An integrated approach for the mechanisms responsible for atherosclerotic plaque regression

Experimental and Clinical Cardiology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 77-86

  Francis, Andrew A ^a   Pierce, Grant N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Endothelium; Macrophage migration; Regression; Reverse cholesterol transport; Smooth muscle cells

Indexed keywords

PRE BETA HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL REGENERATION; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FOAM CELL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; MACROPHAGE; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; VASCULAR SURGERY;

EID: 80054888508     PISSN: 12056626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Levy RI. Declining mortality in coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis 1981;1:312-25. (Pubitemid 12201807)
2. Fuster V, Voute J, Hunn M, Smith SC Jr. Low priority of cardiovascular and chronic disease on the global health agenda: A cause for concern. Circulation 2007;116:1996-70.
3. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:93-100.
4. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 2000;407:233-41.
5. Wilensky RL, Hamamdzic D. Molecular basis for the vulnerable plaque: Potential therapeutic role for immunomodulation. Curr Opin Cardiol 2007;22:545-51. (Pubitemid 47542241)
6. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993;362:801-9. (Pubitemid 23132154)
7. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis - an update. N Engl J Med 1986;314:488-500.
8. Hu H, Pierce GN, Zhong G. The atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Invest 1999;103:747-53. (Pubitemid 29122429)
9. De Caterina R, Libby P, Peng HB, et al. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation: Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995;96:60-8.
10. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995;92:657-71.
11. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26. (Pubitemid 29054847)
12. Molly K, Loftus IM. Mechanisms of plaque rupture. In: Fitridge R, Thompson M, eds. Mechanisms of Vascular Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007:103-26.
13. Barua RS, Ambrose J, Srivastava S, DeVoe MC, Eales-Reynolds LJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in smoking induced dysfunction of nitric oxide biosynthesis and up regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: An in vitro demonstration in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation 2003;107:2342-7. (Pubitemid 36578506)
14. Newman PJ. The biology of PECAM-1. J Clin Invest 1997;99:3-8. (Pubitemid 27058286)
15. Schachter M. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration, atherosclerosis, and calcium channel blocker. Int J Cardiol 1997;62(Suppl 2):S85-S90. (Pubitemid 28068800)
16. Libby P, Sukhova G, Lee RT, Liao JK. Molecular biology of atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 1997;62(Suppl 2):S23-S9.
17. Schwartz SM. Smooth muscle migration in atherosclerosis and restenosis. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2814-7 (Pubitemid 27278654)
18. Doran AC, Meller N, McNamara CA. Role of smooth muscle cells in the initiation and early progression of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:812-9. (Pubitemid 351544093)
19. Mereno PR, Sanz J, Fuster V. Promoting mechanisms of vascular health: Circulating progenitor cells, angiogenesis and reverse cholesterol transport. JACC 2009;53:2315-23.
20. Loftus I, Thompson M. Plaque biology: Interesting science or pharmacological treasure trove? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008;36:507-16.
21. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Galvez A, Dische R, Fuster V. High density lipoprotein plasma fractions inhibit aortic fatty streaks in cholesterol fed rabbits. Lab Invest 1989;60:455-61. (Pubitemid 19095962)
22. Blankenhorn DH, Hodis HM. George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture: Arterial imaging and atherosclerosis reversal. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:177-92.
23. Stein Y, Stein O. Does therapeutic intervention achieve slowing of progression or bona fide regression of atherosclerotic lesions? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:183-8. (Pubitemid 32125363)
24. Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004;84:1381-478. (Pubitemid 39302636)
25. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993;362:801-9. (Pubitemid 23132154)
26. Benditt EP, Benditt JM. Evidence for a monoclonal origin of human atherosclerotic plaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973;70:1753-56.
27. Williams KJ, Feig JE, Fisher EA. Rapid regression of atherosclerosis: Insights from the clinical and experimental literature. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:91-102. (Pubitemid 351168064)
28. Williams JK, Feig JE, Fisher EA. Cellular and molecular mechanism for rapid regression of atherosclerosis: from bench top to potentially achievable clinical goal. Curr Opin Lipiol 2007;18:443-450. (Pubitemid 47051924)
29. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: The ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006;295:1556-65.
