Walking the oxidative stress tightrope: A perspective from the naked mole-rat, the longest-living rodent

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 17, Issue 22, 2011, Pages 2290-2307

  Rodriguez, Karl A ^a,b   Wywial, Ewa ^c   Perez, Viviana I ^a,b   Lambert, Adrian J ^d   Edrey, Yael H ^a,b   Lewis, Kaitlyn N ^a,b   Grimes, Kelly ^a,b   Lindsey, Merry L ^a,b   Brand, Martin D ^e   Buffenstein, Rochelle ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

^c CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^e BUCK INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Autophagy; Comparative biology of aging; Mitochondria; Naked mole rat; Oxidative stress; Proteasome; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT; CAROTENOID; CATALASE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; FLAVONOID; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; MALONALDEHYDE; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; METALLOTHIONEIN; METHIONINE SULFOXIDE REDUCTASE; PEROXIREDOXIN 1; PEROXIREDOXIN 3; PHOSPHOLIPID HYDROPEROXIDE GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOREDOXIN 1; TOCOPHEROL;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPHAGY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DOUBLE STRANDED DNA BREAK; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LONGEVITY; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; AUTOPHAGY; ENZYMES; HUMANS; LONGEVITY; MITOCHONDRIA; MODELS, GENETIC; MOLE RATS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RATS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 80052219409     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161211797052457     Document Type: Review

References (269)

1. Buffenstein R, Edrey YH, Yang TT, Mele J. The oxidative stress theory of aging: embattled or invincible? Insights from nontraditional model organisms. AGE 2008; 30: 99-109.
2. Rubner M. Uber den Einfluss der Korpergrosse auf stoff- und kraftwechsel. Z Biol. 1883; 19: 535-62.
3. Rubner M. Das Problem der Lebensdauer. Munich: Oldenburg; 1908.
4. Pearl R. The Rate of Living. New York: Knopf; 1928.
5. Lavosier AL. Considérations générales sur la nature des acides, et sur les principes dont ils sont composés Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris. 1781.
6. Gershman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO. Oxygen poisoning and X-irradiation: a mechanism in common. Science 1954; 119: 623-6.
7. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956; 11: 298-300.
8. Beckman KB, Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 1998; 78: 547-81.
9. Harman D. The biological clock: the mitochondria? J Am Geriatr Soc 1972; 20: 145-7.
10. Hulbert AJ. On the importance of fatty acid composition of membranes for aging. J Theor Biol 2005; 234: 277-288.
11. Ishii N. Role of oxidative stress from mitochondria on aging and cancer. Cornea 2007; 9: S3-9.
12. Bokov A, Chaudhuri A, Richardson A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125: 811-26.
13. Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, VanRemmen H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43: 477-503.
14. Buffenstein R. Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178: 439-45.
15. Ikeno Y, Hubbard GB, Lee S, et al. Housing density does not influence the longevity effect of calorie restriction. Journals of Gerontology Series a-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005; 60: 1510-7.
16. St.-Pierre J, Buckingham JA, Roebuck SJ, Brand MD. Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 44784-90.
17. Cadenas E, Davies K. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 222-30.
18. Speakman JR, Selman C. The free-radical damage theory: Accumulating evidence against a simple link of oxidative stress to ageing and lifespan. Bioessays 2011; 33: 255-9.
19. Sun Y, Oberley LW. Redox regulation of transcriptional activators. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21: 335-48.
20. Chung HY, Sung B, Jung KJ, Zou Y, Yu BP. The molecular inflammatory process in aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8: 572-81.
21. Linnane AW, Kios M, Vitetta L. Healthy aging: regulation of the metabolome by cellular redox modulation and prooxidant signaling systems: the essential roles of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Biogerontology 2007; 8: 445-67.
22. Golden TR, Melov S. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122: 1577-89.
23. Levine RL. Oxidative modification of glutamine synthetase. I. Inactivation is due to loss of one histidine residue. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 11823-7.
24. Szweda PA, Friguet B, Szweda LI. Proteolysis, free radicals, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 29-36.
25. Boesch P, Weber-Lotfi F, Ibrahim N, et al. DNA repair in organelles: Pathways, organization, regulation, relevance in disease and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813: 186-200.
26. Hill BG, Haberzettl P, Ahmed Y, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Unsaturated lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes activate autophagy in vascular smooth-muscle cells. Biochem J 2008; 410(3): 525-34.
27. Guéraud F, Atalay M, Bresgen N, et al. Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 44: 1098-124.
28. Madani A, Nehal M, Haque SS, Khan A. Perspective of oxidative stress in a biological system and prevention by naturally occurring antioxidant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 80: 287-95.
29. Lawrence RA, Burk RF. Species, tissue and subcellular distribution of non Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. J Nutr 1978; 108: 211-5.
30. Reddy VN, Giblin FJ, Lin LR, et al. Glutathione peroxidase-1 deficiency leads to increased nuclear light scattering, membrane damage, and cataract formation in gene-knockout mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 3247-55.
31. Wolf N, Penn P, Pendergrass W, et al. Age-related cataract progression in five mouse models for anti-oxidant protection or hormonal influence. Exp Eye Res 2005; 81: 276-85.
32. Fu Y, Cheng WH, Porres JM, Ross DA, Lei XG. Knockout of cellular glutathione peroxidase gene renders mice susceptible to diquatinduced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27: 605-11.
33. Yant LJ, Ran Q, Rao L, et al. The selenoprotein GPX4 is essential for mouse development and protects from radiation and oxidative damage insults. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34: 496-502.
