Polyphenolic profile and biological activity of chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) fruits

Molecules

Volumn 17, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 14490-14509

  Jurikova, Tunde ^a   Sochor, Jiri ^b   Rop, Otakar ^c   Mlcek, Jiri ^c   Balla, Stefan ^a   Szekeres, Ladislav ^a   Adam, Vojtech ^d,e   Kizek, Rene ^e  

^a The Philosopher University in Nitra Geoinformatics and Regional Development   (Slovakia)

^b Vysoka skola Karla Englise   (Czech Republic)

^c TOMAS BATA UNIVERSITY IN ZLIN   (Czech Republic)

^d MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO   (Czech Republic)

^e BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Antioxidant activity; Biological value of fruit; Crataegus pinnatifida; Polyphenolic compounds

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; POLYPHENOL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; FRUIT; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; REVIEW; ROSACEAE; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; FRUIT; HUMANS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; POLYPHENOLS; ROSACEAE;

EID: 84871562261     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214490     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Weihmayer, T.; Ernst, E. Therapeutic effectiveness of Crateagus. Fortschr. Med. 1996, 114, 27-29.
2. Tassel, M.C.; Kingston, R.; Gilroy, D.; Lehane, M.; Furey, A. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmcogn. Rev. 2010, 4, 32-41.
3. Fong, H.H.; Bauman, J.L. Hawthorn. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2002, 16, 1-8.
4. Wittig, J.; Leipolz, I.; Graefe, E.U.; Jaki, B.; Treutter, D.; Veit, M. Quantification of procyanidins in oral herbal medicinal products containing extracts of Crataegus species. Arzneimittelforschung 2002, 52, 89-96.
5. Zhao, H.C.; Tian, B.F. China Fruit-Plant Monograph-Hawthorn Flora; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1996.
6. Sanada, T.; Sato, Y. Genetic resources of Asian temperate fruits. In Asian Plants with Unique Horticultural Potential: Genetic Resources, Cultural Practices, and Utilization, Proceedings of The XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, Canada, 11-17 August 2002; Lee, J.M., Zhang, D., Eds.; ISHS: Leuven, Belgum, 2003; pp. 137-149.
7. Liu, P.Z.; Kallio, H.; Lu, D.G.; Zhou, C.S.; Ou, S.Y.; Yang, B.R. Acids, Sugars, and Sugar Alcohols in Chinese Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 1012-1019.
8. Yang, B.R.; Liu, P.Z. Composition and health effects of phenolic compounds in hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) of different origins. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012, 92, 1578-1590.
9. Kao, E.S.; Wang, C.J.; Lin, W.L.; Chu, C.Y.; Tseng, T.H. Effects of polyphenols derived from fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on cell transformation, dermal edema and skin tumor formation by phorbol ester application. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 1795-1804.
10. Cui, T.; Li, J.Z.; Kayahara, H.; Ma, L.; Wu, L.X.; Nakamura, K. Quantification of the polyphenols and triterpene acids in Chinese hawthorn fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4574-4581.
11. Chang, W.T.; Dao, J.; Shao, Z.H. Hawthorn: Potential roles in cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2005, 33, 1-10.
12. Pittler, M.H.; Schmidt, K.; Ernst, E. Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure: Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am. J. Med. 2003, 114, 665-674.
13. Zhang, Z.S.; Ho, W.K.K.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.Y. Hypocholesterolemic activity of hawthorn fruit is mediated by regulation of cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase and acyl CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase. Food Res. Int. 2002, 35, 885-891.
14. Gazdik, Z.; Krska, B.; Adam, V.; Saloun, J.; Pokorna, T.; Reznicek, V.; Horna, A.; Kizek, R. Electrochemical Determination of the Antioxidant Potential of Some Less Common Fruit Species. Sensors 2008, 8, 7564-7570.
