Feed-forward mechanisms: Addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 127-139

  Alsiö, Johan ^a,b,c   Olszewski, Pawel K ^a,d,e   Levine, Allen S ^d   Schiöth, Helgi B ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UK   (United Kingdom)

^d University of Minnesota   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Addiction; Craving; Dietary fat; Obesity; Plasticity; Sugar

Indexed keywords

FAT; SUGAR;

ADAPTATION; ADDICTION LIKE FEEDING BEHAVIOR; CALORIE; COMPULSION; DIET; EATING; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PREFERENCE; HIGH SUGAR DIET; HOMEOSTASIS; HUNGER; LIPID DIET; MOLECULAR ADAPTATION; NEURAL ADAPTATION; OBESITY; OVEREATING BEHAVIOR; OVERNUTRITION; PALATABILITY; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; REWARD;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; BRAIN; COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; FEEDBACK, PHYSIOLOGICAL; HUMANS; HYPERPHAGIA; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; REWARD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84862308527     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: 10956808     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. Adan R.A., Vanderschuren L.J., la Fleur S.E. Anti-obesity drugs and neural circuits of feeding. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2008, 29:208-217.
2. Ahmed S.H., Koob G.F. Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point. Science 1998, 282:298-300.
3. Ahmed S.H., Walker J.R., Koob G.F. Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with a history of drug escalation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 22:413-421.
4. Ahmed S.H., Kenny P.J., Koob G.F., Markou A. Neurobiological evidence for hedonic allostasis associated with escalating cocaine use. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:625-626.
5. Akabayashi A., Koenig J.I., Watanabe Y., Alexander J.T., Leibowitz S.F. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:10375-10379.
6. Alsio J., Pickering C., Roman E., Hulting A.L., Lindblom J., Schioth H.B. Motivation for sucrose in sated rats is predicted by low anxiety-like behavior. Neurosci. Lett. 2009, 454:193-197.
7. Alsio J., Olszewski P.K., Norback A.H., Gunnarsson Z.E., Levine A.S., Pickering C., Schioth H.B. Dopamine D1 receptor gene expression decreases in the nucleus accumbens upon long-term exposure to palatable food and differs depending on diet-induced obesity phenotype in rats. Neuroscience 2010, 171:779-787.
8. Amico J.A., Vollmer R.R., Cai H.M., Miedlar J.A., Rinaman L. Enhanced initial and sustained intake of sucrose solution in mice with an oxytocin gene deletion. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 289:R1798-R1806.
9. Arase K., Fisler J.S., Shargill N.S., York D.A., Bray G.A. Intracerebroventricular infusions of 3-OHB and insulin in a rat model of dietary obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 255:R974-R981.
10. Archer Z.A., Rayner D.V., Barrett P., Balik A., Duncan J.S., Moar K.M., Mercer J.G. Hypothalamic energy balance gene responses in the Sprague-Dawley rat to supplementation of high-energy diet with liquid ensure and subsequent transfer to chow. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2005, 17:711-719.
11. Arnone M., Maruani J., Chaperon F., Thiebot M.H., Poncelet M., Soubrie P., Le Fur G. Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR 141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1997, 132:104-106.
12. Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience 2003, 122:17-20.
13. Avena N.M., Carrillo C.A., Needham L., Leibowitz S.F., Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol 2004, 34:203-209.
14. Avena N.M., Long K.A., Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiol. Behav. 2005, 84:359-362.
15. Avena N.M., Rada P., Moise N., Hoebel B.G. Sucrose sham feeding on a binge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeatedly and eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neuroscience 2006, 139:813-820.
16. Avena N.M., Bocarsly M.E., Rada P., Kim A., Hoebel B.G. After daily bingeing on a sucrose solution, food deprivation induces anxiety and accumbens dopamine/acetylcholine imbalance. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 94:309-315.
17. Avena N.M., Rada P., Hoebel B.G. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008, 32:20-39.
18. Avena N.M., Rada P., Hoebel B.G. Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. J. Nutr. 2009, 139:623-628.
19. Barnes M.J., Lapanowski K., Conley A., Rafols J.A., Jen K.L., Dunbar J.C. High fat feeding is associated with increased blood pressure, sympathetic nerve activity and hypothalamic mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. Bull. 2003, 61:511-519.
20. Barrot M., Olivier J.D., Perrotti L.I., DiLeone R.J., Berton O., Eisch A.J., Impey S., Storm D.R., Neve R.L., Yin J.C., Zachariou V., Nestler E.J. CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell controls gating of behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:11435-11440.
21. Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. Differential influence of associative and nonassociative learning mechanisms on the responsiveness of prefrontal and accumbal dopamine transmission to food stimuli in rats fed ad libitum. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:851-861.
22. Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. Eur. J. NeuroSci. 1999, 11:4389-4397.
23. Bates S.H., Stearns W.H., Dundon T.A., Schubert M., Tso A.W., Wang Y., Banks A.S., Lavery H.J., Haq A.K., Maratos-Flier E., Neel B.G., Schwartz M.W., Myers M.G. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature 2003, 421:856-859.
24. Beckman T.R., Shi Q., Levine A.S., Billington C.J. Amygdalar opioids modulate hypothalamic melanocortin-induced anorexia. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 96:568-573.
25. Bellocchio L., Lafenetre P., Cannich A., Cota D., Puente N., Grandes P., Chaouloff F., Piazza P.V., Marsicano G. Bimodal control of stimulated food intake by the endocannabinoid system. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:281-283.
26. Benito E., Barco A. CREB's control of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity: implications for CREB-dependent memory models. Trends Neurosci. 2010, 33:230-240.