34. Imai H, Hakkaku N, Iwamoto R, et al. Depletion of selenoprotein GPx4 in spermatocytes causes male infertility in mice. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 32522-32.
35. Pérez VI, Bokov A, VanRemmen H, et al. Is the oxidative stress theory of aging dead? Biochem Biophys Acta 2009; 1790: 1005-14.
36. McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969; 244: 6049-55.
37. Rosen D, Siddique T, Patterson D, et al. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 1993; 362: 59-62.
38. Wang J, Xu G, Borchelt DR. High molecular weight complexes of mutant superoxide dismutase 1: age-dependent and tissue-specific accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 9: 139-48.
39. Majoor-Krakauer D, Willems PJ, Hofman A. Genetic epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Genet 2003; 63: 83-101.
40. Bartnikas TB, Gitlin JD. Mechanisms of biosynthesis of mammalian copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 33602-8.
41. Brown NM, Torres AS, Doan PE, O'Halloran TV. Oxygen and the copper chaperone CCS regulate posttranslational activation of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 5518-23.
42. Cuarano-Yzermens AL, Bartnikas TB, Gitlin JD. Mechanisms of the copper-dependent turnover of the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 13581-7.
43. Matzuk MM, Dionne L, Guo Q, Kumar TR, Lebovitz RM. Ovarian function in superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 knockout mice. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4008-11.
44. Ho YS, Gargano M, Cao J, Bronson RT, Heimler I, Hutz RJ. Reduced fertility in female mice lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 7765-9.
45. McFadden SL, Ding D, Burkard RF, et al. Cu/Zn SOD deficiency potentiates hearing loss and cochlear pathology in aged 129, CD-1 mice. J Comp Neurol 1999a; 413: 101-12.
46. McFadden SL, Ding D, Reaume AG, Flood DG, Salvi RJ. Age related cochlear hair cell loss is enhanced in mice lacking copper/ zinc superoxide dismutase. Neurobiol Aging 1999b; 20: 1-8.
47. Reddy VN, Kasahara E, Hiraoka M, Lin LR, Ho YS. Effects of variation in superoxide dismutases (SOD) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in lens epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79: 859-68.
48. Elchuri S, Oberley TD, Qi W, et al. CuZnSOD deficiency leads to persistent and widespread oxidative damage and hepatocarcinogenesis later in life. Oncogene 2005; 24: 367-80.
49. Muller FL, Song W, Liu Y, et al. Absence of CuZn superoxide dismutase leads to elevated oxidative stress and acceleration of age-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40: 1993-2004.
50. Wang X, Vatamaniuk MZ, Roneker CA, et al. Knockouts of SOD1 and GPX1 exert different impacts on murine islet function and pancreatic integrity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14: 391-401.
51. Hiroi S, Harada H, Nishi H, Satoh M, Nagai R, Kimura A. Polymorphisms in the SOD2 and HLA-DRB1 genes are associated with nonfamilial idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in Japanese. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261: 332-9.
52. Nakanishi S, Yamane K, Ohishi W, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val polymorphism is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese-Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81: 381-5.
53. Cai Q, Shu XO, Wen W, Cheng JR, Dai Q, Gao YT, Zheng W. Genetic polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene, antioxidant intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: R647-55.
54. Li Y, Huang TT, Carlson EJ, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide dismutase. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 376-81.
55. Lebovitz RM, Zhang H, Vogel H, et al. Neurodegeneration, myocardial injury, and perinatal death in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9782-7.
56. Huang T, Carlson E, Kozy H, Mantha S, Goodman S, Ursell P, Epstein C. Genetic modification of prenatal lethality and dilated cardiomyopathy in Mn superoxide dismutase mutant mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 1101-10.
57. Melov S, Coskun P, Patel M, et al. Mitochondrial disease in superoxide dismutase 2 mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 846-851.
58. Asikainen TM, Huang TT, Taskinen E, et al. Increased sensitivity of homozygous Sod2 mutant mice to oxygen toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2002: 175-86.
59. VanRemmen H, Salvador C, Yang H, Huang TT, Epstein CJ, Richardson A. Characterization of the antioxidant status of the heterozygous manganese superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 363: 91-7.
60. VanRemmen H, Williams MD, Guo Z, et al. Knockout mice heterozygous for Sod2 show alterations in cardiac mitochondrial func tion and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281: H1422-H32.
61. VanRemmen H, Ikeno Y, Hamilton M, et al. Life-long reduction in MnSOD activity results in increased DNA damage and higher incidence of cancer but does not accelerate aging. Physiol Genomics 2003; 16: 29-37.
62. Marklund SL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase. Methods Enzymol 2002; 349: 74-80.
63. Marklund SL. Human copper-containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 7634-8.
64. Tamai M, Furuta H, Kawashima H, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism is associated with insulin resistance and the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71: 140-5.
65. Carlsson LM, Jonsson J, Edlund T, Marklund SL. Mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase are more sensitive to hyperoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 6264-8.
66. Hansel A, Kuschel L, Hehl S, et al. Mitochondrial targeting of the human peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA), an enzyme involved in the repair of oxidized proteins. FASEB J 2002; 16: 911-3.
67. Moskovitz J, Bar-Noy S, Williams WM, Requena J, Berlett BS, Stadtman ER. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) is a regulator of antioxidant defense and lifespan in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 12920-5.
68. Nan C, Li Y, Jean-Charles PY, et al. Deficiency of methionine sulfoxide reductase A causes cellular dysfunction and mitochondrial damage in cardiac myocytes under physical and oxidative stresses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 402: 608-13.