15. Jurikova, T.; Rop, O.; Mlcek, J.; Sochor, J.; Balla, S.; Szekeres, L.; Hegedusova, A.; Hubalek, J.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R. Phenolic Profile of Edible Honeysuckle Berries (Genus Lonicera) and Their Biological Effects. Molecules 2012, 17, 61-79.
16. Rop, O.; Posolda, M.; Mlcek, J.; Reznicek, V.; Sochor, J.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R.; Sumczynski, D. Qualities of Native Apple Cultivar Juices Characteristic of Central Europe. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj Na. 2012, 40, 222-228.
17. Cui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Tian, S.; Kayahara, H.; Tian, Y.L. Polyphenolic content and physiological activities of Chinese hawthorn extracts. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2006, 70, 2948-2956.
18. Bernatoniene, J.; Masteikova, R.; Majiene, D.; Savickas, A.; Kevelaitis, E.; Bernatoniene, R.; Dvorackova, K.; Civinskiene, G.; Lekas, R.; Vitkevicius, K.; et al. Free radical-scavenging activities of Crataegus monogyna extracts. Med. Lith. 2008, 44, 706-712.
19. Tadic, V.M.; Dobric, S.; Markovic, G.M.; Dordevic, S.M.; Arsic, I.A.; Menkovic, N.R.; Stevic, T. Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, free-radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities of hawthorn berries ethanol extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 7700-7709.
20. Urbonaviciute, A.; Jakstas, V.; Kornygova, O.; Janulis, V.; Maruska, A. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of flavonoids in single-styled hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) ethanolic extracts. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1112, 339-344.
21. Svedstrom, U.; Vuorela, H.; Kostiainen, R.; Huovinen, K.; Laakso, I.; Hiltunen, R. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of oligomeric procyanidins from dimers up to the hexamer in hawthorn. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 968, 53-60.
22. Svedstrom, U.; Vuorela, H.; Kostiainen, R.; Laakso, I.; Hiltunen, R. Fractionation of polyphenols in hawthorn into polymeric procyanidins, phenolic acids and flavonoids prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1112, 103-111.
23. Svedstrom, U.; Vuorela, H.; Kostiainen, R.; Tuominen, J.; Kokkonen, J.; Rauha, J.P.; Laakso, I.; Hiltunen, R. Isolation and identification of oligomeric procyanidins from Crataegus leaves and flowers. Phytochemistry 2002, 60, 821-825.
24. Chang, Q.; Zuo, Z.; Harrison, F.; Chow, M.S.S. Hawhorn. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002, 42, 605-612.
25. Liu, P.Z.; Kallio, H.; Lu, D.G.; Zhou, C.S.; Yang, B.R. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2011, 127, 1370-1377.
26. Tang, Z.X.; Zeng, Y.K.; Zhou, Y.; Zang, S.L.; He, P.G.; Fang, Y.Z. Determination of active ingredients of hawthorn by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Chin. J. Chem. 2006, 24, 1378-1383.
27. Zhang, P.C.; Xu, S.X. Flavonoid ketohexosefuranosides from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major NEBr. Phytochemistry 2001, 57, 1249-1253.
28. Froehlicher, T.; Hennebelle, T.; Martin-Nizard, F.; Cleenewerck, P.; Hilbert, J.L.; Trotin, F.; Grec, S. Phenolic profiles and antioxidative effects of hawthorn cell suspensions, fresh fruits, and medicinal dried parts. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 897-903.
29. Nikolov, N.; Seligmann, O.; Wagner, H.; Horowitz, R.; Gentili, B. Neue flavonoid-Glykoside aus Crateagus monogyna und Crateagus pentagyna. Planta Med. 1982, 44, 50-53.
30. Dauguet, J.C.; Bert, M.; Dolley, J.; Bekaert, A.; Lewin, G. 8-methoxy-kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside and other flavonoid from bee pollen of Crateagus monogyna. Phytochemistry 1993, 33, 1503-1505.
31. Schussler, M.; Hollzl, J.; Fricke, U. Myocardial effects of flavonoids from Crateagus species. Arzneimitteforschung 1995, 45, 842-845.
