The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: Benzene case study

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 119-153

  Arnold, Scott M ^a   Angerer, Juergen ^b   Boogaard, Peter J ^c   Hughes, Michael F ^d   O'Lone, Raegan B ^e   Robison, Steven H ^f   Robert Schnatter, A ^g  

^a DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

^b INSTITUT DER RUHR UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM IPA   (Germany)

^c SHELL GLOBAL SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL B V   (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^e ILSI HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE   (United States)

^f PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

^g EXXONMOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzene; Biomarkers of exposure; Biomonitoring; Cancer; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE DERIVATIVE; BENZENE; CATECHOL; HYDROQUINONE; MUCONIC ACID; PHENOL; SULFUR PHENYLMERCAPTURIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AIR MONITORING; AMBIENT AIR; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENICITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; TOXICOKINETICS; URINE LEVEL;

ANIMALS; BENZENE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL; DRUG SYNERGISM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; NEOPLASMS; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; TOXICITY TESTS;

EID: 84872934876     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: 15476898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756455     Document Type: Review

References (337)

1. ACGIH. (2001). Benzene: BEI-documentation. 7th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist.
2. ACGIH. (2007). Threshold limit values (TLVs) and biological exposure indices (BEIs). Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist.
3. Ahmad Khan H. (2007). Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies. Hum Exp Toxicol, 26, 677-85.
4. Aksoy M, Dincol K, Akgun T, et al. (1971). Haematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in 217 workers. Br J Ind Med, 28, 296-302.
5. Aksoy M, Dincol K, Erdem S, et al. (1972). Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. Br J Ind Med, 29, 56-64.
6. Albertini R, Bird M, Doerrer N, et al. (2006). The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessments. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1755-62.
7. Albitar M, Manshouri T, Shen Y, et al. (2002). Myelodysplastic syndrome is not merely "preleukemia". Blood, 100, 791-8.
8. Alegretti AP, Thiesen FV, Maciel GP. (2004). Analytical method for evaluation of exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene in blood by gas chromatography preceded by solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr B, 809, 183-7.
9. Amodio-Cocchieri R, Del Prete U, Cirillo T, et al. (2001). Evaluation of benzene exposure in children living in Campania (Italy) by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid assay. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A, 63, 79-87.
10. Andreoli C, Leopardi P, Crebelli R. (1997). Detection of DNA damage in human lymphocytes by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis after exposure to benzene or benzene metabolites. Mutat Res, 377, 95-104.
11. Andrews LS, Lee EW, Witmer CM, et al. (1977). Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition, and hemopoietic toxicity of [3H]benzene. Biochem Pharmacol, 26, 293-300.
12. Angerer J. (1979). V. Chromatographische methoden zur bestimmung von phenolen im harn. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 42, 257-68.
13. Angerer J. (1983). Pravention beruflich bedingter Gesundheitsschaden durch Benzol, Toluol, Xylole und Ethylbenzol. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Praventivmed, 18, 69.
14. Angerer J, Bird MG, Burke TA, et al. (2006). Strategic biomonitoring initiatives: moving the science forward. Toxicol Sci, 93, 3-10.
15. Angerer J, Ewers U, Wilhelm M. (2007). Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 210, 201-28.
16. Angerer J, Horsch B. (1992). Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites in human blood and urine. J Chromatogr, 580, 229-55.
17. Angerer J, Scherer G, Schaller KH, et al. (1991). The determination of benzene in human blood as an indicator of environmental exposure to volatile aromatic compounds. Fresenius' J Anal Chem, 339, 740-2.
18. Angerer J, Schildbach M, Kramer A. (1998). Gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of S-p-toluylmercapturic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid in human urine. J Anal Toxicol, 22, 211-4.
19. Arfellini G, Grilli S, Colacci A, et al. (1985). In vivo and in vitro binding of benzene to nucleic acids and proteins of various rat and mouse organs. Cancer Lett, 28, 159-68.
20. Arnold SM, Price PS, Dryzga MD. (2010). Defining the contribution of non-benzene sources of benzene metabolites in urine: implications for biomonitoring and risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 299-301.
21. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, et al. (1992). Determining volatile organic compounds in human blood from a large sample population by using purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem, 64, 1021-9.
22. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, et al. (1994). Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed us population and in groups with suspected exposure. Clin Chem, 40, 1401-4.
23. Aston JP, Ball RL, Pople J E, et al. (2002). Development and validation of a competitive immunoassay for urinary s-phenylmercapturic acid and its application in benzene biological monitoring. Biomarkers, 7, 103-12.
24. Atkinson TJ. (2009). A review of the role of benzene metabolites and mechanisms in malignant transformation: summative evidence for a lack of research in nonmyelogenous cancer types. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 212, 1-10.
25. ATSDR. (2007). Toxicological profile for benzene (Update). Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service.
26. Ayi Fanou L, Mobio TA, Creppy EE, et al. (2006). Survey of air pollution in Cotonou, Benin-air monitoring and biomarkers. Sci Total Environ, 358, 85-96.
27. Baan R, Grosse Y, Straif K, et al. (2009). A review of human carcinogens-part f: chemical agents and related occupations. Lancet Oncol, 10, 1143-4.
28. Bader M, Angerer J. (1995). N-phenylvaline in hemoglobin as a possible biomarker for benzene exposure [update on benzene]. 1, 209-17.
29. Barbieri A, Accorsi A, Raffi GB, et al. (2002). Lack of sensitivity of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid in determining low-level (ppb) benzene exposure in children. Arch Environ Health, 57, 224-8.
30. Barbieri A, Sabatini L, Accorsi A, et al. (2004). Simultaneous determination of t,t-muconic, S-phenylmercapturic and S-benzylmercapturic acids in urine by a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 1983-8.
31. Barr DB, Angerer J. (2006). Potential uses of biomonitoring data: a case study using the organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and malathion. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1763-9.
32. Bechtold WE, Henderson RF. (1993). Biomarkers of human exposure to benzene. J Toxicol Environ Health, 40, 377-86.
33. Bechtold WE, Lucier G, Birnbaum LS, et al. (1991). Muconic acid determinations in urine as a biological exposure index for workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 52, 473-8.
34. Bechtold WE, Sun JD, Birnbaum LS, et al. (1992a). S-phenylcysteine formation in hemoglobin as a biological exposure index to benzene. Arch Toxicol, 66, 303-9.
35. Bechtold WE, Willis J K, Sun JD, et al. (1992b). Biological markers of exposure to benzene: S-phenylcysteine in albumin. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1217-20.
36. Bergamaschi E, Brustolin A, De Palma G, et al. (1999). Biomarkers of dose and susceptibility in cyclists exposed to monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Lett, 108, 241-7.
37. Bernauer U, Vieth B, Ellrich R, et al. (1999). Cyp2E1-dependent benzene toxicity: the role of extrahepatic benzene metabolism. Arch Toxicol, 73, 189-96.
38. Bernauer U, Vieth B, Ellrich R, et al. (2000). Cyp2E1 expression in bone marrow and its intra-and interspecies variability: approaches for a more reliable extrapolation from one species to another in the risk assessment of chemicals. Arch Toxicol, 73, 618-24.
