Intrinsic modulation of lymphocyte function by stromal cell network: Advance in therapeutic targeting of cancer

Immunotherapy

Volumn 3, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1253-1264

  Grgün, Güllü ^a   Anderson, Kenneth C ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

bone marrow stromal cells; hematologic malignancies; immunomodulatory drugs; immunotherapy; lymphocytes; macrophages; multiple myeloma; solid tumors; tumor microenvironment; tumor stromal cells

Indexed keywords

BONE MARROW CELL; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LYMPHOCYTE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; STROMA CELL; TARGET CELL; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ANIMALS; CELL COMMUNICATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE; LYMPHOCYTES; NEOPLASMS; STROMAL CELLS; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 80054095256     PISSN: 1750743X     EISSN: 17507448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.124     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Tlsty TD, Coussens LM. Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 1, 119-150 (2006).
2. Vasievich EA, Huang L. The suppressive tumor microenvironment: a challenge in cancer immunotherapy. Mol. Pharm. 8(3), 635-641 (2011).
3. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420(6917), 860-867 (2002). (Pubitemid 36019639)
4. Zhang B. Targeting the stroma by T cells to limit tumor growth. Cancer Res. 68(23), 9570-9573 (2008).
5. Tokoyoda K, Hauser AE, Nakayama T, Radbruch A. Organization of immunological memory by bone marrow stroma. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10(3), 193-200 (2010).
6. Gorgun G, Calabrese E, Soydan E et al. Immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide and pomalidomide on interaction of tumor and bone marrow accessory cells in multiple myeloma. Blood 116(17), 3227-3237 (2010).
7. Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhyan RK, Latsinik NV, Panasyuk AF, Keiliss-Borok IV. Stromal cells responsible for transferring the microenvironment of the hemopoietic tissues. Cloning in vitro and retransplantation in vivo. Transplantation 17(4), 331-340 (1974).
8. Li H, Fan X, Houghton J. Tumor microenvironment: the role of the tumor stroma in cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 101(4), 805-815 (2007). (Pubitemid 47040863)
9. Rodemann HP, Muller GA. Characterization of human renal fibroblasts in health and disease: II. In vitro growth, differentiation, and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts from kidneys with interstitial fibrosis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 17(6), 684-686 (1991).
10. Chang HY, Chi JT, Dudoit S et al. Diversity, topographic differentiation, and positional memory in human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(20), 12877-12882 (2002).
11. Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6(5), 392-401 (2006).
12. Allen M, Louise Jones J. Jekyll and Hyde: the role of the microenvironment on the progression of cancer. J. Pathol. 223(2), 162-176 (2011).
13. Ronnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ. Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: importance of the stromal reaction. Physiol. Rev. 76(1), 69-125 (1996). (Pubitemid 26048279)
14. Yang F, Tuxhorn JA, Ressler SJ, Mcalhany SJ, Dang TD, Rowley DR. Stromal expression of connective tissue growth factor promotes angiogenesis and prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 65(19), 8887-8895 (2005). (Pubitemid 41377378)
15. Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC et al. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF 1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell 121(3), 335-348 (2005). (Pubitemid 40692295)
16. Barnas JL, Simpson-Abelson MR, Yokota SJ, Kelleher RJ, Bankert RB. T cells and stromal fibroblasts in human tumor microenvironments represent potential therapeutic targets. Cancer Microenviron. 3(1), 29-47 (2010).
17. Jones S, Horwood N, Cope A, Dazzi F. The antiproliferative effect of mesenchymal stem cells is a fundamental property shared by all stromal cells. J. Immunol. 179(5), 2824-2831 (2007).
18. Haniffa MA, Wang XN, Holtick U et al. Adult human fibroblasts are potent immunoregulatory cells and functionally equivalent to mesenchymal stem cells. J. Immunol. 179(3), 1595-1604 (2007).
19. Lee SK, Seo SH, Kim BS et al. IFN g regulates the expression of B7 H1 in dermal fibroblast cells. J. Dermatol. Sci. 40(2), 95-103 (2005).
20. + T cell activity. Gastroenterology 135(4), 1228-1237 (2008).