32. He, F.; Pan, Q.H.; Shi, Y.; Duan, C.Q. Chemical Synthesis of Proanthocyanidins in Vitro and Their Reactions in Aging Wines. Molecules 2008, 13, 3007-3032.
33. He, F.; Pan, Q.H.; Shi, Y.; Duan, C.Q. Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation of Proanthocyanidins in Plants. Molecules 2008, 13, 2674-2703.
34. Weber, H.A.; Hodges, A.E.; Guthrie, J.R.; O'Brien, B.M.; Robaugh, D.; Clark, A.P.; Harris, R.K.; Algaier, J.W.; Smith, C.S. Comparison of proanthocyanidins in commercial antioxidants: Grape seed and pine bark extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 148-156.
35. Gao, G.Y.; Feng, Y.X.; Quin, X.Q. Analysis of chemical constituents of hawthorn fruits and their quality evaluation. Yaoxue Xuebao 1995, 30, 138-143.
36. Liu, W.M.; Chen, G.H.; Cui, T. Determination of flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2003, 41, 87-91.
37. Sochor, J.; Skutkova, H.; Babula, P.; Zitka, O.; Cernei, N.; Rop, O.; Krska, B.; Adam, V.; Provaznik, I.; Kizek, R. Mathematical Evaluation of the Amino Acid and Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activities of Fruits from Different Apricot Cultivars. Molecules 2011, 16, 7428-7457.
38. Zitka, O.; Sochor, J.; Rop, O.; Skalickova, S.; Sobrova, P.; Zehnalek, J.; Beklova, M.; Krska, B.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R. Comparison of Various Easy-to-Use Procedures for Extraction of Phenols from Apricot Fruits. Molecules 2011, 16, 2914-2936.
39. Sochor, J.; Zitka, O.; Skutkova, H.; Pavlik, D.; Babula, P.; Krska, B.; Horna, A.; Adam, V.; Provaznik, I.; Kizek, R. Content of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Fruits of Apricot Genotypes. Molecules 2010, 15, 6285-6305.
40. Gazdik, Z.; Reznicek, V.; Adam, V.; Zitka, O.; Jurikova, T.; Krska, B.; Matuskovic, J.; Plsek, J.; Saloun, J.; Horna, A.; et al. Use of Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Antioxidants in Less Common Fruits. Molecules 2008, 13, 2823-2836.
41. Rop, O.; Balik, J.; Reznicek, V.; Jurikova, T.; Skardova, P.; Salas, P.; Sochor, J.; Mlcek, J.; Kramarova, D. Chemical Characteristics of Fruits of Some Selected Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) Cultivars. Czech. J. Food Sci. 2011, 29, 65-73.
42. Rop, O.; Jurikova, T.; Sochor, J.; Mlcek, J.; Kramarova, D. Antioxidant capacity, scavenging radical activity and selected chemical composition of native apple cultivars from central Europe. J. Food Qual. 2011, 34, 187-194.
43. Rop, O.; Reznicek, V.; Mlcek, J.; Jurikova, T.; Balik, J.; Sochor, J.; Kramarova, D. Antioxidant and radical oxygen species scavenging activities of 12 cultivars of blue honeysuckle fruit. Hortic. Sci. 2011, 38, 63-70.
44. Rop, O.; Sochor, J.; Jurikova, T.; Zitka, O.; Skutkova, H.; Mlcek, J.; Salas, P.; Krska, B.; Babula, P.; Adam, V.; et al. Effect of Five Different Stages of Ripening on Chemical Compounds in Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Molecules 2011, 16, 74-91.
45. Rop, O.; Mlcek, J.; Jurikova, T.; Valsikova, M.; Sochor, J.; Reznicek, V.; Kramarova, D. Phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, radical oxygen species scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities of extracts of five black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot) cultivars. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 2431-2437.
46. Cheng, S.; Qiu, F.; Huang, J.; He, J.Q. Simultaneous determination of vitexin-2"-O-glucoside, vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside, rutin, and hyperoside in the extract of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) leaves by RP-HPLC with ultraviolet photodiode array detection. J. Sep. Sci. 2007, 30, 717-721.