39. Bird MG, Greim H, Kaden DA, et al. (2010). Benzene, 2009-health effects and mechanisms of bone marrow toxicity: implications for t-AML and the mode of action framework. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 3-6.
40. Birnbaum LS, Cohen Hubal EA. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a case study for using biomonitoring data to address risk assessment questions. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1770-5.
41. Bleasdale C, Kennedy G, Macgregor JO, et al. (1996). Chemistry of muconaldehydes of possible relevance to the toxicology of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1201-9.
42. Bodell WJ, Levay G, Pongracz K. (1993). Investigation of benzene-DNA adducts and their detection in human bone marrow. Environ Health Perspect, 99, 241-4.
43. Bodell WJ, Pathak DN, Levay G, et al. (1996). Investigation of the DNA adducts formed in B6C3F1 mice treated with benzene: implications for molecular dosimetry. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1189-93.
44. Bois FY, Jackson ET, Pekari K, et al. (1996). Population toxicokinetics of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1405-11.
45. Bond GG, Mclaren EA, Baldwin CL, et al. (1986). An update of mortality among chemical workers exposed to benzene. Br J Ind Med, 43, 685-91.
46. Bono R, Traversi D, Maestri L, et al. (2005). Urban air and tobacco smoke in benzene exposure in a cohort of traffic policemen. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 239-42.
47. Boogaard PJ. (2009). Biomonitoring of the workplace and environment. In: Ballentyne B, Marrs T, Syversen T, eds. General and applied toxicology. 3rd ed. Chichester (UK): Wiley, 2559-89.
48. Boogaard PJ, Van Sittert NJ. (1995). Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene: a comparison between s-phenylmercapturic acid, trans,trans-muconic acid, and phenol. Occup Environ Med, 52, 611-20.
49. Boogaard PJ, Van Sittert NJ. (1996). Suitability of S-phenyl mercapturic acid and trans-trans-muconic acid as biomarkers for exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1151-7.
50. Bradford Hill A. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation. Proc R Soc Med, 58, 295-300.
51. Brown EA, Shelley ML, Fisher JW. (1998). A pharmacokinetic study of occupational and environmental benzene exposure with regard to gender. Risk Anal, 18, 205-13.
52. Brugnone F, Perbellini L, Faccini GB, et al. (1989a). Benzene in the blood and breath of normal people and occupationally exposed workers. Am J Ind Med, 16, 385-99.
53. Brugnone F, Perbellini L, Faccini GB, et al. (1989b). Breath and blood levels of benzene, toluene, cumene and styrene in non-occupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 61, 303-11.
54. Brugnone F, Perbellini L, Maranelli G, et al. (1992). Reference values for blood benzene in the occupationally unexposed general population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64, 179-84.
55. Bruinen de Bruin Y, Koistinen K, Kephalopoulos S, et al. (2008). Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union: comparison of measured and modelled exposure data. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 15, 417-30.
56. Brunnemann KD, Lee HCL, Hoffmann D. (1976). Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, xlvii. On the quantitative analysis of catechols and their reduction. Anal Lett, 9, 933-55.
57. Buratti M, Fustinoni S, Colombi A. (1996). Fast liquid chromatographic determination of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid. J Chromatogr B, 677, 257-63.
58. Butenhoff JL, Olsen GW, Pfahles-Hutchens A. (2006). The applicability of biomonitoring data for perfluorooctanesulfonate to the environmental public health continuum. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1776-82.
59. Calafat AM, Mckee RH. (2006). Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1783-9.
60. Capleton AC, Levy LS. (2005). An overview of occupational benzene exposures and occupational exposure limits in Europe and North America. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 43-53.
61. Carrer P, Maroni M, Alcini D, et al. (2000). Assessment through environmental and biological measurements of total daily exposure to volatile organic compounds of office workers in Milan, Italy. Indoor Air, 10, 258-68.
62. Carrieri M, Bonfiglio E, Scapellato M L, et al. (2006). Comparison of exposure assessment methods in occupational exposure to benzene in gasoline filling-station attendants. Toxicol Lett, 162, 146-52.
63. CDC. (2009). Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/[last accessed 18 May 2011].
64. Chaney AM, Carlson GP. (1995). Comparison of rat hepatic and pulmonary microsomal metabolism of benzene and the lack of benzene-induced pneumotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Toxicology, 104, 53-62.
65. Chanvaivit S, Navasumrit P, Hunsonti P, et al. (2007). Exposure assessment of benzene in Thai workers, DNA-repair capacity and influence of genetic polymorphisms. Mutat Res, 626, 79-87.
66. Chen Y, Li G, Yin S, et al. (2007). Genetic polymorphisms involved in toxicant-metabolizing enzymes and the risk of chronic benzene poisoning in Chinese occupational exposed population. Xenobiotica, 27, 103-12.
67. Chen AA, Thomas DK, Ong LL, et al. (2011). Humanized mice with ectopic artificial liver tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108, 11842-7.
68. Collins JJ, Conner P, Friedlander BR, et al. (1991). A study of the hematologic effects of chronic low-level exposure to benzene. J Occup Med, 33, 619-26.
69. Collins JJ, Ireland BK, Easterday PA, et al. (1997). Evaluation of lymphopenia among workers with low-level benzene exposure and the utility of routine data collection. J Occup Environ Med, 39, 232-7.
70. Coutrim MX, Jager AV, De Carvalho LR, et al. (1997). Capillary electrophoresis determination of urinary muconic acid as a biological marker for benzene in cigarette smoke. J Capillary Electrophor, 4, 39-45.
71. Crebelli R, Tomei F, Zijno A, et al. (2001). Exposure to benzene in urban workers: environmental and biological monitoring of traffic police in Rome. Occup Environ Med, 58, 165-71.
72. Cronkite EP, Bullis J, Inoue T, et al. (1984). Benzene inhalation produces leukemia in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 75, 358-61.
73. Cronkite EP, Drew RT, Inoue T. (1985). Benzene hematotoxicity and leukemogenesis. Am J Ind Med, 7, 447-56.
74. Cronkite EP, Drew RT, Inoue T. (1989). Hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity of inhaled benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 82, 97-108.
75. Crump K. (1994). Risk of benzene-induced leukemia: a sensitivity analysis of the pliofilm cohort with additional follow-up and new exposure estimates. J Toxicol Environ Health, 42, 219-42.
76. Deisinger PJ, Hill TS, English JC. (1996). Human exposure to naturally occurring hydroquinone. J Toxicol Environ Health, 47, 31-46.
77. DFG. (1995a). S-phenylmercapturic acid. Determination in urine. In: Angerer J, Schaller KH, eds. Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 125-41.
78. DFG. (1995b). t,t-Muconic acid. Determination in urine. In: Angerer J, Schaller KH, eds. Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials. Weinheim: Wiley VCH, 125-41.
79. DFG. (2007). List of MAK and BAT values 2007 [report no. 43]. Berlin: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
80. Dor F, Dab W, Empereur-Bissonnet P, et al. (1999). Validity of biomarkers in environmental health studies: the case of PAHs and benzene. Crit Rev Toxicol, 29, 129-68.
81. Dougherty D, Garte S, Barchowsky A, et al. (2008). NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and biological effects of benzene exposure-a literature review. Toxicol Lett, 182, 7-17.
82. Dowty BJ, Laseter JL, Storer J. (1976). The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. Pediatr Res, 10, 696-701.
