Redefining the components of central CO 2 chemosensitivity - towards a better understanding of mechanism

Journal of Physiology

Volumn 589, Issue 23, 2011, Pages 5561-5579

  Huckstepp, Robert T R ^a   Dale, Nicholas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACID SENSING ION CHANNEL; CARBON DIOXIDE; CONNEXIN 26; INWARDLY RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL; TANDEM PORE DOMAIN POTASSIUM CHANNEL;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BRAIN REGION; BREATHING; CELL TYPE; CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; LEPTOMENINGES; LOCUS CERULEUS; MARGINAL GLIAL LAYER; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PARAVENTRICULAR THALAMIC NUCLEUS; PH; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAPHE NUCLEUS; RETROTRAPEZOID NUCLEUS; REVIEW; SENSORY STIMULATION; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS; HUMANS; RESPIRATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 82455206100     PISSN: 00223751     EISSN: 14697793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.214759     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. 2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296, R1473-R1495.
2. Anaclet C, Parmentier R, Ouk K, Guidon G, Buda C, Sastre J-P, Akaoka H, Sergeeva OA, Yanagisawa M, Ohtsu H, Franco P, Haas HL & Lin J-S (2009). Orexin/hypocretin and histamine: distinct roles in the control of wakefulness demonstrated using knock-out mouse models. J Neurosci 29, 14423-14438.
3. Arendt D (2008). The evolution of cell types in animals: emerging principles from molecular studies. Nat Rev Genet 9, 868-882.
4. Beaver WL, Wasserman K & Whipp BJ (1986). Bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid generated during exercise. J Appl Physiol 60, 472-478.
5. 2-induced c-fos expression in medullary neurons during early development. Resp Physiol 117, 13-28.
6. Berqin P, Bodineau L, Gros F & Larnicol N (2000). Brainstem and hypothalamic areas involved in respiratory chemoreflexes: a Fos study in adult rats. Brain Res 857, 30-40.
7. Bevans CG & Harris AL (1999). Regulation of connexin channels by pH: direct action of the protonated form of taurine and other aminosulfonates. J Biol Chem 274, 3711-3719.
8. 2 drive to breathing. Pflugers Arch 455, 1119-1128.
9. (1/2) systems and the newborn rat respiratory control: A comparative in vivo and in vitro study. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 141, 47-57.
10. Bradley SR, Pieribone VA, Wang W, Severson CA, Jacobs RA & Richerson GB (2002). Chemosensitive serotonergic neurons are closely associated with large medullary arteries. Nat Neurosci 5, 401-402.
11. Brian JEJ (1998). Carbon dioxide and the cerebral circulation. Anesthesiology 88, 1365-1386.
12. Browne HAK, Adams L, Simonds AK & Morrel MJ (2003). Ageing does not influence the sleep-related decrease in the hypercapnic ventillatory response. Eur Resp J 21, 523-529.
13. 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 16354-16359.
14. Cao Y & Song G (2007). Purinergic modulation of respiration via medullary raphe nuclei in rats. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 155, 114-120.
15. Carter ME, Adamantidis A, Ohtsu H, Deisseroth K & de Lecea L (2009). Sleep homeostasis modulates hypocretin-mediated sleep-to-wake transitions. J Neurosci 29, 10939-10949.
16. Catron TF, Powell FL & West JB (2006). A strategy for determining arterial blood gases on the summit of Mt. Everest. BMC Physiol 6, 1-6.
17. Cham JL, Owens NC, Barden JA, Lawrence AJ & Badoer E (2005). P2X purinoceptor subtypes on paraventricular nucleus neurons projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat. Exp Physiol 91, 403-411.
18. Chandrashekar J, Yarmolinsky D, von Buchholtz L, Oka Y, Sly W, Ryba NJP & Zuker CS (2009). The taste of carbonation. Science 326, 443-445.
19. Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, Elmquist JK, Scammell T, Lee C, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Xiong Y, Kisanuki Y, Fitch TE, Nakazato M, Hammer RE, Saper CB & Yanagisawa M (1999). Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 98, 437-451.
20. Chen Y, Cann MJ, Litvin TN, Lourgenko V, Sinclair ML, Levin LR & Buck J (2000). Soluable adenylyl cyclase as an evoultionary conserved bicarbonate sensor. Science 289, 625-627.
21. 2 chemosensitivity. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 298-304.