47. Li, N.; Huang, G.L.; Li, Y.L.; Wang, T.J.; Gao, C.K. Simultaneous Determination of Four Flavonoids in Extract of Hawthorn Leaves by Microemulsion Liquid Chromatography. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2009, 37, 1791-1794.
48. Ying, X.X.; Li, H.B.; Xiong, Z.L.; Sun, Z.S.; Cai, S.; Zhu, W.L.; Bi, Y.J.; Li, F.M. LC determination of malondialdehyde concentrations in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell culture medium: Application to the antioxidant effect of Vitexin-2''-O-rhamnoside. Chromatographia 2008, 67, 679-686.
49. Wu, H.W.; Chen, M.L.; Fan, Y.C.; Elsebaei, F.; Zhu, Y. Determination of rutin and quercetin in Chinese herbal medicine by ionic liquid-based pressurized liquid extraction-liquid chromatographychemiluminescence detection. Talanta 2012, 88, 222-229.
50. Vierling, W.; Brand, N.; Gaedcke, F.; Sensch, K.H.; Schneider, E.; Scholz, M. Investigation of the pharmaceutical and pharmacological equivalence of different Hawthorn extracts. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 8-16.
51. Chang, Q.; Zuo, Z.; Chow, M.S.S.; Ho, W.K.K. Effect of storage temperature on phenolics stability in hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major) fruits and a hawthorn drink. Food Chem. 2006, 98, 426-430.
52. Sochor, J.; Ryvolova, M.; Krystofova, O.; Salas, P.; Hubalek, J.; Adam, V.; Trnkova, L.; Havel, L.; Beklova, M.; Zehnalek, J.; et al. Fully Automated Spectrometric Protocols for Determination of Antioxidant Activity: Advantages and Disadvantages. Molecules 2010, 15, 8618-8640.
53. Sochor, J.; Babula, P.; Krska, B.; Horna, A.; Provaznik, I.; Hubalek, J.; Kizek, R. Evaluation of output signals from CoulArray detector for determination of antioxidant capacity of apricots samples. In Analysis of Biomedical Signals and Images; Jan, J., Jirik, R., Kolar, R., Kolarova, J., Kozumplik, J., Provaznik, I., Eds.; Brno Univ Technology Vut Press: Brno, Czech Republic, 2010; pp. 209-214.
54. Pohanka, M.; Pavlis, O.; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B.; Sochor, J.; Sobotka, J.; Pikula, J.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R. Tularemia progression accompanied with oxidative stress and antioxidant alteration in spleen and liver of BALB/c mice. J. Microbiol. 2012, 50, 401-408.
55. Pohanka, M.; Stetina, R.; Svobodova, H.; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B.; Jilkova, M.; Sochor, J.; Sobotka, J.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R. Sulfur mustard causes oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants in muscles, livers, and kidneys of Wistar rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 23, 45-56.
56. Chu, C.Y.; Lee, M.J.; Liao, C.L.; Lin, W.L.; Yin, Y.F.; Tseng, T.H. Inhibitory effect of hot-water extract from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in cell and cell-free systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 7583-7588.
57. Kao, E.S.; Wang, C.J.; Lin, W.L.; Yin, Y.F.; Wang, C.P.; Tseng, T.H. Anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida in vitro and in vivo. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 430-436.
58. Li, C.; Son, H.J.; Huang, C.; Lee, S.K.; Lohakare, J.; Wang, M.H. Comparison of Crateagus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida Bunge fruits for antioxidant, anti-alpha-glucoside, and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2010, 19, 769-775.
59. Bahorun, T.; Gressier, B.; Trotin, F.; Brunet, C.; Dine, T.; Luyckx, M.; Vasseur, J.; Cazin, M.; Cazin, J.C.; Pinkas, M. Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolic extracts from hawthorn fresh plant organs and pharmaceutical preparations. Arzneimittelforschung 1996, 46, 1086-1089.