27. Berner L.A., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. Bingeing, self-restriction, and increased body weight in rats with limited access to a sweet-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:1998-2002.
28. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 28:309-369.
29. Berthoud H.R. Homeostatic and non-homeostatic pathways involved in the control of food intake and energy balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14(Suppl. 5):197S-200S.
30. Berthoud H.R., Lenard N.R., Shin A.C. Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2011, 300:R1266-R1277.
31. Berton O., Covington H.E., Ebner K., Tsankova N.M., Carle T.L., Ulery P., Bhonsle A., Barrot M., Krishnan V., Singewald G.M., Singewald N., Birnbaum S., Neve R.L., Nestler E.J. Induction of deltaFosB in the periaqueductal gray by stress promotes active coping responses. Neuron 2007, 55:289-300.
32. Bluher M., Engeli S., Kloting N., Berndt J., Fasshauer M., Batkai S., Pacher P., Schon M.R., Jordan J., Stumvoll M. Dysregulation of the peripheral and adipose tissue endocannabinoid system in human abdominal obesity. Diabetes 2006, 55:3053-3060.
33. Bourtchuladze R., Frenguelli B., Blendy J., Cioffi D., Schutz G., Silva A.J. Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein. Cell 1994, 79:59-68.
34. Braet C., Claus L., Goossens L., Moens E., Van Vlierberghe L., Soetens B. Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. J. Health Psychol. 2008, 13:733-743.
35. Briand L.A., Flagel S.B., Seeman P., Robinson T.E. Cocaine self-administration produces a persistent increase in dopamine D2 High receptors. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008, 18:551-556.
36. Burton P., Smit H.J., Lightowler H.J. The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. Appetite 2007, 49:191-197.
37. Cador M., Kelley A.E., Le Moal M., Stinus L. Ventral tegmental area infusion of substance P, neurotensin and enkephalin: differential effects on feeding behavior. Neuroscience 1986, 18:659-669.
38. Cantin L., Lenoir M., Augier E., Vanhille N., Dubreucq S., Serre F., Vouillac C., Ahmed S.H. Cocaine is low on the value ladder of rats: possible evidence for resilience to addiction. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e11592.
39. Carlezon W.A., Thome J., Olson V.G., Lane-Ladd S.B., Brodkin E.S., Hiroi N., Duman R.S., Neve R.L., Nestler E.J. Regulation of cocaine reward by CREB. Science 1998, 282:2272-2275.
40. Carlezon W.A., Duman R.S., Nestler E.J. The many faces of CREB. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:436-445.
41. Carroll M.E., Lac S.T. Dietary additives and the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1998, 137:81-89.
42. Carroll M.E., France C.P., Meisch R.A. Intravenous self-administration of etonitazene, cocaine and phencyclidine in rats during food deprivation and satiation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 217:241-247.
43. Chavez M., Riedy C.A., Van Dijk G., Woods S.C. Central insulin and macronutrient intake in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 271:R727-R731.
44. Christensen R., Kristensen P.K., Bartels E.M., Bliddal H., Astrup A. Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2007, 370:1706-1713.
45. Christiansen A.M., Dekloet A.D., Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Herman J.P. " Snacking" causes long term attenuation of HPA axis stress responses and enhancement of brain FosB/deltaFosB expression in rats. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 103:111-116.
46. Coelho J.S., Polivy J., Herman C.P. Selective carbohydrate or protein restriction: effects on subsequent food intake and cravings. Appetite 2006, 47:352-360.
47. Colantuoni C., Schwenker J., McCarthy J., Rada P., Ladenheim B., Cadet J.L., Schwartz G.J., Moran T.H., Hoebel B.G. Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. NeuroReport 2001, 12:3549-3552.
48. Colantuoni C., Rada P., McCarthy J., Patten C., Avena N.M., Chadeayne A., Hoebel B.G. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obes. Res. 2002, 10:478-488.
49. Colby C.R., Whisler K., Steffen C., Nestler E.J., Self D.W. Striatal cell type-specific overexpression of DeltaFosB enhances incentive for cocaine. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:2488-2493.
50. Cota D., Proulx K., Smith K.A., Kozma S.C., Thomas G., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J. Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science 2006, 312:927-930.
51. Cota D., Matter E.K., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J. The role of hypothalamic mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in diet-induced obesity. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:7202-7208.
52. Cottone P., Sabino V., Steardo L., Zorrilla E.P. Intermittent access to preferred food reduces the reinforcing efficacy of chow in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008, 295:R1066-R1076.
53. Dallman M.F., Pecoraro N.C., la Fleur S.E. Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity. Brain Behav. Immun. 2005, 19:275-280.
54. Davis K.W., Wellman P.J., Clifford P.S. Augmented cocaine conditioned place preference in rats pretreated with systemic ghrelin. Regul. Pept. 2007, 140:148-152.
55. Davis J.F., Tracy A.L., Schurdak J.D., Tschop M.H., Lipton J.W., Clegg D.J., Benoit S.C. Exposure to elevated levels of dietary fat attenuates psychostimulant reward and mesolimbic dopamine turnover in the rat. Behav. Neurosci. 2008, 122:1257-1263.
56. DeSousa N.J., Bush D.E., Vaccarino F.J. Self-administration of intravenous amphetamine is predicted by individual differences in sucrose feeding in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2000, 148:52-58.
57. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85:5274-5278.
58. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988, 244:1067-1080.
59. Di Marzo V., Goparaju S.K., Wang L., Liu J., Batkai S., Jarai Z., Fezza F., Miura G.I., Palmiter R.D., Sugiura T., Kunos G. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature 2001, 410:822-825.
60. Di Marzo V., Ligresti A., Cristino L. The endocannabinoid system as a link between homoeostatic and hedonic pathways involved in energy balance regulation. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2009, 33(Suppl. 2):S18-S24.
