The supramolecular chemistry of organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Volumn 45, Issue 36, 2006, Pages 5924-5948

  Descalzo, Ana B ^a,b   Martínez Máñez, Ramón ^a   Sancenón, Félix ^a   Hoffmann, Katrin ^b   Rurack, Knut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA   (Spain)

^b BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aggregation; Mesoporous materials; Molecular recognition; Nanoparticles; Sensors

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATION; BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS; MATERIALS SCIENCE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SENSORS;

FUNCTIONAL PROTOCOLS; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NANOPARTICLES; THREE-DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORKS;

SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY;

EID: 33748799131     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600734     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. K. E. Drexler, Engines of Creation, Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1986; electronic version: http://www.foresight.org/EOC/.
2. R. P. Feynman, Eng. Sci. 1960, 23, 22-26, 30, 34, and 36; electronic version: http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
3. J.-M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives, VCH, Weinheim, 1995.
4. For a comprehensive introduction to the "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches of nanochemistry and nanophysics, see G. A. Ozin, Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 612-649. This report also provides a comprehensive review of the early work in the field.
5. Top. Curr. Chem. 2005, 262, 1-277 (Ed.: T. R. Kelly);
6. B. W. Purse, J. Rebek, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10 777-10 782;
7. A. C. Grimsdale, K. Müllen, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 5732-5772;
8. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5592-5629.
9. S. Uppuluri, L. T. Piehler, J. Li, D. R. Swanson, G. L. Hagnauer, D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 796-800;
10. K. Haupt, Chem. Commun. 2003, 171-178.
11. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2004, 73, 1-108 (Eds.: S. Kaskel, F. Schüth, M. Stöcker).
12. S. Kitagawa, R. Kitaura, S. Noro, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 2388-2430;
13. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 2334-2375.
14. M. Antonietti, G. A. Ozin, Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 28-41.
15. Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, Vols. 1, 2 (Ed.: J. L. Atwood, J. W. Steed), Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2004, 2005.
16. S. Onclin, B. J. Ravoo, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 6438-6462;
17. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6282-6304;
18. A. Vinu, K. Z. Hossain, K. Ariga, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2005, 5, 347-371;
19. D. M. Ford, E. E. Simanek, D. F. Shantz, Nanotechnology 2005, 16, S458-S475;
20. D. Brühwiler, G. Calzaferri, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2004, 72, 1-23;
21. S. Banerjee, M. G. C. Kahn, S. S. Wong, Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 1898-1908.
22. N. L. Rosi, C. A. Mirkin, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1547-1562;
23. E. Katz, I. Willner, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6166-6235;
24. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6042-6108.
25. M. Sarikaya, C. Tamerler, A. K.-Y. Jen, K. Schulten, F. Baneyx, Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 577-585;
26. J. Wengel. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 277-280.
27. Selected recent examples of functional hybrid nanoscopic materials: A. Verma, V. M. Rotello, Chem. Commun. 2005, 303-312;
28. U. Drechsler, B. Erdogan, V. M. Rotello, Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 5570-5579;
29. G. Cooke, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 5008-5018;
30. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4860-4870.
31. M. Brust, M. Walker, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, R. Whyman, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 801-802.
32. M. J. Hostetler, J. E. Wingate, C.-J. Zhong, J. E. Harris, R. W. Vachet, M. R. Clark, J. D. Londono, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, G. D. Wignall, G. L. Glish, M. D. Porter, N. D. Evans, R. W. Murray, Langmuir 1998, 14, 17-30.
