirapine and indinavir in various fractions of seminal plasma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(10), 2902-2907 (2001
147. Moodley J, Moodley D, Pillay K et al. Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their offspring. J. Infect. Dis. 178(5), 1327-1333 (1998
148. Borg N, Stahle L. Pharmacokinetics and distribution over the blood-brain barrier of zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) and BEA005 (2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-hydroxymethylcytidine) in rats, studied by microdialysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(9), 2174-2177 (1998
149. Schinazi RF, Boudinot FD, Ibrahim SS, Manning C, Mcclure HM, Liotta DC. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of racemic 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'- thiacytidine in rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(11), 2432-2438 (1992
150. Jin SX, Bi DZ, Wang J, Wang YZ, Hu HG, Deng YH. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of zidovudine in rats following intravenous administration of zidovudine myristate loaded liposomes. Pharmazie 60(11), 840-843 (2005
151. Hartman NR, Yarchoan R, Pluda JM et al. Pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 47(5), 647-654 (1990
152. Pereira AS, Smeaton LM, Gerber JG et al. The pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in the genital tracts of men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (AIDS clinical trials group study 850). J. Infect. Dis. 186(2), 198-204 (2002
153. Hawkins ME, Mitsuya H, Mccully CM et al. Pharmacokinetics of dideoxypurine nucleoside analogs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(6), 1259-1264 (1995
154. Sugioka N, Haraya K, Maeda Y, Fukushima K, Takada K. Pharmacokinetics of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic model rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32(2), 269-275 (2009
155. Brown SD, Bartlett MG, White CA. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous acyclovir, zidovudine, and acyclovir-zidovudine in pregnant rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(3), 991-996 (2003
156. Blaney SM, Daniel MJ, Harker AJ, Godwin K, Balis FM. Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine and BCH-189 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of nonhuman primates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39(12), 2779-2782 (1995
157. Mirochnick M, Fenton T, Gagnier P et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 250 Team. J. Infect. Dis. 178(2), 368-374 (1998
158. Van Rompay KK, Hamilton M, Kearney B, Bischofberger N. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in breast milk of lactating rhesus macaques. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(5), 2093-2094 (2005
159. Balis FM, Pizzo PA, Murphy RF et al. The pharmacokinetics of zidovudine administered by continuous infusion in children. Ann. Intern. Med. 110(4), 279-285 (1989
160. Kline MW, Dunkle LM, Church JA et al. A Phase I/II evaluation of stavudine (d4T) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 96(2 Pt 1), 247-252 (1995
161. Musoke P, Guay LA, Bagenda D et al. A Phase I/II study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-1-infected pregnant Ugandan women and their neonates (HIVNET 006). AIDS 13(4), 479-486 (1999
162. Gingelmaier A, Kurowski M, Kastner R et al. Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and other protease inhibitors in combination with nevirapine at delivery. AIDS 20(13), 1737-1743 (2006
163. Siu SS, Yeung JH, Pang MW, Chiu PY, Lau TK. Placental transfer of Zidovudine in first trimester of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 106(4), 824-827 (2005
164. Moyle GJ, Sadler M, Buss N. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid saquinavir concentrations in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28(2), 403-404 (1999
165. Zhou XJ, Havlir DV, Richman DD et al. Plasma population pharmacokinetics and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid of indinavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 14(18), 2869-2876 (2000
166. Ved PM, Kim K. Poly(ethylene oxide/ propylene oxide) copolymer thermo-reversible gelling system for the enhancement of intranasal zidovudine delivery to the brain. Int. J. Pharm. 411(1-2), 1-9 (2011
167. Taylor S, Back DJ, Workman J et al. Poor penetration of the male genital tract by HIV-1 protease inhibitors. AIDS 13(7), 859-860 (1999
168. Walker DK, Bowers SJ, Mitchell RJ, Potchoiba MJ, Schroeder CM, Small HF. Preclinical assessment of the distribution of maraviroc to potential human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sanctuary sites in the central nervous system (CNS) and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Xenobiotica 38(10), 1330-1339 (2008
169. Galinsky RE, Flaharty KK, Hoesterey BL, Anderson BD. Probenecid enhances central nervous system uptake of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine by inhibiting cerebrospinal fluid efflux. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257(3), 972-978 (1991
170. Talameh JA, Rezk NL, Kashuba AD. Quantifying the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir in female genital tract secretions using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 878(1), 92-96 (2010
171. Hoetelmans RM, Profijt M, Mennhorst PL, Mulder JW, Beijnen JH. Quantitative determination of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (lamivudine) in human plasma, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 713(2), 387-394 (1998
172. Huang CS, Boudinot FD, Feldman S. Radioimmunoassay for ziovudine in rat placenta and fetus. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 14(7), 855-860 (1996
