Nanotechnology in therapeutics: A focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system

Nanomedicine

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1253-1271

  Bamrungsap, Suwussa ^a   Zhao, Zilong ^b,c   Chen, Tao ^c   Wang, Lin ^d   Li, Chunmei ^c   Fu, Ting ^b   Tan, Weihong ^b,c  

^a NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY   (Thailand)

^b HUNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c University of Florida ^*  (United States)

^d ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

drug delivery; nanomaterial; nanomedicine; nanoparticle; nanotechnology

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; APREPITANT; ASPARAGINASE MACROGOL; CAMPTOTHECIN; CARBON NANOTUBE; CISPLATIN; CT 2106; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DENDRIMER; DOXORUBICIN; FENOFIBRATE; LIPOSOME; MEGESTROL ACETATE; NANOCARRIER; NANOCOMPOSITE; NANOCRYSTAL; NANOMATERIAL; NANOPARTICLE; NONIONIC SURFACTANT; ONSCASPAR; PACLITAXEL; PACLITAXEL POLIGLUMEX; PEGADEMASE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PK1 FCE 28068; POLYMER; PRODRUG; PROTHECAN; RAPAMYCIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADENOSINE DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY; ANOREXIA; BREAST CANCER; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG COST; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG TARGETING; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LYMPHOMATOUS MENINGITIS; MENINGITIS; MICELLE; MYCOSIS; NANOENGINEERING; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPHARMACEUTICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTOXICOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PARTICLE SIZE; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCALE UP; SURFACE PROPERTY; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS;

EID: 84868124431     PISSN: 17435889     EISSN: 17486963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.87     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. Lobatto M, Fuster V, Fayad Z, Mulder W. Perspectives and opportunities for nanomedicine in the management of atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 10(11), 835-852 (2011).
2. Riehemann K, Schneider SW, Luger TA, Godin B, Ferrari M, Fuchs H. Nanomedicine-challenge and perspectives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(5), 872-897 (2009).
3. Wagner V, Dullaart A, Bock A, Zweck A. The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat. Biotechnol. 24(10), 1211-1217 (2006). (Pubitemid 44564760)
4. Arzt E, Gumbsch P. Small-scale materials and structures. In: European White Book on Fundamental Research in Materials Science (Volume 5). Rühle M, Dosch H, Mittemeijer EJ, Van de Voorde MH (Eds). Max-Planck- Institut für Metallforschung, Stuttgart, Germany, 176-180 (2001).
5. Wilding IR. In search of a simple solution for complex molecules. Scrip. Mag. May, 9-11 (2001).
6. Schek RM, Hollister SJ, Krebsbach PH. Delivery and protection of adenoviruses using biocompatible hydrogels for localized gene therapy. Mol. Ther. 9(1), 130-138 (2004). (Pubitemid 38208336)
7. Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V. Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discov. Today 8(24), 1112-1120 (2003). (Pubitemid 37547917)
8. Hughes GA. Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery. Nanomedicine 1, 23-30 (2005).
9. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Long-circulating and target specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev. 53(2), 283-318 (2001). (Pubitemid 32476118)
10. Emerich DF, Thanos CG. The pinpoint promise of nanoparticle-based drug delivery and molecular diagnosis. Biomol. Eng. 23(4), 171-184 (2006). (Pubitemid 44142336)
11. Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Nanomedicine: developing smarter therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58(14), 1456-1459 (2006). (Pubitemid 44820502)
12. LaVan DA, Langer R. Implications of nanotechnology in the pharmaceutics and medical fields. In: Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Bainbridge WS (Ed.). Springer, NY, USA, 77-83 (2001).