33. U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Springer, Berlin, 1998;
34. M.-C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293-346.
35. Recent advances in sensor functionalization of SAMs or thin-film objects: F. Schreiber, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2004, 16, R881-R900;
36. J. J. Gooding, F. Mearns, W. Yang, J. Liu, Electroanalysis 2003, 15, 81-96;
37. S. Flink, F. C. J. M. van Veggel, D. N. Reinhoudt, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1315-1328.
38. R. C. Major, X.-Y. Zhu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8454-8455.
39. D. Astruc, M.-C. Daniel, J. Ruiz, Chem. Commun. 2004, 2637-2649.
40. A. Labande, D. Astruc, Chem. Commun. 2000, 1007-1008;
41. A. Labande, J. Ruiz, D. Astruc, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1782-1789.
42. a) M.-C. Daniel, J. Ruiz, S. Nlate, J. Palumbo, D. Astruc, J.-C. Blais, Chem. Commun. 2001, 2000-2001;
43. b) M.-C. Daniel, J. Ruiz, S. Nlate, J.-C. Biais, D. Astruc, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 2617-2628.
44. Introducing the dendritic structures to the AuNPs did not increase these figures significantly, which indicates that a further degree of complexity does not necessarily improve the performance of such hybrid systems. Sufficient proximity of the amidoferrocenyl moieties seems to be the decisive key parameter.
45. P. D. Beer, D. P. Cormode, J. J. Davis, Chem. Commun. 2004, 414-415.
46. A. Arduini, D. Demuru, A. Pochini, A. Secchi, Chem. Commun. 2005, 645-647.
47. T. R. Tshikhudo, D. Demuru, Z. Wang, M. Brust, A. Secchi, A. Arduini, A. Pochini, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2973-2976;
48. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2913-2916.
49. a) A. B. Descalzo, D. Jiménez, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, J. Soto, J. El Haskouri, C. Guillem, D. Beltrán, P. Amorós, M. V. Borrachero, Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 966-969;
50. b) A. B. Descalzo, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, J. Soto, D. Beltrán, P. Amorós, J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 2721-2731.
51. [22b]
52. Similar observations have been made for hybrid optical materials that contain fluorophores but do not exhibit any other explicit function, see M. Ganschow, M. Wark, D. Wöhrle, G. Schulz-Ekloff, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 167-170;
53. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 160-163.
54. A. Callegari, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, N. Tagmatarchis, D. Tasis, E. Vázquez, M. Prato, Chem. Commun. 2003, 2576-2577.
55. A. K. Boal, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 734-735.
56. A. K. Boal, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4914-4915.
57. A. K. Boal, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5019-5024.
58. R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4419-4476;
59. P. D. Beer, P. A. Gale, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 502-532;
60. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 486-516.
61. J. F. Callan, A. P. de Silva, D. C. Magri, Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 8551-8588;
62. B. Valeur, I. Leray, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 205, 3-40.
63. G. J. Mohr, Sens. Actuators B 2005, 107, 2-13;
64. G. J. Mohr, Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 1082-1090.
65. To our knowledge, no report has yet appeared where the modulation of both signals occurs upon the supramolecular event or has been exploited for sensing or signaling purposes. For a more detailed account on the photophysics of AuNP-chromophore conjugates, see: K. G. Thomas, P. V. Kamat, Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 888-898.
66. C. Burda, X. Chen, R. Narayanan, M. A. El-Sayed, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025-1102;
67. J. Stangl, V. Holý, G. Bauer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2004, 76, 725-783.
68. X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir, S. Weiss, Science 2005, 307, 538-544;
69. I. L. Mednitz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 435-446.
70. For a comprehensive introduction to the underlying mechanistics, see A. N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner, ChemPhysChem 2000, 1, 18-52.
71. A. A. Lazarides, G. C. Schatz, J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 460-467;
72. A. A. Lazarides, G. C. Schatz, J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 2987-2993;
73. J. J. Storhoff, A. A. Lazarides, R. C. Mucic, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, G. C. Schatz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4640-4650.
74. -1 at 524 nm for 8- and 13-nm-diameter particles), see R. C. Mucic, J. J. Storhoff, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12 674-12 675.
