Endothelial and antithrombotic actions of HDL

Circulation Research

Volumn 98, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 1352-1364

  Mineo, Chieko ^a   Deguchi, Hiroshi ^b   Griffin, John H ^b   Shaul, Philip W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; Endothelium; HDL; Nitric oxide; Prostacyclin; Protein C; Thrombin; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTACYCLIN; PROTEIN C; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR BI; SELECTIN; THROMBIN; THROMBOPLASTIN; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT;

APOPTOSIS; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CAVEOLA; CELL GROWTH; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROTECTION; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; DOWN REGULATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VEIN THROMBOSIS; ANIMAL; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL;

EID: 33745369351     PISSN: 00097330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.RES.0000225982.01988.93     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Fidge NH. High density lipoprotein receptors, binding proteins, and ligands. J Lipid Res. 1999;40:187-201.
2. Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High-density lipoprotein - the clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1311-1316.
3. Franceschini G. Epidemiologic evidence for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:9N-13N.
4. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977;62:707-714.
5. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marino EK, Bolson EL, Alaupovic P, Frohlich J, Albers JJ. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583-1592.
6. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410-418.
7. Boden WE. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:19L-22L.
8. Johansen O, Abdelnoor M, Brekke M, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. Predictors of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. A study on demographic and metabolic variables. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2001;35:86-91.
9. Kwiterovich PO Jr. The antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:13Q-21Q.
10. Krieger M. Charting the fate of the "good cholesterol": identification and characterization of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI. Annu Rev Biochem. 1999;68:523-558.
11. Connelly MA, Williams DL. Scavenger receptor BI: a scavenger receptor with a mission to transport high density lipoprotein lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15:287-295.
12. Braun A, Trigatti BL, Post MJ, Sato K, Simons M, Edelberg JM, Rosenberg RD, Schrenzel M, Krieger M. Loss of SR-BI expression leads to the early onset of occlusive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, spontaneous myocardial infarctions, severe cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circ Res. 2002;90:270-276.
13. Rong JX, Li J, Reis ED, Choudhury RP, Dansky HM, Elmalem VI, Fallon JT, Breslow JL, Fisher EA. Elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice remodels advanced atherosclerotic lesions by decreasing macrophage and increasing smooth muscle cell content. Circulation. 2001;104:2447-2452.
14. Ameli S, Hultgardh-Nilsson A, Cercek B, Shah PK, Forrester JS, Ageland H, Nilsson J. Recombinant apolipoprotein A-I Milano reduces intimal thickening after balloon injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation. 1994;90:1935-1941.
15. De Geest B, Zhao Z, Collen D, Holvoet P. Effects of adenovirus-mediated human apo A-I gene transfer on neointima formation after endothelial denudation in apo E-deficient mice. Circulation. 1997;96:4349-4356.
16. Krieger M. The "best" of cholesterols, the "worst" of cholesterols: a tale of two receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:4077-4080.
17. Vane JR, Anggard EE, Botting RM. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:27-36.
18. Shaul PW. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: location, location, location. Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:749-774.
19. Flavahan NA. Atherosclerosis or lipoprotein-induced endothelial dysfunction. Potential mechanisms underlying reduction in EDRF/nitric oxide activity. Circulation. 1992;85:1927-1938.
20. Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol. 1994;89(suppl 1):87-102.
21. Cohen RA. The role of nitric oxide and other endothelium-derived vasoactive substances in vascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1995;38:105-128.
22. Lefer AM, Ma XL. Cytokines and growth factors in endothelial dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:S9-S14.
23. Cayatte AJ, Palacino JJ, Horten K, Cohen RA. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production accelerates neointima formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:753-759.
24. Naruse K, Shimizu K, Muramatsu M, Toki Y, Miyazaki Y, Okumura K, Hashimoto H, Ito T. Long-term inhibition of NO synthesis promotes atherosclerosis in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. PGH2 does not contribute to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:746-752.
25. Yang R, Powell-Braxton L, Ogaoawara AK, Dybdal N, Bunting S, Ohneda O, Jin H. Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2762-2768.
26. Kauser K, da C, V, Fitch R, Mallari C, Rubanyi GM. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in progression of atherosclerosis ill apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;278:H1679-H1685.