30. St Clair RW. Atherosclerosis regression in animal models: Current concepts of cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1983;26:109-32. (Pubitemid 13008721)
31. Miller GJ, Miller NE. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet 1975;1:16-9.
32. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977;62:707-14. (Pubitemid 8110784)
33. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V. Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1234-41. (Pubitemid 20123768)
34. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, et al. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2292-300. (Pubitemid 37430562)
35. Gordon DJ. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989;79:8-15. (Pubitemid 19043669)
36. Mineo C, Deguchi H, Griffin JH, Shaul PW. Endothelial and antithrombotic actions of HDL. Circ Res 2006;98:1352-64. (Pubitemid 43948059)
37. Nicholls SJ, Lundman P, Harmer JA, et al. Consumption of saturated fat impairs the anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:715-20. (Pubitemid 44175720)
38. Gofman JW, Lindgren FT, Elliett H. Ultracentrifugation studies of lipoproteins of human serum. J Biol Chem 1949;179:973-9.
39. Nofer JR, Levkau B, Wolinska I, et al. Suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by high density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Biol Chem 2001;276:34480-5.
40. Feig JE, Shamir R, Fisher EA. Atheroprotective effects of HDL: Beyond reverse cholesterol transport. Current Drug Targets 2008;9:196-203. (Pubitemid 351843600)
41. Lindgren FT, Elliott HA, Gofman JW. The ultracentrifugal characterization and isolation of human blood lipids and lipoproteins, with applications to the study of atherosclerosis. J Phys Colloid Chem 1951;55:80-93.
42. De Lalla OF, Gofman JW. Ultracentrifugal analysis of serum lipoproteins. Methods Biochem Anal 1954;1:459-78.
43. Franceschini G, Tosi C, Moreno Y, Sirtori CR. Effects of storage on the distribution of high density lipoprotein subfractions in human sera. J Lipid Res 1985;26:1368-73. (Pubitemid 16208315)
44. Kulkarni KR, Marcovina SM, Krauss RM, Garber DW, Glasscock AM, Segrest JP. Quantification of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol by the Vertical Auto Profile-II (VAP-II) methodology. J Lipid Res 1997;38:2353-64. (Pubitemid 27495394)
45. Havel RJ, Eder HA, Bragdon JH. The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoprotein in human serum. J. Clin Invest 1995;34:1345-53.
46. Nichols AV, Krauss RM, Musliner TA. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol 1986;128:417-31. (Pubitemid 16100908)
47. Kunitake ST, La Sala KJ, Kane JP. Apolipoprotein A-1-containing lipoproteins with pre-beta electrophoretic mobility. J Lipids Res 1985;26:549-55. (Pubitemid 15073726)
48. Castro GR, Fielding CJ. Early incorporation of cell-derived cholesterol into pre-beta-migrating high-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry 1988;27:25-9. (Pubitemid 18036281)
49. Favari E, Lee M, Calabresi L, et al. Depletion of pre-beta-high density lipoprotein by human chymase impairs ATP-binding cassette transporter A1- but not scavenger receptor class B type I-mediated lipid efflux to high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 2004;279:9930-6. (Pubitemid 38372593)
50. Asztalos BF, Scharfer EJ. High-density lipoprotein subpopulations in pathologic conditions. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:12E-17E. (Pubitemid 36385070)
51. Cheung MC, Albers JJ. Characterization of lipoprotein particles isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Particles containing A-I and A-II and particles containing A-I but no A-II. J Biol Chem 1984;259:12201-09. (Pubitemid 14019758)
52. Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res 2004;95:764-72. (Pubitemid 39390578)
53. Karlsson H, Leanderson P, Tagesson C, Lindahl M. Lipoproteomics II: Mapping of proteins in high-density lipoprotein using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2005;5:1431-45.
54. Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M, Franceschini G. High-density lipoprotein quantity or quality for cardiovascular prevention? Curr Pharmaceut Des 2010;16:1494-1503.
55. Rothblat GH, Phillips MC. High-density lipoprotein heterogeneity and function in reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010;21:229-38.
56. Glomset JA. The plasma lecithins: Cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. J Lipid Res 1968;9:155-67.
57. Ikewaki K, Rader DJ, Schaefer JR, Fairwell T, Zech LA, Brewer HB Jr. Evaluation of apoA-I kinetics in humans using simultaneous endogenous stable isotope and exogenous radiotracer methods. J Lipid Res 1993;34:2207-15. (Pubitemid 24000968)
58. Chisholm JW, Burleson ER, Shelness GS, Parks JS. ApoA-I secretion from HepG2 cells: Evidence for the secretion of both lipid-poor apoA-I and intracellularly assembled nascent HDL. J Lipid Res 2002;43:36-44. (Pubitemid 34117215)
59. Kiss RS, McManus DC, Franklin V, et al. The lipidation by hepatocytes of human apolipoprotein A-I occurs by both ABCA1-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2003;278:10119-27. (Pubitemid 36800269)
60. Tsujita M, Wu CA, Abe-Dohmae S, Usui S, Okazaki M, Yokoyama S. On the hepatic mechanism of HDL assembly by the ABCA1/apoA-I pathway. J Lipid Res 2005;46:154-62. (Pubitemid 40066681)
61. Huuskonen J, Olkkonen VM, Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C. The impact of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) on HDL metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:269-81. (Pubitemid 32209296)
62. Phillips MC, Johnson WJ, Rothblat GH. Mechanisms and consequences of cellular cholesterol exchange and transfer. Biochem Biophys Acta 1987;906:223-76.
63. Lange Y, Steck TL. Cholesterol homeostasis and the escape tendency (activity) of plasma membrane cholesterol. Prog Lipid Res 2008;47:319-32.
64. Lund-Katz S, Laboda HM, McLean LR, Phillips MC. Influence of molecular packing and phospholipid type on rates of cholesterol exchange. Biochemistry 1988;27:3416-23
65. Gold JC, Phillips MC. Effects of membrane lipid composition on the kinetics of cholesterol exchange between lipoproteins and different species of red blood cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1027:85-92. (Pubitemid 20246550)
66. Davidson WS, Rodrigueza WV, Lund-Katz S, Johnson WJ, Rothblat GH, Phillips MC. Effects of acceptor particle size on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. J Biol Chem 1995;270:17106-13.
67. Rodrigueza WV, Thuahnai ST, Temel RE, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Williams DL. Mechanism of scavenger receptor class B type I-mediated selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoprotein to adrenal cells. J Biol Chem 1999;274:20344-50.
68. de Beer MC, Durbin DM, Cai L, et al. Apolipoprotein A-II modulates the binding and selective lipid uptake of reconstituted high density lipoprotein by scavenger receptor BI. J Biol Chem 2001;276:15832-9.
69. Wang X, Collins HL, Ranalletta M, et al. Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. J Clin Invest 2007;117:2216-24. (Pubitemid 47219566)
70. Marcel YL, Ouimet M, Wang MD. Regulation of cholesterol efflux from macrophage. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008;19:455-61.
71. Boadu E, Bilbey NJ, Francis GA. Cellular cholesterol substrate pools for adenosine-triphosphate cassette transporter A1-dependent high-density lipoprotein formation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008;19:270-6. (Pubitemid 351653565)
72. Sun Y, Hao M, Luo Y,et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibits ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux and modulates membrane domain structure. J Biol Chem 2003;278:5813-20. (Pubitemid 36800827)
73. Lu R, Arakawa R, Ito-Osumi C, Iwamoto N, Yokoyama S. ApoA-I facilitates ABCA1 recycle/accumulation to cell surface by inhibiting its intracellular degradation and increases HDL generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1820-4.
74. Tarr PT, Tarling EJ, Bojanic DD, Edwards PA, Baldán A. Emerging new paradigms for ABCG transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1791:584-93.