22. Coates EL, Li A & Nattie EE (1993). Widespread sites of brain stem ventilatory chemoreceptors. J Appl Physiol 75, 5-14.
23. Coote JH, Yang Z, Pyner S & Deering J (1998). Control of sympathetic outflows by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25, 461-463.
24. Corcoran A, Richerson G & Harris M (2010). Modulation of respiratory activity by hypocretin-1 (orexin A) in situ and in vitro. In New Frontiers in Respiratory Control, ed. Homma I, Fukuchi Y & Onimaru H, pp. 109-113. Springer, New York
25. 2/pH sensitivity. J Biol Chem 286, 192-198.
26. 2 and central chemoreception in the control of breathing in the fetus and the neonate. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 201-212.
27. Dauger S, Pattyn A, Lofaso F, Gaultier C, Goridis C, Gallego J & Brunet J-F (2003). Phox2b controls the development of peripheral chemoreceptors and afferent visceral pathways. Development 130, 6635-6642.
28. 2. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 274-287.
29. Deng B-S, Nakamura A, Zhang W, Yanagisawa M, Fukuda Y & Kuwaki T (2007). Contribution of orexin in hypercapnic chemoreflex: evidence from genetic and pharmacological disruption and supplementation studies in mice. J Appl Physiol 103, 1772-1779.
30. DePuy SD, Kanbar R, Coates MB, Stornetta RL & Guyenet PG (2011). Control of Breathing by Raphe Obscurus Serotonergic Neurons in Mice. J Neurosci 31, 1981-1990.
31. Dergacheva O, Philbin K, Bateman R & Mendelowitz D (2011). Hypocretin-1 (orexin A) prevents the effects of hypoxia/hypercapnia and enhances the GABAergic pathway from the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Neuroscience 175, 18-23.
32. Devoto P, Flore G, Saba P, Fä M & Gessa GL (2005). Stimulation of the locus coeruleus elicits noradrenaline and dopamine release in the medial prefrontal and parietal cortex. J Neurochem 92, 368-374.
33. Dias MB, Li A & Nattie E (2010). The orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) in the rostral medullary raphe contributes to the hypercapnic chemoreflex in wakefulness, during the active period of the diurnal cycle. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 170, 96-102.
34. Dias MB, Li A & Nattie EE (2009). Antagonism of orexin receptor-1 in the retrotrapezoid nucleus inhibits the ventilatory response to hypercapnia predominantly in wakefulness. J Physiol 587, 2059-2067.
35. Dillon GH & Waldrop TG (1992). In vitro responses of caudal hypothalamic neurons to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Neuroscience 51, 941-950.
36. Dubreuil V, Thoby-Brisson M, Rallu M, Persson K, Pattyn A, Birchmeier C, Brunet J-F, Fortin G & Goridis C (2009). Defective Respiratory rhythmogenesis and loss of central chemosensitivity in Phox2b mutants targeting retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. J Neurosci 29, 14836-14846.
37. Duffin J (2010). The role of the central chemoreceptors: A modeling perspective. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 230-243.
38. Duncan JR, Paterson DS, Hoffman JM, Mokler DJ, Borenstein NS, Belliveau RA, Krous HF, Haas EA, Stanley C, Nattie EE, Trachtenberg FL & Kinney HC (2010). Brainstem serotonergic deficiency in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 303, 430-437.
39. Eldridge FL, Kiley JP & Millhorn DE (1985). Respiratory responses to medullary hydrogen ion changes in cats: different effects of respiratory and metabolic acidoses. J Physiol 358, 285-297.
40. Erlichman JS, Leiter JC & Gourine AV (2010). ATP, glia and central respiratory control. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 305-311.
41. Erlichman JS, Li A & Nattie EE (1998). Ventillatory effects of glial dysfunction in a rat brain stem chemoreceptor region. J Appl Physiol 85, 1599-1604.
42. Eugenin J, von Bernhardi R, Muller KJ & Llona I (2006). Development and pH sensitivity of the respiratory rhythm of fetal mice in vitro. Neuroscience 141, 223-231.
43. Feldman JL, Mitchell GS & Nattie EE (2003). Breathing: Rhythmicity, plasticity, chemosensitivity. Annu Rev Neurosci 26, 239-266.
44. Fencl V, Miller T & Pappenheimer (1966). Studies on the respiratory response to disturbances of acid-base balance, with deductions concerning the ionic composition of cerebral interstitial fluid. Am J Physiol 210, 459-472.