60. Rakotoarison-Greissier, D.A. Antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts from flowers, in vitro and cell suspension cultures of Crateagus monogyna. Pharmazie 1997, 52, 60-64.
61. Jin, N.; Liu,T. Antioxidant capacity of procyanidins from hawthorn fruit. Food Ferment. Ind. 2007, 33, 45-47.
62. Moon, H.I.; Kim, T.I.; Cho, H.S.; Kim, E.K. Identification of potential and selective collagenase, gelatinase inhibitors from Crataegus pinnatifida. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 991-993.
63. Ammon, H.; Händel, M. Crateagus. Planta Med. 1981, 43, 209-239.
64. Ozcan, M.; Haciseferogullari, H.; Marakoglu, T.; Arslan, D. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit: Some physical and chemical properties. J. Food Eng. 2005, 69, 409-413.
65. Bahorun, T.; Aumjaud, E.; Ramphul, H.; Rycha, M.; Luximon-Ramma, A.; Trotin, F.; Aruoma, O.I. Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacities of Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) callus extracts. Nahrung 2003, 47, 191-198.
66. Chen, Z.Y.; Zhang, Z.S.; Kwan, K.Y.; Zhu, M.; Ho, W.K.K.; Huang, Y. Endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by Hawthorn extract in rat mesenteric artery. Life Sci. 1998, 63, 1983-1991.
67. Quettier-Deleu, C.; Voiselle, G.; Fruchart, J.C.; Duriez, P.; Teissier, E.; Bailleul, F.; Vasseur, J.; Trotin, F. Hawthorn extracts inhibit LDL oxidation. Pharmazie 2003, 58, 577-581.
68. Zhu, Y.P. Chinese Materia Medica: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1998; p. 189.
69. Rajendran, S.; Deepalakshmi, P.D.; Parasakthy, K.; Devarj, H.; Devaraji, N. Effect of tincture of Crateagus on the LDL-receptor activity of hepatic plasma membrane of rats fed an atherogenic diet. Atherosclerosis 1996, 123, 235-241.
70. Shanti, S.; Parasakthy, K.; Deepalakshmi, P.D.; Devaraj, S.N. Effect of tincture of Crateagus in rats. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1994, 31, 143-146.
71. Chen, J.B.; Xue, K.; Li, J.; Shi, D.; Krempin, M.; Zhu, M. The effect of an instant haw beverage on lipid levels,antioxidant enzyme and immune function in hyperlipidemia patients. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002, 36, 172-175.
72. Guan, Y.; Zhao, S. Yishou jiangzi (de-blood-lipid) tablets in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 1995, 15, 178-179.
73. Chen, Z.Y.; Jiao, R.; Ma, K.Y. Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 8761-8773.
74. Voneiff, M.; Brunner, H.; Haegeli, A.; Kreuter, U.; Martina, B.; Meier, B.; Schaffner, W. Hawthorn passion flower extract and improvement in physical exercise capacity of patients with dyspnea class-ii of the nyha functional classification. Acta Therap. 1994, 20, 47-66.
75. Chen, J.D.; Wu, Y.Z.; Tao, Z.; Chen, Z.M.; Liu, X.P. Hawthorn (Shan Zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats. World Rev. Nutr. Diet 1995, 77, 233-239.
76. Luo, Y.C.; Chen, G.; Li, B.; Ji, B.P.; Xiao, Z.L.; Yi, G.; Tian, F. Dietary Intervention with AHP, a Functional Formula Diet, Improves Both Serum and Hepatic Lipids Profile in Dyslipidemia Mice. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74, H189-H195.
77. Min, S.W.; Jung, S.H.; Cho, K.H.; Kim, D.H. Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Red Ginseng, Crataegii Fructus and Their Main Constituents Ginsenoside Rg3 and Ursolic Acid in Mice. Biomol. Ther. 2008, 16, 364-369.
