Transcriptional Regulation of Neuronal Polarity and Morphogenesis in the Mammalian Brain

Neuron

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 22-40

  de la Torre Ubieta, Luis ^a   Bonni, Azad ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR; MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CUX1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CUX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FKHRL1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO6; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL POLARITY; CELL SHAPE; CELL SPECIFICITY; CELL STRUCTURE; DENDRITE; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; EPIGENETICS; GROWTH REGULATION; HUMAN; MAMMAL; MORPHOGENESIS; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL GROWTH; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE FIBER REGENERATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PURKINJE CELL; RETINA GANGLION CELL; REVIEW; SYNAPTOGENESIS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; AXONS; BRAIN; CELL POLARITY; DENDRITES; HUMANS; MAMMALS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; MORPHOGENESIS; NERVE REGENERATION; NEURONS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 80053599988     PISSN: 08966273     EISSN: 10974199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.018     Document Type: Review

References (243)

1. Aguayo A.J., Rasminsky M., Bray G.M., Carbonetto S., McKerracher L., Villegas-Pérez M.P., Vidal-Sanz M., Carter D.A. Degenerative and regenerative responses of injured neurons in the central nervous system of adult mammals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1991, 331:337-343.
2. Aizawa H., Hu S.C., Bobb K., Balakrishnan K., Ince G., Gurevich I., Cowan M., Ghosh A. Dendrite development regulated by CREST, a calcium-regulated transcriptional activator. Science 2004, 303:197-202.
3. Alcamo E.A., Chirivella L., Dautzenberg M., Dobreva G., Fariñas I., Grosschedl R., McConnell S.K. Satb2 regulates callosal projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex. Neuron 2008, 57:364-377.
4. Altman J., Bayer S.A. Development of the Cerebellar System: In Relation to Its Evolution, Structure, and Functions 1997, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
5. Araki T., Sasaki Y., Milbrandt J. Increased nuclear NAD biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation prevent axonal degeneration. Science 2004, 305:1010-1013.
6. Arimura N., Kaibuchi K. Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:194-205.
7. Arlotta P., Molyneaux B.J., Chen J., Inoue J., Kominami R., Macklis J.D. Neuronal subtype-specific genes that control corticospinal motor neuron development in vivo. Neuron 2005, 45:207-221.
8. Armentano M., Filosa A., Andolfi G., Studer M. COUP-TFI is required for the formation of commissural projections in the forebrain by regulating axonal growth. Development 2006, 133:4151-4162.
9. Asada N., Sanada K. LKB1-mediated spatial control of GSK3beta and adenomatous polyposis coli contributes to centrosomal forward movement and neuronal migration in the developing neocortex. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:8852-8865.
10. Asada N., Sanada K., Fukada Y. LKB1 regulates neuronal migration and neuronal differentiation in the developing neocortex through centrosomal positioning. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:11769-11775.
11. Ballas N., Lioy D.T., Grunseich C., Mandel G. Non-cell autonomous influence of MeCP2-deficient glia on neuronal dendritic morphology. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:311-317.
12. Banker G., Goslin K. Culturing Nerve Cells 1991, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
13. Baptista C.A., Hatten M.E., Blazeski R., Mason C.A. Cell-cell interactions influence survival and differentiation of purified Purkinje cells in vitro. Neuron 1994, 12:243-260.
14. Barbieri A.M., Broccoli V., Bovolenta P., Alfano G., Marchitiello A., Mocchetti C., Crippa L., Bulfone A., Marigo V., Ballabio A., Banfi S. Vax2 inactivation in mouse determines alteration of the eye dorsal-ventral axis, misrouting of the optic fibres and eye coloboma. Development 2002, 129:805-813.
15. Barbosa A.C., Kim M.S., Ertunc M., Adachi M., Nelson E.D., McAnally J., Richardson J.A., Kavalali E.T., Monteggia L.M., Bassel-Duby R., Olson E.N. MEF2C, a transcription factor that facilitates learning and memory by negative regulation of synapse numbers and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:9391-9396.
16. Barnes A.P., Polleux F. Establishment of axon-dendrite polarity in developing neurons. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 32:347-381.
17. Barnes A.P., Lilley B.N., Pan Y.A., Plummer L.J., Powell A.W., Raines A.N., Sanes J.R., Polleux F. LKB1 and SAD kinases define a pathway required for the polarization of cortical neurons. Cell 2007, 129:549-563.
18. Bedogni F., Hodge R.D., Elsen G.E., Nelson B.R., Daza R.A., Beyer R.P., Bammler T.K., Rubenstein J.L., Hevner R.F. Tbr1 regulates regional and laminar identity of postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:13129-13134.
19. Behar O., Golden J.A., Mashimo H., Schoen F.J., Fishman M.C. Semaphorin III is needed for normal patterning and growth of nerves, bones and heart. Nature 1996, 383:525-528.
20. Belichenko P.V., Wright E.E., Belichenko N.P., Masliah E., Li H.H., Mobley W.C., Francke U. Widespread changes in dendritic and axonal morphology in Mecp2-mutant mouse models of Rett syndrome: evidence for disruption of neuronal networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 514:240-258.
21. Bérubé N.G., Mangelsdorf M., Jagla M., Vanderluit J., Garrick D., Gibbons R.J., Higgs D.R., Slack R.S., Picketts D.J. The chromatin-remodeling protein ATRX is critical for neuronal survival during corticogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:258-267.
22. Biggs W.H., Meisenhelder J., Hunter T., Cavenee W.K., Arden K.C. Protein kinase B/Akt-mediated phosphorylation promotes nuclear exclusion of the winged helix transcription factor FKHR1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:7421-7426.
23. Bilimoria P.M., Bonni A. Cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. CSH Protoc. 2008, 2008. 10.1101/pdb.prot5107.
24. Bisbal M., Conde C., Donoso M., Bollati F., Sesma J., Quiroga S., Díaz Añel A., Malhotra V., Marzolo M.P., Cáceres A. Protein kinase d regulates trafficking of dendritic membrane proteins in developing neurons. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:9297-9308.