45. Filippov MA, Hormuzdi SG, Fuchs EC & Monyer H (2003). A reporter allele for investigating connexin 26 gene expression in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 18, 3183-3192.
46. Filosa JA, Dean JB & Putnam RW (2002). Role of intracellular and extracellular pH in the chemosensitive response of rat locus coeruleus neurones. J Physiol 541, 493-509.
47. 2+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 53, C145-C155.
48. 33P]deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate autoradiography. Neuroscience 113, 809-823.
49. Forster HV, Ohtake PJ, Pan LG & Lowry TF (1997). Effect on breathing of surface ventrolateral medullary cooling in awake, anesthetized and asleep goats. Resp Physiol 110, 187-197.
50. 2 partial pressure during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 60, 653-660 (abstract only).
51. Foster RG & Bellingham J (2004). Inner retinal photoreceptors (IRPs) in mammals and teleost fish. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3, 617-627.
52. Foster RG, Provencio I, Hudson D, Fiske S, Grip W & Menaker M (1991). Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse. J Comp Physiol A 169, 39-50.
53. + on the membrane potential of silent cells in the ventral and dorsal surface layers of the rat medullain vitro. Eur J Physiol 376, 229-235.
54. Gargaglioni LH, Hartzler LK & Putnam RW (2010). The locus coeruleus and central chemosensitivity. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 264-273.
55. Göbel U, Schröck H, Seller H & Kuschinsky W (1990). Glucose utilization, blood flow and capillary density in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat. Eur J Physiol 416, 477-480.
56. Goridis C & Brunet J-F (2010). Central chemoreception: Lessons from mouse and human genetics. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 312-321.
57. Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM & Coplan JD (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatr 157, 493-505.
58. Gourine AV, Kasymov V, Marina N, Tang F, Figueiredo MF, Lane S, Teschemacher AG, Spyer KM, Deisseroth K & Kasparov S (2010). Astrocytes control breathing through pH-dependent release of ATP. Science 329, 571-575.
59. Gourine AV, Llaudet E, Dale N & Spyer KM (2005). ATP is a mediator of chemosensory transduction in the central nervous system. Nature 436, 108-111.
60. Grant P & Moens C (2010). The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and a substrate for neuron migration in the zebrafish hindbrain. Neural Dev 5, 9.
61. 2 homeostasis, and breathing automaticity. J Appl Physiol 105, 404-416.
62. Guyenet PG & Mulkey DK (2010). Retrotrapezoid nucleus and parafacial respiratory group. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 244-255.
63. Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL & Bayliss DA (2010). Central respiratory chemoreception. J Comp Neurol 518, 3883-3906.
64. Haldane JS & Priestley JG (1905). The regulation of the lung-ventillation. J Physiol 32, 225-265.
65. Hankins MW, Peirson SN & Foster RG (2008). Melanopsin: an exciting photopigment. Trends Neurosci 31, 27-36.
66. Hartzler LK, Dean JB & Putnam RW (2008). The chemosensitive response of neurons from the locus coeruleus (LC) to hypercapnic acidosis with clamped intracellular ph integration in respiratory control. ed. Poulin MJ & Wilson RJA, pp. 333-337. Springer, New York
67. Haxhiu MA, Tolentino-Silva F, Pete G, Kc P & Mack SO (2001). Monoaminergic neurons, chemosensation and arousal. Resp Physiol 129, 191-209.
68. Hewitt A, Barrie R, Graham M, Bogus K, Leiter JC & Erlichman JS (2004). Ventilatory effects of gap junction blockade in the RTN in awake rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287, R1407-R1418.
69. Hodges MR & Richerson GB (2010). Medullary serotonin neurons and their roles in central respiratory chemoreception. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 256-263.
70. Hodges MR, Tattersall GJ, Harris MB, McEvoy SD, Richerson DN, Deneris ES, Johnson RL, Chen ZF & Richerson GB (2008). Defects in breathing and thermoregulation in mice with near-complete absence of central serotonin neurons. J Neurosci 28, 2495-2505.
71. Holleran J, Babbie M & Erlichman JS (2001). Ventillatory effects of impaired glia function in a brain stem chemoreceptor region in the concious rat. J Appl Physiol 90, 1539-1547.
72. 2 by an olfactory subsystem in the mouse. Science 317, 953-957.