27. Kuhlencordt PJ, Gyurko R, Han F, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Aretz TH, Hajjar R, Picard MH, Huang PL. Accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm formation, and ischemic heart disease in apolipoprotein E/endothelial nitric oxide synthase double-knockout mice. Circulation. 2001;104:448-454.
28. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:2002-2012.
29. Nathan C, Xie QW. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:13725-13728.
30. Shaul PW, Smart EJ, Robinson LJ, German Z, Yuhanna IS, Ying Y, Anderson RG, Michel T. Acylation targets emdothelial nitric-oxide synthase to plasmalemmal caveolae. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:6518-6522.
31. Garcia-Cardena G, Oh P, Liu J, Schnitzer JE, Sessa WC. Targeting of nitric oxide synthase to endothelial cell caveolae via palmitoylation: implications for nitric oxide signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:6448-6453.
32. Chang WJ, Rothberg KG, Kamen BA, Anderson RG. Lowering the cholesterol content of MA104 cells inhibits receptor-mediated transport of folate. J Cell Biol. 1992;118:63-69.
33. Blair A, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, Conrad PA, Smart EJ. Oxidized low density lipoprotein displaces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) from plasmalemmal caveolae and impairs eNOS activation. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:32512-32519.
34. Uittenbogaard A, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, Blair A, Smart EJ. High density lipoprotein prevents oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase localization and activation in caveolae. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:11278-11283.
35. Kincer JF, Uittenbogaard A, Dressman J, Guerin TM, Febbraio M, Guo L, Smart EJ. Hypercholesterolemia promotes a CD36-dependent and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase-mediated vascular dysfunction. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:23525-23533.
36. Yeh M, Cole AL, Choi J, Liu Y, Tulchinsky D, Qiao J-H, Fishbein MC, Dooley AN, Hovnanian T, Mouilleseaux K, Vora DK, Yang W-P, Gargalovic P, Kirchgessner T, Shyy J Y-J, Berliner JA. Role for sterol regulatory element-binding protein in activation of endothelial cells by phospholipid oxidation products. Circ Res. 2004;95:780-788.
37. Gharavi NM, Baker NA, Mouillesseaux KP, Yeung W, Honda HM, Hsieh X, Yeh M, Smart EJ, Berliner JA. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the regulation of SREBP activation by oxidized phsopholipids. Circ Res. 2006;98:768-776.
38. Grundy SM. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. A new era. JAMA. 1986;256:2849-2858.
39. Tall AR. Plasma high density lipoproteins. Metabolism and relationship to atherogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:379-384.
40. Ou J, Ou Z, Jones DW, Holzhauer S, Hatoum OA, Ackerman AW, Weihrauch DW, Gutterman DD, Guice K, Oldham KT, Hillery CA, Pritchard KA Jr. L-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic, dramatically improves vasodilation in hypercholesterolemia and sickle cell disease. Circulation. 2003;107:2337-2341.
41. Ou J, Wang J, Xu H, Ou Z, Sorci-Thomas MG, Jones DW, Signorino P, Densmore JC, Kaul S, Oldham KT, Pritchard KA Jr. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation and vessel wall thickness in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-null and LDL receptor/apolipoprotein A-I double-knockout mice on Western diet. Circ Res. 2005;97:1190-1197.
42. Ou Z, Ou J, Ackerman AW, Oldham KT, Pritchard KA Jr. L-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic, restores nitric oxide and superoxide anion balance in low-density lipoprotein-treated endothelial cells. Circulation. 2003;107:1520-1524.
43. Yuhanna IS, Zhu Y, Cox BE, Hahner LD, Osborne-Lawrence S, Lu P, Marcel YL, Anderson RG, Mendelsohn ME, Hobbs HH, Shaul PW. High-density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor-BI activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med. 2001;7:853-857.
44. Rader DJ. Regulation of reverse cholesterol transport and clinical implications. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:42J-49J.
45. Drew BG, Fidge NH, Gallon-Beaumier G, Kemp BE, Kingwell BA. High-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein AI increase endothelial NO synthase activity by protein association and multisite phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:6999-7004.