69. Salmon AB, Pérez VI, Bokov A, et al. Lack of methionine sulfoxide reductase A in mice increases sensitivity to oxidative stress but does not diminish life span. FASEB J 2009b; 23: 3601-8.
70. Wood ZA, Schroder E, Harris JR, Poole LB. Structure, mechanism, and regulation of peroxiredoxins. Trends Biochem Sci 2003; 28: 32-40.
71. Dubuisson M, Stricht DV, Clippe A, Etienne F, Nauser T, Kissner R, Koppenol WH, Rees JF, Knoops B. Human peroxiredoxin 5 is a peroxynitrite reductase. FEBS Lett 2004; 571: 161-5.
72. Egler RA, Fernandes E, Rothermund K, et al. Regulation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and c-Myc function by peroxiredoxin 1. Oncogene 2005; 24: 8038-50.
73. Neumann CA, Krause DS, Carman CV, et al. Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression. Nature 2003; 424: 561-5.
74. Huang TT, Carlson EJ, Gillespie AM, Shi Y, Epstein CJ. Ubiquitous overexpression of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase does not extend life span in mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55: B5-B9.
75. Rando TA, Crowley RS, Carlson EJ, Epstein CJ, Mohapatra PK. Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase: a novel cause of murine muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 381-6.
76. Jaarsma D, Haasdijk ED, Grashorn JA, et al. Human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) overexpression in mice causes mitochondrial vacuolization, axonal degeneration, and premature motoneuron death and accelerates motoneuron disease in mice expressing a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant SOD1. Neurobiol Dis 2000; 7: 623-43.
77. Raineri I, Carlson EJ, Gacayan R, Carra S, Oberley TD, Huang TT, Epstein CJ. Strain-dependent high-level expression of a transgene for manganese superoxide dismutase is associated with growth retardation and decreased fertility. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 1018-30.
78. Mele J, VanRemmen H, Vijg J, Richardson A. Characterization of transgenic mice that overexpress both copper zinc superoxide dismutase and catalase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8: 628-38.
79. Chen X, Liang H, VanRemmen H, Vijg J, Richardson A. Catalase transgenic mice: characterization and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 422: 197-210.
80. Schriner SE, Linford NJ, Martin GM, et al. Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria. Science 2005; 308: 1909-11.
81. Pérez VI, VanRemmen H, Bokov A, Epstein CJ, Vijg J, Richardson A. The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend lifespan of mice. Aging Cell 2008; 8: 73-75.
82. Oppermann M, Balz V, VAdams, et al. Pharmacological induction of vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase expression in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13: 1271-8.
83. Suvorava T, Kojda G. Reactive oxygen species as cardiovascular mediators: lessons from endothelial-specific protein overexpression mouse models. Biochem Biophys Acta 2009; 1787: 802-10.
84. Nordberg J, Arnér E. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Rad Bio Med 2001; 31: 1287-312.
85. Takagi Y, Mitsui A, Nishiyama A, et al. Overexpression of thioredoxin in transgenic mice attenuates focal ischemic brain damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 4131-6.
86. Mitsui A, Hamuro J, Nakamura H, et al. Overexpression of human thioredoxin in transgenic mice controls oxidative stress and life span. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4: 693-6.
87. Bauman JW, Liu J, Liu YP, Klaassen CD. Increase in metallothionein produced by chemicals that induce oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 110: 347-54.
88. Yang X, Doser TA, Fang CX, et al. Metallothionein prolongs survival and antagonizes senescence-associated cardiomyocyte diastolic dysfunction: role of oxidative stress. FASEB J 2006; 20: 1024-6.
89. Michalska AE, Choo KH. Targeting and germ-line transmission of a null mutation at the metallothionein I and II loci in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8088-92.
90. Fu Z, Guo J, Jing L, Li R, Zhang T, Peng S. Enhanced toxicity and ROS generation by doxorubicin in primary cultures of cardiomyocytes from neonatal metallothionein-I/II null mice. Toxicol in Vitro 2010; 24: 1584-91.
91. Yang H-Y, Wang Y-M, Peng S-Q. Metallothionein-I/II null cardiomyocytes are sensitive to Fusarium mycotoxin butenolideinduced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage. Toxicon 2010; 55: 1291-6.
92. Matsushima S, Ide T, Yamato M, et al. Remodeling and failure after myocardial infarction in mice overexpression of mitochondrial peroxiredoxin-3 prevents left ventricular remodeling and failure after myocardial infarction in mice. Circulation 2006; 113: 1779-1786.
93. Xu JX. Radical metabolism is partner to energy metabolism in mitochondria. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1011: 57-60.
94. Genova ML, Pich MM, Bernacchia A, Bianchi C, Biondi A, Bovina C. The mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in relation to aging and pathology. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1011: 86-100.
95. Block G, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, Packer L. Oxidative stress in human's populations. Culter R, Rodriguez H, editors. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 2003.
96. Tanaka M, Gong JS, Zhang J, Yaneda M, Yagi K. Mitochondrial genotype associated with longevity. Lancet 1998; 351: 185-6.
97. Camougrand N, Rigoulet M. Aging and oxidative stress: studies of some genes involved both in aging and in response to oxidative stress. Respir Physiol 2001; 128: 393-401.
98. Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Piao L, et al. The polymorphism of manganese superoxide dismutase is associated with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. J Hum Genet 2003; 48: 138-41.
99. Lee SJ, Choi MG, Kim DS, Kim TW. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism (V16A) is associated with stages of albuminuria in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1-7.
100. Mollsten A, Marklund SL, Wessman M, et al. A functional polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2007; 56: 265-9.
101. Crawford A, Fassett RG, Coombes JS, et al. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase genotypes and activities and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 16(epub ahead of print).