73. Huang Z-G, Griffioen KJS, Wang X, Dergacheva O, Kamendi H, Gorini C, Bouairi E & Mendelowitz D (2006). Differential control of central cardiorespiratory interactions by hypercapnia and the effect of prenatal nicotine. J Neurosci 26, 21-29.
74. + channel. Pflugers Archiv 461, 337-344.
75. 2-dependent opening of connexin 26 and related β connexins. J Physiol 588, 3921-3931.
76. 2-dependent release of ATP in the medulla oblongata contributes to central respiratory chemosensitivity. J Physiol 588, 3901-3920.
77. Infante CD, Von Bernhardi R, Rovegno M, Llona I & Eugenin J (2003). Respiratory responses to pH in the absence of pontine and dorsal medullary areas in the new born mousein vitro. Brain Res 984, 198-205.
78. Janczewski WA & Feldman JL (2006a). Distinct rhythm generators for inspiration and expiration in the juvenile rat. J Physiol 570, 407-420.
79. Janczewski WA & Feldman JL (2006b). Novel data supporting the two respiratory rhythm oscillator hypothesis. focus on "respiration-related rhythmic activity in the rostral medulla of newborn rats". J Neurophysiol 96, 1-2.
80. 2-mediated arousal? Exp Neurol 193, 228-233.
81. Jones WD, Cayirlioglu P, Grunwald Kadow I & Vosshall LB (2007). Two chemosensory receptors together mediate carbon dioxide detection inDrosophila. Nature 445, 86-90.
82. Kawai A, Ballantyne D, Mückenhoff K & Scheid P (1996). Chemosensitive medullary neurons in the brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat. J Physiol 492, 277-292.
83. + chemoreception by respiratory rhythm generator neurons in the medulla from newborn ratsin vitro. J Physiol 572, 525-537.
84. 3 in brain. Resp Physiol 28, 387-401.
85. 2-induced c-Fos expression in hypothalamic vasopressin containing neurons. Resp Physiol 129, 289-296.
86. Kc P & Martin RJ (2010). Role of central neurotransmission and chemoreception on airway control. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 213-222.
87. Kilmartin JV & Rossi-Bernard L (1971). The binding of carbon dioxide by horse haemoglobin. Biochem J 124, 31-45.
88. Knill R, Kieraszewicz H, Dodgson B & Clement J (1983). Chemical regulation of ventilation during isoflurane sedation and anaesthesia in humans. Can Anaesth Soc J 30, 607-614.
89. Koh SO & Severinghaus JW (1990). Effect of halothane on hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses of goats. Br J Anaesth 65, 713-717.
90. +-dominated leak current regulating respiratory rhythm generation in vitro. J Neurosci 30, 4273-4284.
91. Krause KL, Forster HV, Davis SE, Kiner T, Bonis JM, Pan LG & Qian B (2009). Focal acidosis in the pre-Botzinger complex area of awake goats induces a mild tachypnea. J Appl Physiol 106, 241-250.
92. Kuwaki T, Li A & Nattie E (2010). State-dependent central chemoreception: A role of orexin. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 223-229.
93. Lazarenko RM, Stornetta RL, Bayliss DA & Guyenet PG (2011). Orexin A activates retrotrapezoid neurons in mice. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 175, 283-287.
94. Li A & Nattie E (2006). Catecholamine neurones in rats modulate sleep, breathing, central chemoreception and breathing variability. J Physiol 570, 385-396.
95. Li A & Nattie E (2010). Antagonism of rat orexin receptors by almorexant attenuates central chemoreception in wakefulness in the active period of the diurnal cycle. J Physiol 588, 2935-2944.
96. Li A & Nattie EE (2008a). Central chemoreception is a complex system function that involves multiple brainstem sites. J Appl Physiol 106, 1464-1466.
97. Li A & Nattie EE (2008b). Serotonin transporter knockout mice have a reduced ventilatory response to hypercapnia (predominantly in males) but not to hypoxia. J Physiol 586, 2321-2329.
98. 2 response in conscious rats. J Physiol 577, 307-318.
99. + exchanger. J Biol Chem 277, 36085-36091.
100. Li X, Liu Y, Alvarez BV, Casey JR & Fliegel L (2006b). A novel carbonic anhydrase II binding site regulates NHE1 activity. Biochemistry 45, 2414-2424.