25. Blackmore M., Letourneau P.C. Changes within maturing neurons limit axonal regeneration in the developing spinal cord. J. Neurobiol. 2006, 66:348-360.
26. Bokoch G.M. Biology of the p21-activated kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2003, 72:743-781.
27. Bonni A., Brunet A., West A.E., Datta S.R., Takasu M.A., Greenberg M.E. Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Science 1999, 286:1358-1362.
28. Bouslama-Oueghlani L., Wehrlé R., Sotelo C., Dusart I. The developmental loss of the ability of Purkinje cells to regenerate their axons occurs in the absence of myelin: an in vitro model to prevent myelination. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8318-8329.
29. Bradke F., Dotti C.G. Differentiated neurons retain the capacity to generate axons from dendrites. Curr. Biol. 2000, 10:1467-1470.
30. Britanova O., de Juan Romero C., Cheung A., Kwan K.Y., Schwark M., Gyorgy A., Vogel T., Akopov S., Mitkovski M., Agoston D., et al. Satb2 is a postmitotic determinant for upper-layer neuron specification in the neocortex. Neuron 2008, 57:378-392.
31. Brunet A., Bonni A., Zigmond M.J., Lin M.Z., Juo P., Hu L.S., Anderson M.J., Arden K.C., Blenis J., Greenberg M.E. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 1999, 96:857-868.
32. Brunet A., Sweeney L.B., Sturgill J.F., Chua K.F., Greer P.L., Lin Y., Tran H., Ross S.E., Mostoslavsky R., Cohen H.Y., et al. Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 2004, 303:2011-2015.
33. Calderon de Anda F., Gärtner A., Tsai L.H., Dotti C.G. Pyramidal neuron polarity axis is defined at the bipolar stage. J. Cell Sci. 2008, 121:178-185.
34. Castrillon D.H., Miao L., Kollipara R., Horner J.W., DePinho R.A. Suppression of ovarian follicle activation in mice by the transcription factor Foxo3a. Science 2003, 301:215-218.
35. Causeret F., Terao M., Jacobs T., Nishimura Y.V., Yanagawa Y., Obata K., Hoshino M., Nikolic M. The p21-activated kinase is required for neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2009, 19:861-875.
36. Chen B., Schaevitz L.R., McConnell S.K. Fezl regulates the differentiation and axon targeting of layer 5 subcortical projection neurons in cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:17184-17189.
37. Chen J.G., Rasin M.R., Kwan K.Y., Sestan N. Zfp312 is required for subcortical axonal projections and dendritic morphology of deep-layer pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:17792-17797.
38. Chen B., Wang S.S., Hattox A.M., Rayburn H., Nelson S.B., McConnell S.K. The Fezf2-Ctip2 genetic pathway regulates the fate choice of subcortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:11382-11387.
39. Cheung Z.H., Chin W.H., Chen Y., Ng Y.P., Ip N.Y. Cdk5 is involved in BDNF-stimulated dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5:e63. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050063.
40. Cobos I., Borello U., Rubenstein J.L. Dlx transcription factors promote migration through repression of axon and dendrite growth. Neuron 2007, 54:873-888.
41. Corty M.M., Matthews B.J., Grueber W.B. Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila. Development 2009, 136:1049-1061.
42. Costigan M., Befort K., Karchewski L., Griffin R.S., D'Urso D., Allchorne A., Sitarski J., Mannion J.W., Pratt R.E., Woolf C.J. Replicate high-density rat genome oligonucleotide microarrays reveal hundreds of regulated genes in the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury. BMC Neurosci. 2002, 3:16.
43. Craig A.M., Banker G. Neuronal polarity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1994, 17:267-310.
44. Cubelos B., Sebastián-Serrano A., Beccari L., Calcagnotto M.E., Cisneros E., Kim S., Dopazo A., Alvarez-Dolado M., Redondo J.M., Bovolenta P., et al. Cux1 and Cux2 regulate dendritic branching, spine morphology, and synapses of the upper layer neurons of the cortex. Neuron 2010, 66:523-535.
45. Daitoku H., Hatta M., Matsuzaki H., Aratani S., Ohshima T., Miyagishi M., Nakajima T., Fukamizu A. Silent information regulator 2 potentiates Foxo1-mediated transcription through its deacetylase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:10042-10047.
46. Davies S.J., Fitch M.T., Memberg S.P., Hall A.K., Raisman G., Silver J. Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Nature 1997, 390:680-683.
47. Davies S.J., Goucher D.R., Doller C., Silver J. Robust regeneration of adult sensory axons in degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:5810-5822.
48. de Anda F.C., Pollarolo G., Da Silva J.S., Camoletto P.G., Feiguin F., Dotti C.G. Centrosome localization determines neuronal polarity. Nature 2005, 436:704-708.
49. de Anda F.C., Meletis K., Ge X., Rei D., Tsai L.H. Centrosome motility is essential for initial axon formation in the neocortex. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:10391-10406.
50. de la Torre-Ubieta L., Gaudillière B., Yang Y., Ikeuchi Y., Yamada T., DiBacco S., Stegmüller J., Schüller U., Salih D.A., Rowitch D., et al. A FOXO-Pak1 transcriptional pathway controls neuronal polarity. Genes Dev. 2010, 24:799-813.
51. Degano A.L., Pasterkamp R.J., Ronnett G.V. MeCP2 deficiency disrupts axonal guidance, fasciculation, and targeting by altering Semaphorin 3F function. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2009, 42:243-254.
52. Desai A.R., McConnell S.K. Progressive restriction in fate potential by neural progenitors during cerebral cortical development. Development 2000, 127:2863-2872.
53. Dhavan R., Tsai L.H. A decade of CDK5. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 2:749-759.
54. Di Giovanni S., Knights C.D., Rao M., Yakovlev A., Beers J., Catania J., Avantaggiati M.L., Faden A.I. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is required for neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration. EMBO J. 2006, 25:4084-4096.
55. Dickson B.J. Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance. Science 2002, 298:1959-1964.
56. Dijkhuizen P.A., Ghosh A. BDNF regulates primary dendrite formation in cortical neurons via the PI3-kinase and MAP kinase signaling pathways. J. Neurobiol. 2005, 62:278-288.