21. Nazareth MR, Broderick L, Simpson-Abelson MR, Kelleher RJ Jr, Yokota SJ, Bankert RB. Characterization of human lung tumor-associated fibroblasts and their ability to modulate the activation of tumor-associated T cells. J. Immunol. 178(9), 5552-5562 (2007). (Pubitemid 46674350)
22. Davis LS, Oppenheimer-Marks N, Bednarczyk JL, McIntyre BW, Lipsky PE. Fibronectin promotes proliferation of naive and memory T cells by signaling through both the VLA 4 and VLA 5 integrin molecules. J. Immunol. 145(3), 785-793 (1990). (Pubitemid 20231266)
23. Rao WH, Hales JM, Camp RD. Potent costimulation of effector T lymphocytes by human collagen type I. J. Immunol. 165(9), 4935-4940 (2000).
24. Bocelli-Tyndall C, Barbero A, Candrian C, Ceredig R, Tyndall A, Martin I. Human articular chondrocytes suppress in vitro proliferation of anti-CD3 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 209(3), 732-734 (2006). (Pubitemid 44665695)
25. Zappia E, Casazza S, Pedemonte E et al. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T cell anergy. Blood 106(5), 1755-1761 (2005). (Pubitemid 41208591)
26. Boisvert M, Gendron S, Chetoui N, Aoudjit F. α2 β1 integrin signaling augments T cell receptor-dependent production of interferon g in human T cells. Mol. Immunol. 44(15), 3732-3740 (2007). (Pubitemid 46830714)
27. Sturm A, Krivacic KA, Fiocchi C, Levine AD. Dual function of the extracellular matrix: stimulatory for cell cycle progression of naive T cells and antiapoptotic for tissue-derived memory T cells. J. Immunol. 173(6), 3889-3900 (2004). (Pubitemid 39280752)
28. Filer A, Parsonage G, Smith E et al. Differential survival of leukocyte subsets mediated by synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts: site-specific versus activation-dependent survival of T cells and neutrophils. Arthritis Rheum. 54(7), 2096-2108 (2006). (Pubitemid 44051065)
29. Nanki T, Nagasaka K, Hayashida K, Saita Y, Miyasaka N. Chemokines regulate IL 6 and IL 8 production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 167(9), 5381-5385 (2001). (Pubitemid 33009778)
30. Georganas C, Liu H, Perlman H, Hoffmann A, Thimmapaya B, Pope RM. Regulation of IL 6 and IL 8 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts: the dominant role for NF kB but not C/EBP b or c-Jun. J. Immunol. 165(12), 7199-7206 (2000). (Pubitemid 32001197)
31. Bombara MP, Webb DL, Conrad P et al. Cell contact between T cells and synovial fibroblasts causes induction of adhesion molecules and cytokines. J. Leukoc. Biol. 54(5), 399-406 (1993). (Pubitemid 23347838)
32. Thiele K, Riemann D, Navarrete Santos A, Langner J, Kehlen A. Cell-cell contact of human T cells with fibroblasts changes lymphocytic mRNA expression: increased mRNA expression of interleukin 17 and interleukin 17 receptor. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 11(1), 53-58 (2000). (Pubitemid 30145402)
33. Sporri B, Bickel M, Limat A, Waelti ER, Hunziker T, Wiesmann UN. Autologous versus allogeneic T cell-stimulated IL 6 production by dermal fibroblasts. Inflammation 21(4), 371-378 (1997). (Pubitemid 27409956)
34. Akashi M, Loussararian AH, Adelman DC, Saito M, Koeffler HP. Role of lymphotoxin in expression of interleukin 6 in human fibroblasts. Stimulation and regulation. J. Clin. Invest. 85(1), 121-129 (1990). (Pubitemid 20030299)
35. Hwang SY, Kim JY, Kim KW et al. IL 17 induces production of IL 6 and IL 8 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via NF kB- and PI3 kinase/Akt-dependent pathways. Arthritis Res. Ther. 6(2), R120-R128 (2004).
36. Boniface K, Bak-Jensen KS, Li Y et al. Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling. J. Exp. Med. 206(3), 535-548 (2009).