61. Dourmashkin J.T., Chang G.Q., Gayles E.C., Hill J.O., Fried S.K., Julien C., Leibowitz S.F. Different forms of obesity as a function of diet composition. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2005, 29:1368-1378.
62. Drevets W.C., Gautier C., Price J.C., Kupfer D.J., Kinahan P.E., Grace A.A., Price J.L., Mathis C.A. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, 49:81-96.
63. Egecioglu E., Jerlhag E., Salome N., Skibicka K.P., Haage D., Bohlooly Y.M., Andersson D., Bjursell M., Perrissoud D., Engel J.A., Dickson S.L. Ghrelin increases intake of rewarding food in rodents. Addict. Biol. 2010, 15:304-311.
64. Evans K.R., Vaccarino F.J. Amphetamine- and morphine-induced feeding: evidence for involvement of reward mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1990, 14:9-22.
65. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1481-1489.
66. Everitt B.J., Dickinson A., Robbins T.W. The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2001, 36:129-138.
67. Fantino M., Hosotte J., Apfelbaum M. An opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces preference for sucrose in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 1986, 251:R91-R96.
68. Farooqi I.S., Bullmore E., Keogh J., Gillard J., O'Rahilly S., Fletcher P.C. Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating behavior. Science 2007, 317:1355.
69. Figlewicz D.P., Zavosh A., Sexton T., Neumaier J.F. Catabolic action of insulin in rat arcuate nucleus is not enhanced by exogenous " tub" expression. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 286:E1004-E1010.
70. Figlewicz D.P., Bennett J.L., Naleid A.M., Davis C., Grimm J.W. Intraventricular insulin and leptin decrease sucrose self-administration in rats. Physiol. Behav. 2006, 89:611-616.
71. Geiger B.M., Haburcak M., Avena N.M., Moyer M.C., Hoebel B.G., Pothos E.N. Deficits of mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in rat dietary obesity. Neuroscience 2009, 159:1193-1199.
72. Gilhooly C.H., Das S.K., Golden J.K., McCrory M.A., Dallal G.E., Saltzman E., Kramer F.M., Roberts S.B. Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2007, 31:1849-1858.
73. Giraudo S.Q., Grace M.K., Welch C.C., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Naloxone's anorectic effect is dependent upon the relative palatability of food. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1993, 46:917-921.
74. Glass M.J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Naltrexone administered to central nucleus of amygdala or PVN: neural dissociation of diet and energy. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000, 279:R86-R92.
75. Glass M.J., Grace M., Cleary J.P., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Potency of naloxone's anorectic effect in rats is dependent on diet preference. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 271:R217-R221.
76. Goldstein R.Z., Alia-Klein N., Tomasi D., Zhang L., Cottone L.A., Maloney T., Telang F., Caparelli E.C., Chang L., Ernst T., Samaras D., Squires N.K., Volkow N.D. Is decreased prefrontal cortical sensitivity to monetary reward associated with impaired motivation and self-control in cocaine addiction?. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:43-51.
77. Gosnell B.A. Sucrose intake predicts rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2000, 149:286-292.
78. Gosnell B.A. Sucrose intake enhances behavioral sensitization produced by cocaine. Brain Res. 2005, 1031:194-201.
79. Gosnell B.A., Krahn D.D., Majchrzak M.J. The effects of morphine on diet selection are dependent upon baseline diet preferences. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1990, 37:207-212.
80. Greeno C.G., Wing R.R., Shiffman S. Binge antecedents in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2000, 68:95-102.
81. Hagan M.M., Rushing P.A., Benoit S.C., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J. Opioid receptor involvement in the effect of AgRP- (83-132) on food intake and food selection. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001, 280:R814-R821.
82. Hajnal A., Margas W.M., Covasa M. Altered dopamine D2 receptor function and binding in obese OLETF rat. Brain Res. Bull. 2008, 75:70-76.
83. Hamdi A., Porter J., Prasad C. Decreased striatal D2 dopamine receptors in obese Zucker rats: changes during aging. Brain Res. 1992, 589:338-340.
84. Harrold J.A., Elliott J.C., King P.J., Widdowson P.S., Williams G. Down-regulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic regions of rats with dietary obesity: a role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food?. Brain Res. 2002, 952:232-238.
85. Heyne A., Kiesselbach C., Sahun I., McDonald J., Gaiffi M., Dierssen M., Wolffgramm J. An animal model of compulsive food-taking behaviour. Addict. Biol. 2009, 14:373-383.
86. Hill A.J. The psychology of food craving. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2007, 66:277-285.
87. Hill A.J., Weaver C.F., Blundell J.E. Food craving, dietary restraint and mood. Appetite 1991, 17:187-197.
88. Hohmann J.G., Krasnow S.M., Teklemichael D.N., Clifton D.K., Wynick D., Steiner R.A. Neuroendocrine profiles in galanin-overexpressing and knockout mice. Neuroendocrinology 2003, 77:354-366.
89. Hommel J.D., Trinko R., Sears R.M., Georgescu D., Liu Z.W., Gao X.B., Thurmon J.J., Marinelli M., DiLeone R.J. Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding. Neuron 2006, 51:801-810.
90. Horder J., Harmer C.J., Cowen P.J., McCabe C. Reduced neural response to reward following 7 days treatment with the cannabinoid CB(1) antagonist rimonabant in healthy volunteers. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010, 13:1103-1113.
91. Horvath T.L., Gao X.B. Input organization and plasticity of hypocretin neurons: possible clues to obesity's association with insomnia. Cell Metab. 2005, 1:279-286.