83. Ducos P, Gaudin R, Bel J, et al. (1992). Trans,trans-muconic acid, a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the ppm level. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64, 309-13.
84. Eastmond DA, Smith MT, Irons RD. (1987). An interaction of benzene metabolites reproduces the myelotoxicity observed with benzene exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 91, 85-95.
85. ECETOC.(1989). DNA and protein adducts: evaluation of their use in exposure monitoring and risk assessment [monograph no. 13]. Brussels, Belgium: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
86. Egeghy PP, Nylander-French L, Gwin KK., et al. (2002). Self-collected breath sampling for monitoring low-level benzene exposures among automobile mechanics. Ann Occup Hyg, 46, 489-500.
87. Egeghy PP, Tornero-Velez R, Rappaport SM. (2000). Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene during self-service automobile refueling. Environ Health Perspect, 108, 1195-202.
88. Einig T, Dehnen W. (1995). Sensitive determination of the benzene metabolite S-phenylmercapturic acid in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A, 697, 371-5.
89. Einig T, Dunemann L, Dehnen W. (1996). Sensitive gas chromatographic method for determination of mercapturic acids in human urine. J Chromatogr B, 687, 379-85.
90. European Commission Joint Research Center Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. (2008). European Union risk assessment report: benzene. Ispra, Italy: European Commission Joint Research Center Institute for Health and Consumer Protection. Available from http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/DOCUMENTS/ Existing-Chemicals/RISK-ASSESSMENT/REPORT/benzenereport063.pdf. [last accessed 26 Apr 2011].
91. Eutermoser M, Rusch GM, Kuna RA., et al. (1986). A method for repeated evaluation of benzene uptake in rats and mice during a six hour inhalation period. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 47, 37-40.
92. Farris GM, Everitt JI, Irons RD, et al. (1993). Carcinogenicity of inhaled benzene in CBA mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 20, 503-7.
93. Farris GM, Robinson SN, Gaido KW, et al. (1997). Benzene-induced hematotoxicity and bone marrow compensation in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 36, 119-29.
94. Fishbeck WA, Langner RR, Kociba RJ. (1975). Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 36, 820-4.
95. Fishbeck WA, Townsend JC, Swank MG. (1978). Effects of chronic occupational exposure to measured concentrations of benzene. J Occup Med, 20, 539-42.
96. Fleming-Jones ME, Smith RE. (2003). Volatile organic compounds in foods: a five year study. J Agric Food Chem, 51, 8120-7.
97. Fondelli MC, Bavazzano P, Grechi D, et al. (2008). Benzene exposure in a sample of population residing in a district of Florence, Italy. Sci Total Environ, 392, 41-9.
98. Franz TJ. (1984). Percutaneous absorption of benzene. In: MacFarland HN, Holdsworth CE, MacGregor JA, Call RW, Kane ML, eds. Advances in modern environmental toxicology. Princeton (NJ): Princeton Scientific Publishers, 61-70.
99. Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, et al. (2005a). Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 253-6.
100. Fustinoni S, Consonni D, Campo L, et al. (2005b). Monitoring low benzene exposure: comparative evaluation of urinary biomarkers, influence of cigarette smoking, and genetic polymorphisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14, 2237-44.
101. Galbraith D, Gross SA, Paustenbach D. (2010). Benzene and human health: a historical review and appraisal of associations with various diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol, 40, 1-46.
102. Garte S, Popov T, Georgieva T, et al. (2005). Biomarkers of exposure and effect in Bulgarian petrochemical workers exposed to benzene. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 247-51.
103. Gaskell M, Jukes R, Jones DJ, et al. (2002). Identification and characterization of (3",4"-dihydroxy)-1,n(2)-benzetheno-20- deoxyguanosine 30-monophosphate, a novel DNA adduct formed by benzene metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol, 15, 1088-95.
104. Gaskell M, Mcluckie KI, Farmer PB. (2005a). Comparison of the repair of DNA damage induced by the benzene metabolites hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone: a role for hydroquinone in benzene genotoxicity. Carcinogenesis, 26, 673-80.
105. Gaskell M, Mcluckie KI, Farmer PB. (2005b). Genotoxicity of the benzene metabolites para-benzoquinone and hydroquinone. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 267-70.
106. Ghantous H, Danielsson BR. (1986). Placental transfer and distribution of toluene, xylene and benzene, and their metabolites during gestation in mice. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol, 7, 98-105.
107. Ghittori S, Imbriani M, Maestri L, et al. (1999). Determination of Sphenylmercapturic acid in urine as an indicator of exposure to benzene. Toxicol Lett, 108, 329-34.
108. Ghittori S, Maestri L, Fiorentino ML, et al. (1995). Evaluation of occupational exposure to benzene by urinalysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 67, 195-200.
109. Ghittori S, Maestri L, Rolandi L, et al. (1996). The determination of trans,trans-muconics acid in urine as an indicator of occupational exposure to benzene. Appl Occup Environ Hyg, 11, 187-91.
110. Glass DC, Gray CN, Jolley DJ, et al. (2003). Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Epidemiology, 14, 569-77.
111. Gobba F, Rovesti S, Borella P, et al. (1997). Inter-individual variability of benzene metabolism to trans,trans-muconic acid and its implications in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure. Sci Total Environ, 199, 41-8.
112. Gordon SM, Wallace LA, Brinkman MC, et al. (2002). Volatile organic compounds as breath biomarkers for active and passive smoking. Environ Health Perspect, 110, 689-98.
113. Green JD, Snyder CA, Lobue J, et al. (1981). Acute and chronic dose/response effect of benzene inhalation on the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells of CD-1 male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 59, 204-14.
114. Greenburg L, Mayers MR, Goldwater L, et al. (1939). Benzene (benzol) poisoning in the rotogravure printing industry in New York City. J Ind Hyg Toxicol, 21, 395-420.
115. Grob K, Frauenfelder C, Artho A. (1990). Uptake by foods of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, toluene, and benzene from air. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 191, 435-41.
116. Hajimiragha H, Ewers U, Brockhaus A, et al. (1989). Levels of benzene and other volatile aromatic compounds in the blood of non-smokers and smokers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 61, 513-8.
117. Hanway R, Cavicchioli A, Kaur B, et al. (2000). Analysis of S-phenyl-lcysteine in globin as a marker of benzene exposure. Biomarkers, 5, 252-62.
118. Harley RA, Hooper DS, Kean AJ, et al. (2006). Effects of reformulated gasoline and motor vehicle fleet turnover on emissions and ambient concentrations of benzene. Environ SciTechnol, 40, 5084-8.
119. Hayes RB, Yin SN, Dosemeci M, et al. (1997). Benzene and the doserelated incidence of hematologic neoplasms in China: Chinese Academy of preventive Medicine-National Cancer Institute Benzene Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst, 89, 1065-71.
120. Hays SM, Pyatt DW, Kirman CR, et al. (2012). Biomonitoring equivalents for benzene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 62, 62-73.
121. HEI. (2007). Mobile-source air toxics: a critical review of the literature on exposure and health effects [special report 16]. Boston, MA: The Health Effects Institute. Available from: http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view. php?id282 [last accessed 12 Jun 2009].
122. Henderson RF. (1996). Species differences in the metabolism of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1173-5.