101. Li Y-H & Ku Y-H (2002). Involvement of rat lateral septum-acetylcholine pressor system in central amygdaloid nucleus-emotional pressor circuit. Neurosci Lett 323, 60-64.
102. Loeschcke HH (1982). Central chemosensitivity and the reaction theory. J Physiol 332, 1-24.
103. 1 receptor modulation of the pre-Bötzinger complex inspiratory rhythm generating network in vitro. J Neurosci 27, 993-1005.
104. 2 chemosensitivity in vitro. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 142, 27-42.
105. Lundqvist T & Schneider G (1991). Crystal structure of the ternary complex of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, magnesium(II) and activator carbon dioxide at 2.3-Å resolution. Biochemistry 30, 904-908.
106. Mack SO, Wu M, Kc P & Haxhiu MA (2007). Stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus modulates cardiorespiratory responses via oxytocinergic innervation of neurons in pre-Bötzinger complex. J Appl Physiol 102, 189-199.
107. Marina N, Abdala AP, Trapp S, Li A, Nattie EE, Hewinson J, Smith JC, Paton JFR & Gourine AV (2010). Essential role of Phox2b-expressing ventrolateral brainstem neurons in the chemosensory control of inspiration and expiration. J Neurosci 30, 12466-12473.
108. Maveyraud L, Golemi D, Kotra LP, Tranier S, Vakulenko S, Mobashery S & Samama JP (2000). Insights into class D β-lactamases are revealed by the crystal structure of the OXA10 enzyme fromPseudomonas aeruginosa. Structure 8, 1289-1298.
109. Milsom WK (2010). The phylogeny of central chemoreception. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 195-200.
110. Moreira TS, Takakura AC, Colombari E & Guyenet PG (2006). Central chemoreceptors and sympathetic vasomotor outflow. J Physiol 577, 369-386.
111. Morrel MJ, Heywood P, Moosavi SH, Guz A & Stevens J (1999). Unilateral focal lesions in the rostral medulla influence chemosensitivity and breathing measured during wakefullness, sleep, and exercise. J Neurobiol Psychiatr 67, 637-645.
112. Morrel MJ, Heywood P, Moosavi SH, Stevens J & Guz A (2001). Central chemosensitivity and breathing asleep in unilateral medullary lesion patients: comparison to animal data. Resp Physiol 129, 269-277.
113. Mortola JP & Lanthier C (1996). The ventilatory and metabolic response to hypercapnia in newborn mammalian species. Resp Physiol 103, 263-270.
114. Mulkey DK, Mistry AM, Guyenet PG & Bayliss DA (2006). Purinergic P2 receptors modulate excitability but do not mediate pH sensitivity of RTN respiratory chemoreceptors. J Neurosci 26, 7230-7233.
115. Mulkey DK, Rosin DL, West G, Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Bayliss DA & Guyenet PG (2007a). Serotonergic Neurons Activate Chemosensitive Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Neurons by a pH-Independent Mechanism. J Neurosci 27, 14128-14138.
116. Mulkey DK, Stornetta RL, Weston MC, Simmons JR, Parker A, Bayliss DA & Guyenet PG (2004). Respiratory control by ventral surface chemoreceptor neurons in rats. Nat Neurosci 7, 1360-1369.
117. Mulkey DK, Talley EM, Stornetta RL, Siegel AR, West GH, Chen X, Sen N, Mistry AM, Guyenet PG & Bayliss DA (2007b). TASK channels determine pH sensitivity in select respiratory neurons but do not contribute to central respiratory chemosensitivity. J Neurosci 27, 14049-14058.
118. Narumi S & Miyamoto E (1974). Activation and phosphorylation of carbonic anhydrase by adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 350, 215-224.
119. 2, brainstem chemoreceptors and breathing. Prog Neurobiol 59, 299-331.
120. Nattie E (2011). Julius H. Comroe, Jr., Distinguished Lecture: Central chemoreception: then ... and now. J Appl Physiol 110, 1-8.
121. Nattie EE (2000). Multiple sites for central chemoreception: their role in response sensitivity and in sleep and wakefullness. Resp Physiol 122, 223-235.
122. Nattie EE (2001). Central chemosensitivity, sleep and wakefullness. Resp Physiol 129, 257-268.
123. Nattie EE & Forster HV (2010). Foreword. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 193-194.
124. 2 dialysis in nucleus tractus solitarius region of rat increases ventilation in sleep and wakefulness. J Appl Physiol 92, 2119-2130.