92. Huang X.F., Yu Y., Zavitsanou K., Han M., Storlien L. Differential expression of dopamine D2 and D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in mice prone, or resistant, to chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2005, 135:150-161.
93. Jaffe J.H., Cascella N.G., Kumor K.M., Sherer M.A. Cocaine-induced cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1989, 97:59-64.
94. Jbilo O., Ravinet-Trillou C., Arnone M., Buisson I., Bribes E., Peleraux A., Penarier G., Soubrie P., Le Fur G., Galiegue S., Casellas P. The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant reverses the diet-induced obesity phenotype through the regulation of lipolysis and energy balance. FASEB J. 2005, 19:1567-1569.
95. Jerlhag E., Egecioglu E., Landgren S., Salome N., Heilig M., Moechars D., Datta R., Perrissoud D., Dickson S.L., Engel J.A. Requirement of central ghrelin signaling for alcohol reward. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:11318-11323.
96. Johansson A., Fredriksson R., Winnergren S., Hulting A.L., Schioth H.B., Lindblom J. The relative impact of chronic food restriction and acute food deprivation on plasma hormone levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression. Peptides 2008, 29:1588-1595.
97. Johnson P.M., Kenny P.J. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:635-641.
98. Johnson S.W., North R.A. Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:483-488.
99. Josselyn S.A., Shi C., Carlezon W.A., Neve R.L., Nestler E.J., Davis M. Long-term memory is facilitated by cAMP response element-binding protein overexpression in the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:2404-2412.
100. Kalivas P.W., O'Brien C. Drug addiction as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:166-180.
101. Kanarek R.B., Mathes W.F., Przypek J. Intake of dietary sucrose or fat reduces amphetamine drinking in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1996, 54:719-723.
102. Kanoski S.E., Hayes M.R., Greenwald H.S., Fortin S.M., Gianessi C.A., Gilbert J.R., Grill H.J. Hippocampal leptin signaling reduces food intake and modulates food-related memory processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:1859-1870.
103. Karatayev O., Baylan J., Leibowitz S.F. Increased intake of ethanol and dietary fat in galanin overexpressing mice. Alcohol 2009, 43:571-580.
104. Karhunen L.J., Lappalainen R.I., Vanninen E.J., Kuikka J.T., Uusitupa M.I. Regional cerebral blood flow during food exposure in obese and normal-weight women. Brain 1997, 120(Pt. 9):1675-1684.
105. Kasanetz F., Deroche-Gamonet V., Berson N., Balado E., Lafourcade M., Manzoni O., Piazza P.V. Transition to addiction is associated with a persistent impairment in synaptic plasticity. Science 2010, 328:1709-1712.
106. Katsuura Y., Heckmann J.A., Taha S.A. mu-Opioid receptor stimulation in the nucleus accumbens elevates fatty tastant intake by increasing palatability and suppressing satiety signals. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2011, 301:R244-R254.
107. Kelley A.E., Will M.J., Steininger T.L., Zhang M., Haber S.N. Restricted daily consumption of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure(R)) alters striatal enkephalin gene expression. Eur. J. NeuroSci. 2003, 18:2592-2598.
108. Kelley A.E., Baldo B.A., Pratt W.E., Will M.J. Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol. Behav. 2005, 86:773-795.
109. Kenny P.J. Tobacco dependence, the insular cortex and the hypocretin connection. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2011, 97:700-707.
110. Kenny P.J., Chen S.A., Kitamura O., Markou A., Koob G.F. Conditioned withdrawal drives heroin consumption and decreases reward sensitivity. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:5894-5900.
111. Komatsu S. Rice and sushi cravings: a preliminary study of food craving among Japanese females. Appetite 2008, 50:353-358.
112. Koob G.F., Bloom F.E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988, 242:715-723.
113. Koob G.F., Zorrilla E.P. Neurobiological mechanisms of addiction: focus on corticotropin-releasing factor. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2010, 11:63-71.
114. Kyrkouli S.E., Stanley B.G., Seirafi R.D., Leibowitz S.F. Stimulation of feeding by galanin: anatomical localization and behavioral specificity of this peptide's effects in the brain. Peptides 1990, 11:995-1001.
115. la Fleur S.E., Vanderschuren L.J., Luijendijk M.C., Kloeze B.M., Tiesjema B., Adan R.A. A reciprocal interaction between food-motivated behavior and diet-induced obesity. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2007, 31:1286-1294.
116. la Fleur S.E., van Rozen A.J., Luijendijk M.C., Groeneweg F., Adan R.A. A free-choice high-fat high-sugar diet induces changes in arcuate neuropeptide expression that support hyperphagia. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2009.
117. Le Merrer J., Stephens D.N. Food-induced behavioral sensitization, its cross-sensitization to cocaine and morphine, pharmacological blockade, and effect on food intake. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:7163-7171.
118. Leggio L. Understanding and treating alcohol craving and dependence: Recent pharmacological and neuroendocrinological findings. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009, 44:341-352.
119. Leibowitz S.F., Akabayashi A., Wang J. Obesity on a high-fat diet: role of hypothalamic galanin in neurons of the anterior paraventricular nucleus projecting to the median eminence. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:2709-2719.
120. Lenard N.R., Zheng H., Berthoud H.R. Chronic suppression of mu-opioid receptor signaling in the nucleus accumbens attenuates development of diet-induced obesity in rats. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2010, 34:1001-1010.
121. Levin B.E., Dunn-Meynell A.A. Defense of body weight depends on dietary composition and palatability in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002, 282:R46-R54.
122. Levin B.E., Dunn-Meynell A.A., Balkan B., Keesey R.E. Selective breeding for diet-induced obesity and resistance in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:R725-R730.