75. Jessup W, Gelissen IC, Gaua K, Kritharides L. Roles of ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1, scavenger receptor B1 and membrane lipid domains in cholesterol export from macrophages. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006;17:247-57. (Pubitemid 43786058)
76. Favari E, Calabresi L, Adorni MP, et al. Small discoidal pre-beta1 HDL particles are efficient acceptors of cell cholesterol via ABCA1 and ABCG1. Biochemistry 2009;48:11067-74.
77. Sankaranarayanan S, Oram JF, Asztalos BF, et al. Effects of acceptor composition and mechanism of ABCG1-mediated cellular free cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2009;50:275-84.
78. Trigatti BL, Krieger M, Rigotti A. Influence of the HDL receptor SR-BI on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1732-8. (Pubitemid 37254855)
79. Jonas A. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Acta 2000;1529:245-56.
80. Tanigawa H, Billheimer JT, Tohyama J, et al. Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase expression has minimal effects on macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Circulation 2009;120:160-9.
81. Clay MA, Newnham HH, Forte TM, Barter PJ. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and hepatic lipase activity promote shedding of apoA-1 from HDL and subsequent formation of discoidal HDL. Biochem Biophys Acta 1992;1124:52-8.
82. Jahangiri A, Rader DJ, Marchadier D, Curtiss LK, Bonnet DJ, Rye KA. Evidence that endothelial lipase remodels high density lipoproteins without mediating the dissociation of apoliprotein A-1. J Lipid Res 2005;46:896-903.
83. Rye KA, Barter PJ. Formation and metabolism of prebeta-migrating, lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:421-8. (Pubitemid 38326133)
84. Masson D, Jiang XC, Lagrost L, Tall AR. The role of plasma lipid transfer proteins in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2009;50:S201-6.
85. Webb NR, De Beer MC, Asztalos BF, Whitaker N, Van Der Westhuyzen DR, De Beer FC. Remodeling of HDL remnants generated by scavenger receptor class B type I. J Lipid Res 2004;45:1666-73. (Pubitemid 39296206)
86. Acton SL, Scherer PE, Lodish HF, Krieger M. Expression cloning of SR-BI, a CD36-related class B scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem 1994;269:21003-9. (Pubitemid 24266467)
87. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT, Xu S, Hobbs HH, Krieger M. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 1996;271:518-20.
88. Krieger M. Charting the fate of the "good cholesterol": Identification and characterization of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI. Annu Rev Biochem 1999;68:523-58. (Pubitemid 29449202)
89. Krieger M. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a multiligand HDL receptor that influences diverse physiologic systems. J Clin Invest 2001;108:793-7. (Pubitemid 32880286)
90. Calvo D, Gómez-Coronado D, Suárez Y, Lasunción MA, Vega MA. Human CD36 is a high affinity receptor for the native lipoproteins HDL, LDL, and VLDL. J Lipid Res 1998;39:777-88. (Pubitemid 28163280)
91. Hirano K, Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y. Pros and cons of inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:589-96.
92. Zhong S, Sharp DS, Grove JS, et al. Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2917-23. (Pubitemid 26197108)
93. Moriyama Y, Okamura T, Inazu A, et al. A low prevalence of coronary heart disease among subjects with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, including those with plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency. Prev Med 1998;27:659-67. (Pubitemid 28452494)
94. Barter PJ, Brewer HB Jr., Chapman MJ, Hennekens CH, Rader DJ, Tall AR. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: A novel target for raising HDL and inhibiting atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:160-7. (Pubitemid 36231923)
95. Rigotti A, Trigatti B, Babitt J, Penman M, Xu S, Krieger M. Scavenger receptor BI-a cell surface receptor for high density lipoprotein. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8:181-8. (Pubitemid 27290465)
96. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988;240:622-30.
97. Fabre AC, Malaval C, Ben Addi A, et al. P2Y13 receptor is critical for reverse cholesterol transport. Hepatology 2010;52:1477-83.