75. Y. Kim, R. C. Johnson, J. T. Hupp, Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165-167.
76. J. Liu, Y. Lu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6642-6643.
77. S. O. Obare, R. E. Hollowell, C. J. Murphy, Langmuir 2002, 18, 10 407-10 410.
78. S.-Y. Lin, S.-W. Liu, C.-M. Lin, C.-H. Chen, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 330-335.
79. S. Y. Lin, C. H. Chen, M. C. Lin, H. F. Hsu, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 4821-4828.
80. S. Watanabe, M. Sonobe, M. Arai, Y. Tazume, T. Matsuo, T. Nakamura, K. Yoshida, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2866-2867.
81. Y. Kubo, S. Uchida, Y. Kemmochi, T. Okubo, Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4369-4372.
82. Y. Chen, Z. Rosenzweig, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5132-5138.
83. A. V. Isarov, J. Chrysochoos, Langmuir 1997, 13, 3142-3149.
84. K. M. Gattás-Asfura, R. M. Leblanc, Chem. Commun. 2003, 2684-2685.
85. M. Montalti, L. Prodi, N. Zacheronni, G. Falini, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 540-13 546.
86. M. Montalti, L. Prodi, N. Zaccheroni, J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 2810-2814.
87. V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, S. Gestermann, C. Kauffmann, M. Gorka, F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun. 2000, 853-854;
88. F. Vötgle, S. Gestermann, C. Kauffmann, P. Ceroni, V. Vicinelli, V. Balzani, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10 398-10 404.
89. K. Rurack, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 2001, 57, 2161-2195.
90. V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665.
91. E. Brasola, F. Mancin, E. Rampazzo, P. Tecilla, U. Tonellato, Chem. Commun. 2003, 3026-3027.
92. E. Rampazzo, E. Brasola, S. Marcuz, F. Mancin, P. Tecilla, U. Tonellato, J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 2687-2696.
93. R. Méallet-Renault, R. Pansu, S. Amigoni-Gerbier, C. Larpent, Chem. Commun. 2004, 2344-2345;
94. J. M. Kürner, O. S. Wolfbeis, I. Klimant, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2151-2156.
95. E. L. Doyle, C. A. Hunter, H. C. Philips, S. J. Webb, N. H. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4593-4599;
96. P. Grandini, F. Mancin, P. Tecilla, P. Scrimin, U. Tonellato, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3247-3250;
97. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3061-3064.
98. L. Basabe-Desmonts, J. Beld, R. S. Zimmerman, J. Hernando, P. Mela, M. F. García Parajó, N. F. van Hulst, A. van den Berg, D. N. Reinhoudt, M. Crego-Calama, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7293-7299;
99. M. Crego-Calama, D. N. Reinhoudt, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1171-1174.
100. Y. Zheng, J. Orbulescu, X. Ji, F. M. Andreopoulos, S. M. Pham, R. M. Leblanc, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 2680-2686.
101. B. I. Ipe, S. Mahima, K. G. Thomas, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7174-7175.
102. C. J. Hawker, K. L. Wooley, Science 2005, 309, 1200-1205;
103. U. Hahn, M. Elhabiri, A. Trabolsi, H. Herschbach, E. Leize, A. van Dorsselaer, A.-M. Albrecht-Gary, J.-F. Nierengarten, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 5472-5475;
104. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5338-5341;
105. H. C. Kolb, M. G. Finn, K. B. Sharpless, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2056-2075;
106. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2004-2021.
107. R. Vilar, Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 2004, 111, 85-137.
108. D. N. Reinhoudt, M. Crego-Calama, Science 2002, 295, 2403-2407.
109. Only recently, Ercolani raised new doubts that cooperative effects are one of the main driving forces in classical supramolecular self-assembled structures, see G. Ercolani, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 16 097-16 103.