123. Hoffmann D, Wynder EL. (1986). Chemical constituents and bioactivity of tobacco smoke. IARC Sci Publ, 74, 145-65.
124. Hotz P, Carbonnelle P, Haufroid V, et al. (1997). Biological monitoring of vehicle mechanics and other workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 70, 29-40.
125. Hughes MF. (2006). Biomarkers of exposure: a case study with inorganic arsenic. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1790-6.
126. Hutt AM, Kalf GF. (1996). Inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase ii by hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone, reactive metabolites of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1265-9.
127. IARC. (1982). Benzene. Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans [IARC monographs 29]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 93-148.
128. IARC. (1987). Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs Volume 1 to 42 [IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans]. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Suppl. 7, 38-174.
129. IARC. (1988). Environmental carcinogens. Methods of analysis and exposure measurement. Volume 10: Benzene and Alkylated Benzenes. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
130. Inoue O, Kanno E, Yusa T, et al. (2001). A simple HPLC method to determine urinary phenylmercapturic acid and its application to gasoline station attendants to biomonitor occupational exposure to benzene at less than 1 ppm. Biomarkers, 6, 190-203.
131. Inoue O, Kanno E, Kakizaki M, et al. (2000). Urinary phenylmercapturic acid as a marker of occupational exposure to benzene. Ind Health, 38, 195-204.
132. Inoue O, Seiji K, Kasahara M, et al. (1986). Quantitative relation of urinary phenol levels to breathzone benzene concentrations: a factory survey. Br J Ind Med, 43, 692-7.
133. Inoue O, Seiji K, Kasahara M, et al. (1988). Determination of catechol and quinol in the urine of workers exposed to benzene. Br J Ind Med, 45, 487-92.
134. Inoue O, Seiji K, Nakatsuka H, et al. (1989). Urinary t,t-muconic acid as an indicator of exposure to benzene. Br J Ind Med, 46, 122-7.
135. Irons RD, Dent JG, Baker TS, et al. (1980). Benzene is metabolized and covalently bound in bone marrow in situ. Chem Biol Interact, 30, 241-5.
136. Irons RD, Gross SA, Le A, et al. (2010). Integrating WHO 2001-2008 criteria for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): a casecase analysis of benzene exposure. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 30-8.
137. Irons RD, Lv L, Gross SA, et al. (2005). Chronic exposure to benzene results in a unique form of dysplasia. Leuk Res, 29, 1371-80.
138. Irons RD, Stillman WS. (1996). The process of leukemogenesis. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1239-46.
139. Jo WK, Pack, KW. (2000). Utilization of breath analysis for exposure estimates of benzene associated with active smoking. Environ Res, 83, 180-7.
140. Johnson ES, Langard S, Lin YS. (2007). A critique of benzene exposure in the general population. Sci Total Environ, 374, 183-98.
141. Johnson ES, Lucier G. (1992). Perspectives on risk assessment impact of recent reports on benzene. Am J Ind Med, 21, 749-57.
142. Jongeneelen FJ, Dirven HA, Leijdekkers CM, et al. (1987). S-phenyl-Nacetylcysteine in urine of rats and workers after exposure to benzene. J Anal Toxicol, 11, 100-4.
143. Jowa L, Witz G, Snyder R, et al. (1990). Synthesis and characterization of deoxyguanosine-benzoquinone adducts. J Appl Toxicol, 10, 47-54.
144. Khan, HA. (2007). Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies. Hum Exp Toxicol, 26, 677-85.
145. Kim S, Lin Q, Waidyanatha S, et al. (2007). Genetic polymorphisms and benzene metabolism in humans exposed to a wide range of air concentrations. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 17, 789-801.
146. Kim S, Vermeulen R, Waidyanatha S, et al. (2006a). Using urinary biomarkers to elucidate dose-related patterns of human benzene metabolism. Carcinogenesis, 27, 772-81.
147. Kim S, Vermeulen R, Waidyanatha S, et al. (2006b). Modeling human metabolism of benzene following occupational and environmental exposures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 2246-52.
148. Kipen HM, Cody RP, Crump KS, et al. (1988). Hematologic effects of benzene: a thirty-five year longitudinal study of rubber workers. Toxicol Ind Health, 4, 411-30.
149. Kipen HM, Cody RP, Goldstein BD. (1989). Use of longitudinal analysis of peripheral blood counts to validate historical reconstructions of benzene exposure. Environ Health Perspect, 82, 199-206.
150. Kirkeleit J, Riise T, Bratveit M, et al. (2006a). Benzene exposure on a crude oil production vessel. Ann Occup Hyg, 50, 123-9.
151. Kirkeleit J, Riise T, Bratveit M, et al. (2006b). Biological monitoring of benzene exposure during maintenance work in crude oil cargo tanks. Chem Biol Interact, 164, 60-7.
152. Kirman CR, Aylward LL, Blount BC, et al. (2012). Evaluation of NHANES biomonitoring data for volatile organic chemicals in blood: application of chemical-specific screening criteria. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 22, 24-34.
153. Kirrane E, Loomis D, Egeghy P, et al. (2007). Personal exposure to benzene from fuel emissions among commercial fishers: comparison of two-stroke, four-stroke and diesel engines. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 17, 151-8.
154. Kissel JC, Curl CL, Kedan G, et al. (2005). Comparison of organophosphorus pesticide metabolite levels in single and multiple daily urine samples collected from preschool children in Washington State. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 15, 164-71.
155. Kivisto H, Pekari K, Peltonen K, et al. (1997). Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene in the production of benzene and in a cokery. Sci Total Environ, 199, 49-63.
156. Kok PW, Ong CN. (1994). Blood and urinary benzene determined by headspace gas chromatography with photoionization detection: application in biological monitoring of low-level nonoccupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 66, 195-201.
157. Krewski D, Snyder R, Beatty P, et al. (2000). Assessing the health risks of benzene: a report on the benzene state-of-the-science workshop. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A, 61, 307-38.
158. Lagorio S, Crebelli R, Ricciarello R, et al. (1998). Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. Occup Med (Lond), 48, 497-504.
159. Lamm SH, Grunwald HW. (2006). Benzene exposure and hematotoxicity. Science, 312, 998-9; author reply 998-9.
160. Lan Q, Zhang L, Li G, et al. (2004). Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science, 306, 1774-6.
161. Lauwerys RR, Buchet J P, Andrien F. (1994). Muconic acid in urine: a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene. Am J Ind Med, 25, 297-300.
162. Layton DM and Mufti GJ. (1986). Myelodysplastic Syndromes: their history, evolution, and relation to acute myeoloid leukaemia. Ann Hematol, 53, 423-36.
163. Lee BL, Ong HY, Ong YB, et al. (2005). A sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the spectrophotometric determination of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid. J Chromatogr B, 818, 277-83.
164. Lee BL, Ong HY, Shi CY, et al. (1993). Simultaneous determination of hydroquinone, catechol and phenol in urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr, 619, 259-66.
165. Levay G, Pathak DN, Bodell WJ. (1996). Detection of DNA adducts in the white blood cells of B6C3F1 mice treated with benzene. Carcinogenesis, 17, 151-3.
166. Levay G, Pongracz K, Bodell WJ. (1991). Detection of DNA adducts in HL-60 cells treated with hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone by, 32Ppostlabeling. Carcinogenesis, 12, 1181-6.