98. Yu L, Hammer RE, Li-Hawkins J, et al. Disruption of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in mice reveals their crucial role in biliary cholesterol secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:16237-42. (Pubitemid 35462779)
99. Yu L, Gupta S, Xu F, et al. Expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 is required for regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion. J Biol Chem 2005;280:8742-7. (Pubitemid 40409561)
100. Wiersma H, Gatti A, Nijstad N, Oude Elferink RP, Kuipers F, Tietge UJ. Scavenger receptor class B type I mediates biliary cholesterol secretion independent of ATP-binding cassette transporter g5/g8 in mice. Hepatology 2009;50:1263-72.
101. Wiersma H, Gatti A, Nijstad N, Kuipers F, Tietge UJ. Hepatic SR-BI, not endothelial lipase, expression determines biliary cholesterol secretion in mice. J Lipid Res 2009;50:1571-80.
102. Cheng SH, Stanley MM. Secretion of cholesterol by intestinal mucosa in patients with complete common bile duct obstruction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959;101:223-5.
103. Temel RE, Sawyer JK, Yu L, et al. Biliary sterol secretion is not required for macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. Cell Metab 2010;12:96-102.
104. Temel RE, Tang W, Ma Y, et al. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 regulates biliary cholesterol concentration and is a target of ezetimibe. J Clin Invest 2007;117:1968-78. (Pubitemid 47036331)
105. Brown JM, Bell TA 3rd, Alger HM, et al. Targeted depletion of hepatic ACAT2-driven cholesterol esterification reveals a non-biliary route for fecal neutral sterol loss. J Biol Chem 2008;283:10522-34.
106. Berge KE, Tian H, Graf GA, et al. Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. Science 2000;290:1771-5.
107. Raftopoulou M, Hall A. Cell migration: Rho GTPases lead the way. Dev Biol 2004;265:23-32. (Pubitemid 38018819)
108. del Pozo MA, Alderson NB, Kiosses WB, Chiang HH, Anderson RG, Schwartz MA. Integrins regulate Rac targeting by internalization of membrane domains. Science 2004;303:839-42. (Pubitemid 38174662)
109. Jones GE. Cellular signaling in macrophage migration and chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2000;68:593-602.
110. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edn. Garland Science 2008:1042.
111. Kellner-Weibel G, Geng YJ, Rothblat GH. Cytotoxic cholesterol is generated by the hydrolysis of cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester and transported to the plasma membrane. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:309-19. (Pubitemid 29418062)
112. Zhang WY, Ishii I, Kruth HS. Plasmin-mediated macrophage reversal of low density lipoprotein aggregation. J Biol Chem 2000;275:33176-83.
113. Kruth HS. Sequestration of aggregated low-density lipoproteins by macrophages. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13:483-8. (Pubitemid 35231927)
114. Ridley AJ. Rho GTPases and cell migration. J Cell Sci 2001;114(Pt 15):2713-22. (Pubitemid 32785451)
115. Allen WE, Zicha D, Ridley AJ, Jones GE. A role for Cdc42 in macrophage chemotaxis. J Cell Biol 1998;141:1147-57. (Pubitemid 28265609)
116. Yvan-Charvet L, Pagler T, Gautier EL, et al. ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Science 2010;328:1689-93.
117. Llodrá J, Angeli V, Liu J, Trogan E, Fisher EA, Randolph GJ. Emigration of monocyte-derived cells from atherosclerotic lesions characterizes regressive, but not progressive, plaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:11779-84. (Pubitemid 39095371)
118. Trogan E, Feig JE, Dogan S, et al. Gene expression changes in foam cells and the role of chemokine receptor CCR7 during atherosclerosis regression in ApoE-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:3781-6. (Pubitemid 43376632)
119. Förster R, Schubel A, Breitfeld D, et al. CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 1999;99:23-33. (Pubitemid 29468627)
120. Pagler TA, Wang M, Mondal M, et al. Deletion of ABCA1 and ABCG1 impairs macrophage migration because of increased Rac1 signaling. Circ Res 2011;108:194-200.