125. Nichols NL, Hartzler LK, Conrad SC, Dean JB & Putnam RW (2008). Intrinsic chemosensitivity of individual nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and locus coeruleus (LC) neurons from neonatal rats. In Integration in Respiratory Control, ed. Poulin MJ & Wilson RJA, pp. 348-352. Springer New York
126. Nieber K, Poelchen W & Illes P (1997). Role of ATP in fast excitatory synaptic potentials in locus coeruleus neurones of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 122, 423-430.
127. Nunes AR, Monteiro EC, Johnson SM & Gauda EB (2009). Bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) mRNA expression and activity in peripheral chemoreceptors. In Arterial Chemoreceptors, ed. Gonzalez C, Nurse CA & Peers C, pp. 235-241. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology vol 648. Springer.
128. Oikawa S, Hirakawa H, Kusakabe T, Nakashima Y & Hayashida Y (2005). Autonomic cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia in conscious rats: the roles of the chemo- and baroreceptors. Auton Neurosci 117, 105-114.
129. Okada Y, Chen Z, Jiang W, Kuwana S-I & Eldridge FL (2002). Anatomical arrangement of hypercapnia-activated cells in the superficial ventral medulla of rats. J Appl Physiol 93, 427-439.
130. Okada Y, Chen Z & Kuwana S-I (2001). Cytoarchitecture of central chemoreceptors in the mamalian ventral medulla. Resp Physiol 129, 13-23.
131. Okada Y, Masumiya H, Tamura Y & Oku Y (2007). Respiratory and metabolic acidosis differentially affect the respiratory neuronal network in the ventral medulla of neonatal rats. Eur J Neurosci 26, 2834-2843.
132. Pace RW, Mackay DD, Feldman JL & Del Negro CA (2007). Role of persistent sodium current in mouse pre-Bötzinger Complex neurons and respiratory rhythm generation. J Physiol 580, 485-496.
133. Pagliardini S, Janczewski WA, Tan W, Dickson CT, Deisseroth K & Feldman JL (2011). Active expiration induced by excitation of ventral medulla in adult anesthetized rats. J Neurosci 31, 2895-2905.
134. Papp L, Klein D & Gorman J (1993). Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150, 1149-1157.
135. Pappenheimer JR, Fencl V, Heisey SR & Held D (1965). Role of cerebral fluids in control of respiration as studied in unanesthetized goats. Am J Physiol 208, 436-450.
136. Parmentier R, Ohtsu H, Djebbara-Hannas Z, Valatx J-L, Watanabe T & Lin J-S (2002). Anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of histidine decarboxylase knock-out mice: evidence for the role of brain histamine in behavioral and sleep-wake control. J Neurosci 22, 7695-7711.
137. Paton JFR (1996). A working heart-brainstem preparation of the mouse. J Neurosci Methods 65, 63-68.
138. Patwari PP, Carroll MS, Rand CM, Kumar R, Harper R & Weese-Mayer DE (2010). Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and the PHOX2B gene: A model of respiratory and autonomic dysregulation. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 322-335.
139. Peers C & Buckler KJ (1995). Transduction of chemostimuli by the type 1 carotid body cell. J Membr Biol 144, 1-9.
140. Penatti EM, Berniker AV, Kereshi B, Cafaro C, Kelly ML, Niblock MM, Gao HG, Kinney HC, Li A & Nattie EE (2006). Ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia after extensive lesion of medullary serotonergic neurons in newborn conscious piglets. J Appl Physiol 101, 1177-1188.
141. Ptak K, Yamanishi T, Aungst J, Milescu LS, Zhang R, Richerson GB & Smith JC (2009). Raphe neurons stimulate respiratory circuit activity by multiple mechanisms via endogenously released serotonin and substance P. J Neurosci 29, 3720-3737.
142. 2 chemosensitivity. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 149, 165-179.
143. 2 and acid signalling in chemosensitive neurons. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287, C1493-C1526.
144. Ralevic V, Thomas T, Burnstock G & Spyer KM (1999). Characterisation of P2 receptors modulating neural activity in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 94, 867-878.
145. 2 chemosensitivity in conditional Phox2b mutants. J Neurosci 31, 12880-12888.