13. Kharb V, Bhatia M, Dureja H, Kaushik D. Nanoparticle technology for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharm. Technol. 30(2), 82-92 (2006). (Pubitemid 43733721)
14. Merisko-Liversidge E, Liversidge GG, Cooper ER. Nanosizing: a formulation approach for poorly-water-soluble compounds. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18, 113-120 (2003). (Pubitemid 36184748)
15. Kipp JE. The role of solid nanoparticle technology in the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 284, 109-122 (2004). (Pubitemid 39349144)
16. Merisko-Liversidge E, Liversidge GG, Cooper ER. Nanosizing: a formulation approach for poorly-water-soluble compounds. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18, 113-120 (2003). (Pubitemid 36184748)
17. Baba K, Pudavar HE, Roy I et al. A new method for delivering a hydrophobic drug for photodynamic therapy using pure nanocrystal form of the drug. Mol. Pharm. 4(2), 289-297 (2007). (Pubitemid 46640605)
18. Blume G, Cevc G. Liposomes for the sustained drug release in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1029(1), 91-97 (1990). (Pubitemid 20346426)
19. Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4, 145-160 (2005). (Pubitemid 40282557)
20. Papahadjopoulos D, Allen TM, Gabizon A et al. Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11460-11464 (1991). (Pubitemid 21916061)
21. Forssen EA, Tökes ZA. In vitro and in vivo studies with adriamycin liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91(4), 1295-1301 (1979). (Pubitemid 10143631)
22. Abraham SA, Waterhouse DN, Mayer LD, Cullis PR, Madden TD, Bally MB. The liposomal formulation of doxorubicin. Methods Enzymol. 391, 71-97 (2005). (Pubitemid 40254030)
23. Berry G, Billingham M, Alderman E et al. The use of cardiac biopsy to demonstrate reduced cardiotoxicity in AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma patients treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Ann. Oncol. 9(7), 711-716 (1998). (Pubitemid 28394155)
24. Safra T, Muggia F, Jeffers S et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil): reduced clinical cardiotoxicity in patients reaching or exceeding cumulative doses of 500 mg/m2. Ann. Oncol. 11(8), 1029-1033 (2000).
25. Proulx ME, Desormeaux A, Marquis JF, Olivier M, Bergeron MG. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with sterically stabilized liposomes containing camptothecin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(9), 2623-2627 (2001). (Pubitemid 32801920)
26. Zhang JA, Anyarambhatla G, Ma L et al. Development and characterization of a novel cremophor EL free liposome-based paclitaxel (LEP-ETU) formulation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 59(1), 177-187 (2005). (Pubitemid 39573451)
27. Kadry AA, Al-Suwayeh SA, Abd-Allah AR, Bayomi MA. Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis by liposomal antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 1103-1108 (2004). (Pubitemid 40136749)
28. Donald PR, Sirgel FA, Venter A et al. The early bactericidal activity of a low-clearance liposomal amikacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48(6), 877-880 (2001). (Pubitemid 33735324)
29. Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles-a review. Trop. J. Pharma. Res. 5(1), 561-573 (2006).
30. Laverman P, Carstens MG, Boerman OC et al. Factors affecting the accelerated blood clearance of polyethylene glycol-liposomes upon repeated injection. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298(2), 607-612 (2001). (Pubitemid 32673411)
31. Ringsdorf H, Schlarb B, Venzmer J. Molecular architecture and function of polymeric oriented systems: models for the study of organization, surface recognition, and dynamics of biomembranes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 27, 113-158 (1988). (Pubitemid 18043271)
32. Sihorkar V, Vyas SP. Potential of polysaccharide anchored liposomes in drugs delivery, targeting and immunization. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4(2), 138-158 (2001). (Pubitemid 34305606)
33. Staedler B, Chandrawati R, Price AD et al. A microreactor with thousands of subcompartments: enzyme-loaded liposomes within polymer capsules. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(24), 4359-4362 (2009).
34. Lee S, Chen H, Dettmer CM, O'Halloran TV, Nguyen S. Polymer-caged lipsomes: a pH-responsive delivery system with high stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(49), 15096-15097 (2007). (Pubitemid 350247773)
35. Haran G, Cohen R, Bar LK, Barenholz Y. Transmembrane ammonium-sulfate gradients in liposomes produce efficient and stable entrapment of amphipathic weak bases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1151(2), 201-215 (1993). (Pubitemid 23283973)
36. Gabizon AA, Shmeeda H, Zalipsky S. Pros and cons of the liposome platform in cancer drug targeting. J. Liposome Res. 16(3), 175-183 (2006). (Pubitemid 44358991)
37. Guo X, Szoka FC. Chemical approaches to triggerable lipid vesicles for drug and gene delivery. Acc. Chem. Res. 36(5), 335-341 (2003).
38. Cryan S. Carrier-based strategies for targeting protein and peptide drugs to the lungs. AAPS J. 7(1), E20-E41 (2005). (Pubitemid 41554302)
39. Cho K, Wang X, Nie S, Chen Z, Shin DM. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(5), 1310-1316 (2008). (Pubitemid 351413909)
40. Park JW, Hong K, Kirpotin DB et al. Anti-HER2 immunoliposomes: enhanced efficacy attributable to targeted delivery. Clin. Cancer Res. 8(4), 1172-1181 (2002). (Pubitemid 35177372)
41. Gabizon A, Horowitz AT, Goren D, Tzemach D, Shmeeda H, Zalipsky S. In vivo fate of folate-targeted polyethylene-glycol liposomes in tumor-bearing mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(17), 6551- 6559 (2003).
42. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55, 329-347 (2003). (Pubitemid 36297053)
43. Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR, Rudzinski WE. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. J. Control. Release 70(1-2), 1-20 (2001). (Pubitemid 32144788)
44. Gros L, Ringsdorf H, Schupp H. Polymeric anti-tumor agents on a molecular and on a cellular-level. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 20, 305-325 (1981). (Pubitemid 11416959)
45. Ringsdorf H. Structure and properties of pharmacologically active polymers. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp. 51, 135-153 (1975).
46. Ho DH, Brown NS, Yen A et al. Clinical pharmacology of polyethylene glycol-l-asparaginase. Drug Metab. Dispos. 14, 349-352 (1986). (Pubitemid 16037445)
47. Greenwald RB, Choe YH, McGuire J, Conover CD. Effective drug delivery by PEGylated drug conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55, 217-250 (2003). (Pubitemid 36135917)
48. Zou J, Jafr G, Themistou E et al. pH-sensitive brush polymer-drug conjugates by ring-opening metathesis copolymerization. Chem. Commun. 47(15), 4493-4495 (2011).
49. Rihova B, Kubackova K. Clinical implications of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 4(5), 311-322 (2003). (Pubitemid 37220863)
50. Terwogt JMM, Huinink WWB, Schellens JH et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of PNU166945, a novel water-soluble polymer-conjugated prodrug of paclitaxel. Anticancer Drugs 12(4), 315-323 (2001). (Pubitemid 32453436)
51. Duncan R. Polymer conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 688-701 (2006). (Pubitemid 44286001)
52. Satchi-Fainaro R, Duncan R, Barnes CM. Polymer therapeutics for cancer: current status and future challenges. In: Polymer Therapeutics II: Polymers as Drugs, Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems (Volume 193). Satchi-Fainaro R, Duncan R (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1-65 (2006).
53. Tong R, Cheng J. Drug-initiated, controlled ring-opening polymerization for the synthesis of polymer-drug conjugates. Macromolecules 45(5), 2225-2232 (2012).
54. Etrych T, Kovář L, Strohalm J, Chytil P, Ríhová B, Ulbrich K. Biodegradable star HPMA polymer-drug conjugates: Biodegradability, distribution and anti-tumor efficacy. J. Control. Release 154(3), 241-248 (2011).
55. Sabbatini P, Aghajanian C, Dizon D et al. Phase II study of CT-2103 in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 4523-4531 (2204).
56. Bhatt R, de Vries P, Tulinsky J et al. Synthesis and in vivo antitumor activity of poly(l-glutamic acid) conjugates of 20S-camptothecin. J. Med. Chem. 46(1), 190-193 (2003). (Pubitemid 36043799)
57. Vasey PA, Kaye SB, Morrison R et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of PK1 [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer doxorubicin]: first member of a new class of chemotherapeutic agents-drug polymer conjugates. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 83-94 (1999). (Pubitemid 29045181)
58. Knop K, Hoogenboom R, Fischer D, Schubert US. Poly(ethylene glycol) in drug delivery: pros and cons as well as potential alternatives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49(36), 6288-6308 (2010).
59. Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Current state achievements and future prospects of polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Pharmacol. Ther. 112(3), 630-648 (2006). (Pubitemid 44592613)
60. Batrakova EV, Dorodnych TY, Klinskii EY et al. Anthracycline antibiotics non-covalently incorporated into the block copolymer micelles: in vivo evaluation of anti-cancer activity. Br. J. Cancer 74(10), 1545-1552 (1996). (Pubitemid 26386080)
61. Wu Z, Zeng X, Zhang Y et al. Linear-dendritic polymeric amphiphiles as carriers of doxorubicin-in vitro evaluation of biocompatibility and drug delivery. J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 50(2), 217-226 (2012).
62. Nakanishi T, Fukushima S, Okamoto K et al. Development of the polymer micelle carrier system for doxorubicin. J. Control. Release 74, 295-302 (2001). (Pubitemid 32727635)
63. Kim TY, Kim DW, Chung JY et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of Genexol-PM, a cremophor-free, polymeric micelle-formulated paclitaxel, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. 10(11), 3708-3716 (2004).
64. Liu Y, Sun J, Cao W et al. Dual targeting folate-conjugated hyaluronic acid polymeric micelles for paclitaxel delivery. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 421(1), 160-169 (2011).
65. Skirtach AG, Kreft O. Stimuli-sensitive nanotechnology for drug delivery. In: Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. (Chapter 18). de Villiers MM, Aramwit P, Kwon G (Eds). American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, VA, USA, 545-578 (2009).
66. Niu J, Su Z, Xiao Y et al. Octreotide-modified and pH-triggering polymeric micelles loaded with doxorubicin for tumor targeting delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 45(1-2), 216-226 (2012).