102. Cai Q, Shu X, Wen W, et al. Genetic polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene, antioxidant intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: R647-R55.
103. Mitrunen K, Sillanpaa P, Kataja V, et al. Association between manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 827-9.
104. Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, plasma anti oxidants, cigarette smoking, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 989-96.
105. Millikan RC, Player J, Cotret ARd, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala-9Val polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based case-control study of African Americans and whites. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: R264-R74.
106. Aejemelaeus RT, Holm P, Kaukinen U, et al. Age-related changes in the peroxyl radical scavenging capacityof human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23: 69-75.
107. Kim JW, No JK, Yu BP, Chung HY, editors. Analysis of redox status in serum during aging. New York: New York Academy of Science; 2001.
108. Meccoci P, Polidori CM, Troiano L, Cherubini A, Cechetti R, Pini G. Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28: 1243-8.
109. Jones DP, Mody VC, Carlson JL, Lynn MJ, Sternberg P. Redox analysis of human plasma allows separation of pro-oxidant events of aging from decline in antioxidant defenses. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 1290-300.
110. Erden-Inal M, Sunal E, Kanbak G. Age-related changes in the glutathione redox system. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20: 61-6.
111. Ozbay B, Dulger H. Lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzymes in Turkish population: relation to age, gender, exercise, and smoking. Tohoku J Exp Med 2002; 197: 119-24.
112. Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, Rodriguez L, Giavarotti L, Abud RL. Aging and oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med 2004; 25: 5-16.
113. Gil L, Siems W, Mazurek B, Gross J, Schroeder P, Voss P. Ageassociated analysis of oxidative stress parameters in human plasma and erythrocytes. Free Radic Res 2006; 40: 495-505.
114. Frisard MI, Broussand A, Davies SS, Roberts LJ, Rood J, Jonge LE. Aging, resting metabolic rate,and oxidative stress damage: results from Louisiana healthy aging study. J Ger Med Sc 2007; 62: 752-9.
115. Mendoza VM, Ruiz M, Sanchez MA, Retana R, Munõz JL. Aging- related oxidative stress in healthy humans. Tohoku J Exp Med 2007; 213: 261-268.
116. Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 329-44.
117. Candore G, Bulati M, Caruso C, et al. Inflammation, cytokines, immune response, apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: therapeutic implications. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13: 301-13.
118. Calon F, Cole G. Neuroprotective action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77: 287-93.
119. Faux NG, Ritchie CW, Gunn A, et al. PBT2 rapidly improves cognition in Alzheimer's Disease: additional phase II analyses. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20: 509-16.
120. Abele D, Strahl J, Brey T, Philipp EE. Imperceptible senescence: ageing in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 42: 474-80.
121. Abele D, Brey T, Philipp E. Bivalve models of aging and the determination of molluscan lifespans. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44: 307-15.
122. Philipp E, Brey T, Pörtner HO, Abele D. Chronological and physiological ageing in a polar and a temperate mud clam. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126: 598-609.
123. Miwa S, Riyahi K, Partridge L, Brand MD. Lack of correlation between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and life span in Drosophila, strategies for engineered negligible senescence: why genuine control of aging may be foreseeable. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1019: 388-91.
124. Ross RE. Age-specific decrease in aerobic efficiency associated with increase in oxygen free radical production in Drosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physiol 2000; 46: 1477-80.
125. Buttemer WA, Battam H, Hulbert AJ. Fowl play and the price of petrel: long-living Procellariiformes have peroxidation resistant membrane composition compared with short-living Galliformes. Biol Lett 2008; 4: 351-4.
126. Schmidt-Nielsen K. Scaling in biology: the consequences of size. J Exp Zool 1975; 194: 287-307.
127. Benedict FG. Vital Energetics: a study in comparative basal metabolism. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1938.
128. McKechnie AE, Wolf BO. The allometry of avian basal metabolic rate: good predictions need good data. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77: 502-21.
129. Speakman JR. Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan. J Exp Biol 2005; 208: 1717-30.
130. Hulbert AJ, Pamplona R, Buffenstein R, Buttemer WA. Life and death: Metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. Physiol Rev 2007; 87: 175-213.
131. Lindstedt SL, Calder WA. Body size and longevity in birds. Condor 1976; 78: 91-4.
132. deMagalhães JP, Costa J, Church GM. An analysis of the relationship between metabolism, developmental schedules, and longevity using phylogenetic independent contrasts. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62: 149-60.
133. Holloszy JO, Smith EK, Vining M, Adams S. Effect of voluntary exercise on longevity of rats. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 826-31.
134. Lee IM, Hsieh CC, Jr RSP. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 279: 1179-84.
135. Masoro EJ. Caloric restriction and aging: controversial issues. J Gerontol 2006; 61: 14-9.
136. McCarter RJ, Palmer J. Energy metabolism and aging: a lifelong study of Fischer 344 rats. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: E448-E52.
137. Hulbert AJ, Usher MJ, Wallman JF. Food consumption and individual lifespan of adults of the blowfly, Calliphora stygia: a test of the "rate of living" theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39: 1485-90.
138. Speakman JR, vanAcker A, Harper EJ. Age-related changes in metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy. Aging Cell 2003; 2: 265-75.
139. Speakman JR, Talbot DA, Selman C, et al. Uncoupled and surviving: individual mice with high metabolism have greater mitochondrial uncoupling and live longer. Aging Cell 2004; 3: 87-95.
140. Lovegrove BG. The metabolism of social subterranean rodents -- adaptation to aridity oecologia 1986; 69: 551-5.
141. Lovegrove BG. Thermoregulation in the subterranean rodent Georychus capensis (Rodentia, Bathyergidae). Physiol Zool 1987; 60: 174-80.