173. Yilmaz A, Gisslen M, Spudich S et al. Raltegravir cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in HIV-1 infection. PLoS ONE 4(9), e6877 (2009
174. Clavel C, Peytavin G, Tubiana R et al. Raltegravir concentrations in the genital tract of HIV-1-infected women treated with a raltegravir-containing regimen (DIVA 01 study). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(6), 3018-3021 (2011
175. Calcagno A, Bonora S, D'avolio A et al. Raltegravir penetration in seminal plasma of healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(6), 2744-2745 (2010
176. Calcagno A, Bonora S, Bertucci R, Lucchini A, D'avolio A, Di Perri G. Raltegravir penetration in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-positive patients. AIDS 24(6), 931-932 (2010
177. Keller MJ, Madan RP, Torres NM et al. A randomized trial to assess anti-HIV activity in female genital tract secretions and soluble mucosal immunity following application of 1% tenofovir gel. PLoS ONE 6(1), e16475 (2011
178. Svensson JO, Sonnerborg A, Stahle L. Rapid and simple determination of indinavir in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal f luid using high-performance liquid chromatography. Ther. Drug Monit. 22(5), 626-629 (2000
179. Bernard L, Vuagnat A, Peytavin G et al. Relationship between levels of indinavir in hair and virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 137(8), 656-659 (2002
180. Vernazza P, Daneel S, Schiffer V et al. The role of compartment penetration in PI-monotherapy: The Atazanavir-Ritonavir Monomaintenance (ATARITMO) trial. AIDS 21(10), 1309-1315 (2007
181. Hugen PW, Burger DM, De Graaff M et al. Saliva as a specimen for monitoring compliance but not for predicting plasma concentrations in patients with HIV treated with indinavir. Ther. Drug Monit. 22(4), 437-445 (2000
182. Anderson PL, Noormohamed SE, Henry K, Brundage RC, Balfour HH Jr., Fletcher CV. Semen and serum pharmacokinetics of zidovudine and zidovudine-glucuronide in men with HIV-1 infection. Pharmacotherapy 20(8), 917-922 (2000
183. Lowe SH, Van Leeuwen E, Droste JA et al. Semen quality and drug concentrations in seminal plasma of patients using a didanosine or didanosine plus tenofovir containing antiretroviral regimen. Ther. Drug Monit. 29(5), 566-570 (2007
184. Sparidans RW, Hoetelmans RM, Beijnen JH. Sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 742(1), 185-192 (2000
185. Mueller BU, Lewis LL, Yuen GJ et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(12), 3187-3192 (1998
186. Hamidi M. Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of indinavir in rat plasma and central nervous system. J. Sep. Sci. 29(5), 620-627 (2006
187. Lewis SR, White CA, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous determination of abacavir and zidovudine from rat tissues using HPLC with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 850(1-2), 45-52 (2007
188. Pereira AS, Kenney KB, Cohen MS et al. Simultaneous determination of lamivudine and zidovudine concentrations in human seminal plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 742(1), 173-183 (2000
189. Alnouti Y, White CA, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous determination of zidovudine and lamivudine from rat plasma, amniotic fluid and tissues by HPLC. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18(9), 641-647 (2004
190. Alnouti Y, Lewis SR, White CA, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous determination of zidovudine and lamivudine from rat tissues by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(4), 503-508 (2005
191. Alnouti Y, White CA, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous quantitation of zidovudine and zidovudine monophosphate from plasma, amniotic fluid and tissues by micellar capillary electrophoresis. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18(8), 523-531 (2004
192. Brown KC, Patterson KB, Malone SA et al. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in saliva, semen, and rectal tissue of healthy HIV-negative men. J. Infect. Dis. 203(10), 1484-1490 (2011
193. Haworth SJ, Christofalo B, Anderson RD, Dunkle LM. A single-dose study to assess the penetration of stavudine into human cerebrospinal fluid in adults. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 17(3), 235-238 (1998
194. Van Praag RM, Van Weert EC, Van Heeswijk RP et al. Stable concentrations of zidovudine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, and nevirapine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during 2 years of therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(3), 896-899 (2002
195. Brady KA, Boston RC, Aldrich JL, Macgregor RR. Stavudine entry into cerebrospinal fluid after single and multiple doses in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pharmacotherapy 25(1), 10-17 (2005
196. Haas DW, Stone J, Clough LA et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of indinavir in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma among adults with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68(4), 367-374 (2000
197. Rezk NL, White N, Bridges AS et al. Studies on antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk: validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 7 anti-human immunodeficiency virus medications. Ther. Drug Monit. 30(5), 611-619 (2008
198. L'homme RF, Muro EP, Droste JA et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine in resource-limited settings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(10), 1339-1344 (2008
199. Van Lelyveld SF, Nijhuis M, Baatz F et al. Therapy failure following selection of enfuvirtide-resistant HIV-1 in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(3), 387-390 (2010
200. Pereira De Oliveira M, Garcion E, Venisse N, Benoit JP, Couet W, Olivier JC. Tissue distribution of indinavir administered as solid lipid nanocapsule formulation in mdr1a (+/+) and mdr1a (-/-) CF-1 mice. Pharm. Res. 22(11), 1898-1905 (2005
