Physiological and biochemical effects of conjugated linoleic acid and its use in aquaculture

Reviews in Aquaculture

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 59-72

  Rosa, Rui ^a   Andrade, Ana M ^b   Bandarra, Narcisa M ^c   Nunes, Maria L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^c INSTITUTO PORTUGUÊS DO MAR E DA ATMOSFERA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Aquaculture; Conjugated linoleic acid; Functional food; Human health; Lipogenesis; Nutraceutics

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 79957528726     PISSN: 17535123     EISSN: 17535131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01021.x     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Ackman RG (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in lipids of fish tissues. In: Yurawecz MP, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Pariza MW, Nelson GJ (eds) Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, pp. 283-295. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.
2. Akahoshi A, Goto Y, Mutao K, Miyazaki T, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M (2002) Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 66: 916-920.
3. Akahoshi A, Koba K, Ichinose F, Kaneko M, Shimoda A, Nonaka K (2004) Dietary protein modulates the effect of CLA on lipid metabolism in rats. Lipids 39: 25-30.
4. Azain MJ (2003) Conjugated linoleic acid and its effects on animal products and health in single-stomached animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 319-328.
5. Azain MJ, Hausman DB, Sisk MB, Flatt WP, Jewell DE (2000) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. Journal of Nutrition 130: 1548-1554.
6. Bandarra NM, Batista I, Nunes ML, Empis JM, Christie WW (1997) Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Journal of Food Science 62: 40-42.
7. Bandarra NM, Nunes ML, Andrade AM, Prates JAM, Pereira S, Monteiro M et al. (2006) Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on muscle, liver and visceral lipid deposition in rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 254: 496-505.
8. Banni S, Angioni E, Casu V, Melis MP, Carta G, Corongiu FP et al. (1999a) Decrease in linoleic acid metabolites as a potential mechanism in cancer risk reduction by conjugated linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 20: 1019-1024.
9. Banni S, Angioni E, Casu V, Melis MP, Scrugli S, Carta G et al. (1999b) An increase in vitamin A status by the feeding of conjugated linoleic acid. Nutrition and Cancer 33: 53-57.
10. Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R (2006) CLA and n-3 PUFA differentially modulate clinical activity and colonic PPAR-responsive gene expression in a pig model of experimental IBD. Clinical Nutrition 25: 454-465.
11. Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Zimmerman DR, Wannemuehler MJ (2001) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modulates phenotype and effector functions of porcine CD8+ lymphocytes. Journal of Nutrition 131: 2370-2377.
12. Bauman DE, Griinari JM (2001) Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livestock Production Science 70: 15-29.
13. Bee G (2000) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid consumption during pregnancy and lactation influences growth and tissue composition in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 130: 2981-2989.
14. Belury MA (2002a) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Annual Review of Nutrition 22: 505-531.
15. Belury MA (2002b) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Nutrition 132: 2995-2998.
16. Berge GM, Ruyter B, Asgard T (2004) Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); effects on fish performance, proximate composition, fatty acid and mineral content. Aquaculture 237: 365-380.
17. Bessa RJB, Santos-Silva J, Ribeiro JMR, Portugal AV (2000) Reticulo-rumen biohydrogenation and the enrichment of ruminant edible products with linoleic acid conjugated isomers. Livestock Production Science 63: 201-211.
18. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G (2006) Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 17: 789-810.
19. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. Journal of Nutrition 130: 2943-2948.
20. Brodie AE, Manning VA, Ferguson KR, Jewell DE, Hu CY (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits differentiation of pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but inhibits cell proliferation only in preconfluent cells. Journal of Nutrition 129: 602-606.
21. Brown JM, Boysen MS, Chung O, Fabiyi O, Morrison RF, Mandrup S et al. (2004) Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces human adipocyte delipidation: autocrine/paracrine regulation of MEK/ERK signaling by adipocytokines. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279: 26735-26747.