146. Ray RS, Corcoran AE, Brust RD, Kim JC, Richerson GB, Nattie E & Dymecki SM (2011). Impaired respiratory and body temperature control upon acute serotonergic neuron inhibition. Science 333, 637-642.
147. Rentero N, Bruandet N, Milne B & Quintin L (1998). Catechol activation in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla after systemic isocapnic metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275, R350-R356.
148. 2. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 273, R947-R955.
149. +-sensitive neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rat. J Physiol 549, 181-194.
150. Ribas-Salgueiro JL, Gaytán SP, Ribas J & Pásaro R (2005). Characterization of efferent projections of chemosensitive neurons in the caudal parapyramidal area of the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 66, 235-248.
151. Richerson GB (2004). Serotonergic neurons as carbon dioxide sensors that maintain pH homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 5, 449-461.
152. Ritucci NA, Erlichman JS, Leiter JC & Putnam RW (2005). Response of membrane potential and intracellular pH to hypercapnia in neurons and astrocytes from rat retrotrapezoid nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289, 851-861.
153. Rosenstein JM, Krum JM & Ruhrberg C (2010). VEGF in the nervous system. Organogenesis 6 107-114.
154. Sansum AJ, Chessell IP, Hicks GA, Trezise DJ & Humphrey PPA (1998). Evidence that P2X purinoceptors mediate the excitatory effects of αβmethylene-ADP in rat locus coeruleus neurones. Neuropharmacology 37, 875-885.
155. 2 chemoreceptor neuron identification by c-fos immunocytochemistry. J Appl Physiol 73, 96-100.
156. Schmid A, Sutto Z, Nlend M-C, Horvath G, Schmid N, Buck J, Levin LR, Conner GE, Fregien N & Salathe M (2007). Soluble adenylyl cyclase is localized to cilia and contributes to ciliary beat frequency regulation via production of cAMP. J Gen Physiol 130, 99-109.
157. Schwarz Q, Gu C, Fujisawa H, Sabelko K, Gertsenstein M, Nagy A, Taniguchi M, Kolodkin AL, Ginty DD, Shima DT & Ruhrberg C (2004). Vascular endothelial growth factor controls neuronal migration and cooperates with Sema3A to pattern distinct compartments of the facial nerve. Genes Dev 18, 2822-2834.
158. Sergeeva OA, Klyuch BP, Fleischer W, Eriksson KS, Korotkova TM, Siebler M & Haas HL (2006). P2Y receptor-mediated excitation in the posteria hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 24, 1413-1426.
159. Severson CA, Wang W, Pieribone VA, Dohle CI & Richerson GB (2003). Midbrain serotonergic neurons are central chemoreceptors. Nat Neurosci 6, 1139-1140.
160. + as central stimuli of respiration in the cat. J Appl Physiol 58, 357-364.
161. Smith CA, Forster HV, Blain GM & Dempsey JA (2010). An interdependent model of central/peripheral chemoreception: Evidence and implications for ventilatory control. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 173, 288-297.
162. Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, Richter DW & Feldman JL (1991). Pre-Bötzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science 254, 726-729.
163. Solomon IC, Chon KH & Rodriguez MN (2003). Blockade of brain stem gap junctions increases phrenic burst frequency and reduces phrenic burst synchronisation in adult rat. J Neurophysiol 89, 135-149.
164. + chemoreception in the cat pre-Bötzinger complex in vivo. J Appl Physiol 88, 1996-2007.
165. Stocker SD, Steinbacher BC Jr, Balaban CD & Yates BJ (1997). Connections of the caudal ventrolateral medullary reticular formation in the cat brainstem. Exp Brain Res 116, 270-280.
166. Stunden CE, Filosa JA, Garcia AJ, Dean JB & Putnam RW (2001). Development ofin vivoventillatory and single chemosensitive neuron response to hypercapnia in rats. Resp Physiol 127, 135-155.
167. 2 chemosensitivity verus wide sensing spectrum: a paradoxical problem and its solutions in cultured brainstem neurons. J Physiol 578, 831-841.
168. 2+ current in rabbit carotid body glomus cells. J Neurophysiol 88, 604-612.
169. Suzue T (1984). Respiratory rhythm generation in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat. J Physiol 354, 173-183.
170. Tao L & Harris AL (2004). Biochemical requirements for inhibition of connexin26-containing channels by natural and synthetic taurine analogs. J Biol Chem 279, 38544-38554.