57. Dijkhuizen P.A., Ghosh A. Regulation of dendritic growth by calcium and neurotrophin signaling. Prog. Brain Res. 2005, 147:17-27.
58. Dotti C.G., Sullivan C.A., Banker G.A. The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:1454-1468.
59. Dufour A., Seibt J., Passante L., Depaepe V., Ciossek T., Frisén J., Kullander K., Flanagan J.G., Polleux F., Vanderhaeghen P. Area specificity and topography of thalamocortical projections are controlled by ephrin/Eph genes. Neuron 2003, 39:453-465.
60. Ernfors P., Lee K.F., Jaenisch R. Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits. Nature 1994, 368:147-150.
61. Essers M.A., Weijzen S., de Vries-Smits A.M., Saarloos I., de Ruiter N.D., Bos J.L., Burgering B.M. FOXO transcription factor activation by oxidative stress mediated by the small GTPase Ral and JNK. EMBO J. 2004, 23:4802-4812.
62. Falnikar A., Baas P.W. Critical roles for microtubules in axonal development and disease. Results Probl. Cell Differ. 2009, 48:47-64.
63. Filbin M.T. Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:703-713.
64. Finsterwald C., Fiumelli H., Cardinaux J.R., Martin J.L. Regulation of dendritic development by BDNF requires activation of CRTC1 by glutamate. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:28587-28595.
65. Flavell S.W., Greenberg M.E. Signaling mechanisms linking neuronal activity to gene expression and plasticity of the nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 31:563-590.
66. Flavell S.W., Cowan C.W., Kim T.K., Greer P.L., Lin Y., Paradis S., Griffith E.C., Hu L.S., Chen C., Greenberg M.E. Activity-dependent regulation of MEF2 transcription factors suppresses excitatory synapse number. Science 2006, 311:1008-1012.
67. Flavell S.W., Kim T.K., Gray J.M., Harmin D.A., Hemberg M., Hong E.J., Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E., Bear D.M., Greenberg M.E. Genome-wide analysis of MEF2 transcriptional program reveals synaptic target genes and neuronal activity-dependent polyadenylation site selection. Neuron 2008, 60:1022-1038.
68. Frantz G.D., McConnell S.K. Restriction of late cerebral cortical progenitors to an upper-layer fate. Neuron 1996, 17:55-61.
69. Fujino T., Lee W.C., Nedivi E. Regulation of cpg15 by signaling pathways that mediate synaptic plasticity. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2003, 24:538-554.
70. Furuyama T., Nakazawa T., Nakano I., Mori N. Identification of the differential distribution patterns of mRNAs and consensus binding sequences for mouse DAF-16 homologues. Biochem. J. 2000, 349:629-634.
71. Furuyama T., Kitayama K., Shimoda Y., Ogawa M., Sone K., Yoshida-Araki K., Hisatsune H., Nishikawa S., Nakayama K., Nakayama K., et al. Abnormal angiogenesis in Foxo1 (Fkhr)-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:34741-34749.
72. Gan L., Zheng W., Chabot J.G., Unterman T.G., Quirion R. Nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of the transcription factor FoxO1 is regulated by neurotrophic factors. J. Neurochem. 2005, 93:1209-1219.
73. Gao Y., Deng K., Hou J., Bryson J.B., Barco A., Nikulina E., Spencer T., Mellado W., Kandel E.R., Filbin M.T. Activated CREB is sufficient to overcome inhibitors in myelin and promote spinal axon regeneration in vivo. Neuron 2004, 44:609-621.
74. Gao Z., Ure K., Ables J.L., Lagace D.C., Nave K.A., Goebbels S., Eisch A.J., Hsieh J. Neurod1 is essential for the survival and maturation of adult-born neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:1090-1092.
75. Gaudillière B., Konishi Y., de la Iglesia N., Yao G., Bonni A. A CaMKII-NeuroD signaling pathway specifies dendritic morphogenesis. Neuron 2004, 41:229-241.
76. Glebova N.O., Ginty D.D. Heterogeneous requirement of NGF for sympathetic target innervation in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:743-751.
77. Gleeson J.G., Lin P.T., Flanagan L.A., Walsh C.A. Doublecortin is a microtubule-associated protein and is expressed widely by migrating neurons. Neuron 1999, 23:257-271.
78. Goldberg J.L., Espinosa J.S., Xu Y., Davidson N., Kovacs G.T., Barres B.A. Retinal ganglion cells do not extend axons by default: promotion by neurotrophic signaling and electrical activity. Neuron 2002, 33:689-702.
79. Goldberg J.L., Klassen M.P., Hua Y., Barres B.A. Amacrine-signaled loss of intrinsic axon growth ability by retinal ganglion cells. Science 2002, 296:1860-1864.
80. Gomis-Rüth S., Wierenga C.J., Bradke F. Plasticity of polarization: changing dendrites into axons in neurons integrated in neuronal circuits. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18:992-1000.
81. Goslin K., Banker G. Experimental observations on the development of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Cell Biol. 1989, 108:1507-1516.
82. Govek E.E., Newey S.E., Van Aelst L. The role of the Rho GTPases in neuronal development. Genes Dev. 2005, 19:1-49.
83. Graef I.A., Wang F., Charron F., Chen L., Neilson J., Tessier-Lavigne M., Crabtree G.R. Neurotrophins and netrins require calcineurin/NFAT signaling to stimulate outgrowth of embryonic axons. Cell 2003, 113:657-670.
84. Greer E.L., Oskoui P.R., Banko M.R., Maniar J.M., Gygi M.P., Gygi S.P., Brunet A. The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase directly regulates the mammalian FOXO3 transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:30107-30119.
85. Grinberg I., Millen K.J. The ZIC gene family in development and disease. Clin. Genet. 2005, 67:290-296.
86. Guo S., Rena G., Cichy S., He X., Cohen P., Unterman T. Phosphorylation of serine 256 by protein kinase B disrupts transactivation by FKHR and mediates effects of insulin on insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 promoter activity through a conserved insulin response sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:17184-17192.