123. Levine A.S., Murray S.S., Kneip J., Grace M., Morley J.E. Flavor enhances the antidipsogenic effect of naloxone. Physiol. Behav. 1982, 28:23-25.
124. Levine A.S., Weldon D.T., Grace M., Cleary J.P., Billington C.J. Naloxone blocks that portion of feeding driven by sweet taste in food-restricted rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268:R248-R252.
125. Lutter M., Nestler E.J. Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. J. Nutr. 2009, 139:629-632.
126. Lynch W.C. Opiate blockade inhibits saccharin intake and blocks normal preference acquisition. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 24:833-836.
127. Lynch W.C., Grace M., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Effects of neuropeptide Y on ingestion of flavored solutions in nondeprived rats. Physiol. Behav. 1993, 54:877-880.
128. Majeed N.H., Przewlocka B., Wedzony K., Przewlocki R. Stimulation of food intake following opioid microinjection into the nucleus accumbens septi in rats. Peptides 1986, 7:711-716.
129. Malik S., McGlone F., Bedrossian D., Dagher A. Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metab. 2008, 7:400-409.
130. Mantella R.C., Rinaman L., Vollmer R.R., Amico J.A. Cholecystokinin and d-fenfluramine inhibit food intake in oxytocin-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003, 285:R1037-R1045.
131. Martin-Garcia E., Burokas A., Kostrzewa E., Gieryk A., Korostynski M., Ziolkowska B., Przewlocka B., Przewlocki R., Maldonado R. New operant model of reinstatement of food-seeking behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2011, 215:49-70.
132. Massa F., Mancini G., Schmidt H., Steindel F., Mackie K., Angioni C., Oliet S.H., Geisslinger G., Lutz B. Alterations in the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in diet-induced obese mice. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:6273-6281.
133. Maze I., Covington H.E., Dietz D.M., LaPlant Q., Renthal W., Russo S.J., Mechanic M., Mouzon E., Neve R.L., Haggarty S.J., Ren Y., Sampath S.C., Hurd Y.L., Greengard P., Tarakhovsky A., Schaefer A., Nestler E.J. Essential role of the histone methyltransferase G9a in cocaine-induced plasticity. Science 2010, 327:213-216.
134. McClung C.A., Nestler E.J. Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and DeltaFosB. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:1208-1215.
135. McClung C.A., Ulery P.G., Perrotti L.I., Zachariou V., Berton O., Nestler E.J. DeltaFosB: a molecular switch for long-term adaptation in the brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2004, 132:146-154.
136. Mercer J.G., Archer Z.A. Diet-induced obesity in the Sprague-Dawley rat: dietary manipulations and their effect on hypothalamic neuropeptide energy balance systems. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33:1068-1072.
137. Miedlar J.A., Rinaman L., Vollmer R.R., Amico J.A. Oxytocin gene deletion mice overconsume palatable sucrose solution but not palatable lipid emulsions. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 293:R1063-R1068.
138. Mitra A., Gosnell B.A., Schioth H.B., Grace M.K., Klockars A., Olszewski P.K., Levine A.S. Chronic sugar intake dampens feeding-related activity of neurons synthesizing a satiety mediator, oxytocin. Peptides 2010, 31:1346-1352.
139. Mori H., Hanada R., Hanada T., Aki D., Mashima R., Nishinakamura H., Torisu T., Chien K.R., Yasukawa H., Yoshimura A. Socs3 deficiency in the brain elevates leptin sensitivity and confers resistance to diet-induced obesity. Nat. Med. 2004, 10:739-743.
140. Morley J.E., Levine A.S., Gosnell B.A., Kneip J., Grace M. Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1987, 252:R599-R609.
141. Nakazato M., Murakami N., Date Y., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Matsukura S. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001, 409:194-198.
142. Naleid A.M., Grace M.K., Chimukangara M., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Paraventricular opioids alter intake of high-fat but not high-sucrose diet depending on diet preference in a binge model of feeding. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 293:R99-R105.
143. Nestler E.J., Barrot M., Self D.W. DeltaFosB: a sustained molecular switch for addiction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:11042-11046.
144. Noble E.P. Addiction and its reward process through polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene: a review. Eur. Psychiatry 2000, 15:79-89.
145. Noel M.B., Wise R.A. Ventral tegmental injections of morphine but not U-50,488H enhance feeding in food-deprived rats. Brain Res. 1993, 632:68-73.
146. Noel M.B., Wise R.A. Ventral tegmental injections of a selective mu or delta opioid enhance feeding in food-deprived rats. Brain Res. 1995, 673:304-312.
147. O'Doherty J.P., Deichmann R., Critchley H.D., Dolan R.J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 2002, 33:815-826.
148. Odorizzi M., Max J.P., Tankosic P., Burlet C., Burlet A. Dietary preferences of Brattleboro rats correlated with an overexpression of galanin in the hypothalamus. Eur. J. NeuroSci. 1999, 11:3005-3014.
149. Olausson P., Jentsch J.D., Tronson N., Neve R.L., Nestler E.J., Taylor J.R. DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens regulates food-reinforced instrumental behavior and motivation. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:9196-9204.
150. Olsen C.M. Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology 2011, 61:1109-1122.
151. Olszewski P.K., Cedernaes J., Olsson F., Levine A.S., Schioth H.B. Analysis of the network of feeding neuroregulators using the Allen Brain Atlas. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008, 32:945-956.
152. Olszewski P.K., Shaw T.J., Grace M.K., Hoglund C.E., Fredriksson R., Schioth H.B., Levine A.S. Complexity of neural mechanisms underlying overconsumption of sugar in scheduled feeding: involvement of opioids, orexin, oxytocin and NPY. Peptides 2009, 30:226-233.