67. Jiang X, Li L, Liu J, Zhuo R. Reduction-responsive polymeric micelles for anticancer drug delivery. J. Control Release 152(Suppl. 1), E36-E37 (2011).
68. Huang X, Xiao Y, Lang M. Self-assembly of pH-sensitive mixed micelles based on linear and star copolymers for drug delivery. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 364(1), 92-99 (2011).
69. Kim JH, Li Y, Kim MS, Kang SW, Jeong JH, Lee DS. Synthesis and evaluation of biotin-conjugated pH-responsive polymeric micelles as drug carriers. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 427(2), 435-442 (2012).
70. Nasongkla N, Bey E, Ren J, Ai H, Khemtong C, Guthi JS. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive drug delivery systems. Nano Lett. 6(11), 2427-2430 (2006).
71. Li X, Li H, Liu G et al. Magnetite-loaded fluorine-containing polymeric micelles for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Biomaterials 33(10), 3013-3024 (2012).
72. Liu T, Qian Y, Hu X, Ge Z, Liu S. Mixed polymeric micelles as multifunctional scaffold for combined magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement and targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. 22(11), 5020-5030 (2012).
73. Zheng LS, Yang YQ, Guo XD, Sun Y, Qian Y, Zhang LJ. Mesoscopic simulations on the aggregation behavior of pH-responsive polymeric micelles for drug delivery. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 363(1), 114-121 (2011).
74. Lowman AM, Peppas NA. Hydrogels. In: Encyclopaedia of Controlled Drug Delivery. Mathiowitz E (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, NY, USA, 397-418 (1999).
75. Gupta P, Vermani K, Garg S. Hydrogels: from controlled release to pH-responsive drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today 7, 569-579 (2002). (Pubitemid 34603648)
76. Hamidi M, Azadi A, Rafiei P. Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, 1638-1649 (2008).
77. Zubris KAV, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Hydrogels as intracellular depots for drug delivery. Mol. Pharmaceut. 9(1), 196-200 (2011).
78. Liang Y, Deng L, Chen C et al. Preparation and properties of thermoreversible hydrogels based on methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)- grafted chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery systems. Carbohyd. Polym. 83(4), 1828-1833 (2011).
79. Molinos M, Carvalho V, Silva DM, Gama FM. Development of a hybrid dextrin hydrogel encapsulating dextrin nanogel as protein delivery system. Biomacromolecules 13(2), 517-527 (2012).
80. Kang H, Liu H, Zhang X et al. Photoresponsive DNA-cross-linked hydrogels for controllable release and cancer therapy. Langmuir 27(1), 399-408 (2010).
81. Mohd Amin MCI, Ahmad N, Halib N, Ahmad I. Synthesis and characterization of thermo- and pH-responsive bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid hydrogels for drug delivery. Carbohyd. Polym. 88(2), 465-473 (2012).
82. Graham NB, Cameron A. Nanogels and microgels: the new polymeric materials playground. Pure Appl. Chem. 70, 1271-1275 (1998). (Pubitemid 128486994)
83. Gan DJ, Lyon LA. Tunable swelling kinetics in core-shell hydrogel nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(31), 7511-7517 (2001). (Pubitemid 32899388)
84. Wu JZ, Zhou B, Hu ZB. Phase behavior of thermally responsive microgel colloids. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 48304-48307 (2003).
85. Ding D, Zhu Z, Li R et al. Nanospheres-incorporated implantable hydrogel as a trans-tissue drug delivery system. ACS Nano 5(4), 2520-2534 (2011).
86. Barbucci R, Pasqui D, Giani G et al. A novel strategy for engineering hydrogels with ferromagnetic nanoparticles as crosslinkers of the polymer chains. Potential applications as a targeted drug delivery system. Soft Matter 7(12), 5558-5565 (2011).
87. Kang H, Trondoli AC, Zhu G et al. Near-infrared light-responsive core-shell nanogels for targeted drug delivery. ACS Nano 5(6), 5094-5099 (2011).
88. Oliveira MAM, Boyer C, Nele M, Pinto JC, Zetterlund PB, Davis TP. Synthesis of biodegradable hydrogel nanoparticles for bioapplications using inverse miniemulsion raft polymerization. Macromolecules 44(18), 7167-7175 (2011).