87. Gutierrez-Delicado E., Serratosa J.M. Genetics of the epilepsies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2004, 17:147-153.
88. Hand R., Bortone D., Mattar P., Nguyen L., Heng J.I., Guerrier S., Boutt E., Peters E., Barnes A.P., Parras C., et al. Phosphorylation of Neurogenin2 specifies the migration properties and the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex. Neuron 2005, 48:45-62.
89. Hatten M.E. Central nervous system neuronal migration. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1999, 22:511-539.
90. He Z., Koprivica V. The Nogo signaling pathway for regeneration block. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 27:341-368.
91. Hedstrom K.L., Ogawa Y., Rasband M.N. AnkyrinG is required for maintenance of the axon initial segment and neuronal polarity. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 183:635-640.
92. Helmlinger D., Tora L., Devys D. Transcriptional alterations and chromatin remodeling in polyglutamine diseases. Trends Genet. 2006, 22:562-570.
93. Herrera E., Brown L., Aruga J., Rachel R.A., Dolen G., Mikoshiba K., Brown S., Mason C.A. Zic2 patterns binocular vision by specifying the uncrossed retinal projection. Cell 2003, 114:545-557.
94. Hoekman M.F., Jacobs F.M., Smidt M.P., Burbach J.P. Spatial and temporal expression of FoxO transcription factors in the developing and adult murine brain. Gene Expr. Patterns 2006, 6:134-140.
95. Hong E.J., West A.E., Greenberg M.E. Transcriptional control of cognitive development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005, 15:21-28.
96. Horch H.W., Katz L.C. BDNF release from single cells elicits local dendritic growth in nearby neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:1177-1184.
97. Horesh D., Sapir T., Francis F., Wolf S.G., Caspi M., Elbaum M., Chelly J., Reiner O. Doublecortin, a stabilizer of microtubules. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999, 8:1599-1610.
98. Hosaka T., Biggs W.H., Tieu D., Boyer A.D., Varki N.M., Cavenee W.K., Arden K.C. Disruption of forkhead transcription factor (FOXO) family members in mice reveals their functional diversification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:2975-2980.
99. Huber A.B., Kolodkin A.L., Ginty D.D., Cloutier J.F. Signaling at the growth cone: ligand-receptor complexes and the control of axon growth and guidance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 26:509-563.
100. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: the role of structure and autoregulation in cellular function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2002, 71:473-510.
101. Hur E.M., Zhou F.Q. GSK3 signalling in neural development. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:539-551.
102. Huynh M.A., Ikeuchi Y., Netherton S., de la Torre-Ubieta L., Kanadia R., Stegmüller J., Cepko C., Bonni S., Bonni A. An isoform-specific SnoN1-FOXO1 repressor complex controls neuronal morphogenesis and positioning in the mammalian brain. Neuron 2011, 69:930-944.
103. Ikeuchi Y., Stegmüller J., Netherton S., Huynh M.A., Masu M., Frank D., Bonni S., Bonni A. A SnoN-Ccd1 pathway promotes axonal morphogenesis in the mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:4312-4321.
104. Iwase S., Lan F., Bayliss P., de la Torre-Ubieta L., Huarte M., Qi H.H., Whetstine J.R., Bonni A., Roberts T.M., Shi Y. The X-linked mental retardation gene SMCX/JARID1C defines a family of histone H3 lysine 4 demethylases. Cell 2007, 128:1077-1088.
105. Jan Y.N., Jan L.Y. The control of dendrite development. Neuron 2003, 40:229-242.
106. Jan Y.N., Jan L.Y. Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:316-328.
107. Jiang H., Guo W., Liang X., Rao Y. Both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity require active mechanisms: critical roles of GSK-3beta and its upstream regulators. Cell 2005, 120:123-135.
108. Joberty G., Petersen C., Gao L., Macara I.G. The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2:531-539.
109. Jones K.R., Fariñas I., Backus C., Reichardt L.F. Targeted disruption of the BDNF gene perturbs brain and sensory neuron development but not motor neuron development. Cell 1994, 76:989-999.
110. Kania A., Jessell T.M. Topographic motor projections in the limb imposed by LIM homeodomain protein regulation of ephrin-A:EphA interactions. Neuron 2003, 38:581-596.
111. Kania A., Johnson R.L., Jessell T.M. Coordinate roles for LIM homeobox genes in directing the dorsoventral trajectory of motor axons in the vertebrate limb. Cell 2000, 102:161-173.
112. Katz L.C., Shatz C.J. Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science 1996, 274:1133-1138.
113. Kaufmann W.E., Moser H.W. Dendritic anomalies in disorders associated with mental retardation. Cereb. Cortex 2000, 10:981-991.
114. Kawaji K., Umeshima H., Eiraku M., Hirano T., Kengaku M. Dual phases of migration of cerebellar granule cells guided by axonal and dendritic leading processes. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2004, 25:228-240.
115. Kelsch W., Mosley C.P., Lin C.W., Lois C. Distinct mammalian precursors are committed to generate neurons with defined dendritic projection patterns. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5:e300. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050300.
116. Kimura T., Watanabe H., Iwamatsu A., Kaibuchi K. Tubulin and CRMP-2 complex is transported via Kinesin-1. J. Neurochem. 2005, 93:1371-1382.
117. Kitamura T., Nakae J., Kitamura Y., Kido Y., Biggs W.H., Wright C.V., White M.F., Arden K.C., Accili D. The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 links insulin signaling to Pdx1 regulation of pancreatic beta cell growth. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 110:1839-1847.
118. Kobayashi T., Storrie B., Simons K., Dotti C.G. A functional barrier to movement of lipids in polarized neurons. Nature 1992, 359:647-650.
119. Koizumi H., Higginbotham H., Poon T., Tanaka T., Brinkman B.C., Gleeson J.G. Doublecortin maintains bipolar shape and nuclear translocation during migration in the adult forebrain. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:779-786.
120. Konishi Y., Stegmüller J., Matsuda T., Bonni S., Bonni A. Cdh1-APC controls axonal growth and patterning in the mammalian brain. Science 2004, 303:1026-1030.