121. Adorni MP, Favari E, Ronda N, et al. Free cholesterol alters macrophage morphology and mobility by an ABCA1 dependent mechanism. Atherosclerosis 2011;215:70-6.
122. Borrell-Pagès M, Romero JC, Juan-Babot O, Badimon L. Wnt pathway activation, cell migration, and lipid uptake is regulated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 in human macrophages. Eur Heart J 2011 (Epub ahead of print).
123. Constans J, Conri C. Circulating markers of endothelial function in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2006;368:33-47 (Pubitemid 43792418)
124. Ribeiro F, Alves AJ, Teixeira M, Ribeiro V, Duarte JA, Olivera J. Endothelial function and atherosclerosis: circulatory markers with clinical usefulness. Rev Port Cardiol 2009;28:1121-51.
125. Bonetti PO, Lerman, LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: A marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:168-75. (Pubitemid 36231924)
126. Dimmeler S, Haendeler J, Zeiher AM. Regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13:531-6. (Pubitemid 35231933)
127. van Os R, Kamminga LM, de Haan G. Stem cell assay: Something old, something new, something borrowed. Stem Cells 2004;22:1181-90. (Pubitemid 39636397)
128. Xu, Q. Stem cells and transplant arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 2008;102:1011-24. (Pubitemid 351667855)
129. Xu, Q. The impact of progenitor cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3:94-101. (Pubitemid 43203378)
130. Hu Y, Davison F, Zhang Z, Xu Q. Endothelial replacement and angiogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions of allografts are contributed by circulating progenitor cells. Circulation 2003;108:3122-7. (Pubitemid 38031802)
131. Yoder MC. Defining human endothelial progenitor cells. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:49-52.
132. Gallacher L, Murdoch B, Wu DM, Karanu FN, Keeney M, Bhatia M. Isolation and characterization of human CD34(-)Lin(-) and CD34(+)Lin(-) hematopoietic stem cells using cell surface markers AC133 and CD7. Blood 2000;95:2813-20. (Pubitemid 30235890)
133. Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2003;348:593-600. (Pubitemid 36204953)
134. Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: Characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res 2004;95:343-53. (Pubitemid 39100452)
135. Urbich C, Heeschen C, Aicher A, Dernbach E, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Relevance of monocytic features for neovascularization capacity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 2003;108:2511-6. (Pubitemid 37444414)
136. Rohde E, Malischnik C, Thaler D, et al. Blood monocytes mimic endothelial progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2006;24:357-67. (Pubitemid 44464805)
137. Schmeisser A, Garlichs CD, Zhang H, et al. Monocytes coexpress endothelial and macrophagocytic lineage markers and form cord-like structures in Matrigel under angiogenic conditions. Cardiovasc Res 2001;49:671-80. (Pubitemid 32146430)
138. Fujiyama S, Amano K, Uehira K, et al. Bone marrow monocyte lineage cells adhere on injured endothelium in a monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-dependent manner and accelerate reendothelialization as endothelial progenitor cells. Circ Res 2003;93:980-9. (Pubitemid 37433236)
139. Lolmede K, Campana L, Vezzoli M, et al. Inflammatory and alternatively activated human macrophages attract vessel-associated stem cells, relying on separate HMGB1- and MMP-9-dependent pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2009;85:779-87.
140. Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, et al. Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow niche requires MMP-9 mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell 2002;109:625-37. (Pubitemid 34628725)
141. Lataillade JJ, Domenech J, Le Bousse-Kerdilès MC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)\CXCR4 couple plays multiple roles on haematopoietic progenitors at the border between the old cytokine and new chemokine worlds: survival, cell cycling and trafficking. Eur Cytokine Netw 2004;15:177-88. (Pubitemid 39389913)
142. Petit I, Jin D, Rafii S. The SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling pathway: A molecular hub modulating neo-angiogenesis. Trends Immunol 2007;28:299-307. (Pubitemid 46963141)
143. Abbott JD, Huang Y, Liu D, Hickey R, Krause DS, Giordano FJ. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha plays a critical role in stem cell recruitment to the heart after myocardial infarction but is not sufficient to induce homing in the absence of injury. Circulation 2004;110:3300-5. (Pubitemid 39557491)
144. Dentelli P, Rosso A, Balsamo A, et al. C-KIT, by interacting with the membrane-bound ligand, recruits endothelial progenitor cells to inflamed endothelium. Blood 2007;109:4264-71. (Pubitemid 46743392)
145. Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, et al. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med 2004;10:858-64. (Pubitemid 39070860)
146. Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, et al. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med 2003;9:1370-6. (Pubitemid 37466185)
147. Zhang Q, Yin H, Liu P, Zhang H, She M. Essential role of HDL on endothelial progenitor cell proliferation with PI3K/Akt/cyclin D1 as the signal pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010;235:1082-92.
148. Zampetaki A, Kirton JP, Xu Q. Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells. Cardiovasc Res 2008;78:413-21. (Pubitemid 351769775)
149. De Boer HC, Verseyden C. Ulfman LH, et al. Fibrin and activated platelets cooperatively guide stem cells to a vascular injury and promote differentiation towards an endothelial cell phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:1653-9. (Pubitemid 44288997)
150. Langer H, May AE, Daub K, et al. Adherent platelets recruit and induce differentiation of murine embryonic endothelial progenitor cells to mature endothelial cells in vitro. Circ Res 2006;98:e2-10.
151. Lev EI, Estrov Z, Aboulfatova K, et al. Potential role of activated platelets in homing of human endothelial progenitor cells to subendothelial matrix. Thromb Haemost 2006;96:498-504. (Pubitemid 44560686)
152. Zeng L, Xiao Q, Margariti A, et al. HDAC3 is crucial in shear- and VEGF-induced stem cell differentiation toward endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 2006;174:1059-69. (Pubitemid 44455193)
153. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, et al. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 1999;85:221-8. (Pubitemid 29377293)
154. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997;275:964-7. (Pubitemid 27087709)
155. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, et al. Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2001;89:E1-7.
156. Werner N, Kosiol S, Schiegl T, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:999-1007. (Pubitemid 41262334)
157. Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, et al. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;103:2885-90. (Pubitemid 32578123)
158. Assmus B, Urbich C, Aicher A, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce senescence and increase proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells via regulation of cell cycle regulatory genes. Circ Res 2003;92:1049-55. (Pubitemid 36588505)
159. Mineo C, Shaul PW. Role of high-density lipoprotein and scavenger receptor B type I in the promotion of endothelial repair. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007;7:156-61. (Pubitemid 46898843)
160. Linke A, Schoene N, Gielen S, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: systemic effects of lower-limb exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:392-7.
161. Laufs U, Werner N, Link A, et al. Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation 2004;109:220-6. (Pubitemid 38114143)
162. George J, Afek A, Abashidze A, et al. Transfer of endothelial progenitor and bone marrow cells influences atherosclerotic plaque size and composition in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2636-41. (Pubitemid 43732290)
163. Gössl M, Mödder UI, Gulati R, et al. Coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans is associated with coronary retention of osteogenic endothelial progenitor cells. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2909-14.
164. Besler C, Doerries C, Giannotti G, Luscher TF, Landmesser U. Pharmacological approaches to improve endothelial repair mechanisms. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008;6:1071-82.
165. Sugano N, Tsichida K, Makino N. High-density lipoproteins protect endothelial cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;272:872-6. (Pubitemid 30420728)
166. Suc I, Escargueil-Blanc I, Troly M, Salvayre R, Negre-Salvayre A. HDL and ApoA prevents cell death of endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. Artherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2158-66. (Pubitemid 28057117)
167. Kimura T, Sato K, Malchinkhuu E, et al. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell migration and survival through sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1283-8. (Pubitemid 36871285)
168. Kimura T, Sato K, Kuwabara A, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate may be a major component of plasma lipoproteins responsible for the cytoprotective actions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001;276:31780-5.