153. Olszewski P.K., Klockars A., Olszewska A.M., Fredriksson R., Schioth H.B., Levine A.S. Molecular, immunohistochemical, and pharmacological evidence of oxytocin's role as inhibitor of carbohydrate but not fat intake. Endocrinology 2010, 151:4736-4744.
154. Olszewski P.K., Klockars A., Schioth H.B., Levine A.S. Oxytocin as feeding inhibitor: maintaining homeostasis in consummatory behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2010, 97:47-54.
155. Olszewski P.K., Alsio J., Schioth H.B., Levine A.S. Opioids as facilitators of feeding: can any food be rewarding?. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 104:105-110.
156. Orio L., Edwards S., George O., Parsons L.H., Koob G.F. A role for the endocannabinoid system in the increased motivation for cocaine in extended-access conditions. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:4846-4857.
157. Orosco M., Rouch C., Dauge V. Behavioral responses to ingestion of different sources of fat. Involvement of serotonin?. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 132:103-109.
158. Parker L.A., Maier S., Rennie M., Crebolder J. Morphine- and naltrexone-induced modification of palatability: analysis by the taste reactivity test. Behav. Neurosci. 1992, 106:999-1010.
159. Pecina S., Berridge K.C. Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic 'liking' for food: map based on microinjection Fos plumes. Brain Res. 2000, 863:71-86.
160. Pecina S., Berridge K.C. Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell: where do mu-opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness?. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:11777-11786.
161. Pecina S., Cagniard B., Berridge K.C., Aldridge J.W., Zhuang X. Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher " wanting" but not " liking" for sweet rewards. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9395-9402.
162. Pelchat M.L. Food cravings in young and elderly adults. Appetite 1997, 28:103-113.
163. Pelchat M.L., Schaefer S. Dietary monotony and food cravings in young and elderly adults. Physiol. Behav. 2000, 68:353-359.
164. Pelchat M.L., Johnson A., Chan R., Valdez J., Ragland J.D. Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage 2004, 23:1486-1493.
165. Perrotti L.I., Weaver R.R., Robison B., Renthal W., Maze I., Yazdani S., Elmore R.G., Knapp D.J., Selley D.E., Martin B.R., Sim-Selley L., Bachtell R.K., Self D.W., Nestler E.J. Distinct patterns of DeltaFosB induction in brain by drugs of abuse. Synapse 2008, 62:358-369.
166. Petrovich G.D., Ross C.A., Gallagher M., Holland P.C. Learned contextual cue potentiates eating in rats. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 90:362-367.
167. Pickering C., Alsio J., Hulting A.L., Schioth H.B. Withdrawal from free-choice high-fat high-sugar diet induces craving only in obesity-prone animals. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2009, 204:431-443.
168. Pierce R.C., Vanderschuren L.J. Kicking the habit: the neural basis of ingrained behaviors in cocaine addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 35:212-219.
169. Pinto S., Roseberry A.G., Liu H., Diano S., Shanabrough M., Cai X., Friedman J.M., Horvath T.L. Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science 2004, 304:110-115.
170. Polivy J., Coleman J., Herman C.P. The effect of deprivation on food cravings and eating behavior in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2005, 38:301-309.
171. Pomonis J.D., Jewett D.C., Kotz C.M., Briggs J.E., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Sucrose consumption increases naloxone-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in limbic forebrain. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000, 278:R712-R719.
172. Prasad A., Prasad C. Short-term consumption of a diet rich in fat decreases anxiety response in adult male rats. Physiol. Behav. 1996, 60:1039-1042.
173. Quarta C., Bellocchio L., Mancini G., Mazza R., Cervino C., Braulke L.J., Fekete C., Latorre R., Nanni C., Bucci M., Clemens L.E., Heldmaier G., Watanabe M., Leste-Lassere T., Maitre M., Tedesco L., Fanelli F., Reuss S., Klaus S., Srivastava R.K., Monory K., Valerio A., Grandis A., De Giorgio R., Pasquali R., Nisoli E., Cota D., Lutz B., Marsicano G., Pagotto U. CB(1) signaling in forebrain and sympathetic neurons is a key determinant of endocannabinoid actions on energy balance. Cell Metab. 2010, 11:273-285.
174. Rada P., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2005, 134:737-744.
175. Ravinet Trillou C., Delgorge C., Menet C., Arnone M., Soubrie P. CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2004, 28:640-648.
176. Robertson S.A., Leinninger G.M., Myers M.G. Molecular and neural mediators of leptin action. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 94:637-642.
177. Rothemund Y., Preuschhof C., Bohner G., Bauknecht H.C., Klingebiel R., Flor H., Klapp B.F. Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage 2007, 37:410-421.
178. Rozin P., Levine E., Stoess C. Chocolate craving and liking. Appetite 1991, 17:199-212.
179. Salamone J.D., Wisniecki A., Carlson B.B., Correa M. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions make animals highly sensitive to high fixed ratio requirements but do not impair primary food reinforcement. Neuroscience 2001, 105:863-870.
180. Schultz W., Dayan P., Montague P.R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 1997, 275:1593-1599.
181. Sclafani A. Fat and sugar flavor preference and acceptance in C57BL/6J and 129 mice: experience attenuates strain differences. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 90:602-611.
182. Sclafani A., Glendinning J.I. Flavor preferences conditioned in C57BL/6 mice by intragastric carbohydrate self-infusion. Physiol. Behav. 2003, 79:783-788.
183. Sclafani A., Glendinning J.I. Sugar and fat conditioned flavor preferences in C57BL/6J and 129 mice: oral and postoral interactions. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 289:R712-R720.