46. Mineo C, Yuhanna IS, Quon MJ, Shaul PW. High density lipoprotein-induced endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation is mediated by Akt and MAP kinases. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:9142-9149.
47. Honda HM, Wakamatsu BK, Goldhaber JI, Berliner JA, Navab M, Weiss JN. High-density lipoprotein increases intracellular calcium levels by releasing calcium from internal stores in human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 1999;143:299-306.
48. Nofer JR, van der GM, Tolle M, Wolinska I, von Wnuck LK, Baba HA, Tietge UJ, Godecke A, Ishii I, Kleuser B, Schafers M, Fobker M, Zidek W, Assmann G, Chun J, Levkau B. HDL induces NO-dependent vasorelaxation via the lysophospholipid receptor S1P3. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:569-581.
49. Li XA, Titlow WB, Jackson BA, Giltiay N, Nikolova-Karakashian M, Uittenbogaard A, Smart EJ. High density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor, Class B, type I activates endothelial nitric-oxide synthase in a ceramide-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:11058-11063.
50. Levkau B, Hermann S, Theilmeier G, van der GM, Chun J, Schober O, Schafers M. High-density lipoprotein stimulates myocardial perfusion in vivo. Circulation. 2004;110:3355-3359.
51. Gong M, Wilson M, Kelly T, Su W, Dressman J, Kincer J, Matveev SV, Guo L, Guerin T, Li XA, Zhu W, Uittenbogaard A, Smart EJ. HDL-associated estradiol stimulates endothelial NO synthase and vasodilation in an SR-BI-dependent manner. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1579-1587.
52. Shaul PW, Mineo C. HDL action on the vascular wall: is the answer NO? J Clin Invest. 2004;113:509-513.
53. Ramet ME, Ramet M, Lu Q, Nickerson M, Savolainen MJ, Malzone A, Karas RH. High-density lipoprotein increases the abundance of eNOS protein in human vascular endothelial cells by increasing its half-life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2288-2297.
54. Zeiher AM, Schachlinger V, Hohnloser SH, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary atherosclerotic wall thickening and vascular reactivity in humans. Elevated high-density lipoprotein levels ameliorate abnormal vasoconstriction in early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1994;89:2525-2532.
55. Li XP, Zhao SP, Zhang XY, Liu L, Gao M, Zhou QC. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Int J Cardiol. 2000;73:231-236.
56. Kuvin JT, Patel AR, Sidhu M, Rand WM, Sliney KA, Pandian NG, Karas RH. Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and peripheral vasomotor function. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:275-279.
57. Kuvin JT, Ramet ME, Patel AR, Pandian NG, Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. A novel mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: enhanced vasorelaxation and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Am Heart J. 2002;144:165-172.
58. Bisoendial RJ, Hovingh GK, Levels JH, Lerch PG, Andresen I, Hayden MR, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES. Restoration of endothelial function by increasing high-density lipoprotein in subjects with isolated low high-density lipoprotein. Circulation. 2003;107:2944-2948.
59. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Hurlimann D, Lerch PG, Lang MG, Binggeli C, Corti R, Ruschitzka F, Luscher TF, Noll G. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 2002;105:1399-1402.
60. Dimmeler S, Haendeler J, Zeiher AM. Regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis in atherothrombosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:531-536.
61. Mallat Z, Benamer H, Hugel B, Benessiano J, Steg PG, Freyssinet JM, Tedgui A. Elevated levels of shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in the peripheral circulating blood of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2000;101:841-843.
62. Martinez MC, Tesse A, Zobairi F, Andriantsitohaina R. Shed membrane microparticles from circulating and vascular cells in regulating vascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288:H1004-H1009.
63. Li D, Yang B, Mehta JL. Ox-LDL induces apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells: role of PKC, PTK, bcl-2, and Fas. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H568-H576.
64. Choy JC, Granville DJ, Hunt DW, McManus BM. Endothelial cell apoptosis: biochemical characteristics and potential implications for atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001;33:1673-1690.
65. Dimmeler S, Breitschopf K, Haendeler J, Zeiher AM. Dephosphorylation targets Bcl-2 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation: a link between the apoptosome and the proteasome pathway. J Exp Med. 1999;189:1815-1822.
66. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1042-1050.
67. Strawn WB, Ferrario CM. Mechanisms linking angiotensin II and atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:505-512.