167. Li G, Wang C, Xin W, et al. (1996). Tissue distribution of DNA adducts and their persistence in blood of mice exposed to benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1337-8.
168. Liang Y, Wong O, Yang L, et al. (2006). The development and regulation of occupational exposure limits in China. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 46, 107-13.
169. Lin LC, Chen WJ, Chiung YM, et al. (2008). Association between GST genetic polymorphism and dose-related production of urinary benzene metabolite markers, trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 1460-9.
170. Lin YS, McKelvey W, Waidyanatha S, et al. (2006). Variability of albumin adducts of 1,4-benzoquinone, a toxic metabolite of benzene, in human volunteers. Biomarkers, 11, 14-27.
171. Lin LC, Shih JF, Shih TS, et al. (2004a). An electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry based system with an online dual-loop cleanup device for simultaneous quantitation of urinary benzene exposure biomarkers trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 2743-52.
172. Lin LC, Tyan YC, Shih TS, et al. (2004b). Development and validation of an isotope-dilution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method with an on-line sample clean-up device for the quantitative analysis of the benzene exposure biomarker S-phenylmercapturic acid in human urine. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 1310-6.
173. Lin YS, Vermeulen R, Tsai CH, et al. (2007). Albumin adducts of electrophilic benzene metabolites in benzene-exposed and control workers. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 28-34.
174. Lindsey Jr RH, Bender RP, Osheroff N. (2005). Effects of benzene metabolites on DNA cleavage mediated by human topoisomerase II alpha: 1,4-hydroquinone is a topoisomerase II poison. Chem Res Toxicol, 18, 761-70.
175. Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Waidyanatha S, et al. (1997). Measurement of benzene oxide in the blood of rats following administration of benzene. Carcinogenesis, 18, 1637-41.
176. Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Waidyanatha S, et al. (1998). Formation of hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide in mouse, rat, and human blood. Chem Res Toxicol, 11, 302-10.
177. Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Waidyanatha S, et al. (1999).
178. Linet MS, Devesa SS, Morgan GJ. (2006). The leukemias. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni, Jr JF., eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press, 841-71.
179. Lovern MR, Cole CE, Schlosser PM. (2001). A review of quantitative studies of benzene metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol, 31, 285-311.
180. Low LK, Meeks JR, Norris KJ, et al. (1989). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of benzene in zymbal gland and other key target tissues after oral administration in rats. Environ Health Perspect, 82, 215-22.
181. Luck E. (1990). Food applications of sorbic acid and its salts. Food Addit Contam, 7, 711-5.
182. Lutz WK, Schlatter C. (1977). Mechanism of the carcinogenic action of benzene: irreversible binding to rat liver DNA. Chem Biol Interact, 18, 241-5.
183. Maestri L, Ghittori S, Grignani E, et al. (1993). [The measurement of a benzene metabolite, urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), in man by HPLC]. Med Lav, 84, 55-65.
184. Maestri L, Negri S, Ferrari M, et al. (2005). Determination of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid, a specific metabolite of benzene, by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 19, 1139-44.
185. Maltoni C, Ciliberti A, Cotti G, et al. (1989). Benzene, an experimental multipotential carcinogen: results of the long-term bioassays performed at the Bologna Institute of oncology. Environ Health Perspect, 82, 109-24.
186. Manini P, De Palma G, Andreoli R, et al. (2006). Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene exposure in a cohort of Italian taxi drivers. Toxicol Lett, 167, 142-51.
187. Manini P, De Palma G, Andreoli R, et al. (2008). Biological monitoring of low benzene exposure in Italian traffic policemen. Toxicol Lett, 181, 25-30.
188. Marchese S, Curini R, Gentili A, et al. (2004). Simultaneous determination of the urinary metabolites of benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene using high-performance liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, 265-72.
189. Marrubini G, Coccini T, Manzo L. (2001). Direct analysis of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid by coupled column liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric ultraviolet detection: method applicability to human urine. J Chromatogr B, 758, 295-303.
190. Mazzullo M, Bartoli S, Bonora B, et al. (1989). Benzene adducts with rat nucleic acids and proteins: dose-response relationship after treatment in vivo. Environ Health Perspect, 82, 259-66.
191. McDonald TA, Holland NT, Skibola C, et al. (2001). Hypothesis: phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia. Leukemia, 15, 10-20.
192. McDougal JN, Jepson GW, Clewell 3rd HJ, et al. (1990). Dermal absorption of organic chemical vapors in rats and humans. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 14, 299-308.
193. McMahon TF, Birnbaum LS. (1991). Age-related changes in disposition and metabolism of benzene in male C57Bl/6N mice. Drug Metab Dispos, 19, 1052-7.
194. Medinsky MA, Kenyon EM, Schlosser PM. (1995). Benzene: a case study in parent chemical and metabolite interactions. Toxicology, 105, 225-33.
195. Meek ME, Klaunig JE. (2010). Proposed mode of action of benzeneinduced leukemia: interpreting available data and identifying critical data gaps for risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 279-85.
196. Melikian AA, Meng M, O'Connor R, et al. (1999a). Development of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of urinary metabolites of benzene in humans [research report no. 87]. Boston (MA): The Health Effects Institute, 1-36. discussion 37-43.
197. Melikian AA, O'Connor R, Prahalad AK, et al. (1999b). Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Carcinogenesis, 20, 719-26.
198. Melikian A, Prahalad A, Coleman S. (1992). Isolation and characterization of two benzene-derived hemoglobin adducts in-vivo in rats. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1, 307-13.
199. Melikian AA, Prahalad AK, Hoffmann D. (1993). Urinary trans,transmuconic acid as an indicator of exposure to benzene in cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2, 47-51.
200. Melikian AA, Prahalad AK, Secker-Walker RH. (1994). Comparison of the levels of the urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid in smokers and nonsmokers, and the effects of pregnancy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 3, 239-44.
201. Melikian AA, Qu Q, Shore R, et al. (2002). Personal exposure to different levels of benzene and its relationships to the urinary metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid. J Chromatogr B, 778, 211-21.
202. Menezes HC, Amorim LC, Cardeal ZL. (2009). Sampling of benzene in environmental and exhaled air by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem, 395, 2583-9.
203. Midzenski MA, McDiarmid MA, Rothman N, et al. (1992). Acute high dose exposure to benzene in shipyard workers. Am J Ind Med, 22, 553-65.
204. Modjtahedi BS, Maibach HI. (2008). In vivo percutaneous absorption of benzene in man: forearm and palm. Food Chem Toxicol, 46, 1171-4.
205. Monks TJ, Butterworth M, Lau SS. (2010). The fate of benzene-oxide. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 201-6.
206. Murray KE, Adams RF. (1988). Determination of simple phenols in faeces and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr, 431, 143-9.
207. Natelson EA. (2007). Benzene-induced acute myeloid leukemia: a clinician's perspective. Am J Hematol, 82, 826-30.
208. Navasumrit P, Arayasiri M, Hiang OM, et al. (2008). Potential health effects of exposure to carcinogenic compounds in incense smoke in temple workers. Chem Biol Interact, 173, 19-31.