142. Lovegrove BG. The zoogeography of mammalian basal metabolic rate American Naturalist 2000; 156: 201-19.
143. Li QF, RY Sun, Huang CX, et al. Cold adaptive thermogenesis in small mammals from different geographical zones of China Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Int Physiol 2001; 129: 949-61.
144. McNab BK. Climatic adaptation in the energetics of heteromyid rodents. Comp Bioche Physiol A Physiol 1979; 62: 813-20.
145. Bennett NC, Aguilar GH, Jarvis JUM, Faulkes CG. Thermoregulation in 3 species of Afrotropical subterranean mole-rats (Rodentia, Batherygidae) from Zambia and Angola and scaling with the genus Crytpomys. Oecologia 1994; 97: 222-7.
146. Buffenstein R. Ecophysiological responses to a subterranean habitat; A Bathyergid perspective. Mammalia 1996; 60: 591-605.
147. deMagalhães JP, Costa J. A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. J Evol Bio 2009; 22: 1770-4.
148. O'Connor TP, Lee A, Jarvis JU, Buffenstein R. Prolonged longevity in naked mole-rats: age-related changes in metabolism, body composition and gastrointestinal function. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133: 835-42.
149. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Riba D, et al. Low fatty acid unsaturation: a mechanism for lowered lipoperoxidative modification of tissue proteins in mammalian species with long life spans. J Gerontol 2000; 55: B286-B91.
150. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Riba D, Ruiz C, Prat J, Bellmunt MJ, Barja G. Mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index is inversely related to maximum lifespan in mammals. J Lipid Res 1998; 39: 1989-94.
151. Hulbert AJ, Faulks SC, Buffenstein R. Peroxidation-resisant membranes can explain longevity of longest-living rodent and similarlysized mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61: 1009-18.
152. Hulbert AJ, Beard LA, Grigg GC. The exceptional longevity of an egg-laying mammal, the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is associated with peroxidation-resistant membrane composition. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43: 729-33.
153. Rabini RA, Moretti N, Staffolani R, et al. Reduced susceptibility to peroxidation of erythrocyte plasma membranes from centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37: 657-63.
154. Faulks SC, Turner N, Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Calorie restriction in mice: effects on body composition, daily activity, metabolic rate, mitochondrial ROS production and membrane fatty acid composition. J Gerontol 2006; 61: 781-94.
155. Porter RK, Hulbert AJ, Brand MD. Allometry of mitochondrial proton leak: influence of membrane surface area and fatty acid composition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1996; 271: R1550-R60.
156. Brand MD, Turner N, Ocloo A, Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Proton conductance and fatty acyl composition of liver mitochondria correlates with body mass in birds. Biochem J 2003; 376: 741-8.
157. Brookes PS, Hulbert AJ, Brand MD. The proton permeability of liposomes made from mitochondrial inner membrane phospholipids: no effect of fatty acid composition. Biochem Biophys Acta 1997; 1330: 157-64.
158. Sohal RS, Svensson I, Brunk UT. Hydrogen peroxide production by liver mitochondria in different species. Mech Ageing Dev 1990a; 53: 209-15.
159. Sohal RS, Svensson I, Sohal BH, Brunk UT. Superoxide anion radical production in different animal species. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 49: 139-45.
160. Barja G, Cadenas S, Rojas C, Lopez-Torres M, Perez-Campo R. A decrease of free-radical production near-critical targets as a cause of maximum longevity in animals. Comp Biochem Physiol Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 108: 501-12.
161. Shi Y, Buffenstein R, Pulliam DA, VanRemmen H. Comparative studies of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in aging. Integ Comp Biol 2010; 50: 869-79.
162. Lambert AJ, Boysen HM, Buckingham JA, et al. Low rates of hydrogen peroxide production by isolated heart mitochondria associate with long maximum lifespan in vertebrate homeotherms. Aging Cell 2007; 6: 607-18.
163. Robert KA, Brunet-Rossinni A, Bronikowski AM. Testing the 'free radical theory of aging' hypothesis: physiological differences in long-lived and short-lived colubrid snakes. Aging Cell 2007; 6: 395-404.
164. Hansford RG, Hogue BA, Mildaziene V. Dependence of H2O2 formation by rat heart mitochondria on substrate availability and donor age. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997; 29: 89-95.
165. Schönfeld P, Wojtczak L. Fatty acids as modulators of the cellular production of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45: 231-41.
166. Miwa S, Brand MD. Mitochondrial matrix reactive oxygen species production is very sensitive to mild uncoupling. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31: 1300-1.
167. Lopez-Torres M, Barja G. Lowered methionine ingestion as responsible for the decrease in rodent mitochondrial oxidative stress in protein and dietary restriction Possible implications for humans. Biochem Biophys Acta 2008; 1780: 1337-47.
168. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Sanz A, Ayala V, Vasileva E, Barja G. Protein and lipid oxidative damage and complex I content are lower in the brain of budgerigar and canaries than in mice. Relation to aging rate. AGE 2005; 27: 267-80.
169. Lambert AJ, Buckingham JA, Boysen HM, Brand MD. Low complex I content explains the low hydrogen peroxide production rate of heart mitochondria from the long-lived pigeon, Columba livia. Aging Cell 2010; 9: 78-91.
170. Forman HJ, Kennedy J. Dihydroorotate-dependent superoxide production in rat brain and liver. A function of the primary dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173: 214-24.