171. Taylor NC, Li A & Nattie EE (2005). Medullary serotonergic neurons modulate the ventilatory response to hypercapnia, but not hypoxia in conscious rats. J Physiol 566, 543-557.
172. 2 chemoreception: chemosensitivity in the ventral medulla of developing bullfrogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285, R1461-R1472.
173. Thoby-Brisson M, Karlen M, Wu N, Charnay P, Champagnat J & Fortin G (2009). Genetic identification of an embryonic parafacial oscillator coupling to the preBotzinger complex. Nat Neurosci 12, 1028-1035.
174. Thomas T, Ralevic V, Bardini M, Burnstock G & Spyer KM (2001). Evidence for the involvement of purinergic signalling in the control of respiration. Neuroscience 107, 481-490.
175. Townsend PD, Holliday PM, Fenyk S, Hess KC, Gray MA, Hodgson DRW & Cann MJ (2009). Stimulation of mammalian G-protein-responsive adenylyl cyclases by carbon dioxide. J Biol Chem 284, 784-791.
176. Trapp S, Isabel Aller M, Wisden W & Gourine AV (2008). A role for TASK-1 (KCNK3) channels in the chemosensory control of breathing. J Neurosci 28, 8844-8850.
177. Trapp S, Tucker S & Gourine AV (2011). Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in mice with genetic ablation of Kir5.1 (Kcnj16). Exp Physiol 96, 451-459.
178. Tresguerres M, Buck J & Levin L (2010). Physiological carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH sensing. Pflugers Arch 460, 953-964.
179. Veasey SC, Fornal CA, Metzier CW & Jacobs BL (1995). Response of serotonergic caudal raphé neurons in relation to specific motor activities in freely moving cats. J Neurosci 15, 5346-5359.
180. Vertes RP (1991). A PHA-L analysis of ascending projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 313, 643-668.
181. Vincent A & Tell F (1997). Postnatal changes in electrophysiological properties of rat nucleus trauctus solitarii neurons. Eur J Neurosci 9, 1612-1624.
182. CO2. J Physiol 540, 951-970.
183. Wang W & Richerson GB (1999). Development of chemosensitivity of rat medullary raphé neurons. Neuroscience 90, 1001-1011.
184. + channels to central chemosensitivity in cultivated neurons of fetal rat medulla. J Neurophysiol 79, 2885-2894.
185. + by inhibition of a Kir4.1-Kir5.1-like current and may contribute to chemoreception by a purinergic mechanism. J Neurophysiol 104, 3042-3052.
186. Werman R (1966). Criteria for identification of a central nervous system transmitter. Comp Biochem Physiol 18, 745-766.
187. Whitlock A, Burnstock G & Gibb AJ (2001). The single channel properties of purinergic P2X ATP receptors in outside-out patches from rat hypothalamic paraventricular parvocells. Eur J Physiol 443, 115-122.
188. Wickström HR, Holgert H, Hökfelt T & Lagercrantz H (1999). Birth-related expression of c-fos, c-jun and substance P mRNAs in the rat brainstem and pia mater: possible relationship to changes in central chemosensitivity. Dev Brain Res 112, 255-266.
189. 2-response in the early newborn period in rat. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 132, 145-158.
190. 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 10685-10690.
191. Xu H, Cui N, Yang Z, Qu Z & Jiang C (2000). Modulation of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 by hypercapnia and intracellular acidosis. J Physiol 524, 725-735.
192. 6 receptor immunoreactivity in the brain stem of the rat and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): association with catecholamine cell groups. J Comp Neurol 427, 485-507.
193. Yeh ER, Erokwu B, LaManna JC & Haxhiu MA (1997). The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus influences respiratory timing and activity in the rat. Neurosci Lett 252, 63-66.
194. Young JK, Dreshaj IA, Wilson CG, Martin RJ, Zaidi SIA & Haxhiu MA (2005). An astrocyte toxin influences the pattern of breathing and the ventillatory response to hypercapnia in neonatal rats. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 147, 19-30.
195. Ziemann AE, Allen JE, Dahdaleh NS, Drebot II, Coryell MW, Wunsch AM, Lynch CM, Faraci FM, Howard MA III, Welsh MJ & Wemmie JA (2009). The amygdala is a chemosensor that detects carbon dioxide and acidosis to elicit fear behavior. Cell 139, 1012-1021.
196. -responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase as a putative metabolic sensor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 12, 366-370.