121. Konno D., Yoshimura S., Hori K., Maruoka H., Sobue K. Involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/rac1 and cdc42 pathways in radial migration of cortical neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:5082-5088.
122. Kops G.J., de Ruiter N.D., De Vries-Smits A.M., Powell D.R., Bos J.L., Burgering B.M. Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature 1999, 398:630-634.
123. Kuruvilla R., Zweifel L.S., Glebova N.O., Lonze B.E., Valdez G., Ye H., Ginty D.D. A neurotrophin signaling cascade coordinates sympathetic neuron development through differential control of TrkA trafficking and retrograde signaling. Cell 2004, 118:243-255.
124. Lai T., Jabaudon D., Molyneaux B.J., Azim E., Arlotta P., Menezes J.R., Macklis J.D. SOX5 controls the sequential generation of distinct corticofugal neuron subtypes. Neuron 2008, 57:232-247.
125. Lasorella A., Stegmüller J., Guardavaccaro D., Liu G., Carro M.S., Rothschild G., de la Torre-Ubieta L., Pagano M., Bonni A., Iavarone A. Degradation of Id2 by the anaphase-promoting complex couples cell cycle exit and axonal growth. Nature 2006, 442:471-474.
126. Lee S., Lee B., Lee J.W., Lee S.K. Retinoid signaling and neurogenin2 function are coupled for the specification of spinal motor neurons through a chromatin modifier CBP. Neuron 2009, 62:641-654.
127. Lehtinen M.K., Yuan Z., Boag P.R., Yang Y., Villén J., Becker E.B., DiBacco S., de la Iglesia N., Gygi S., Blackwell T.K., Bonni A. A conserved MST-FOXO signaling pathway mediates oxidative-stress responses and extends life span. Cell 2006, 125:987-1001.
128. Lentz S.I., Knudson C.M., Korsmeyer S.J., Snider W.D. Neurotrophins support the development of diverse sensory axon morphologies. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1038-1048.
129. Lessard J., Wu J.I., Ranish J.A., Wan M., Winslow M.M., Staahl B.T., Wu H., Aebersold R., Graef I.A., Crabtree G.R. An essential switch in subunit composition of a chromatin remodeling complex during neural development. Neuron 2007, 55:201-215.
130. Li S., Zhang C., Takemori H., Zhou Y., Xiong Z.Q. TORC1 regulates activity-dependent CREB-target gene transcription and dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:2334-2343.
131. Li N., Zhao C.T., Wang Y., Yuan X.B. The transcription factor Cux1 regulates dendritic morphology of cortical pyramidal neurons. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e10596. 10.1371/journal.pone.0010596.
132. Li S., Overman J.J., Katsman D., Kozlov S.V., Donnelly C.J., Twiss J.L., Giger R.J., Coppola G., Geschwind D.H., Carmichael S.T. An age-related sprouting transcriptome provides molecular control of axonal sprouting after stroke. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1496-1504.
133. Lin D., Edwards A.S., Fawcett J.P., Mbamalu G., Scott J.D., Pawson T. A mammalian PAR-3-PAR-6 complex implicated in Cdc42/Rac1 and aPKC signalling and cell polarity. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2:540-547.
134. Lin L., Hron J.D., Peng S.L. Regulation of NF-kappaB, Th activation, and autoinflammation by the forkhead transcription factor Foxo3a. Immunity 2004, 21:203-213.
135. Lindwall C., Dahlin L., Lundborg G., Kanje M. Inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation reduces axonal outgrowth of adult rat nodose ganglia and dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2004, 27:267-279.
136. Liodis P., Denaxa M., Grigoriou M., Akufo-Addo C., Yanagawa Y., Pachnis V. Lhx6 activity is required for the normal migration and specification of cortical interneuron subtypes. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:3078-3089.
137. Lonze B.E., Ginty D.D. Function and regulation of CREB family transcription factors in the nervous system. Neuron 2002, 35:605-623.
138. Lonze B.E., Riccio A., Cohen S., Ginty D.D. Apoptosis, axonal growth defects, and degeneration of peripheral neurons in mice lacking CREB. Neuron 2002, 34:371-385.
139. Luo L. Rho GTPases in neuronal morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 1:173-180.
140. Luo K. Ski and SnoN: negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2004, 14:65-70.
141. Magill S.T., Cambronne X.A., Luikart B.W., Lioy D.T., Leighton B.H., Westbrook G.L., Mandel G., Goodman R.H. microRNA-132 regulates dendritic growth and arborization of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:20382-20387.
142. Markus A., Patel T.D., Snider W.D. Neurotrophic factors and axonal growth. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002, 12:523-531.
143. Markus A., Zhong J., Snider W.D. Raf and akt mediate distinct aspects of sensory axon growth. Neuron 2002, 35:65-76.
144. Marmigère F., Montelius A., Wegner M., Groner Y., Reichardt L.F., Ernfors P. The Runx1/AML1 transcription factor selectively regulates development and survival of TrkA nociceptive sensory neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:180-187.
145. McAllister A.K. Neurotrophins and cortical development. Results Probl. Cell Differ. 2002, 39:89-112.
146. McAllister A.K., Lo D.C., Katz L.C. Neurotrophins regulate dendritic growth in developing visual cortex. Neuron 1995, 15:791-803.
147. McAllister A.K., Katz L.C., Lo D.C. Opposing roles for endogenous BDNF and NT-3 in regulating cortical dendritic growth. Neuron 1997, 18:767-778.
148. McKenna W.L., Betancourt J., Larkin K.A., Abrams B., Guo C., Rubenstein J.L., Chen B. Tbr1 and Fezf2 regulate alternate corticofugal neuronal identities during neocortical development. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:549-564.
149. McManus M.F., Golden J.A. Neuronal migration in developmental disorders. J. Child Neurol. 2005, 20:280-286.
150. Méchaly I., Bourane S., Piquemal D., Al-Jumaily M., Ventéo S., Puech S., Scamps F., Valmier J., Carroll P. Gene profiling during development and after a peripheral nerve traumatism reveals genes specifically induced by injury in dorsal root ganglia. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2006, 32:217-229.