171. Panov A, Dikalov S, Hemendinger NSR, Rosenfeld JTGJ. Speciesand tissue-specific relationships between mitochondrial permeability transition and generation of ROS in brain and liver mitochondria of rats and mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292: C708- C18.
172. Dell'Agnello C, Leo S, Agostino A, et al. Increased longevity and refractoriness to Ca21-dependent neurodegeneration in Surf1 knockout mice. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16: 431-44.
173. Barja G. Rate of generation of oxidative stress-related damage and animal longevity. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 1167-1172.
174. Sohal RS, Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 1996; 273: 59-63.
175. Andziak B, O'Connor TP, Buffenstein R. Antioxidants do not explain the disparate longevity between mice and the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126: 1206-12.
176. Perez-Campo R, Lopez-Torres M, Cadenas S, Rojas C, Barja G. The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach. J Comp Physiol B 1998; 168: 149-58.
177. Sohal RS, Agarwal S, Dubey A, Orr WC. Protein oxidative damage is associated with life expectancy of houseflies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7255-9.
178. Wilhelm-Filho D, Althoff SL, Dafre AL, Boveris A. Antioxidant defenses, longevity and ecophysiology of South American bats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146: 214-20.
179. Cutler RG. Peroxide-producing potential of tissues: inverse correlation with longevity of mammalian species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 4798-802.
180. Lopez-Torres M, Perez-Campo R, Rojas C, Cadenas S, Barja G. Maximum life span in vertebrates: relationship with liver antioxidant enzymes, glutathione system, ascorbate, urate, sensitivity to peroxidation, true malondialdehyde, in vivo H2O2, basal and maximum aerobic capacity. Mech Ageing Dev 1993; 70: 177-99.
181. Perez-Campo R, Lopez-Torres M, Rojas C, Cadenas S, Barja G. Longevity and antioxidant enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants and oxidative stress in the vertebrate lung: a comparative study. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 1994; 163: 682-9.
182. Ferreira-Cravo M, Welker AF, Andrade RG, Drew K, Hermes-Lima M. Physiological oxidative stress in the animal world. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148: S63-S4.
183. Sanz A, Pamplona R, Barja G. Is the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging intact?. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8: 582-99.
184. Pamplona R, Barja G. Highly resistant macromolecular components and low rate of generation of endogenous damage: two key traits of longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6: 189-210.
185. Brunet-Rossinni AK. Reduced free-radical production and extreme longevity in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) versus two nonflying mammals. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125: 11-20.
186. Andziak B, O'Connor TP, Qi WB, et al. High oxidative damage levels in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat. Aging Cell 2006; 5: 463-71.
187. Voituron Y, deFraipont M, Issartel J, Guillaume O, Clobert J. Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms. Biol Lett 2011; 7: 105-7.
188. Meydani M, Lipman RD, Han SN, et al. The effect of long-term dietary supplementation with antioxidants. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 854: 352-60.
189. Melov S, Ravenscroft J, Malik S, et al. Extension of life-span with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics. Science 2000; 289: 1567-9.
190. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Riba D, Ledo F, Gredilla R, Herrero A, Barja G. Heart fatty acid unsaturation and lipid peroxidation, and aging rate, are lower in the canary and the parakeet than in the mouse. Aging Clin Exp Res 1999; 11: 44-9.
191. Pamplona R. Mitochondrial DNA damage and animal longevity: insights from comparative studies. J Aging Res 2011; 2011: 807108.
192. Sohal RS, Sohal BH, Orr WC. Mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen- peroxide generation, protein oxidative damage, and longevity in different species of flies. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 19: 499-504.
193. Hamilton ML, VanRemmen H, Drake J, et al. Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10469-74.
194. Hermes-Lima M, Welker AF, Ferreira-Cravo M, Campos EG. Physiological oxidative stress and low oxygen. Comp Bioche Physiol B Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148: S50-S60.
195. Buffenstein R. The naked mole-rat; a new long-living model for human aging research. J Gerontol Biol Sci 2005; 60: 1369-77.
196. Portero-Otin M, Requena JR, Bellmunt MJ, Ayala V, Pamplona R. Protein nonenzymatic modifications and proteasome activity in skeletal muscle from the short-lived rat and the long-lived pigeon. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39: 1527-35.
197. Agarwal S, Sohal RS. Relationship between suceptibility to protein oxidation, aging, and maximum lifespan potential of different species. Exp Gerontol 1996; 31: 365-72.
198. VanRemmen H, Richardson A. Oxidative damage to mitochondria and aging. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36: 957-68.
199. Kaneko T, Tahara S, Matsuo M. Non-linear accumulation of 8- hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidized DNA damage, during aging. Mut Res DNA Aging Gene Instab Aging 1996; 316(5-6): 277-85.
200. Levine RL. Carbonyl modified proteins in cellular regulation, aging, and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32: 790-6
201. Gil P, Farinas F, Casado A, Lopez-Fernandez E. Malondialdehyde: A possible marker of ageing. Gerontology 2002; 48: 209-14.
202. Andziak B, Buffenstein R. Disparate patterns of agerelated changes in lipid peroxidation in long-lived naked mole-rats and shorterlived mice. Aging Cell 2006; 5: 525-32.
203. Pérez VI, Lewa CM, Cortez LA, et al. Thioredoxin 2 haploinsufficiency in mice results in impaired mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44: 882-92.
204. Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Proinflammatory cytokine- induced cellular senescence of biliary epithelial cells is mediated via oxidative stress and activation of ATM pathway: A culture study. Free Radic Res 2008; 42: 625-32.
205. Pérez VI, Buffenstein R, Masamsetti V, et al. Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 3059-64.
206. Kapahi P, Boulton ME, Kirkwood TBL. Positive correlation between mammalian life span and cellular resistance to stress. Free Radical Bio Med 1999; 26: 495-500.