68. Suc I, Escargueil-Blanc I, Troly M, Salvayre R, Negre-Salvayre A. HDL and ApoA prevent cell death of endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:2158-2166.
69. Sugano M, Tsuchida K, Makino N. High-density lipoproteins protect endothelial cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;272:872-876.
70. Nofer JR, Levkau B, Wolinska I, Junker R, Fobker M, von Eckardstein A, Seedorf U, Assmann G. Suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by high density lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:34480-34485.
71. Kimura T, Sato K, Malchinkhuu E, Tomura H, Tamama K, Kuwabara A, Murakami M, Okajima F. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell migration and survival through sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1283-1288.
72. Kruger AL, Peterson S, Turkseven S, Kaminski PM, Zhang FF, Quan S, Wolin MS, Abraham NG. D-4F induces heme oxygenase-1 and extracellular superoxide dismutase, decreases endothelial cell sloughing, and improves vascular reactivity in rat model of diabetes. Circulation. 2005;111:3126-3134.
73. Li XA, Guo L, Dressman JL, Asmis R, Smart EJ. A novel ligand-independent apoptotic pathway induced by scavenger receptor class B, type I and suppressed by endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and high density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:19087-19096.
74. Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lab Invest. 2005;85:9-23.
75. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993;362:801-809.
76. Gotlieb AI, Silver MD. Atherosclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis. In: Gotlieb AI, Schoen FJ, Silver MD, eds. Cardiovascular Pathology. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2001.
77. Niimi Y, Azuma H, Hirakawa K. Repeated endothelial removal augments intimal thickening and attenuates EDRF release. Am J Physiol. 1994;266:H1348-H1356.
78. Rossig L, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Apoptosis in the vascular wall and atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol. 2001;96:11-22.
79. Werner N, Junk S, Laufs U, Link A, Walenta K, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells reduces neointima formation after vascular injury. Circ Res. 2003;93:e17-e24.
80. Tauber JP, Cheng J, Gospodarowicz D. Effect of high and low density lipoproteins on proliferation of cultured bovine vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1980;66:696-708.
81. Tauber JP, Cheng J, Massoglia S, Gospodarowicz D. High density lipoproteins and the growth of vascular endothelial cells in serum-free medium. In Vitro. 1981;17:519-530.
82. Tamagaki T, Sawada S, Imamura H, Tada Y, Yamasaki S, Toratani A, Sato T, Komatsu S, Akamatsu N, Yamagami M, Kobayashi K, Kato K, Yamamoto K, Shirai K, Yamada K, Higaki T, Nakagawa K, Tsuji H, Nakagawa M. Effects of high-density lipoproteins on intracellular pH and proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 1996;123:73-82.
83. Murugesan G, Sa G, Fox PL. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell movement by a mechanism distinct from basic fibroblast growth factor. Circ Res. 1994;74:1149-1156.
84. Miura S, Fujino M, Matsuo Y, Kawamura A, Tanigawa H, Nishikawa H, Saku K. High density lipoprotein-induced angiogenesis requires the activation of Ras/MAP kinase in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:802-808.
85. Seetharam S, Mineo C, Gormley AK, Gibson LL, Vongpatanasin W, Chambliss LK, Hahner LD, Cummings ML, Kitchens RL, Marcel YL, Rader DJ, Shaul PW. HDL promotes endothelial cell migration and reendothelialization via scavenger receptor-B type I. Circ Res. 2006;98:63-72.
86. Durrington P. Dyslipidaemia. Lancet. 2003;362:717-731.
87. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Barboriak JJ, Anderson AJ, Walker JA. Relation of lipoprotein subclasses as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1046-1053.
88. Jenny NS, Tracy RP, Ogg MS, Luong IA, Kuller LH, Arnold AM, Sharrett AR, Humphries SE. In the elderly, interleukin-6 plasma levels and the -174G>C polymorphism are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:2066-2071.
89. Asztalos BF, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Horvath KV, Cox CE, Batista MC, Schaefer EJ. High-density lipoprotein subpopulation profile and coronary heart disease prevalence in male participants of the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:2181-2187.