151. Ménager C., Arimura N., Fukata Y., Kaibuchi K. PIP3 is involved in neuronal polarization and axon formation. J. Neurochem. 2004, 89:109-118.
152. Mohideen F., Capili A.D., Bilimoria P.M., Yamada T., Bonni A., Lima C.D. A molecular basis for phosphorylation-dependent SUMO conjugation by the E2 UBC9. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2009, 16:945-952.
153. Molyneaux B.J., Arlotta P., Hirata T., Hibi M., Macklis J.D. Fezl is required for the birth and specification of corticospinal motor neurons. Neuron 2005, 47:817-831.
154. Molyneaux B.J., Arlotta P., Menezes J.R., Macklis J.D. Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:427-437.
155. Molyneaux B.J., Arlotta P., Fame R.M., MacDonald J.L., MacQuarrie K.L., Macklis J.D. Novel subtype-specific genes identify distinct subpopulations of callosal projection neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:12343-12354.
156. Moore D.L., Blackmore M.G., Hu Y., Kaestner K.H., Bixby J.L., Lemmon V.P., Goldberg J.L. KLF family members regulate intrinsic axon regeneration ability. Science 2009, 326:298-301.
157. Mui S.H., Hindges R., O'Leary D.D., Lemke G., Bertuzzi S. The homeodomain protein Vax2 patterns the dorsoventral and nasotemporal axes of the eye. Development 2002, 129:797-804.
158. Nakada C., Ritchie K., Oba Y., Nakamura M., Hotta Y., Iino R., Kasai R.S., Yamaguchi K., Fujiwara T., Kusumi A. Accumulation of anchored proteins forms membrane diffusion barriers during neuronal polarization. Nat. Cell Biol. 2003, 5:626-632.
159. Nakae J., Barr V., Accili D. Differential regulation of gene expression by insulin and IGF-1 receptors correlates with phosphorylation of a single amino acid residue in the forkhead transcription factor FKHR. EMBO J. 2000, 19:989-996.
160. Nakae J., Biggs W.H., Kitamura T., Cavenee W.K., Wright C.V., Arden K.C., Accili D. Regulation of insulin action and pancreatic beta-cell function by mutated alleles of the gene encoding forkhead transcription factor Foxo1. Nat. Genet. 2002, 32:245-253.
161. Nan X., Hou J., Maclean A., Nasir J., Lafuente M.J., Shu X., Kriaucionis S., Bird A. Interaction between chromatin proteins MECP2 and ATRX is disrupted by mutations that cause inherited mental retardation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:2709-2714.
162. Nedivi E., Wu G.Y., Cline H.T. Promotion of dendritic growth by CPG15, an activity-induced signaling molecule. Science 1998, 281:1863-1866.
163. Neumann S., Woolf C.J. Regeneration of dorsal column fibers into and beyond the lesion site following adult spinal cord injury. Neuron 1999, 23:83-91.
164. Nishiyama M., Togashi K., von Schimmelmann M.J., Lim C.S., Maeda S., Yamashita N., Goshima Y., Ishii S., Hong K. Semaphorin 3A induces CaV2.3 channel-dependent conversion of axons to dendrites. Nat. Cell Biol. 2011, 13:676-685.
165. Noctor S.C., Martínez-Cerdeño V., Ivic L., Kriegstein A.R. Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:136-144.
166. O'Donnell M., Chance R.K., Bashaw G.J. Axon growth and guidance: receptor regulation and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 32:383-412.
167. Okazawa M., Abe H., Katsukawa M., Iijima K., Kiwada T., Nakanishi S. Role of calcineurin signaling in membrane potential-regulated maturation of cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:2938-2947.
168. Oliva A.A., Atkins C.M., Copenagle L., Banker G.A. Activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for axon formation. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:9462-9470.
169. Orr H.T. Nuclear ataxias. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2010, 2:a000786.
170. Paik J.H., Kollipara R., Chu G., Ji H., Xiao Y., Ding Z., Miao L., Tothova Z., Horner J.W., Carrasco D.R., et al. FoxOs are lineage-restricted redundant tumor suppressors and regulate endothelial cell homeostasis. Cell 2007, 128:309-323.
171. Palay S.L., Chan-Palay V. Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization 1974, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
172. Patel T.D., Jackman A., Rice F.L., Kucera J., Snider W.D. Development of sensory neurons in the absence of NGF/TrkA signaling in vivo. Neuron 2000, 25:345-357.
173. Patel T.D., Kramer I., Kucera J., Niederkofler V., Jessell T.M., Arber S., Snider W.D. Peripheral NT3 signaling is required for ETS protein expression and central patterning of proprioceptive sensory afferents. Neuron 2003, 38:403-416.
174. Pearson-White S., Crittenden R. Proto-oncogene Sno expression, alternative isoforms and immediate early serum response. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25:2930-2937.
175. Pelzer T., Lyons G.E., Kim S., Moreadith R.W. Cloning and characterization of the murine homolog of the sno proto-oncogene reveals a novel splice variant. Dev. Dyn. 1996, 205:114-125.
176. Penzes P., Cahill M.E., Jones K.A., VanLeeuwen J.E., Woolfrey K.M. Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:285-293.
177. Pfeiffer B.E., Zang T., Wilkerson J.R., Taniguchi M., Maksimova M.A., Smith L.N., Cowan C.W., Huber K.M. Fragile X mental retardation protein is required for synapse elimination by the activity-dependent transcription factor MEF2. Neuron 2010, 66:191-197.
178. Polleux F., Giger R.J., Ginty D.D., Kolodkin A.L., Ghosh A. Patterning of cortical efferent projections by semaphorin-neuropilin interactions. Science 1998, 282:1904-1906.
179. Polleux F., Ince-Dunn G., Ghosh A. Transcriptional regulation of vertebrate axon guidance and synapse formation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:331-340.
180. Polleux F., Morrow T., Ghosh A. Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites. Nature 2000, 404:567-573.
181. Polter A., Yang S., Zmijewska A.A., van Groen T., Paik J.H., Depinho R.A., Peng S.L., Jope R.S., Li X. Forkhead box, class O transcription factors in brain: regulation and behavioral manifestation. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65:150-159.