207. Salmon AB, Murakami S, Bartke A, Kopchick J, Yasumura K, Miller RA. Fibroblast cell lines from young adult mice of longlived mutant strains are resistant to multiple forms of stress. Am J Physiol-Endoc M 2005; 289: E23-E9.
208. Harper JM, Salmon AB, Leiser SF, Galecki AT, Miller RA. Skinderived fibroblasts from long-lived species are resistant to some, but not all, lethal stresses and to the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone. Aging Cell 2007; 6: 1-13.
209. Salmon AB, Akha AAS, Buffenstein R, Miller RA. Fibroblasts from naked mole-rats are resistant to multiple forms of cell injury, but sensitive to peroxide, ultraviolet light, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Ger Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63: 232-41.
210. Jasper H. SKNy worms and long life. Cell 2008; 132: 915-6.
211. McElwee JJ, Schuster E, Blanc E, Thomas JH, Gems D. Shared transcriptional signature in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae and long-lived daf-2 mutants implicates detoxification system in longevity assurance. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 44533-43.
212. Sykiotis GP, Bohmann D. Keapl/Nrf2 signaling regulates oxidative stress tolerance and lifespan in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2008; 14: 76-85.
213. Sun LY, Bokov AF, Richardson A, Miller RA. Hepatic response to oxidative injury in long-lived Ames dwarf mice. FASEB J 2011; 25: 398-408.
214. Bus JS, Cagen SZ, Olgaard M, Gibson JE. Mechanism of paraquat toxicity in mice and rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1976; 35: 501-13.
215. Puppo A, Halliwell B. Formation of hydroxyl radicals in biological- systems - does myoglobin stimulate hydroxyl radical formation from hydrogen-peroxide. Free Radical Research Communications 1988; 4: 415-22.
216. Parrinello S, Samper E, Krtolica A, Goldstein J, Melov S, Campisi J. Oxygen sensitivity severely limits the replicative lifespan of murine fibroblasts. Nature Cell Biology 2003; 5: 741-7.
217. Busuttil RA, Rubio M, Dolle MET, Campisi J, Vijg J. Oxygen accelerates the accumulation of mutations during the senescence and immortalization of murine cells in culture. Aging Cell 2003; 2: 287-94.
218. Motohashi H, Yamamoto M. Nrf2-Keap1 defines a physiologically important stress response mechanism. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10: 549-57.
219. Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol 2005; 45: 51-88.
220. Nioi P, Hayes JD. Contribution of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 to protection against carcinogenesis, and regulation of its gene by the Nrf2 basic-region leucine zipper and the arylhydrocarbon receptor basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 2004; 555: 149-71.
221. Kwak MK, Wakabayashi N, Greenlaw JL, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW. Antioxidants enhance mammalian proteasome expression through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 8786-94.
222. Tong KI, Kobayashi A, Katsuoka F, Yamamoto M. Two-site substrate recognition model for the Keap1-Nrf2 system: a hinge and latch mechanism. Biol Chem 2006; 387: 1311-20.
223. McMahon M, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, et al. The cap 'n' collar basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) controls both constitutive and inducible expression of intestinal detoxification and glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3299-307.
224. Thimmulappa RK, Mai KH, Srisuma S, Kensler TW, Yamamato M, Biswal S. Identification of Nrf2-regulated genes induced by the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane by oligonucleotide microarray. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5196-203.
225. Kwak MK, Wakabayashi N, Itoh K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW. Modulation of gene expression by cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway - Identification of novel gene clusters for cell survival. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 8135-45.
226. Lewis KN, Mele J, Hayes JD, Buffenstein R. Nrf2, a guardian of healthspan and gatekeeper of species longevity. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50: 829-43.
227. Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG. Calorie restriction affects brain glutathione metabolism in normal and long-living mice. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42: 140-.
228. Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Uthus EO. Growth hormone alters methionine and glutathione metabolism in Ames dwarf mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126: 389-98.
229. Amador-Noguez D, Dean A, Huang WD, Setchell K, Moore D, Darlington G. Alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in the longlived Little mice. Aging Cell 2007; 6: 453-70.
230. Morimoto RI, Cuervo AM. Protein homeostasis and aging: taking care of proteins from the cradle to the grave. J Ger Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 167-70.
231. Fink AL. Chaperone-mediated protein folding. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 425-49.
232. Swanlund JM, Kregel KC, Oberly TD. Autophagy following heat stress - The role of aging and protein nitration. Autophagy 2008; 4: 936-9.
233. Swindell WR, Masternak MM, Kopchick JJ, Conover CA, Bartke A, Miller RA. Endocrine regulation of heat shock protein mRNA levels in long-lived dwarf mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130: 393-400.
234. Salmon AB, Leonard S, Masamsetti V. The long lifespan of two bat species is correlated with resistance to protein oxidation and enhanced protein homeostasis. FASEB J 2009a; 23: 2317-26.
235. Ward WF. The relentless effects of the aging process on protein turnover. Biogerontology 2000; 1: 195-9
236. Martinez-Vicente M, Sovak G, Cuervo AM. Protein degradation and aging. Exp Gerontol 2005; 40: 622-33.
237. Zwickl P, Seemuller E, Kapelari B, Baumeister W. The proteasome: a supramolecular assembly designed for controlled proteolysis. Adv Protein Chem 2001; 59: 187-222.
238. Bochtler M, Ditzel L, Groll M, Hartmann C, Huber R. The proteasome. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 1999; 28: 295-317.