90. Asztalos BF, Collins D, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Horvath KV, Bloomfield HE, Robins SJ, Schaefer EJ. Value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulations in predicting recurrent cardiovascular events in the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2185-2191.
91. Deguchi H, Fernandez JA, Pabinger I, Heit JA, Griffin JH. Plasma glucosylceramide deficiency as potential risk factor for venous thrombosis and modulator of anticoagulant protein C pathway. Blood. 2001;97:1907-1914.
92. Gonzalez-Ordonez AJ, Fernandez-Carreira JM, Fernandez-Alvarez CR, Venta OR, Macias-Robles MD, Gonzalez-Franco A, Arias Garcia MA. The concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lipids are independently associated with venous thromboembolism. Haematologica. 2003;88:1035-1043.
93. Doggen CJ, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, Heckbert SR, Rosendaal FR, Psaty BM. Serum lipid levels and the risk of venous thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:1970-1975.
94. Deguchi H, Pecheniuk NM, Elias DJ, Averell PM, Griffin JH. High-density lipoprotein deficiency and dyslipoproteinemia associated with venous thrombosis in men. Circulation. 2005;112:893-899.
95. Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, Petrobelli F, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Girolami A. An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1435-1441.
96. Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D, Khan S, Furberg C, Hunninghake D, Vittinghoff E, Hulley S. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Estrogen/ progestin Replacement Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:689-696.
97. Ray JG, Mamdani M, Tsuyuki RT, Anderson DR, Yeo EL, Laupacis A. Use of statins and the subsequent development of deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1405-1410.
98. Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Fong J, Harris F, Hunninghake D, Bittner V, Schrott HG, Blumenthal RS, Levy R. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation. 2002;105:2962-2967.
99. Pajkrt D, Lerch PG, van der PT, Levi M, Illi M, Doran JE, Arnet B, van den EA, ten Cate JW, van Deventer SJ. Differential effects of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet activation during human endotoxemia. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:303-307.
100. Shah PK, Kaul S, Nilsson J, Cercek B. Exploiting the vascular protective effects of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: an idea whose time for testing is coming. Part II. Circulation. 2001;104:2498-2502.
101. Li D, Weng S, Yang B, Zander DS, Saldeen T, Nichols WW, Khan S, Mehta JL. Inhibition of arterial thrombus formation by ApoA1 Milano. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:378-383.
102. Assmann G, Nofer JR. Atheroprotective effects of high-density lipoproteins. Annu Rev Med. 2003;54:321-341.
103. Durand E, Scoazec A, Lafont A, Boddaert J, Al Hajzen A, Addad F, Mirshahi M, Desnos M, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. In vivo induction of endothelial apoptosis leads to vessel thrombosis and endothelial denudation: a clue to the understanding of the mechanisms of thrombotic plaque erosion. Circulation. 2004;109:2503-2506.
104. Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95:764-772.
105. Vane JR, Botting RM. Pharmacodynamic profile of prostacyclin. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:3A-10A.
106. Bartlett SR, Sawdy R, Mann GE. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human myometrial smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1beta: involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Physiol. 1999;520(pt 2):399-406.
107. Lee SH, Soyoola E, Chanmugam P, Hart S, Sun W, Zhong H, Liou S, Simmons D, Hwang D. Selective expression of mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:25934-25938.
108. Caughey GE, Cleland LG, Penglis PS, Gamble JR, James MJ. Roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in prostanoid production by human endothelial cells: selective up-regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by COX-2. J Immunol. 2001;167:2831-2838.
109. Linton MF, Fazio S. Cyclooxygenase-2 and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:497-504.
110. Fleisher LN, Tall AR, Witte LD, Miller RW, Cannon PJ. Stimulation of arterial endothelial cell prostacyclin synthesis by high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:6653-6655.
111. Spector AA, Scanu AM, Kaduce TL, Figard PH, Fless GM, Czervionke RL. Effect of human plasma lipoproteins on prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial cells. J Lipid Res. 1985;26:288-297.
112. Pomerantz KB, Fleisher LN, Tall AR, Cannon PJ. Enrichment of endothelial cell arachidonate by lipid transfer from high density lipoproteins: relationship to prostaglandin I2 synthesis. J Lipid Res. 1985;26:1269-1276.