182. Pot I., Bonni S. SnoN in TGF-beta signaling and cancer biology. Curr. Mol. Med. 2008, 8:319-328.
183. Pot I., Ikeuchi Y., Bonni A., Bonni S. SnoN: bridging neurobiology and cancer biology. Curr. Mol. Med. 2010, 10:667-673.
184. Powell S.K., Rivas R.J., Rodriguez-Boulan E., Hatten M.E. Development of polarity in cerebellar granule neurons. J. Neurobiol. 1997, 32:223-236.
185. Pulipparacharuvil S., Renthal W., Hale C.F., Taniguchi M., Xiao G., Kumar A., Russo S.J., Sikder D., Dewey C.M., Davis M.M., et al. Cocaine regulates MEF2 to control synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Neuron 2008, 59:621-633.
186. Qin Q., Baudry M., Liao G., Noniyev A., Galeano J., Bi X. A novel function for p53: regulation of growth cone motility through interaction with Rho kinase. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:5183-5192.
187. Qin Q., Liao G., Baudry M., Bi X. Role of calpain-mediated p53 truncation in semaphorin 3A-induced axonal growth regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:13883-13887.
188. Qiu J., Cafferty W.B., McMahon S.B., Thompson S.W. Conditioning injury-induced spinal axon regeneration requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:1645-1653.
189. Raivich G., Bohatschek M., Da Costa C., Iwata O., Galiano M., Hristova M., Nateri A.S., Makwana M., Riera-Sans L., Wolfer D.P., et al. The AP-1 transcription factor c-Jun is required for efficient axonal regeneration. Neuron 2004, 43:57-67.
190. Ramón y Cajal S. Histology of the Nervous System of Man and Vertebrates 1995, Oxford University Press, New York.
191. Ramos B., Gaudillière B., Bonni A., Gill G. Transcription factor Sp4 regulates dendritic patterning during cerebellar maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:9882-9887.
192. Ramos B., Valín A., Sun X., Gill G. Sp4-dependent repression of neurotrophin-3 limits dendritic branching. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2009, 42:152-159.
193. Redmond L., Kashani A.H., Ghosh A. Calcium regulation of dendritic growth via CaM kinase IV and CREB-mediated transcription. Neuron 2002, 34:999-1010.
194. Renault V.M., Rafalski V.A., Morgan A.A., Salih D.A., Brett J.O., Webb A.E., Villeda S.A., Thekkat P.U., Guillerey C., Denko N.C., et al. FoxO3 regulates neural stem cell homeostasis. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 5:527-539.
195. Riccio A., Ahn S., Davenport C.M., Blendy J.A., Ginty D.D. Mediation by a CREB family transcription factor of NGF-dependent survival of sympathetic neurons. Science 1999, 286:2358-2361.
196. Richardson P.M., Issa V.M. Peripheral injury enhances central regeneration of primary sensory neurones. Nature 1984, 309:791-793.
197. Sapir T., Sapoznik S., Levy T., Finkelshtein D., Shmueli A., Timm T., Mandelkow E.M., Reiner O. Accurate balance of the polarity kinase MARK2/Par-1 is required for proper cortical neuronal migration. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:5710-5720.
198. Sato M., Suzuki K., Yamazaki H., Nakanishi S. A pivotal role of calcineurin signaling in development and maturation of postnatal cerebellar granule cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:5874-5879.
199. Schulte D., Furukawa T., Peters M.A., Kozak C.A., Cepko C.L. Misexpression of the Emx-related homeobox genes cVax and mVax2 ventralizes the retina and perturbs the retinotectal map. Neuron 1999, 24:541-553.
200. Schwab M.E. Nogo and axon regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2004, 14:118-124.
201. Schwab M.E., Bartholdi D. Degeneration and regeneration of axons in the lesioned spinal cord. Physiol. Rev. 1996, 76:319-370.
202. Schwartzkroin P.A., Walsh C.A. Cortical malformations and epilepsy. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2000, 6:268-280.
203. Segal R.A., Greenberg M.E. Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1996, 19:463-489.
204. Seijffers R., Mills C.D., Woolf C.J. ATF3 increases the intrinsic growth state of DRG neurons to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:7911-7920.
205. Shalizi A., Gaudillière B., Yuan Z., Stegmüller J., Shirogane T., Ge Q., Tan Y., Schulman B., Harper J.W., Bonni A. A calcium-regulated MEF2 sumoylation switch controls postsynaptic differentiation. Science 2006, 311:1012-1017.
206. Shalizi A., Bilimoria P.M., Stegmüller J., Gaudillière B., Yang Y., Shuai K., Bonni A. PIASx is a MEF2 SUMO E3 ligase that promotes postsynaptic dendritic morphogenesis. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:10037-10046.
207. Shaywitz A.J., Greenberg M.E. CREB: a stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1999, 68:821-861.
208. Shelly M., Cancedda L., Heilshorn S., Sumbre G., Poo M.M. LKB1/STRAD promotes axon initiation during neuronal polarization. Cell 2007, 129:565-577.
209. Shelly M., Cancedda L., Lim B.K., Popescu A.T., Cheng P.L., Gao H., Poo M.M. Semaphorin3a regulates neuronal polarization by suppressing axon formation and promoting dendrite growth. Neuron 2011, 71:433-446.
210. Shi S.H., Jan L.Y., Jan Y.N. Hippocampal neuronal polarity specified by spatially localized mPar3/mPar6 and PI 3-kinase activity. Cell 2003, 112:63-75.
211. Shi S.H., Cheng T., Jan L.Y., Jan Y.N. APC and GSK-3beta are involved in mPar3 targeting to the nascent axon and establishment of neuronal polarity. Curr. Biol. 2004, 14:2025-2032.
212. Shinoda T., Taya S., Tsuboi D., Hikita T., Matsuzawa R., Kuroda S., Iwamatsu A., Kaibuchi K. DISC1 regulates neurotrophin-induced axon elongation via interaction with Grb2. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:4-14.