37. Yamamura Y, Gupta R, Morita Y et al. Effector function of resting T cells: activation of synovial fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 166(4), 2270-2275 (2001). (Pubitemid 32173457)
38. Miranda-Carus ME, Balsa A, Benito-Miguel M, Perez De Ayala C, Martin-Mola E. IL 15 and the initiation of cell contact-dependent synovial fibroblast-T lymphocyte cross-talk in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of methotrexate. J. Immunol. 173(2), 1463-1476 (2004). (Pubitemid 38924328)
39. Kraman M, Bambrough PJ, Arnold JN et al. Suppression of antitumor immunity by stromal cells expressing fibroblast activation protein α. Science 330(6005), 827-830 (2010).
40. Liao D, Luo Y, Markowitz D, Xiang R, Reisfeld RA. Cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model. PLoS ONE 4(11), E7965 (2009).
41. Wen Y, Wang CT, Ma TT et al. Immunotherapy targeting fibroblast activation protein inhibits tumor growth and increases survival in a murine colon cancer model. Cancer Sci. 101(11), 2325-2332 (2010).
42. Kryczek I, Wei S, Keller E, Liu R, Zou W. Stroma-derived factor (SDF 1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 292(3), C987-995 (2007).
43. Poznansky MC, Olszak IT, Foxall R, Evans RH, Luster AD, Scadden DT. Active movement of T cells away from a chemokine. Nat. Med. 6(5), 543-548 (2000). (Pubitemid 30305904)
44. + T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction. Nat. Med. 12(10), 1198-1202 (2006). (Pubitemid 44527357)
45. Barber DL, Wherry EJ, Masopust D et al. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. Nature 439(7077), 682-687 (2006). (Pubitemid 43237609)
46. Freeman GJ, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R, Sharpe AH. Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD 1-PD 1 ligand blockade. J. Exp. Med. 203(10), 2223-2227 (2006). (Pubitemid 44498355)
47. Thompson RH, Dong H, Lohse CM et al. PD 1 is expressed by tumor-infiltrating immune cells and is associated with poor outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 13(6), 1757-1761 (2007). (Pubitemid 46952942)
48. Hallett WH, Jing W, Drobyski WR, Johnson BD. Immunosuppressive effects of multiple myeloma are overcome by PD-L1 blockade. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 17(8), 1133-1145 (2011).
49. Benson DM Jr, Bakan CE, Mishra A et al. The PD 1/PD L1 axis modulates the natural killer cell versus multiple myeloma effect: a therapeutic target for CT 011, a novel monoclonal anti-PD 1 antibody. Blood 116(13), 2286-2294 (2010).
50. Anderson KC. Lenalidomide and thalidomide: mechanisms of action- similarities and differences. Semin. Hematol. 42(4 Suppl. 4), S3-S8 (2005). (Pubitemid 41774591)
51. DAmato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91(9), 4082-4085 (1994). (Pubitemid 24139577)
52. Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 98(1), 210-216 (2001).
53. Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Shima Y et al. Thalidomide and its analogs overcome drug resistance of human multiple myeloma cells to conventional therapy. Blood 96(9), 2943-2950 (2000).
54. Gorgun G, Ramsay AG, Holderried TA et al. E(mu)-TCL1 mice represent a model for immunotherapeutic reversal of chronic lymphocytic leukemia-induced T cell dysfunction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(15), 6250-6255 (2009).
55. Escoubet-Lozach L, Lin IL, Jensen-Pergakes K et al. Pomalidomide and lenalidomide induce p21 WAF 1 expression in both lymphoma and multiple myeloma through a LSD1-mediated epigenetic mechanism. Cancer Res. 69(18), 7347-7356 (2009).
56. Leblanc R, Hideshima T, Catley LP et al. Immunomodulatory drug costimulates T cells via the B7-CD28 pathway. Blood 103(5), 1787-1790 (2004). (Pubitemid 38268973)
57. Ramsay AG, Clear AJ, Kelly G et al. Follicular lymphoma cells induce T cell immunologic synapse dysfunction that can be repaired with lenalidomide: implications for the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. Blood 114(21), 4713-4720 (2009).