239. Friguet B, Stadtman ER, Szweda LI. Modification of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase by 4-hydroxy-2-noneal. Formation of cross-linked protein that inhibits the multicatalytic protease. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 21639-43.
240. Bulteau AL, Petropoulos I, Friguet B. Age-related alterations of proteasome structure and function in aging epidermis. Exp Gerontol 2000; 35: 767-77.
241. Reinheckel T, Ulrich O, Sitte N, Grune T. Differential impairment of 20S and 26S proteasome activities in human hematopoietic K562 cells during oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 377: 65-8.
242. Altun M, Besche HC, Overkleeft HS, et al. Muscle wasting in aged, sarcopenic rats, is associated with enhanced activity in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 39597-608.
243. Zainal TA, Oberley TD, Allison DB, Sweda LI, Weindruch R. Caloric restriction of rhesus monkey lowers oxidative damage in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2000; 14: 1825-36.
244. Takeda K, Yoshida T, Kikuchi S, et al. Synergistic roles of the proteasome and autophagy for mitochondrial maintenance and chronological lifespan in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 3540-5.
245. Carney-Almroth B, Johansson AA, Förlin L, Sturve J. Early-age changes in oxidative stress in brown trout, Salmo trutta. Comp Biochem Phys Part B 2010; 155: 442-8.
246. Ferrington DA, Hussong SA, Roehrich H, et al. Immunoproteasome responds to injury in the retina and brain. J Neurochem 2008; 106: 158-69.
247. Hussong SA, Kapphahn RJ, Phillips SL, Maldonado M, Ferrington DA. Immunoproteasome deficiency alters retinal proteasome's response to stress. J Neurochem 2010; 113: 1481-90.
248. Dasuri K, Nguyen A, Zhang L, et al. Comparison of liver and brain proteasomes for oxidative stress induced inactivation: influence of aging and dietary restriction. Free Rad Res 2009; 43: 28-36.
249. Dasuri K, Ebenezer PJ, Zhang Z, et al. Selective vulnerability of neurons to acute toxicity after proteasome inhibitor treatment: Implications for oxidative stress and insolubility of newly synthesized proteins. Free Rad Bio Med 2010; 49: 1290-7.
250. Cheroni C, Marino M, Tortarolo M, et al. Functional alterations of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in motor neurons of a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18: 82-96.
251. Ventruti A, Cuervo AM. Autophagy and neurodegeneration. Current Neurology Neurosci 2008; 7: 443-51.
252. Massey AC, Kiffin R, Cuervo AM. Autophagic defects in aging - Looking for an emergency exit? Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 1292-6
253. Strecker V, Mai S, Muster B, Beneke S, Burkle A, Bereiter-Hahn J, Jendrach M. Aging of different avian cultured cells: Lack of ROSinduced damage and quality control mechanisms. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131: 48-59.
254. Buffenstein R, Edrey YH, Hanes M, Pinto M, Mele J. Successful aging and sustained good health in the naked mole rat: a long-lived Mammalian model for biogerontology and biomedical research. ILAR J 2011; 52: 41-53.
255. Ho YS, Magnenat JL, Bronson RT, Cao J, Gargano M, Sugawara M, Funk CD. Mice deficient in cellular glutathione peroxidase develop normally and show no increased sensitivity to hyperoxia. J Bio Chem 1997; 272: 16644-51.
256. Loh K, Deng H, Fukushima A, et al. Reactive oxygen species enhance insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 2009; 10: 260-72.
257. Thiruchelvam M, Prokopenko O, Cory-Slechta DA, Richfield EK, Buckley B, Mirochnitchenko O. Overexpression of superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase protects against the paraquat+ maneb-induced Parkinson disease phenotype. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 22530-9.
258. Hoehn KL, Salmon AB, Hohnen-Behrens C, et al. Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 17787-92.
259. Bowler RP, Nicks M, Tran K, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophilic inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31: 431-9.
260. Ho YS, Xiong Y, Ma W, Spector A, Ho DS. Mice lacking catalase develop normally but show differential sensitivity to oxidant tissue injury. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 32804-12.
261. Anderson EJ, Lustig ME, Boyle KE, et al. Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 573-81.
262. Matsui M, Oshima M, Oshima H, Takaku K, Maruyama T, J Yodoi, Taketo MM. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse thioredoxin gene. Dev Biol 1996; 178: 179-85.
263. Bennett NC, Cotterill FPD, Spinks AC. Thermoregulation in two populations of Matabeleland mole-rat (Cryptomys hottentotus nimrodi) and remarks on the general thermoregulatory trends within the genus Cyrptomys (Rodentia: Bathyergidae). Jounal of Zoology 1996; 239: 17-27.
264. Holmes MM, Goldman BD, Goldman SL, Seney ML, Forger NG. Neuroendocrinology and sexual differentiation in eusocial mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30: 519-33.
265. Scharff A, Locker-Grütjena O, Kawalikab M, Burda H. Natural History of the giant mole-rat, Crytomys mechowi (Rodentia: Bathyergidae) from Zambia. J Mammalogy 2001; 82: 1003-15.
266. Buffenstein R, Yahav S. Is the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber an endothermic yet poikilothermic mammal? J Thermal Biol 1991; 16: 227-32.
267. Abayasekara DRE, Wathes DC. Effects of altering dietary fatty acid composition on prostaglandin synthesis and fertility. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1999; 61: 275-87.
268. Rodgers KJ, Dean RT. Assessment of proteasome activity in cell lysates and tissue homogenates using peptide substrates. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 716-27.
269. Rodriguez KA, Gaczynska M, Osmulski PA. Molecular mechanisms of proteasome plasticity in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131: 144-155.