209. Navasumrit P, Chanvaivit S, Intarasunanont P, et al. (2005). Environmental and occupational exposure to benzene in Thailand. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 75-83.
210. Needham LL, Calafat AM, Barr DB. (2007). Uses and issues of biomonitoring. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 210, 229-38.
211. Neumann H-G. (1984). Analysis of hemoglobin as a dose monitor for alkylating and arylating agents. Arch Toxicol, 56, 1-6.
212. Nilsson RI, Nordlinder RG, Tagesson C, et al. (1996). Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to low levels of benzene from gasoline. Am J Ind Med, 30, 317-24.
213. Nomiyama K, Nomiyama H. (1974a). Respiratory elimination of organic solvents in man. Benzene, toluene, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, acetone, ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol. Int Arch Arbeitsmed, 32, 85-91.
214. Nomiyama K, Nomiyama H. (1974b). Respiratory retention, uptake and excretion of organic solvents in man. Int Arch Arbeitsmed, 32, 75-83.
215. Norpoth KH, Muller G, Schell C, et al. (1996). Phenylguanine found in urine after benzene exposure. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1159-63.
216. Norpoth K, Stucker W, Krewet E, et al. (1988). Biomonitoring of benzene exposure by trace analyses of phenylguanine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 60, 163-8.
217. NTP. (1986). NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser, 289, 1-277.
218. NTP. (2005). Report on carcinogens. 11th ed. Research Triangle Park (NC): US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Available from: http://ntpserver. Niehs.Nih.Gov/ntp/roc/ toc11.html [last accessed 27 May 2008].
219. Olmos V, Lenzken SC, Lopez CM, et al. (2006). High-performance liquid chromatography method for urinary trans,trans-muconic acid. Application to environmental exposure to benzene. J Anal Toxicol, 30, 258-61.
220. Ong CN, Kok PW, Lee BL, et al. (1995). Evaluation of biomarkers for occupational exposure to benzene. Occup Environ Med, 52, 528-33.
221. Ong CN, Kok PW, Ong HY, et al. (1996). Biomarkers of exposure to low concentrations of benzene: a field assessment. Occup Environ Med, 53, 328-33.
222. Ong CN. Lee BL. (1994). Determination of benzene and its metabolites: application in biological monitoring of environmental and occupational exposure to benzene. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl, 660, 1-22.
223. Ong CN, Lee BL, Shi CY, et al. (1994). Elevated levels of benzenerelated compounds in the urine of cigarette smokers. Int J Cancer, 59, 177-80.
224. Osterman-Golkar S, Ehrenberg L, Segerback D, et al. (1976). Evaluation of genetic risks of alkylating agents. II. Haemoglobin as a dose monitor. Mutat Res, 34, 1-10.
225. Paci E, Pigini D, Cialdella AM, et al. (2007). Determination of free and total S-phenylmercapturic acid by HPLC/MS/MS in the biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Biomarkers, 12, 111-22.
226. Page BD, Conacher HB, Salminen J, et al. (1993). Survey of bottled drinking water sold in Canada. Part 2. Selected volatile organic compounds. J AOAC Int, 76, 26-31.
227. Panev T, Popov T, Georgieva T, et al. (2002). Assessment of the correlation between exposure to benzene and urinary excretion of t, tmuconic acid in workers from a petrochemical plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 75, S97-100.
228. Parke DV, Williams RT. (1953). Studies in detoxication. 49. The metabolism of benzene containing (14C1) benzene. Biochem J, 54, 231-8.
229. Perbellini L, Faccini GB, Pasini F, et al. (1988). Environmental and occupational exposure to benzene by analysis of breath and blood. Br J Ind Med, 45, 345-52.
230. Perbellini L, Princivalle A, Cerpelloni M, et al. (2003). Comparison of breath, blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 76, 461-6.
231. Pereira MA, Chang LW. (1981). Binding of chemical carcinogens and mutagens to rat hemoglobin. Chem-Biol Interact, 33, 301-5.
232. Pezzagno G, Maestri L, Fiorentino ML. (1999). Trans,trans-muconic acid, a biological indicator to low levels of environmental benzene: some aspects of its specificity. Am J Ind Med, 35, 511-8.
233. Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, Needham LL, et al. (1995). Using biological monitoring to assess human exposure to priority toxicants. Environ Health Perspect, 103, 45-8.
234. Plebani C, Tranfo G, Salerno A, et al. (1999). An optimized sampling and GC-MS analysis method for benzene in exhaled breath, as a biomarker for occupational exposure. Talanta, 50, 409-12.
235. Pongracz K, Bodell WJ. (1991). Detection of 30-hydroxy-1, N6-benzetheno-2'-deoxyadenosine 30-phosphate by 32P postlabeling of DNA reacted with p-benzoquinone. Chem Res Toxicol, 4, 199-202.
236. Pople JE, Ball RL, Padgett MJ, et al. (2002). Construction of a database of benzene biological monitoring. Toxicol Lett, 134, 301-4.
237. Powley MW, Carlson GP. (2000). Cytochromes P450 involved with benzene metabolism in hepatic and pulmonary microsomes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 14, 303-9.
238. Qu Q, Melikian AA, Li G, et al. (2000). Validation of biomarkers in humans exposed to benzene: urine metabolites. Am J Ind Med, 37, 522-31.
239. Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, et al. (2002). Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposure. Am J Ind Med, 42, 275-85.
240. Rappaport SM, Waidyanatha S, Qu Q, et al. (2002). Albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzoquinone as measures of human benzene metabolism. Cancer Res, 62, 1330-7.
241. Regev L, Wu M, Zlotolow R, et al. (2012). Hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, and leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. Toxicol Ind Health, 28, 64-73.
242. Richardson DB. (2008). Temporal variation in the association between benzene and leukemia mortality. Environ Health Perspect, 116, 370-4.
243. Rickert DE, Baker TS, Bus J S, et al. (1979). Benzene disposition in the rat after exposure by inhalation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 49, 417-23.
244. Rinsky RA, Smith AB, Hornung R, et al. (1987). Benzene and leukemia. An epidemiologic risk assessment. N Engl J Med, 316, 1044-50.
245. Robison SH, Barr DB. (2006). Use of biomonitoring data to evaluate methyl eugenol exposure. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1797-801.
246. Romieu I, Ramirez M, Meneses F, et al. (1999). Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds among workers in Mexico City as assessed by personal monitors and blood concentrations. Environ Health Perspect, 107, 511-5.
247. Ross D. (1996). Metabolic basis of benzene toxicity. Eur J Haematol, 57, 111-8.
248. Rossi AM, Guarnieri C, Rovesti S, et al. (1999). Genetic polymorphisms influence variability in benzene metabolism in humans. Pharmacogenetics, 9, 445-51.
249. Rossi G, Pelizzari AM, Bellotti D, et al. (2000). Cytogenetic analogy between myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia of elderly patients. Leukemia, 14, 636-41.
250. Rothman N, Bechtold WE, Yin SN, et al. (1998). Urinary excretion of phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and muconic acid by workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Occup Environ Med, 55, 705-11.
251. Rothman N, Haas R, Hayes RB, et al. (1995). Benzene induces geneduplicating but not gene-inactivating mutations at the glycophorin a locus in exposed humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 4069-73.