213. Shioda N., Beppu H., Fukuda T., Li E., Kitajima I., Fukunaga K. Aberrant calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity is associated with abnormal dendritic spine morphology in the ATRX mutant mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:346-358.
214. Sisodiya S.M. Malformations of cortical development: burdens and insights from important causes of human epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3:29-38.
215. Smith D.S., Skene J.H. A transcription-dependent switch controls competence of adult neurons for distinct modes of axon growth. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:646-658.
216. Solecki D.J., Model L., Gaetz J., Kapoor T.M., Hatten M.E. Par6alpha signaling controls glial-guided neuronal migration. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:1195-1203.
217. Sosa L., Dupraz S., Laurino L., Bollati F., Bisbal M., Cáceres A., Pfenninger K.H., Quiroga S. IGF-1 receptor is essential for the establishment of hippocampal neuronal polarity. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:993-995.
218. Spruston N. Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:206-221.
219. Stegmüller J., Konishi Y., Huynh M.A., Yuan Z., Dibacco S., Bonni A. Cell-intrinsic regulation of axonal morphogenesis by the Cdh1-APC target SnoN. Neuron 2006, 50:389-400.
220. Stegmüller J., Huynh M.A., Yuan Z., Konishi Y., Bonni A. TGFbeta-Smad2 signaling regulates the Cdh1-APC/SnoN pathway of axonal morphogenesis. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:1961-1969.
221. Tabata H., Nakajima K. Multipolar migration: the third mode of radial neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9996-10001.
222. Takahashi D., Yu W., Baas P.W., Kawai-Hirai R., Hayashi K. Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion of dendrites to axons in cultured pyramidal neurons. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64:347-359.
223. 2+ influx regulates BDNF transcription by a CREB family transcription factor-dependent mechanism. Neuron 1998, 20:709-726.
224. Tedeschi A., Nguyen T., Puttagunta R., Gaub P., Di Giovanni S. A p53-CBP/p300 transcription module is required for GAP-43 expression, axon outgrowth, and regeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2009, 16:543-554.
225. Tedeschi A., Nguyen T., Steele S.U., Feil S., Naumann U., Feil R., Di Giovanni S. The tumor suppressor p53 transcriptionally regulates cGKI expression during neuronal maturation and is required for cGMP-dependent growth cone collapse. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:15155-15160.
226. Tessier-Lavigne M., Goodman C.S. The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science 1996, 274:1123-1133.
227. Tothova Z., Kollipara R., Huntly B.J., Lee B.H., Castrillon D.H., Cullen D.E., McDowell E.P., Lazo-Kallanian S., Williams I.R., Sears C., et al. FoxOs are critical mediators of hematopoietic stem cell resistance to physiologic oxidative stress. Cell 2007, 128:325-339.
228. Tsujino H., Kondo E., Fukuoka T., Dai Y., Tokunaga A., Miki K., Yonenobu K., Ochi T., Noguchi K. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) induction by axotomy in sensory and motoneurons: A novel neuronal marker of nerve injury. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2000, 15:170-182.
229. Tucker K.L., Meyer M., Barde Y.A. Neurotrophins are required for nerve growth during development. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:29-37.
230. Wayman G.A., Impey S., Marks D., Saneyoshi T., Grant W.F., Derkach V., Soderling T.R. Activity-dependent dendritic arborization mediated by CaM-kinase I activation and enhanced CREB-dependent transcription of Wnt-2. Neuron 2006, 50:897-909.
231. Wayman G.A., Davare M., Ando H., Fortin D., Varlamova O., Cheng H.Y., Marks D., Obrietan K., Soderling T.R., Goodman R.H., Impey S. An activity-regulated microRNA controls dendritic plasticity by down-regulating p250GAP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:9093-9098.
232. Wayman G.A., Lee Y.S., Tokumitsu H., Silva A.J., Soderling T.R. Calmodulin-kinases: modulators of neuronal development and plasticity. Neuron 2008, 59:914-931.
233. Williams S.E., Mann F., Erskine L., Sakurai T., Wei S., Rossi D.J., Gale N.W., Holt C.E., Mason C.A., Henkemeyer M. Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mediate retinal axon divergence at the optic chiasm. Neuron 2003, 39:919-935.
234. Winckler B., Forscher P., Mellman I. A diffusion barrier maintains distribution of membrane proteins in polarized neurons. Nature 1999, 397:698-701.
235. Wu J.I., Lessard J., Olave I.A., Qiu Z., Ghosh A., Graef I.A., Crabtree G.R. Regulation of dendritic development by neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complexes. Neuron 2007, 56:94-108.
236. Yang Y., Kim A.H., Yamada T., Wu B., Bilimoria P.M., Ikeuchi Y., de la Iglesia N., Shen J., Bonni A. A Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway regulates presynaptic differentiation. Science 2009, 326:575-578.
237. Yi J.J., Barnes A.P., Hand R., Polleux F., Ehlers M.D. TGF-beta signaling specifies axons during brain development. Cell 2010, 142:144-157.
238. Yin D.M., Huang Y.H., Zhu Y.B., Wang Y. Both the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity require the activity of protein kinase D in the Golgi apparatus. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:8832-8843.
239. Yoshimura T., Arimura N., Kawano Y., Kawabata S., Wang S., Kaibuchi K. Ras regulates neuronal polarity via the PI3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3beta/CRMP-2 pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 340:62-68.
240. Zheng W.H., Kar S., Quirion R. FKHRL1 and its homologs are new targets of nerve growth factor Trk receptor signaling. J. Neurochem. 2002, 80:1049-1061.
241. Zhou F.Q., Snider W.D. Intracellular control of developmental and regenerative axon growth. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2006, 361:1575-1592.
242. Zhou Z., Hong E.J., Cohen S., Zhao W.N., Ho H.Y., Schmidt L., Chen W.G., Lin Y., Savner E., Griffith E.C., et al. Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent Bdnf transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation. Neuron 2006, 52:255-269.
243. Zou H., Ho C., Wong K., Tessier-Lavigne M. Axotomy-induced Smad1 activation promotes axonal growth in adult sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:7116-7123.