110. J. Liu, J. Alvarez, W. Ong, A. E. Kaifer, Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 57-60.
111. D. L. Feldheim, C. D. Keating, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 1-12.
112. Y. Liu, H. Wang, Y. Chen, C. F. Ke, M. Liu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 657-666.
113. O. Crespo-Biel, A. Jukovic, M. Karlsson, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Huskens, Isr. J. Chem. 2005, 45, 353-362.
114. A. Mulder, J. Huskens, D. N. Reinhoudt, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 3409-3424.
115. K. Naka, H. Roh, Y. Chujo, Langmuir 2003, 19, 5496-5501.
116. F. Corbellini, A. Mulder, A. Sartori, M. J. W. Ludden, A. Casnati, R. Ungaro, J. Huskens, M. Crego-Calama, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 17 050-17 058.
117. O. Crespo-Biel, B. Dordi, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Huskens, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7594-7600.
118. M. Wanunu, R. Popovitz-Biro, H. Cohen, A. Vaskevich, I. Rubinstein, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9207-9215.
119. M. Morisue, S. Yamatsu, N. Haruta, Y. Kobuke, Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 5563-5574.
120. S. Onclin, J. Huskens, B. J. Ravoo, D. N. Reinhoudt, Small 2005, 1, 852-857.
121. T. Auletta, B. Dordi, A. Mulder, A. Sartori, S. Onclin, C. M. Bruinink, M. Péter, C. A. Nijhuis, H. Beijleveld, H. Schönherr, G. J. Vancso, A. Casnati, R. Ungaro, B. J. Ravoo, J. Huskens, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 373-377;
122. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 369-373;
123. A. Mulder, S. Onclin, M. Péter, J. P. Hoogenboom, H. Beijleveld, J. ter Maat, M. F. García-Parajó, B. J. Ravoo, J. Huskens, N. F. van Hulst, D. N. Reinhoudt, Small 2005, 1, 242-253.
124. Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 568-594;
125. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550-575.
126. S. Samitsu, T. Shimomura, K. Ito, M. Hara, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 3875-3877.
127. I. A. Banerjee, L. Yu, H. Matsui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9542-9543.
128. Y.-F. Chen, I. A. Banerjee, L. Yu, R. Djalali, H. Matsui, Langmuir 2004, 20, 8409-8413.
129. M. R. Bryce, G. Cooke, F. M. A. Duclairoir, P. John, D. F. Perepichka, N. Polwart, V. M. Rotello, J. F. Stoddart, H. R. Tseng, J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13, 2111-2117.
130. T. J. Huang, B. Brough, C.-M. Ho, Y. Liu, A. H. Flood, P. A. Bonvallet, H.-R. Tseng, J. F. Stoddart, M. Baller, S. Magonov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5391-5393;
131. Y. Liu, A. H. Flood, P. A. Bonvallet, S. A. Vignon, B. H. Northrop, H.-R. Tseng, J. O. Jeppesen, T. J. Huang, B. Brough, M. Baller, S. Magonov, S. D. Solares, W. A. Goddard, C.-M. Ho, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9745-9759.
132. Y. Shirai, A. J. Osgood, Y. Zhao, K. F. Kelly, J. M. Tour, Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2330-2334.
133. N. K. Mal, M. Fujiwara, Y. Tanaka, Nature 2003, 421, 350-353;
134. N. K. Mal, M. Fujiwara, Y. Tanaka, T. Taguchi, M. Matsukata, Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 3385-3394.
135. R. Casasús, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, J. V. Ros-Lis, J. Soto, L. A. Villaescusa, P. Amorós, D. Beltrán, C. Guillem, J. Latorre, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8612-8613.
136. J. V. Ros-Lis, B. García-Acosta, D. Jiménez, R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. Soto, F. Gonzalvo, M. C. Valldecabres, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4064-4065.
137. Q. Yang, S. Wang, P. Fan, L. Wang, Y. Di, K. Lin, F.-S. Xiao, Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 5999-6003.
138. R. Hernandez, H.-R. Tseng, J. W. Wong, J. F. Stoddart, J. I. Zink, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3370-3371.