184. Sclafani A., Rinaman L., Vollmer R.R., Amico J.A. Oxytocin knockout mice demonstrate enhanced intake of sweet and nonsweet carbohydrate solutions. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 292:R1828-R1833.
185. Scott M.M., Lachey J.L., Sternson S.M., Lee C.E., Elias C.F., Friedman J.M., Elmquist J.K. Leptin targets in the mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 514:518-532.
186. Shalev U., Yap J., Shaham Y. Leptin attenuates acute food deprivation-induced relapse to heroin seeking. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:RC129.
187. K.A. Sharkey, Q.J. Pittman, Central and peripheral signaling mechanisms involved in endocannabinoid regulation of feeding: a perspective on the munchies, Sci STKE 2005 (2005) pe15.
188. Shimbara T., Mondal M.S., Kawagoe T., Toshinai K., Koda S., Yamaguchi H., Date Y., Nakazato M. Central administration of ghrelin preferentially enhances fat ingestion. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 369:75-79.
189. Simon G.E., Von Korff M., Saunders K., Miglioretti D.L., Crane P.K., van Belle G., Kessler R.C. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:824-830.
190. Sinha R., Catapano D., O'Malley S. Stress-induced craving and stress response in cocaine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1999, 142:343-351.
191. Skibicka K.P., Hansson C., Alvarez-Crespo M., Friberg P.A., Dickson S.L. Ghrelin directly targets the ventral tegmental area to increase food motivation. Neuroscience 2011, 180:129-137.
192. Small D.M., Zatorre R.J., Dagher A., Evans A.C., Jones-Gotman M. Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain 2001, 124:1720-1733.
193. Small D.M., Jones-Gotman M., Dagher A. Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers. Neuroimage 2003, 19:1709-1715.
194. Smith K.S., Berridge K.C. The ventral pallidum and hedonic reward: neurochemical maps of sucrose " liking" and food intake. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:8637-8649.
195. Smith S.L., Harrold J.A., Williams G. Diet-induced obesity increases mu opioid receptor binding in specific regions of the rat brain. Brain Res. 2002, 953:215-222.
196. South T., Huang X.F. High-fat diet exposure increases dopamine D2 receptor and decreases dopamine transporter receptor binding density in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen of mice. Neurochem. Res. 2008, 33:598-605.
197. South T., Huang X.F. Temporal and site-specific brain alterations in CB1 receptor binding in high fat diet-induced obesity in C57Bl/6 mice. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20:1288-1294.
198. Spanagel R., Herz A., Shippenberg T.S. The effects of opioid peptides on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 1990, 55:1734-1740.
199. Spanagel R., Herz A., Shippenberg T.S. Opposing tonically active endogenous opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:2046-2050.
200. Spangler R., Wittkowski K.M., Goddard N.L., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2004, 124:134-142.
201. Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., Small D.M. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Science 2008, 322:449-452.
202. Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., Veldhuizen M.G., Small D.M. Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated food intake to obesity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2008, 117:924-935.
203. Stice E., Spoor S., Ng J., Zald D.H. Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 97:551-560.
204. Stice E., Yokum S., Blum K., Bohon C. Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:13105-13109.
205. Teegarden S.L., Bale T.L. Decreases in dietary preference produce increased emotionality and risk for dietary relapse. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:1021-1029.
206. Teegarden S.L., Nestler E.J., Bale T.L. Delta FosB-mediated alterations in dopamine signaling are normalized by a palatable high-fat diet. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 64:941-950.
207. Teegarden S.L., Scott A.N., Bale T.L. Early life exposure to a high fat diet promotes long-term changes in dietary preferences and central reward signaling. Neuroscience 2009, 162:924-932.
208. Tempel D.L., Leibowitz K.J., Leibowitz S.F. Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection. Peptides 1988, 9:309-314.
209. Thornton-Jones Z.D., Kennett G.A., Benwell K.R., Revell D.F., Misra A., Sellwood D.M., Vickers S.P., Clifton P.G. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist, rimonabant, modifies body weight and adiponectin function in diet-induced obese rats as a consequence of reduced food intake. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006, 84:353-359.
210. Tiggemann M., Kemps E. The phenomenology of food cravings: the role of mental imagery. Appetite 2005, 45:305-313.
211. Turchan J., Lason W., Budziszewska B., Przewlocka B. Effects of single and repeated morphine administration on the prodynorphin, proenkephalin and dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in the mouse brain. Neuropeptides 1997, 31:24-28.
212. Turkish S., Cooper S.J. Fluid consumption in water-deprived rats after administration of naloxone or quaternary naloxone. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1983, 7:835-839.
213. Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Ostrander M.M., Thomas I.M., Packard B.A., Furay A.R., Dolgas C.M., Van Hooren D.C., Figueiredo H.F., Mueller N.K., Choi D.C., Herman J.P. Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses. Endocrinology 2007, 148:1823-1834.
214. Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Christiansen A.M., Ostrander M.M., Jones A.A., Jones K.R., Choi D.C., Krause E.G., Evanson N.K., Furay A.R., Davis J.F., Solomon M.B., de Kloet A.D., Tamashiro K.L., Sakai R.R., Seeley R.J., Woods S.C., Herman J.P. Pleasurable behaviors reduce stress via brain reward pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:20529-20534.
215. Vanderschuren L.J., Everitt B.J. Behavioral and neural mechanisms of compulsive drug seeking. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 526:77-88.
216. Vialou V., Cui H., Perello M., Mahgoub M., Yu H.G., Rush A.J., Pranav H., Jung S., Yangisawa M., Zigman J.M., Elmquist J.K., Nestler E.J., Lutter M. A role for DeltaFosB in calorie restriction-induced metabolic changes. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 70:204-207.