58. Oliveira AM, Maria DA, Metzger M et al. Thalidomide treatment down-regulates SDF 1a and CXCR4 expression in multiple myeloma patients. Leuk. Res. 33(7), 970-973 (2009).
59. Caligaris-Cappio F, Bergui L, Gregoretti MG et al. Role of bone marrow stromal cells in the growth of human multiple myeloma. Blood 77(12), 2688-2693 (1991).
60. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272(5258), 60-66 (1996). (Pubitemid 26110755)
61. Xu F, Gardner A, Tu Y, Michl P, Prager D, Lichtenstein A. Multiple myeloma cells are protected against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis by insulin-like growth factors. Br. J. Haematol. 97(2), 429-440 (1997). (Pubitemid 27224626)
62. Ogawa M, Nishiura T, Oritani K et al. Cytokines prevent dexamethasone-induced apoptosis via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathways in a new multiple myeloma cell line. Cancer Res. 60(15), 4262-4269 (2000). (Pubitemid 30636615)
63. Podar K, Tai YT, Davies FE et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor triggers signaling cascades mediating multiple myeloma cell growth and migration. Blood 98(2), 428-435 (2001).
64. De Bruyne E, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, et al. Myeloma cells and their interactions with the bone marrow endothelial cells. Curr. Immunol. Rev. 3(1), 41-55 (2007). (Pubitemid 46613389)
65. Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades NS, Munshi NC, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. The role of the bone microenvironment in the pathophysiology and therapeutic management of multiple myeloma: interplay of growth factors, their receptors and stromal interactions. Eur. J. Cancer 42(11), 1564-1573 (2006). (Pubitemid 44118771)
66. Rothermel AL, Wang Y, Schechner J et al. Endothelial cells present antigens in vivo. BMC Immunol. 5, 5 (2004).
67. + T cells directly recognize allogeneic endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 179(7), 4397-4404 (2007
68. Biedermann BC, Pober JS. Human endothelial cells induce and regulate cytolytic T cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 161(9), 4679-4687 (1998). (Pubitemid 28492042)
69. Taflin C, Charron D, Glotz D, Mooney N. Immunological function of the endothelial cell within the setting of organ transplantation. Immunol. Lett. (2011).
70. Epperson DE, Pober JS. Antigen-presenting function of human endothelial cells. Direct activation of resting CD8 T cells. J. Immunol. 153(12), 5402-5412 (1994). (Pubitemid 24377676)
71. Hughes CC, Savage CO, Pober JS. Endothelial cells augment T cell interleukin 2 production by a contact-dependent mechanism involving CD2/LFA 3 interaction. J. Exp. Med. 171(5), 1453-1467 (1990). (Pubitemid 20167543)
72. + T lymphocytes in a B7-dependent fashion. J. Immunol. 169(11), 6154-6161 (2002). (Pubitemid 36903460)
73. + regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 175(10), 6265-6270 (2005). (Pubitemid 41598864)
74. Taflin C, Favier B, Baudhuin J et al. Human endothelial cells generate Th17 and regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108(7), 2891-2896 (2011).
75. Podar K, Anderson KC. The pathophysiologic role of VEGF in hematologic malignancies: therapeutic implications. Blood 105(4), 1383-1395 (2005). (Pubitemid 40223651)
76. +/CD28- CTL. Int. Immunol. 23(8), 485-492 (2011).
77. Podar K, Shringarpure R, Tai YT et al. Caveolin 1 is required for vascular endothelial growth factor-triggered multiple myeloma cell migration and is targeted by bortezomib. Cancer Res. 64(20), 7500-7506 (2004). (Pubitemid 39372094)
78. Roccaro AM, Hideshima T, Raje N et al. Bortezomib mediates antiangiogenesis in multiple myeloma via direct and indirect effects on endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 66(1), 184-191 (2006). (Pubitemid 43166024)
79. Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(24), 2542-2550 (2006). (Pubitemid 44917502)
80. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(5), 427-434 (2003). (Pubitemid 36910021)
81. Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L, Hainsworth JD et al. Bevacizumab in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin: an active regimen for first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(15), 3502-3508 (2005).