89. Wang G, Uludag H. Recent developments in nanoparticle-based drug delivery and targeting systems with emphasis on protein-based nanoparticles. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 5(5), 499-515 (2008). (Pubitemid 351877431)
90. Green MR, Manikhas GM, Orlov S et al. Abraxane®, a novel Cremophor®-free, albumin-bound particle form of paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 17(8), 1263-1268 (2006). (Pubitemid 44288216)
91. Gradishar WJ. Albumin-bound paclitaxel: a next-generation taxane. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 7, 1041-1053 (2006). (Pubitemid 43949942)
92. Paal K, Muller J, Hegedus L. High affinity binding of paclitaxel to human serum albumin. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 2187-2191 (2001). (Pubitemid 32852961)
93. Purcell M, Neault JF, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Interaction of taxol with human serum albumin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1478, 61-68 (2000). (Pubitemid 30136139)
94. Ibrahim NK, Desai N, Legha S et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ABI-007, a cremophor-free, protein-stabilized, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel. Clin. Cancer Res. 8(5), 1038-1044 (2002). (Pubitemid 34517637)
95. Lee CC, MacKay JA, Fréchet JMJ, Szoka FC. Designing dendrimers for biological applications. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 1517-1526 (2005). (Pubitemid 41752929)
96. Gupta U, Agashe HB, Asthana A, Jain NK. A review of in vitro-in vivo investigations on dendrimers: the novel nanoscopic drug carriers. Nanomedicine 2(2), 66-73 (2006). (Pubitemid 43956608)
97. Svenson S, Tomalia DA. Dendrimers in biomedical applications-reflections on the field. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57(15), 2106-2129 (2005).
98. Hawker CJ, Frechet JMJ. Preparation of polymers with controlled molecular architecture. A new convergent approach to dendritic macromolecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 7638-7647 (1990).
99. Wolinsky JB, Grinstaff MW. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of dendrimers for cancer treatment. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, 1037-1055 (2008).
100. Najlah M, Freeman S, Attwood D, D'Emanuele A. In vitro evaluation of dendrimer prodrug for oral drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 336(1), 183-190 (2007). (Pubitemid 46551566)
101. Najlah M, D'Emanuele A. Crossing cellular barriers using dendrimer nanotechnologies. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6(5), 522-527 (2006). (Pubitemid 44340663)
102. El-Sayed M, Kiani MF, Naimark MD, Hikal AH, Ghandehari H. Extravasation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers across microvascular network endothelium. Pharm. Res. 18(1), 23-28 (2001). (Pubitemid 32299618)
103. Myc A, Kukowska-Latallo J, Cao P et al. Targeting the efficacy of a dendrimer-based nanotherapeutic in heterogeneous xenograft tumors in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 21(2), 186-192 (2010).
104. Patri AK, Myc A, Beals J, Thomas TP, Bander NH, Baker JR Jr. Synthesis and in vitro testing of J591 antibody-dendrimer conjugates for targeted prostate cancer therapy. Bioconjug. Chem. 15(6), 1174-1181 (2004). (Pubitemid 39552005)
105. Connor EE, Mwamuka J, Gole A, Murphy CJ, Wyatt MD. Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause cytotoxicity. Small 1, 325-327 (2005). (Pubitemid 43951781)
106. Hostetler MJ, Wingate JE, Zhong CJ et al. Alkanethiolate gold cluster molecules with core diameters from 1.5 to 5.2 nm: core and monolayer properties as a function of core size. Langmuir 4, 17-30 (1998). (Pubitemid 128575442)
107. Gibson JD, Khanal BP, Zubarev ER. Paclitaxel-functionalized gold nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(37), 11653-11661 (2007). (Pubitemid 47555582)
108. Hong R, Han G, Fernandez JM, Kim BJ, Forbes NS, Rotello VM. Glutathione-mediated delivery and release using monolayer protected nanoparticle carriers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(4), 1078-1079 (2006). (Pubitemid 43190611)
109. Polizzi MA, Stasko NA, Schoenfisch MH. Water-soluble nitric oxide-releasing gold nanoparticles. Langmuir 23(9), 4938-4943 (2007). (Pubitemid 46731975)
110. Han G, You CC, Kim BJ et al. Light-regulated release of DNA and its delivery to nuclei by means of photolabile gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45(19), 3165-3169 (2006). (Pubitemid 44099044)
111. Skirtach AG, Javier AM, Kreft O et al. Laser-induced release of encapsulated materials inside living cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45(28), 4612-4617 (2006). (Pubitemid 44106078)
112. Cheng Y, Samia AC, Meyers JD, Panagopoulos I, Fei B, Burda C. Highly efficient drug delivery with gold nanoparticle vectors for in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(32), 10643-10647 (2008).
113. Dobson J. Magnetic mico- and nano-particle-based targeting for drug and gene delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond.) 1, 31-37 (2006).
114. Brazel CS, Ankareddi I, Hampel ML, Bagaria H, Johnson DT, Nikles DE. Development of magnetothermal-responsive delivery systems using FePt nanoparticles imbedded in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)- based hydrogels. Control Rel. Soc. Trans. 33, 762 (2006).