139. T. D. Nguyen, H. R. Tseng, P. C. Celestre, A. H. Flood, Y. Liu, J. F. Stoddart, J. I. Zink, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10 029-10 034.
140. C.-Y. Lai, B. G. Trewyn, D. M. Jeftinija, K. Jeftinija, S. Xu, S. Jeftinija, V. S.-Y. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4451-4459.
141. J. A. Gruenhagen, C. Y. Lai, D. R. Radu, V. S.-Y. Lin, E. S. Yeung, Appl. Spectrosc. 2005, 59, 424-431.
142. S. Giri, B. G. Trewyn, M. P. Stellmaker, V. S.-Y. Lin, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 5166-5172;
143. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5038-5044.
144. P. Nednoor, N. Chopra, V. Gavalas, L. G. Bachas, B. J. Hinds, Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 3595-3599.
145. N. Sakai, J. Mareda, S. Matile, Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 38, 79-87;
146. Y. Umezawa, H. Aoki, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 320 A-326 A;
147. G. W. Gokel, A. Mukhopadhyay, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2001, 30, 274-286.
148. N. Liu, Z. Chen, D. R. Dunphy, Y.-B. Jiang, R. A. Assink, C. J. Brinker, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 1773-1776;
149. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1731-1734.
150. N. G. Liu, D. R. Dunphy, P. Atanassov, S. D. Bunge, Z. Chen, G. P. Lopez, T. J. Boyle, C. J. Brinker, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 551-554.
151. Q. Fu, G. V. R. Rao, L. K. Ista, Y. Wu, B. P. Andrzejewski, L. A. Sklar, T. L. Ward, G. P. López, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1262-1266.
152. W. X. Zheng, M. M. Maye, F. L. Leibowitz, C. J. Zhong, Analyst 2000, 125, 17-20;
153. W. X. Zheng, M. M. Maye, F. L. Leibowitz, C. J. Zhong, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2190-2199.
154. V. S.-Y. Lin, C.-Y. Lai, J. Huang, S.-A Song, S. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11 510-11 511.
155. D. R. Radu, C.-Y. Lai, J. W. Wiench, M. Pruski, V. S.-Y. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1640-1641.
156. A. B. Descalzo, K. Rurack, H. Weisshoff, R. Martínez- Máñez, M. D. Marcos, P. Amorós, K. Hoffmann, J. Soto, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 184-200.
157. M. Comes, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. Soto, L. A. Villaescusa, P. Amorós, D. Beltrán, Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1783-1786.
158. K. Inumaru, Y. Inoue, S. Kakii, T. Nakano, S. Yamanaka, Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 1110-1111;
159. K. Inumaru, Y. Inoue, S. Kakii, T. Nakano, S. Yamanaka, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6, 3133-3139.
160. M. Comes, G. Rodríguez-López, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. Soto, L. A. Villaescusa, P. Amorós, D. Beltrán, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2978-2982;
161. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2918-2922.
162. H.-H. Yang, S.-Q. Zhang, W. Yang, X.-L. Chen, Z.-X. Zhuang, J.-G. Xu, X.-R. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4054-4055.
163. A. P. R. Johnston, B. J. Battersby, G. A. Lawrie, M. Trau, Chem. Commun. 2005, 848-850.
164. S. Roux, B. Garcia, J.-L. Bridot, M. Salomé, C. Marquette, L. Lemelle, P. Gillet, L. Blum, P. Perriat, O. Tillement, Langmuir 2005, 21, 2526-2536.
165. D. Diamond, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 279A-286A;
166. P. M. Mendes, A. H. Flood, J. F. Stoddart, Appl. Phys. A 2005, 80, 1197-1209.
167. W. Wu, S. Wieckowski, G. Pastorin, M. Benincasa, C. Klumpp, J.-P. Briand, R. Gennaro, M. Prato, A. Bianco, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 6516-6520;
168. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6358-6362.