169. Nofer JR, Walter M, Assmann G. Current understanding of the role of high-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis and senescence. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005;3:1071-86. (Pubitemid 41748374)
170. Darbon JM, Tournier JF, Tauber JP, Bayard F. Possible role of protein phosphorylation in the mitogenic effect of high density lipoproteins on cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1986;261:8002-8. (Pubitemid 17208736)
171. Honda HM, Wakamatsu BK, Goldhaber JI, Berliner JA, Navab M, Weiss JN. High-density lipoprotein increases intracellular calcium levels by releasing calcium from internal stores in human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 1999;143:299-306. (Pubitemid 29166910)
172. Norata GD, Björk H, Hamsten A, Catapano AL, Eriksson P. High-density lipoprotein subfraction 3 decreases ADAMTS-1 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2004;22:557-60. (Pubitemid 38283779)
173. Benzakour O, Kanthou C, Kanse SM, Scully MF, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. Evidence for cultured human vascular smooth muscle cell heterogeneity: Isolation of clonal cells and study of their growth characteristics. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:854-8. (Pubitemid 26181560)
174. Li S, Fan YS, Chow LH, et al. Innate diversity of adult human arterial smooth muscle cells: Cloning of distinct subtypes from the internal thoracic artery. Circ Res 2001;89:517-25. (Pubitemid 34132646)
175. Frid MG, Moiseeva EP, Stenmark KR. Multiple phenotypically distinct smooth muscle cell populations exist in the adult and developing bovine pulmonary arterial media in vivo. Circ Res 1994;75:669-81. (Pubitemid 24297638)
176. Frid MG, Aldashev AA, Dempsey EC, Stenmark KR. Smooth muscle cells isolated from discrete compartments of the mature vascular media exhibit unique phenotypes and distinct growth capabilities. Circ Res 1997;81:940-52. (Pubitemid 27514943)
177. Orlandi A, Ropraz P, Gabbiani G. Proliferative activity and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells are differently modulated by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and heparin. Exp Cell Res 1994;214:528-36.
178. Bochaton-Piallat ML, Ropraz P, Gabbiani F, Gabbiani G. Phenotypic heterogeneity of rat arterial smooth muscle cell clones. Implications for the development of experimental intimal thickening. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:815-20. (Pubitemid 26179371)
179. Dusserre E, Bourdillon MC, Pulcini T, Berthezene F. Decrease in high density lipoprotein binding sites is associated with decrease in intracellular cholesterol efflux in dedifferentiated aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1212:235-44. (Pubitemid 24181664)
180. Imachi H, Murao K, Cao WM, et al. Expression of HDL receptor, CLA-1 in human smooth-muscle cells and effect of interferon-gamma on its regulation. Horm Metab Res 2001;33:389-93. (Pubitemid 32721519)
181. Cooke JP, Singer AH, Tsao P, Zera P, Rowan RA, Billingham ME. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1168-72.
182. Park KG, Lee KM, Chang YC, et al. The ascochlorin derivative, AS-6, inhibits TNF-alpha-induced adhesion molecule and chemokine expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2006;80:120-6.
183. Delerive P, De Bosscher K, Besnard S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha negatively regulates the vascular inflammatory gene response by negative cross-talk with transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1. J Biol Chem 1999;274:32048-54.
184. Gizard F, Amant C, Barbier O, et al. PPAR alpha inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation underlying intimal hyperplasia by inducing the tumor suppressor p16INK4a. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3228-38. (Pubitemid 41567587)
185. Gizard F, Nomiyama T, Zhao Y, et al. The PPARalpha/p16INK4a pathway inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by repressing cell cycle-dependent telomerase activation. Circ Res 2008;103:1155-63.
186. Lim HJ, Lee S, Park JH, et al. PPAR delta agonist L-165041 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of cell cycle. Atherosclerosis 2009;202:446-54.
187. Bełtowski J, Wójcicka G, Jamroz A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in pathophysiology of the circulatory system and prospective use of agonists of these receptors in therapy (Article in Polish). Postepy Hig Med Dosw 2003;57:199-217.