78. Ye, X.L.; Huang, W.W.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.G.; Lan, P.; Wang, L.; Gao,Y.; Zhao, Z.Q.; Chen, X. Synergic effect and structure-activity relationship of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors from Crateagus pinnatifida Bge. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 3132-3138.
79. Ho, W.K.K.; Chang, H.M. Method and compositions for lowering blood lipids, U.S. Patent 5,665,359, 9 September 1997.
80. Kuo, D.H.; Yeh, C.H.; Shieh, P.C.; Cheng, K.C.; Chen, F.A.; Cheng, J.T. Effect of ShanZha, a Chinese herbal product, on obesity and dyslipidemia in hamsters receiving high-fat diet. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 124, 544-550.
81. Fan, C.L.; Yan, J.; Qian, Y.; Wo, X.D.; Gao, L.P. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression by effect of hawthorn flavonoids on peroxisome proliferator response element pathway. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 100, 51-58.
82. Niu, C.S.; Chen, C.T.; Chen, L.J.; Cheng, K.C.; Yeh, C.H.; Cheng, J.T. Decrease of Blood Lipids Induced by Shan-Zha (Fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida) is Mainly Related to an Increase of PPAR alpha in Liver of Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Horm. Metab. Res. 2011, 43, 625-630.
83. Guo, R.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E. Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database of Syst. Rev. 2008, 1, 32.
84. Holubarsch, C.J.; Colucci, W.S.; Meinertz, T.; Gaus, W.; Tendera, M. Survival and Prognosis: Investigation of Crataegus Extract WS 1442 in congestive heart failure (SPICE)-Rationale, study design and study protocol. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2000, 2, 431-437.
85. Hanack, T.; Bruckel, M.H. The treatment of mild stable forms of angina pectoris using Crategutt novo. Therapiewoche 1983, 33, 4331-4333.
86. Hwang, H.S.; Bleske, B.E.; Ghannam, M.M.J.; Converso, K.; Russell, M.W.; Hunter, J.C.; Boluyt, M.O. Effects of hawthorn on cardiac remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction after 1 month of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2008, 22, 19-28.
87. Vibes, J.; Lasserre, B.; Gleye, J.; Declume, C. Inhibition of thromboxane-a(2) biosynthesis in vitro by the main components of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) flower heads. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 1994, 50, 173-175.
88. Kim, S.H.; Kang, K.W.; Kim, K.W.; Kim, N.D. Procyanidins in Crataegus Extract evoke endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta. Life Sci. 2000, 67, 121-131.
89. Swinger, R.H.; Pietsch, M.; Frank, K.; Brixius, K. Crateagus special Extract WS 1442 increases force of contraction in human myocardium cAMP-independently. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2000, 35, 700-707.
90. Dasgupta, A.; Kidd, L.; Poindexter, B.J.; Bick, R.J. Interference of Hawthorn on Serum Digoxin Measurements by Immunoassays and Pharmacodynamic Interaction With Digoxin. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2010, 134, 1188-1192.
91. Iwaoka, E.; Noguchi, T.; Han, J.Y.; Lin, X.P.; Gao, M. Preventive effect of the Chinese herbal medicine "Myakuryu" on hypertension and stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2007, 34, S51-S52.
92. Wang, T.; Zhang, D.Q.; Li, Y.H.; Liu, H.; Liu, Z.B.; Zhao, C.F.; Hu, L.M.; Gao, X.M. Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F, a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 128, 575-582.
93. Corder, R.; Warburton, R.C.; Khan, N.Q.; Brown, R.E.; Wood, E.G.; Lees, D.M. The procyanidin-induced pseudo laminar shear stress response: A new concept for the reversal of endothelial dysfunction. Clin. Sci. 2004, 107, 513-517.
94. Sun, S.; Xu, H.; Ngeh, L. The Evaluation of Chinese Therapeutic Food for the Treatment of Moderate Dyslipidemia. Evid. based Complement Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 508683.
95. Park, Y.J.; Chung, I.M.; Moon, H.I. Antiplasmodial procyanidins derivatives from Chinese Hawthorn. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2010, 32, 607-610.