115. Ankareddi I, Brazel CS. Synthesis and characterization of grafted thermosensitive hydrogels for heating activated controlled release. Int. J. Pharm. 336(2), 241-247 (2007). (Pubitemid 46670647)
116. Lu Z, Prouty MD, Guo Z et al. Magnetic Switch of permeability for polyelectrolyte microcapsules embedded with Co@Au nanoparticles. Langmuir 21, 2042-2050 (2005). (Pubitemid 40347122)
117. Orive G, Hernández RM, Gascón AR, Pedraz JL. Micro and nano drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. Cancer Ther. 3, 131-138 (2005).
118. Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski A, Corrigan OI, Radomski MW. Nanoparticles: pharmacological and toxicological significance. Br. J. Pharmacol. 150, 552-558 (2007). (Pubitemid 46355555)
119. Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(9), 1790-1798 (2006). (Pubitemid 44338396)
120. Adili A, Crowe S, Beaux M et al. Differential cytotoxicity exhibited by silica nanowires and nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2, 1-8 (2008).
121. Bottini M, D'Annibale F, Magrini A et al. Quantum dot-doped silica nanoparticles as probes for targeting of T-lymphocytes. Int. J. Nanomed. 2, 227-233 (2007). (Pubitemid 47215023)
122. Ohulchanskyy TY, Roy I, Goswami LN et al Organically modified silica nanoparticles with covalently incorporated photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Nano Lett. 7(9), 2835-2842 (2007). (Pubitemid 47522446)
123. Slowing II, Trewyn BG, Lin VS. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of membrane-impermeable proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 8845-8849 (2007). (Pubitemid 47492073)
124. Venkatesan N, Yoshimitsu J, Ito Y, Shibata N, Takada K. Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 26, 7154-7163 (2005). (Pubitemid 41095538)
125. Descalzo AB, Martinez-Manez R, Sancenon F, Hoffmann K, Rurack K. The supramolecular chemistry of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45, 5924-5948 (2006). (Pubitemid 44408673)
126. Trewyn BG, Slowing II, Giri S, Chen HT, Lin VSY. Synthesis and functionalization of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle based on the sol-gel process and applications in controlled release. Acc. Chem. Res. 40, 846-853 (2007).
127. Angelos S, Johansson E, Stoddart JF, Zink JI. Mesostructured silica supports for functional materials and molecular machines. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2261-2271 (2007). (Pubitemid 47523586)
128. Slowing II, Vivero-Escoto JL, Wu CW, Lin VSY. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, 1278-1288 (2008).
129. Krueger A. New carbon materials: biological applications of functionalized nanodiamond materials. Chem. Eur. J. 14(5), 1382-1390 (2008).
130. Lacerda L, Bianco A, Prato M, Kostarelos K. Carbon nanotubes as nanomedicines: from toxicology to pharmacology. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58(14), 1460-1470 (2006). (Pubitemid 44822607)
131. Liu Z, Chen K, Davis C et al. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 68(16), 6652-6660 (2008).
132. Magres A, Kasas S, Salicio V et al (Pubitemid 44013471)
133. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Arepalli S, Hunter RL. A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36(3), 189-217 (2006).
134. Manna SK, Sarkar S, Barr J et al (Pubitemid 41396145)
135. Schipper M, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Gambhir S et al. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Nat. Nanotech. 3(4), 216-221 (2008). (Pubitemid 351506336)
136. Dumortier H, Lacotte S, Pastorin G et al (Pubitemid 44195341)
137. Drabu S, Khatri S, Babu S, Sahu RK. Carbon nanotubes in pharmaceutical nanotechnology: an introduction to future drug delivery system. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2(1), 444-457 (2010).
138. Cui D, Tian F, Coyer SR et al. Effects of antisense-myc-conjugated single-walled carbon nanotubes on HL-60 cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 7, 1639-1646 (2007).
139. Kateb B, Van Handel M, Zhang L et al. Internalization of MWCNTs by microglia: possible application in immunotherapy of brain tumors. Neuroimage 37(Suppl. 1), S9-S17 (2007). (Pubitemid 47239427)
140. Porter AE, Muller K, Skepper J, Midgley P, Welland M. Uptake of C60 by human monocyte macrophages, its localization and implications for toxicity: studies by high resolution electron microscopy and electron tomography. Acta Biomater. 2, 409-419 (2006). (Pubitemid 43827488)
141. Oberdörster E. Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induced oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 1058-1062 (2004). (Pubitemid 39029159)
142. Sengupta S, Eavarone D, Capila I et al. Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system. Nature 436, 568-572 (2005). (Pubitemid 41112931)
143. Papahadjopoulos D, Allen TM, Gabizon A et al. Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11460-11464 (1991). (Pubitemid 21916061)
144. Gardikis K, Hatziantoniou S, Bucos M et al. New drug delivery nanosystem combining liposomal and dendrimeric technology (liposomal locked-in dendrimers) for cancer therapy. J. Pharm. Sci. 99(8), 3561-3571 (2010).