217. Vigano D., Rubino T., Di Chiara G., Ascari I., Massi P., Parolaro D. Mu opioid receptor signaling in morphine sensitization. Neuroscience 2003, 117:921-929.
218. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Hitzemann R., Logan J., Schlyer D.J., Dewey S.L., Wolf A.P. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 1993, 14:169-177.
219. Volkow N.D., Chang L., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Ding Y.S., Sedler M., Logan J., Franceschi D., Gatley J., Hitzemann R., Gifford A., Wong C., Pappas N. Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:2015-2021.
220. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Baler R., Telang F. Imaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology 2008, 56(Suppl. 1):3-8.
221. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Telang F., Fowler J.S., Goldstein R.Z., Alia-Klein N., Logan J., Wong C., Thanos P.K., Ma Y., Pradhan K. Inverse association between BMI and prefrontal metabolic activity in healthy adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:60-65.
222. Volkow N.D., Tomasi D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Telang F., Goldstein R.Z., Alia-Klein N., Wong C. Reduced metabolism in brain " control networks" following cocaine-cues exposure in female cocaine abusers. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16573.
223. Wallace D.L., Vialou V., Rios L., Carle-Florence T.L., Chakravarty S., Kumar A., Graham D.L., Green T.A., Kirk A., Iniguez S.D., Perrotti L.I., Barrot M., DiLeone R.J., Nestler E.J., Bolanos-Guzman C.A. The influence of DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens on natural reward-related behavior. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:10272-10277.
224. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Logan J., Abumrad N.N., Hitzemann R.J., Pappas N.S., Pascani K. Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997, 16:174-182.
225. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Logan J., Pappas N.R., Wong C.T., Zhu W., Netusil N., Fowler J.S. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 2001, 357:354-357.
226. Wang L., Lee I.M., Manson J.E., Buring J.E., Sesso H.D. Alcohol consumption, weight gain, and risk of becoming overweight in middle-aged and older women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010, 170:453-461.
227. Wansink B. From mindless eating to mindlessly eating better. Physiol. Behav. 2010, 100:454-463.
228. Wansink B., Kim J. Bad popcorn in big buckets: portion size can influence intake as much as taste. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2005, 37:242-245.
229. Wansink B., Payne C.R., Chandon P. Internal and external cues of meal cessation: the French paradox redux?. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007, 15:2920-2924.
230. Waters A., Hill A., Waller G. Bulimics' responses to food cravings: is binge-eating a product of hunger or emotional state?. Behav. Res. Ther. 2001, 39:877-886.
231. Wee S., Koob G.F. The role of the dynorphin-kappa opioid system in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2010, 210:121-135.
232. Weingarten H.P. Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: a role for learning in meal initiation. Science 1983, 220:431-433.
233. Weingarten H.P., Elston D. The phenomenology of food cravings. Appetite 1990, 15:231-246.
234. Weingarten H.P., Elston D. Food cravings in a college population. Appetite 1991, 17:167-175.
235. Weiss F. Neurobiology of craving, conditioned reward and relapse. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2005, 5:9-19.
236. Weiss F., Parsons L.H., Schulteis G., Hyytia P., Lorang M.T., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:3474-3485.
237. Welch C.C., Kim E.M., Grace M.K., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Palatability-induced hyperphagia increases hypothalamic Dynorphin peptide and mRNA levels. Brain Res. 1996, 721:126-131.
238. Weldon D.T., O'Hare E., Cleary J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Effect of naloxone on intake of cornstarch, sucrose, and polycose diets in restricted and nonrestricted rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:R1183-R1188.
239. Wellman P.J., Nation J.R., Davis K.W. Impairment of acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats maintained on a high-fat diet. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007, 88:89-93.
240. White M.A., Whisenhunt B.L., Williamson D.A., Greenway F.L., Netemeyer R.G. Development and validation of the food-craving inventory. Obes. Res. 2002, 10:107-114.
241. Wolf M.E. The Bermuda Triangle of cocaine-induced neuroadaptations. Trends Neurosci. 2010, 33:391-398.
242. Wolf M.E., Sun X., Mangiavacchi S., Chao S.Z. Psychomotor stimulants and neuronal plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47(Suppl. 1):61-79.
243. Wolffgramm J., Galli G., Thimm F., Heyne A. Animal models of addiction: models for therapeutic strategies?. J. Neural Transm. 2000, 107:649-668.
244. Woods J.E., McKay P.F., Masters J., Seyoum R., Chen A., La Duff L., Lewis M.J., June H.L. Differential responding for brain stimulation reward and sucrose in high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003, 27:926-936.
245. Yirmiya R., Lieblich I., Liebeskind J.C. Reduced saccharin preference in CXBK (opioid receptor-deficient) mice. Brain Res. 1988, 438:339-342.
246. Zhang M., Kelley A.E. Opiate agonists microinjected into the nucleus accumbens enhance sucrose drinking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1997, 132:350-360.
247. Zhang M., Gosnell B.A., Kelley A.E. Intake of high-fat food is selectively enhanced by mu opioid receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 285:908-914.
248. Zhang D., Zhang L., Lou D.W., Nakabeppu Y., Zhang J., Xu M. The dopamine D1 receptor is a critical mediator for cocaine-induced gene expression. J. Neurochem. 2002, 82:1453-1464.
249. Zhang M., Balmadrid C., Kelley A.E. Nucleus accumbens opioid, GABaergic, and dopaminergic modulation of palatable food motivation: contrasting effects revealed by a progressive ratio study in the rat. Behav. Neurosci. 2003, 117:202-211.
250. Ziotopoulou M., Mantzoros C.S., Hileman S.M., Flier J.S. Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 279:E838-E845.