82. Aldrich JF, Lowe DB, Shearer MH, Winn RE, Jumper CA, Kennedy RC. Vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the treatment of malignant disease. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2010, 697158 (2010).
83. Falardeau P.,Champagne P., Poyet P., Hariton C.,Dupont E., Neovastat a naturally occurring multifunctional antiangiogenic drug in Phase III clinical trials Semin. Oncol. 28, 6, 620-625 2001 (Pubitemid 33134422)
84. Chauhan D, Catley L, Hideshima T et al. 2 Methoxyestradiol overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 100(6), 2187-2194 (2002). (Pubitemid 35001255)
85. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MS, Redman BG et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(1), 16-24 (2006). (Pubitemid 46630489)
86. Podar K, Tonon G, Sattler M et al. The small-molecule VEGF receptor inhibitor pazopanib (GW786034B) targets both tumor and endothelial cells in multiple myeloma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(51), 19478-19483 (2006). (Pubitemid 46026056)
87. Ott PA, Adams S. Small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors and their effects on the immune system: implications for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy 3(2), 213-227 (2011).
88. Pitchford SC, Furze RC, Jones CP, Wengner AM, Rankin SM. Differential mobilization of subsets of progenitor cells from the bone marrow. Cell Stem Cell 4(1), 62-72 (2009).
89. Azab AK, Runnels JM, Pitsillides C et al. CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 disrupts the interaction of multiple myeloma cells with the bone marrow microenvironment and enhances their sensitivity to therapy. Blood 113(18), 4341-4351 (2009).
90. Raje N, Roodman GD. Advances in the biology and treatment of bone disease in multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 17(6), 1278-1286 (2011).
91. Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Interaction between the skeletal and immune systems in cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 60(3), 305-317 (2011).
92. + regulatory T cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 357(4), 1046-1052 (2007). (Pubitemid 46693677)
93. +) regulatory T cells that suppress osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro. Cell Mol. Immunol. 8(1), 50-58 (2010).
94. Abe M, Kido S, Hiasa M et al. BAFF and APRIL as osteoclast-derived survival factors for myeloma cells: a rationale for TACI-Fc treatment in patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia 20(7), 1313-1315 (2006). (Pubitemid 43905843)
95. Kunzmann V, Bauer E, Feurle J, Weissinger F, Tony HP, Wilhelm M. Stimulation of gdT cells by aminobisphosphonates and induction of antiplasma cell activity in multiple myeloma. Blood 96(2), 384-392 (2000). (Pubitemid 30463353)
96. Naoe M, Ogawa Y, Takeshita K et al. Zoledronate stimulates gdT cells in prostate cancer patients. Oncol. Res. 18(10), 493-501 (2010).
97. Santini D, Martini F, Fratto ME et al. In vivo effects of zoledronic acid on peripheral gdT lymphocytes in early breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 58(1), 31-38 (2009).
98. Neri P, Kumar S, Fulciniti MT et al. Neutralizing B cell activating factor antibody improves survival and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in a severe combined immunodeficient human multiple myeloma model. Clin. Cancer Res. 13(19), 5903-5909 (2007). (Pubitemid 47583918)
99. Breitkreutz I, Raab MS, Vallet S et al. Lenalidomide inhibits osteoclastogenesis, survival factors and bone-remodeling markers in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 22(10), 1925-1932 (2008).
100. Anderson G, Gries M, Kurihara N et al. Thalidomide derivative CC 4047 inhibits osteoclast formation by down-regulation of PU.1 Blood 107(8), 3098-3105 (2006).
101. Sica A, Schioppa T, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages are a distinct M2 polarised population promoting tumour progression: potential targets of anti-cancer therapy. Eur. J. Cancer 42(6), 717-727 (2006).
102. Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3(1), 23-35 (2003). (Pubitemid 37328697)
103. Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Vecchi A, Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol. 25(12), 677-686 (2004) (Pubitemid 39457982)
104. Duffield JS. The inflammatory macrophage: a story of Jekyll and Hyde. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 104(1), 27-38 (2003). (Pubitemid 36249921)
105. Stout RD, Jiang C, Matta B, Tietzel I, Watkins SK, Suttles J. Macrophages sequentially change their functional phenotype in response to changes in microenvironmental influences. J. Immunol. 175(1), 342-349 (2005). (Pubitemid 40884337)
106. Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M. Macrophage polarization comes of age. Immunity 23(4), 344-346 (2005). (Pubitemid 41443435)
107. Biswas SK, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat. Immunol. 11(10), 889-896 (2010).
108. Biswas SK, Gangi L, Paul S et al. A distinct and unique transcriptional program expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (defective NF kB and enhanced IRF 3/STAT1 activation). Blood 107(5), 2112-2122 (2006). (Pubitemid 43289397)
109. Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 451-483 (2009).
110. Pollard JW. Trophic macrophages in development and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9(4), 259-270 (2009).
111. Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 86(5), 1065-1073 (2009).
112. Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. The Yin-Yang of tumor-associated macrophages in neoplastic progression and immune surveillance. Immunol. Rev. 222, 155-161 (2008). (Pubitemid 351430369)
113. Peng KW, Dogan A, Vrana J et al. Tumor-associated macrophages infiltrate plasmacytomas and can serve as cell carriers for oncolytic measles virotherapy of disseminated myeloma. Am. J. Hematol. 84(7), 401-407 (2009).
114. Almand B, Clark JJ, Nikitina E et al. Increased production of immature myeloid cells in cancer patients: a mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer. J. Immunol. 166(1), 678-689 (2001). (Pubitemid 32038493)
115. Diaz-Montero CM, Salem ML, Nishimura MI, Garrett-Mayer E, Cole DJ, Montero AJ. Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin- cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 58(1), 49-59 (2009).
116. +) T cells. Gastroenterology 135(1), 234-243 (2008). (Pubitemid 351899008)
117. +HLA DR/low myeloid-derived suppressor cells and decreased level of dendritic cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Scand. J. Immunol. 72(6), 540-547 (2010).
118. Ilkovitch D, Lopez DM. The liver is a site for tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and immunosuppression. Cancer Res. 69(13), 5514-5521 (2009).
119. Nagaraj S, Gabrilovich DI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in human cancer. Cancer J. 16(4), 348-353 (2010).
120. Nagaraj S, Youn JI, Weber H et al. Anti-inflammatory triterpenoid blocks immune suppressive function of MDSCs and improves immune response in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16(6), 1812-1823 (2010).
121. Serafini P, Meckel K, Kelso M et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition augments endogenous antitumor immunity by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell function. J. Exp. Med. 203(12), 2691-2702 (2006). (Pubitemid 44833345)
122. Serafini P, Mgebroff S, Noonan K, Borrello I. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote cross-tolerance in B cell lymphoma by expanding regulatory T cells. Cancer Res. 68(13), 5439-5449 (2008).
123. Gabitass RF, Annels NE, Stocken DD, Pandha HA, Middleton GW. Elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer are an independent prognostic factor and are associated with significant elevation of the Th2 cytokine interleukin 13 Cancer Immunol. Immunother. doi: 101007/s00262-011-1028-0 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
124. Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 23(11), 549-555 (2002). (Pubitemid 35223554)
125. Pollard JW. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4(1), 71-78 (2004). (Pubitemid 38082155)
126. Talmadge JE, Donkor M, Scholar E. Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors: Jekyll or Hyde. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 26(3-4), 373-400 (2007). (Pubitemid 350115102)
127. Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9(3), 162-174 (2009).
128. Murdoch C, Muthana M, Coffelt SB, Lewis CE. The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 8(8), 618-631 (2008).
129. + T cell response by immature myeloid cells in cancer is mediated by reactive oxygen species. J. Immunol. 172(2), 989-999 (2004). (Pubitemid 38113758)
130. + cells in tumor-bearing host directly promotes tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 6(4), 409-421 (2004). (Pubitemid 39361441)
131. Movahedi K, Guilliams M, Van Den Bossche J et al. Identification of discrete tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell subpopulations with distinct T cell-suppressive activity. Blood 111(8), 4233-4244 (2008).
132. Sawanobori Y, Ueha S, Kurachi M et al. Chemokine-mediated rapid turnover of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice. Blood 111(12), 5457-5466 (2008).