201. Else LJ, Lyons F, O'shea S et al. Total and unbound lopinavir concentrations in the female genital tract of HIV-1 infected women during pregnancy. AIDS 25(5), 722-725 (2011
202. Croteau D, Letendre S, Best BM et al. Total raltegravir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceed the 50-percent inhibitory concentration for wild-type HIV-1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(12), 5156-5160 (2010
203. Patterson TA, Binienda ZK, Newport GD et al. Transplacental pharmacokinetics and fetal distribution of 2', 3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) and its metabolites in late-term rhesus macaques. Teratology 62(2), 93-99 (2000
204. Patterson TA, Binienda ZK, Lipe GW, Gillam MP, Slikker W Jr., Sandberg JA. Transplacental pharmacokinetics and fetal distribution of azidothymidine, its glucuronide, and phosphorylated metabolites in late-term rhesus macaques after maternal infusion. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25(4), 453-459 (1997
205. Pereira CM, Nosbisch C, Winter HR, Baughman WL, Unadkat JD. Transplacental pharmacokinetics of dideoxyinosine in pigtailed macaques. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38(4), 781- 786 (1994
206. Anderson BD, Hoesterey BL, Baker DC, Galinsky RE. Uptake kinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats: Intravenous infusion studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253(1), 113-118 (1990
207. Vuong Le T, Ruckle JL, Blood AB et al. Use of accelerator mass spectrometry to measure the pharmacokinetics and peripheral blood mononuclear cell concentrations of zidovudine. J. Pharm. Sci. 97(7), 2833-2843 (2008
208. Akula SK, Rege AB, Dreisbach AW, Dejace PM, Lertora JJ. Valproic acid increases cerebrospinal fluid zidovudine levels in a patient with AIDS. Am. J. Med. Sci. 313(4), 244-246 (1997
209. Fox E, Bungay PM, Bacher J, Mccully CL, Dedrick RL, Balis FM. Zidovudine concentration in brain extracellular fluid measured by microdialysis: Steady-state and transient results in rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301(3), 1003-1011 (2002
210. Odinecs A, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. Zidovudine does not affect transplacental transfer or systemic clearance of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'- deoxythymidine) in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(6), 1569-1571 (1996
211. Bennetto-Hood C, Bryson YJ, Stek A, King JR, Mirochnick M, Acosta EP. Zidovudine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal serum. HIV Clin. Trials 10(1), 41-47 (2009
212. Yeh RF, Rezk NL, Kashuba AD et al. Genital tract, cord blood, and amniotic fluid exposures of seven antiretroviral drugs during and after pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(6), 2367-2374 (2009
213. Lowe SH, Wensing AM, Droste JA et al. No virological failure in semen during properly suppressive antiretroviral therapy despite subtherapeutic local drug concentrations. HIV Clin. Trials 7(6), 285-290 (2006
214. Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: The male and female genital tract. Antivir. Ther. 16(8), 1149-1167 (2011
215. Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E et al. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: Implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci. Transl. Med. 3(112), 112re4 (2011
216. Schwartz JL, Rountree W, Kashuba AD et al. A multi-compartment, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of the vaginal candidate microbicide 1% tenofovir gel. PLoS ONE 6(10), e25974 (2011
217. Nuttall J, Kashuba A, Wang R et al. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(1), 103-109 (2012
218. Beigi R, Noguchi L, Parsons T et al. Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of single-dose tenofovir 1% vaginal gel in term pregnancy. J. Infect. Dis. 204(10), 1527-1531 (2011
219. Dumond JB, Nicol MR, Kendrick RN et al. Pharmacokinetic modelling of efavirenz, atazanavir, lamivudine and tenofovir in the female genital tract of HIV-infected pre-menopausal women. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 51(12), 809-822 (2012
220. Anton PA, Cranston RD, Kashuba A et al. RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 28(11), 1412-1421 (2012
221. Tiraboschi JM, Niubo J, Ferrer E et al. Etravirine concentrations in seminal plasma in HIV-infected patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68(1), 184-187 (2013
222. Palombi L, Pirillo MF, Andreotti M et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for breastfeeding transmission in Malawi: Drug concentrations, virological efficacy and safety. Antivir. Ther. 17(8), 1511-1519 (2012
223. Nirogi R, Bhyrapuneni G, Kandikere V et al. Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 33(5), 265-277 (2012
224. Tiraboschi JM, Niubo J, Vila A, Perez-Pujol S, Podzamczer D. Etravirine concentrations in CSF in HIV-infected patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67(6), 1446-1448 (2012
225. Croteau D, Letendre S, Best BM et al. Therapeutic amprenavir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(4), 1985-1989 (2012
226. Moss JA, Baum MM, Malone AM et al. Tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pharmacokinetics from intravaginal rings. AIDS 26(6), 707-710 (2012
227. Clark MR, Johnson TJ, Mccabe RT et al. A hot-melt extruded intravaginal ring for the sustained delivery of the antiretroviral microbicide UC781. J. Pharm. Sci. 101(2), 576-587 (2012
228. Brown KC, Patterson KB, Jennings SH et al. Single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of darunavir plus ritonavir and etravirine in semen and rectal tissue of HIV-negative men. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 61(2), 138-144 (2012