252. Rothman N, Li GL, Dosemeci M, et al. (1996). Hematotoxicity among Chinese workers heavily exposed to benzene. Am J Ind Med, 29, 236-46.
253. Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker AR, et al. (1997). Trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker of non-occupational environmental exposure to benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 69, 247-51.
254. Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker AR, et al. (1995). Determination of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B, 666, 71-6.
255. Rushton L, Romaniuk H. (1997). A case-control study to investigate the risk of leukaemia associated with exposure to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom. Occup Environ Med, 54, 152-66.
256. Sabourin PJ, Chen BT, Lucier G, et al. (1987). Effect of dose on the absorption and excretion of [14C]benzene administered orally or by inhalation in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 87, 325-36.
257. Sabourin PJ, Sun JD, MacGregor JT, et al. (1990). Effect of repeated benzene inhalation exposures on benzene metabolism, binding to hemoglobin, and induction of micronuclei. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 103, 452-62.
258. Scher DP, Alexander BH, Adgate JL, et al. (2007). Agreement of pesticide biomarkers between morning void and, 24-h urine samples from farmers and their children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 17, 350-7.
259. Scherer G, Renner T, Meger M. (1998). Analysis and evaluation of trans, trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for benzene exposure. J Chromatogr B, 717, 179-99.
260. Scherer G, Ruppert T, Daube H, et al. (1995). Contribution of tobacco smoke to environmental benzene exposure in Germany. Environ Int, 21, 779-89.
261. Schnatter AR, Armstrong TW, Nicolich MJ, et al. (1996a). Lymphohaematopoietic malignancies and quantitative estimates of exposure to benzene in Canadian petroleum distribution workers. Occup Environ Med, 53, 773-81.
262. Schnatter AR, Armstrong TW, Thompson LS, et al. (1996b). The relationship between low-level benzene exposure and leukemia in Canadian petroleum distribution workers. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1375-9.
263. Schnatter AR, Glass D, Tang G, et al. (2012). Myelodysplastic syndrome and benzene exposure among petroleum workers: an international pooled analysis. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2012; doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs411.
264. Schnatter AR, Kerzic PJ, Zhou Y, et al. (2010). Peripheral blood effects in benzene-exposed workers. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 174-81.
265. Schnatter AR, Rosamilia K, Wojcik NC. (2005). Review of the literature on benzene exposure and leukemia subtypes. Chem Biol Interact, 153-154, 9-21.
266. Serena P, Tapparo A, Bombi GG. (2000). Direct determination of t,t-muconic acid in human urine by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Analyst, 125, 689-92.
267. Serrano FO, López IS, Revilla GN. (1991). High performance liquid chromatography determination of chemical preservatives in yogurt. J Liquid Chromatogr Related Technol, 14, 709-17.
268. Sexton K, Adgate JL, Church TR, et al. (2005). Children's exposure to volatile organic compounds as determined by longitudinal measurements in blood. Environ Health Perspect, 113, 342-9.
269. Shahtaheri S J, Ghamari F, Golbabaei F. (2005). Sample preparation followed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis for monitoring muconic acid as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 11, 377-88.
270. Sheets PL, Yost GS, Carlson GP. (2004). Benzene metabolism in human lung cell lines BEAS-2B and A549 and cells overexpressing CYP2F1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 18, 92-9.
271. Silver SR, Rinsky RA, Cooper SP, et al. (2002). Effect of follow-up time on risk estimates: a longitudinal examination of the relative risks of leukemia and multipe myeloma in a rubber hydrochloride cohort. Am J Ind Med, 42, 481-9.
272. Sinclair GC, Gray CN, Sherwood RJ. (1999). Structure and validation of a pharmacokinetic model for benzene. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 60, 249-58.
273. Singh R, Farmer PB. (2006). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: the future of DNA adduct detection. Carcinogenesis, 27, 178-96.
274. Skowronski GA, Turkall RM, Abdel-Rahman MS. (1988). Soil adsorption alters bioavailability of benzene in dermally exposed male rats. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 49, 506-11.
275. Smith MT. (1996). The mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia: a hypothesis and speculations on the causes of leukemia. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1219-25.
276. Smith RE, Bryant J, DeCillis A, et al. (2003). Acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide adjuvant therapy for operable breast cancer: the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project experience. J Clin Oncol, 21, 1195-204.
277. Snyder R. (2000). Overview of the toxicology of benzene. J Toxicol Environ Health, 61, 339-46.
278. Snyder R. (2002). Benzene and leukemia. Crit Rev Toxicol, 32, 155-210.
279. Snyder R. (2004). Xenobiotic metabolism and the mechanism(s) of benzene toxicity. Drug Metab Rev, 36, 531-47.
280. Snyder R. (2007). Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies by HA Khan. Hum Exp Toxicol, 26, 687-96.
281. Snyder R. (2012). Leukemia and benzene. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9, 2875-93.
282. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR. (1978a). Hematotoxicity of inhaled benzene to Sprague-Dawley rats and AKR mice at 300 ppm. J Toxicol Environ Health, 4, 605-18.
283. Snyder CA, Goldstein BD, Sellakumar AR, et al. (1980). The inhalation toxicology of benzene: incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms and hematotoxicity in AKR/J and C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 54, 323-31.
284. Snyder R, Hedli CC. (1996). An overview of benzene metabolism. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1165-71.
285. Snyder R, Jowa L, Witz G, et al. (1987). Formation of reactive metabolites from benzene. Arch Toxicol, 60, 61-4.
286. Snyder R, Lee EW, Kocsis JJ. (1978b). Binding of labeled benzene metabolites to mouse liver and bone marrow. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 20, 191-4.
287. Snyder R, Witz G, Goldstein BD. (1993). The toxicology of benzene. Environ Health Perspect, 100, 293-306.
288. Sorahan T, Kinlen LJ, Doll R. (2005). Cancer risks in a historical UK cohort of benzene exposed workers. Occup Environ Med, 62, 231-6.
289. Srbova J, Teisinger J, Skramovsky S. (1950). Absorption and elimination of inhaled benzene in man. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med, 2, 1-8.
290. Stommel P, Muller G, Stucker W, et al. (1989). Determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid in the urine-an improvement in the biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Carcinogenesis, 10, 279-82.
291. Sul D, Lee D, Im H, et al. (2002). Single strand DNA breaks in T-and Blymphocytes and granulocytes in workers exposed to benzene. Toxicol Lett, 134, 87-95.
292. Sun JD, Medinsky MA, Birnbaum LS, et al. (1990). Benzene hemoglobin adducts in mice and rats: characterization of formation and physiological modeling. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 15, 468-75.
293. Swaen GM, Van Amelsvoort L, Twisk JJ, et al. (2010). Low level occupational benzene exposure and hematological parameters. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 94-100.
294. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. (2008) WHO classification of tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
295. Tharnpoophasiam P, Kongtip P, Wongwit W, et al. (2004). Simultaneous determination of trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography and its application. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 35, 717-23.
296. Thienes H, Haley TJ. (1972). Clinical toxicology. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lea & Febiger, 124-7.
297. Tovalin-Ahumada H, Whitehead L. (2007). Personal exposures to volatile organic compounds among outdoor and indoor workers in two Mexican cities. Sci Total Environ, 376, 60-71.