145. Namiki Y, Namiki T, Yoshida H et al. A novel magnetic crystal-lipid nanostructure for magnetically guided in vivo gene delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(9), 598-606 (2009).
146. Cho K, Wang X, Nie S, Chen Z, Shin DM. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 1310-1316 (2008). (Pubitemid 351413909)
147. Sinha R, Kim GJ, Nie S, Shin DM. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5(8), 1909-1917 (2006). (Pubitemid 44336561)
148. Smith AM, Duan H, Mohs AM, Nie S. Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60(11), 1226-1240 (2008).
149. Matsumura Y, Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy-mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res. 46(12 Pt 1), 6387-6392 (1986). (Pubitemid 17221789)
150. Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M. Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6(1), 17-33 (2005). (Pubitemid 40246750)
151. Pelicano H, Martin DS, Xu RH, Huang P. Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment. Oncogene 25, 4633-4646 (2006). (Pubitemid 44187614)
152. Yatvin MB, Kreutz W, Horwitz BA, Shinitzky M. pH-sensitive liposomes: possible clinical implications. Science 210(4475), 1253-1255 (1980). (Pubitemid 11178014)
153. Jain RK. Barriers to drug-delivery in solid tumors. Sci. Am. 271, 58-65 (1994).
154. Sudimack J, Lee RJ. Drug targeting via the folate receptor. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 41, 147-162 (2000). (Pubitemid 30122955)
155. Arap W, Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science 279(5349), 377-380 (1998). (Pubitemid 28063372)
156. Wu Y, Sefah K, Liu H, Wang R, Tan W. DNA aptamer-micelle as an efficient detection/delivery vehicle toward cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 5-10 (2010).
157. Leamon CP, Reddy JA. Folate-targeted chemotherapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56, 1127-1141 (2004). (Pubitemid 38496512)
158. Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery. ACS Nano 3(1), 16-20 (2009).
159. Champion J, Katare Y, Mitragotri S. Particle shape: a new design parameter for micro-and nanoscale drug delivery carriers. J. Control. Release 121(1-2), 3-9 (2007). (Pubitemid 47126059)
160. Patil VRS, Campbell CJ, Yun YH, Slack SM, Goetz DJ. Particle diameter influences adhesion under flow. Biophys. J. 80(4), 1733-1743 (2001). (Pubitemid 32280989)
161. Nel AE, Madler L, Velegol D et al. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat. Mater. 8(7), 543-557 (2009).
162. Zauner W, Farrow NA, Haines AMR. In vitro uptake of polystyrene microspheres: effect of particle size, cell line and cell density. J. Control. Release 71(1), 39-51 (2001). (Pubitemid 32195440)
163. Yamamoto N, Fukai F, Ohshima H, Terada H, Makino K. Dependence of the phagocytic uptake of polystyrene microspheres by differentiated HL60 upon the size and surface properties of microspheres. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 25, 157-162 (2002). (Pubitemid 34226686)
164. Goula D, Remy JS, Erbacher P et al. Size, diffusibility and transfection performance of linear PEI/DNA complexes in the mouse central nervous system. Gene Ther. 5(5), 712-717 (1998). (Pubitemid 28256824)
165. Prokop A, Davidson JM. Nanovehicular intracellular delivery systems. J. Pharm. Sci. 97(9), 3518-3590 (2008).
166. Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WC Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett. 6(4), 662-668 (2006).
167. Chithrani BD, Chan WCW. Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett. 7(6), 1542-1550 (2007).
168. Lu F, Wu SH, Hung Y, Mou CY. Size effect on cell uptake in well suspended, uniform mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Small 5(12), 1408-1413 (2009).
169. Champion J, Mitragotri S. Role of target geometry in phagocytosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(13), 4930-4934 (2006).
170. Geng Y, Dalhaimer P, Cai S et al. Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat. Nanotech. 2(4), 249-255 (2007). (Pubitemid 46739812)
171. Gratton S, Ropp P, Pohlhaus P et al. The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11613-11618 (2008).
172. Adili A, Crowe S, Beaux M et al. Differential cytotoxicity exhibited by silica nanowires and nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2(1), 1-8 (2008).
173. Doshi N, Mitragotri S. Designer biomaterials for nanomedicine. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3843-3854 (2009).
174. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev. 53(2), 283-318 (2001). (Pubitemid 32476118)
175. Alexis F, Pridgen E, Molnar LK, Farokhzad OC. Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Mol. Pharmaceut. 5(4), 505-515 (2008).