113. Myers DE, Huang WN, Larkins RG. Lipoprotein-induced prostacyclin production in endothelial cells and effects of lipoprotein modification. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:C1504-C1511.
114. Cockerill GW, Saklatvala J, Ridley SH, Yarwood H, Miller NE, Oral B, Nithyanathan S, Taylor G, Haskard DO. High-density lipoproteins differentially modulate cytokine-induced expression of E-selectin and cyclooxygenase-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:910-917.
115. Norata GD, Callegari E, Inoue H, Catapano AL. HDL3 induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells via a p38 MAPK/CRE-dependent pathway: effects on COX-2/PGI-synthase coupling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:871-877.
116. Vinals M, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. HDL-induced prostacyclin release in smooth muscle cells is dependent on cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:3481-3488.
117. Escudero I, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Alonso R, Mata P, Badimon L. Experimental and interventional dietary study in humans on the role of HDL fatty acid composition in PGI2 release and Cox-2 expression by VSMC. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33:779-786.
118. Martinez-Gonzalez J, Escudero I, Badimon L. Simvastatin potenciates PGI(2) release induced by HDL in human VSMC: effect on Cox-2 up-regulation and MAPK signalling pathways activated by HDL. Atherosclerosis. 2004;174:305-313.
119. Van Sickle WA, Wilcox HG, Malik KU, Nasjletti A. High density lipoprotein-induced cardiac prostacyclin synthesis in vitro: relationship to cardiac arachidonate mobilization. J Lipid Res. 1986;27:517-522.
120. Calabresi L, Rossoni G, Gomaraschi M, Sisto F, Berti F, Franceschini G. High-density lipoproteins protect isolated rat hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing cardiac tumor necrosis factor-alpha content and enhancing prostaglandin release. Circ Res. 2003;92:330-337.
121. Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Seppanen K, Seppala E, Vapaatalo H, Huttunen JK. Effects of mild physical exercise on serum lipoproteins and metabolites of arachidonic acid: a controlled randomised trial in middle aged men. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288:603-606.
122. Symons JD. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of the relationship between 6-keto PGF1 alpha and high density lipoproteins. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1990;39:159-165.
123. Furie B, Furie BC. Role of platelet P-selectin and microparticle PSGL-1 in thrombus formation. Trends Mol Med. 2004;10:171-178.
124. Chou J, Mackman N, Merrill-Skoloff G, Pedersen B, Furie BC, Furie B. Hematopoietic cell-derived microparticle tissue factor contributes to fibrin formation during thrombus propagation. Blood. 2004;104:3190-3197.
125. Lopez JA, Kearon C, Lee AY. Deep venous thrombosis. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program). 2004;439-456.
126. Polgar J, Matuskova J, Wagner DD. The P-selectin, tissue factor, coagulation triad. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1590-1596.
127. Lopez JA, del C, I, Shrimpton CN. Receptors, rafts, and microvesicles in thrombosis and inflammation. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1737-1744.
128. Wadham C, Albanese N, Roberts J, Wang L, Bagley CJ, Gamble JR, Rye KA, Barter PJ, Vadas MA, Xia P. High-density lipoproteins neutralize C-reactive protein proinflammatory activity. Circulation. 2004;109:2116-2122.
129. Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Endothelial function: a critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Circulation. 2004;109(suppl II):II-27-II-33.
130. Perez-Ruiz A, Montes R, Velasco F, Lopez-Pedrera C, Antonio PJ, Orbe J, Hermida J, Rocha E. Regulation by nitric oxide of endotoxin-induced tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 2002;88:1060-1065.
131. Yang Y, Loscalzo J. Regulation of tissue factor expression in human microvascular endothelial cells by nitric oxide. Circulation. 2000;101:2144-2148.
132. Koyama H, Maeno T, Fukumoto S, Shoji T, Yamane T, Yokoyama H, Emoto M, Shoji T, Tahara H, Inaba M, Hino M, Shioi A, Miki T, Nishizawa Y. Platelet P-selectin expression is associated with atherosclerotic wall thickness in carotid artery in humans. Circulation. 2003;108:524-529.
133. Bombeli T, Schwartz BR, Harlan JM. Endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis become proadhesive for nonactivated platelets. Blood. 1999;93:3831-3838.