298. Travis CC, Quillen JL, Arms AD. (1990). Pharmacokinetics of benzene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 102, 400-20.
299. Tsuruta H. (1989). Skin absorption of organic solvent vapors in nude mice in vivo. Ind Health, 27, 37-47.
300. Turteltaub KW, Mani C. (2003). Benzene metabolism in rodents at doses relevant to human exposure from urban air [research report no. 113]. Boston (MA): The Health Effects Institute, 1-26. discussion 27-35.
301. USEPA. (1998). Carcinogenic effects of benzene: an update [report no. EPA/600/P-97/001F]. Washington (DC): National Center for Environmental Assessment-Office of Research and Development. Available from http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/benzenef.pdf [last accessed 25 Jun 2012].
302. USEPA.(2002). Toxicological review of benzene (noncancer effects) [report no. EPA/635/R-02/001F]. Washington (DC US Environmental Protection Agency. Available from http://www.epa. gov/iris/toxreviews/0276tr.pdf [last accessed 25 Jun 2012].
303. USEPA. (2003). Integrated risk information system: benzene. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ iris/subst/0276.htm [last accessed 26 Apr 2011].
304. USEPA. (2010). Ambient concentrations of benzene [report on the environment]. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm? fuseaction/detail.viewInd&lv/ list.listbyalpha&r/231333&subtop/341 [last accessed 5 Mar 2012].
305. Valentine JL, Lee SST, Seaton MJ, et al. (1996). Reduction of benzene metabolism and toxicity in mice that lack CYP2E1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 141, 205-13.
306. Van Dokkum W, De Vos RH, Cloughley FA, et al. (1982). Food additives and food components in total diets in the Netherlands. Br J Nutr, 48, 223-31.
307. Van Sittert NJ, Boogaard PJ, Beulink GD. (1993). Application of the urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid test as a biomarker for low levels of exposure to benzene in industry. Br J Ind Med, 50, 460-9.
308. VCEEP. (2006). PBPK modeling for benzene, interpretation of benzene human biomonitoring, and modeling of benzene concentrations in human milk [Benzene Tier 1 VCCEP Submission, Appendix C]. Available from http://www.tera.org/peer/ VCCEP/benzene/Benzene% 20VCCEP%20Appendix%20C%20-PBPK%20Modeling%2030-Mar-2006. pdf. [last accessed on 25 Jun 2012].
309. Violante FS, Sanguinetti G, Barbieri A, et al. (2003). Lack of correlation between environmental or biological indicators of benzene exposure at parts per billion levels and micronuclei induction. Environ Res, 91, 135-42.
310. Waidyanatha S, Rothman N, Fustinoni S, et al. (2001). Urinary benzene as a biomarker of exposure among occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects. Carcinogenesis, 22, 279-86.
311. Waidyanatha S, Rothman N, Li G, et al. (2004). Rapid determination of six urinary benzene metabolites in occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects. Anal Biochem, 327, 184-99.
312. Waidyanatha S, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Rappaport SM. (1998). A new assay for albumin and hemoglobin adducts of 1,2-and 1,4-benzoquinones. Chem Biol Interact, 115, 117-39.
313. Wallace L. (1996). Environmental exposure to benzene: an update. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1129-36.
314. Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED. 1987 Personal air exposures and breath concentrations of benzene and other volatile hydrocarbons for smokers and non smokers. Toxicol Lett 35 113-6.
315. Wan J, Shi J, Hui L, et al. (2002). Association of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2E1, MPO, NQ01, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes with benzene poisoning. Environ Health Perspect, 110, 1213-8.
316. Wang L, Zhou Y, Liang Y, et al. (2006). Benzene exposure in the shoemaking industry in China, a literature survey, 1978-2004. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 46, 149-56.
317. Weaver VM, Buckley T, Groopman JD. (2000). Lack of specificity of trans,trans-muconic acid as a benzene biomarker after ingestion of sorbic acid-preserved foods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9, 749-55.
318. Weaver VM, Davoli CT, Heller PJ, et al. (1996). Benzene exposure, assessed by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, in urban children with elevated blood lead levels. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 318-23.
319. Weisel CP. (2010). Benzene exposure: an overview of monitoring methods and their findings. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 58-66.
320. WHO. (1993). Benzene [international programme on chemical safety, environmental health criteria 150]. Geneva World Health Organization.
321. WHO. (2001). Biomarkers in risk assessment: validity and validation. [environmental health criteria 222]. Geneva: World Health Organization.
322. Winek CL, Collom WD. (1971). Benzene and toluene fatalities. J Occup Med, 13, 259-61.
323. Witz G, Zhang Z, Goldstein BD. (1996). Reactive ring-opened aldehyde metabolites in benzene hematotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect, 104, 1195-9.
324. Wiwanitkit V, Suwansaksri J, Nasuan P. (2001). Feasibility of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid determination using high performance liquid chromatography for biological monitoring of benzene exposure. J Med Assoc Thai, 84, S263-8.
325. Wong O, Harris F, Armstrong TW, et al. (2010). A hospital-based casecontrol study of acute myeloid leukemia in Shanghai: analysis of environmental and occupational risk factors by subtypes of the WHO classification. Chem Biol Interact, 184, 112-28.
326. Wu F, Zhang Z, Wan J, et al. (2008). Genetic polymorphisms in HMTH1, HOGG1 and HMYH and risk of chronic benzene poisoning in a Chinese occupational population. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 233, 447-53.
327. Yardley-Jones A, Anderson D, Jenkinson P. (1988). Effect of occupational exposure to benzene on phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes in man. Br J Ind Med, 45, 516-22.
328. Yeowell-O'Connell K, McDonald TA, Rappaport SM. (1996). Analysis of hemoglobin adducts of benzene oxide by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem, 237, 49-55.
329. Yeowell-O'Connell K, Rothman N, Smith MT, et al. (1998). Hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide among workers exposed to high levels of benzene. Carcinogenesis, 19, 1565-71.
330. Yeowell-O'Connell K, Rothman N, Waidyanatha S, et al. (2001). Protein adducts of 1,4-benzoquinone and benzene oxide among smokers and nonsmokers exposed to benzene in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 10, 831-8.
331. Yin SN, Li GL, Tain FD, et al. (1987a). Leukaemia in benzene workers: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Ind Med, 44, 124-8.
332. Yin SN, Li Q, Liu Y, et al. (1987b). Occupational exposure to benzene in China. Br J Ind Med, 44, 192-5.
333. Yokley K, Tran HT, Pekari K, et al. (2006). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzene in humans: a Bayseian approach. Risk Anal, 26, 925-43.
334. Yu R, Weisel CP. (1996a). Measurement of benzene in human breath associated with an environmental exposure. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 6, 261-77.
335. Yu R, Weisel CP. (1996b). Measurement of the urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid from benzene exposure in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health, 48, 453-77.
336. Zhang L, Rothman N, Wang Y, et al. (1998a). Increased aneusomy and long arm deletion of chromosomes 5 and 7 in the lymphocytes of Chinese workers exposed to benzene. Carcinogenesis, 19, 1955-61.
337. Zhang L, Wang Y, Shang N, et al. (1998b). Benzene metabolites induce the loss and long arm deletion of chromosomes 5 and 7 in human lymphocytes. Leuk Res, 22, 105-13.