133. Kusmartsev S, Gabrilovich Di. Immature myeloid cells and cancer-associated immune suppression. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51(6), 293-298 (2002). (Pubitemid 34743981)
134. +) T cells. Blood 96(12), 3838-3846 (2000).
135. Dolcetti L, Marigo I, Mantelli B, Peranzoni E, Zanovello P, Bronte V. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell role in tumor-related inflammation. Cancer Lett. 267(2), 216-225 (2008).
136. Sinha P, Clements VK, Miller S, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Tumor immunity: a balancing act between T cell activation, macrophage activation and tumor-induced immune suppression. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 54(11), 1137-1142 (2005). (Pubitemid 41396817)
137. Nagaraj S, Gabrilovich Di. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 601, 213-223 (2007).
138. Srivastava MK, Sinha P, Clements VK, Rodriguez P, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine. Cancer Res. 70(1), 68-77 (2010).
139. + immature myeloid suppressor cells mediate the development of tumor-induced T regulatory cells and T cell anergy in tumor-bearing host. Cancer Res. 66(2), 1123-1131 (2006). (Pubitemid 43165981)
140. Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: more mechanisms for inhibiting antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 59(10), 1593-1600 (2010).
141. Vonderheide RH, Flaherty Kt, Khalil M et al. Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP 870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(7), 876-883 (2007). (Pubitemid 350002889)
142. Tai YT, Catley LP, Mitsiades CS et al. Mechanisms by which SGN 40, a humanized anti-CD40 antibody, induces cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma cells: clinical implications. Cancer Res. 64(8), 2846-2852 (2004). (Pubitemid 38500624)
143. Tai YT, Li X, Tong X et al. Human anti-CD40 antagonist antibody triggers significant antitumor activity against human multiple myeloma. Cancer Res. 65(13), 5898-5906 (2005). (Pubitemid 40911196)
144. Tai YT, Li XF, Catley L et al. Immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide (CC 5013, IMiD3) augments anti-CD40 SGN 40-induced cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma: clinical implications. Cancer Res. 65(24), 11712-11720 (2005). (Pubitemid 41821732)
145. Beatty GL, Chiorean EG, Fishman MP et al. CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans. Science 331(6024), 1612-1616 (2011).
146. + T cell activation during HIV infection. Nat. Med. 16(4), 452-459 (2010).
147. Cho Hy, Choi Ek, Lee Sw et al. Programmed death-1 receptor negatively regulates LPS-mediated IL 12 production and differentiation of murine macrophage RAW2647 cells. Immunol. Lett. 127(1), 39-47 (2009).
148. Sutterwala FS, Noel GJ, Salgame P, Mosser DM. Reversal of proinflammatory responses by ligating the macrophage Fcg receptor type I. J. Exp. Med. 188(1), 217-222 (1998). (Pubitemid 28328621)
149. Wong SC, Puaux AL, Chittezhath M et al. Macrophage polarization to a unique phenotype driven by B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 40(8), 2296-2307 (2010).
150. Andreu P, Johansson M, Affara NI et al. FcRg activation regulates inflammation-associated squamous carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 17(2), 121-134 (2010).
151. Tarella C, Passera R, Magni M, et al., Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20 year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(7), 814-824 (2011)
152. Filipazzi P, Valenti R, Huber V et al. Identification of a new subset of myeloid suppressor cells in peripheral blood of melanoma patients with modulation by a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulation factor-based antitumor vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(18), 2546-2553 (2007). (Pubitemid 47041228)
153. Ko JS, Zea AH, Rini BI et al. Sunitinib mediates reversal of myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation in renal cell carcinoma patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 15(6), 2148-2157 (2009).
154. Kodumudi KN, Woan K, Gilvary DL, Sahakian E, Wei S, Djeu JY. A novel chemoimmunomodulating property of docetaxel: suppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor bearers. Clin. Cancer Res. 16(18), 4583-4594 (2010).
155. Vergati M, Schlom J, Tsang KY. The consequence of immune suppressive cells in the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines and their importance in immune monitoring. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 182413 (2011).