134. Bombeli T, Karsan A, Tait JF, Harlan JM. Apoptotic vascular endothelial cells become procoagulant. Blood. 1997;89:2429-2442.
135. Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Current perspective on the role of apoptosis in atherothrombotic disease. Circ Res. 2001;88:998-1003.
136. Seligsohn U, Griffin JH. Chapter 122. Hereditary thrombophilia. In: Lichtman M, Beutler M, Kaushansky K, Kipps T, Seligsohn U, Prchal J, eds. William's Hematology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
137. Griffin JH, Kojima K, Banka CL, Curtiss LK, Fernandez JA. High-density lipoprotein enhancement of anticoagulant activities of plasma protein S and activated protein C. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:219-227.
138. MacCallum PK, Cooper JA, Martin J, Howarth DJ, Meade TW, Miller GJ. Haemostatic and lipid determinants of prothrombin fragment F1.2 and D-dimer in plasma. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83:421-426.
139. Nicholls SJ, Cutri B, Worthley SG, Kee P, Rye KA, Bao S, Barter PJ. Impact of short-term administration of high-density lipoproteins and atorvastatin on atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2416-2421.
140. Boffa MC, Karmochkine M. Thrombomodulin: an overview and potential implications in vascular disorders. Lupus. 1998;7(suppl 2):S120-S125.
141. Deguchi H, Fernandez JA, Griffin JH. Neutral glycosphingolipid-dependent inactivation of coagulation factor Va by activated protein C and protein S. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:8861-8865.
142. Deguchi H, Yegneswaran S, Griffin JH. Sphingolipids as bioactive regulators of thrombin generation. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:12036-12042.
143. Kobayashi T, Tahara Y, Matsumoto M, Iguchi M, Sano H, Murayama T, Arai H, Oida H, Yurugi-Kobayashi T, Yamashita JK, Katagiri H, Majima M, Yokode M, Kita T, Narumiya S. Roles of thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin in the development of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:784-794.
144. Oravec S, Demuth K, Myara I, Hornych A. The effect of high density lipoprotein subfractions on endothelial eicosanoid secretion. Thromb Res. 1998;92:65-71.
145. Grewal T, de D, I, Kirchhoff MF, Tebar F, Heeren J, Rinninger F, Enrich C. High density lipoprotein-induced signaling of the MAPK pathway involves scavenger receptor type BI-mediated activation of Ras. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:16478-16481.
146. O'Connell BJ, Genest J Jr. High-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. Circulation. 2001;104:1978-1983.
147. Eren M, Painter CA, Atkinson JB, Declerck PJ, Vaughan DE. Age-dependent spontaneous coronary arterial thrombosis in transgenic mice that express a stable form of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Circulation. 2002;106:491-496.
148. Ridker PM, Brown NJ, Vaughan DE, Harrison DG, Mehta JL. Established and emerging plasma biomarkers in the prediction of first atherothrombotic events. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl IV):IV-6-IV-19.
149. Norata GD, Banfi C, Pirillo A, Tremoli E, Hamsten A, Catapano AL, Eriksson P. Oxidised-HDL3 induces the expression of PAI-1 in human endothelial cells. Role of p38MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:97-104.
150. Naqvi TZ, Shah PK, Ivey PA, Molloy MD, Thomas AM, Panicker S, Ahmed A, Cercek B, Kaul S. Evidence that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is an independent predictor of acute platelet-dependent thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:1011-1017.
151. Lerch PG, Spycher MO, Doran JE. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) modulates platelet activity in vitro and ex vivo. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80:316-320.
152. Nofer JR, Kehrel B, Fobker M, Levkau B, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. HDL and arteriosclerosis: beyond reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis. 2002;161:1-16.
153. Assanasen C, Mineo C, Seetharam D, Yuhanna IS, Marcel YL, Connelly MA, Williams DL, Llera-Moya M, Shaul PW, Silver DL. Cholesterol binding, efflux, and a PDZ-interacting domain of scavenger receptor-BI mediate HDL-initiated signaling. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:969-977.
154. Rosenson RS. Low HDL-C: a secondary target of dyslipidemia therapy. Am J Med. 2005;118:1067-1077.
155. Duffy D, Rader DJ. Drugs in development: targeting high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005;20:301-306.