176. Thiele L, Merkle HP, Walter E. Phagocytosis and phagosomal fate of surface-modified microparticles in dendritic cells and macrophages. Pharm. Res. 20(2), 221-228 (2003). (Pubitemid 36269728)
177. Chung TH, Wu SH, Yao M et al. The effect of surface charge on the uptake and biological function of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in 3T3-L1 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 28(19), 2959-2966 (2007). (Pubitemid 46560868)
178. Stolnik S, Illum L, Davis SS. Long circulating microparticulate drug carriers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 16, 195-214 (1995).
179. Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(8), 469-478 (2007). (Pubitemid 47220069)
180. Jiang W, Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW. Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. Nat. Nanotech. 3(3), 145-150 (2008). (Pubitemid 351355131)
181. Shvedova A, Castranova V, Kisin E et al. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 66(20), 1909-1926 (2003). (Pubitemid 37352634)
182. Thrall L. Study links TiO2 nanoparticles with potential for brain-cell damage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(14), 4326-4327 (2006).
183. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 823-839 (2005). (Pubitemid 40984181)
184. Lovric J, Bazzi HS, Cuie Y. Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.). 83(5), 377-385 (2005). (Pubitemid 41201802)
185. Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S et al Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 5(2), 331-338 (2005). (Pubitemid 40308295)
186. Choi AO, Cho SJ, Desbarats J et al. Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells. J. Nanobiotechnol. 5(1), (2007).
187. Niidome T, Yamagata M, Okamoto Y et al. PEG-modified gold nanorods with a stealth character for in vivo applications. J. Control Release 114(3), 343-347 (2006). (Pubitemid 44310822)
188. Chang JS, Chang KL, Hwang DF et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles at high concentrations strongly depends on the metabolic activity type of the cell line. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(6), 2064-2068 (2007). (Pubitemid 46449243)
189. Sayes CM, Liang F, Hudson JL et al. Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol. Lett. 161(2), 135-142 (2006). (Pubitemid 41790286)
190. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R et al. Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol. Sci. 77(1), 126-134 (2004). (Pubitemid 38128652)
191. Jong WHD, Borm PJ. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int. J. Nanomed. 3, 133-149 (2008). (Pubitemid 352042401)
192. Graffagnini MJ. Corporate strategies for nanotech companies and investors in new economic times. Nanotech. Law Bus. 6, 251-276 (2009).
193. Junghanns JA, Muller RH. Nanocrystal technology, drug delivery, and clinical application. Int. J. Nanomed. 3, 295-310 (2008).
194. Davidson RN, Croft SL, Scott A, Maini M, Moody AH, Bryceson AD. Liposomal amphotericin B in drug-resistant visceral leishman-iasis. Lancet 337, 1061-1062 (1991).
195. Rivera E. Current status of liposomal anthracycline therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer 4, S76-S83 (2003). (Pubitemid 38028833)
196. Gabizon A, Peretz T, Sulkes A et al. Systemic administration of doxorubicin-containing liposomes in cancer patients: a Phase I study. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 25(12), 1795-1803 (1989). (Pubitemid 20084179)
197. Glantz MJ, Jaeckle KA, Chamberlain MC et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 5(11), 3394-3402 (1999).
198. Guaglianone P, Chan K, DelaFlor-Weiss E et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of iposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome). Invest. N. Drugs 12, 103-110 (1994). (Pubitemid 24350647)
199. Bory C, Boulieu R, Souillet G, Chantin C, Guibaud P, Hershfield MS. Effect of polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase (PEG-ADA) therapy in two ADA-deficient children: measurement of erythrocyte deoxyadenosine triphosphate as a useful tool. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 309A, 173-176 (1991).
200. Rosen O, Muller HJ, Gokbuget N et al. Pegylated asparaginase in combination with high-dose methotrexate for consolidation in adult lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission: a pilot study. Br. J. Haematol. 123(5), 836-841 (2003). (Pubitemid 37533295)
201. Glue P, Pouzier-Panis R, Raffanel C et al. A dose-ranging study of pegylated interferon a-2b and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. The Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Hepatology 32(3), 647-657 (2000).
202. Kim TY, Kim DW, Chung JY et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of Genexol-PM, a cremophor-free, polymeric micelle-formulated paclitaxel, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. 10(8), 3708-3716 (2004).
203. Nyman DW, Campbell KJ, Hersh E et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetics trial of ABI-007, a novel nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel in patients with advanced nonhematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(31), 7785-7793 (2005). (Pubitemid 46657375)
204. Alder-Moore J. AmBisome targeting to fungal infections. Bone Marrow Transplant. 14(Suppl. 5), S3-S7 (1994).