22. Chin SF, Storkson JM, Alblight KJ, Cook ME, Pariza MW (1994) Conjugated linoleic acid is a growth factor for rats as shown by enhanced weight gain and improved feed efficiency. Journal of Nutrition 124: 2344-2349.
23. Choi B-D, Kang S-J, Ha Y-L, Ackman RG (1999) Accumulation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in tissues of fish fed diets containing various levels of CLA. In: Xiong YL, Ho C-T, Shahidi F (eds) Quality Attributes of Muscle Foods, pp. 61-71. Kluwer Academic Publishing/Plenum, New York.
24. Clark SD (2001) Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a molecular mechanism to improve the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition 131: 1129-1132.
25. Cook ME, Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW (1993) Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism. Nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poultry Science 72: 1301-1305.
26. Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Phillips BS, Bauman DE (2001) The role of Delta(9)-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 12: 622-630.
27. DeLany JP, West DB (2000) Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19: 487S-493S.
28. DeLany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA, West DB (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. American Journal of Physiology 276: R1172-R1179.
29. Desvergne B, Wahli W (1999) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocrine Reviews 20: 649-688.
30. Desvergne B, Michalik L, Wahli W (2006) Transcriptional regulation of metabolism. Physiological Reviews 86: 465-514.
31. Diez A, Menoyo D, Perez-Benavente S, Calduch-Giner JA, De Celis SVR, Obach A et al. (2007) Conjugated linoleic acid affects lipid composition, metabolism, and gene expression in Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L). Journal of Nutrition 137: 1363-1369.
32. Dugan MER, Aalhus JL, Schaefer AL, Kramer JKG (1997) The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on fat to lean repartitioning and feed conversion in pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77: 723-725.
33. Dugan MER, Aalhus JL, Lien KA, Schaefer AL, Kramer JKG (2001) Effects of feeding different levels of conjugated linoleic acid and total oil to pigs on live animal performance and carcass composition. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81: 505-510.
34. Durgam VR, Fernandes G (1997) The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on MCF-7 cells is related to estrogen response system. Cancer Letters 116: 121-130.
35. Evans ME, Brown JM, McIntosh MK (2002) Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on adiposity and lipid metabolism. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13: 508-516.
36. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2007) State of World Aquaculture 2007. FAO, Rome.
37. Farquharson A, Wu H-C, Grant I, Graf B, Choung J-J, Eremin O (1999) Possible mechanisms for the putative antiatherogenic and antitumorigenic effects of conjugated polyenoic fatty acids. Lipids 34: S343.
38. Figueiredo-Silva AC, Rema P, Bandarra NM, Nunes ML, Valente LMP (2005) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition, and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 248: 163-172.
39. Gavino VC, Gavino G, Leblanc M-J, Tuchweber B (2000) An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters Journal of Nutrition 130: 27-29.
40. Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS (1998) Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiological Reviews 78: 783-809.
41. Griinari JM, Corl BA, Lacy SH, Chouinard PY, Nurmela KVV, Bauman DE (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta(9)-desaturase. Journal of Nutrition 130: 2285-2291.
42. Gulick T, Cresci S, Caira T, Moore DD, Kelly DP (1994) The peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative enzyme gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91: 11012-11016.
43. Guri AJ, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J (2006) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: bridging metabolic syndrome with molecular nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 25: 871-875.
44. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW (1987) Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 8: 1881-1887.
45. Ha YL, Storkson J, Pariza MW (1990) Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. Cancer Research 50: 1097-1101.
46. Hew CL, Fletcher GL (2001) The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture. Aquaculture 197: 191-204.
47. Houseknecht KL, Vanden JP, Moya-Camarena SY, Portocarrero CP, Peck LW (1998) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochemistry Biophysical Research Communications 244: 678-682.
48. Hubbard NE, Lim D, Summers L, Ericson KL (2000) Reduction of murine mammary tumor metastasis by conjugated linoleic acid. Cancer Letters 150: 93-100.
49. Ip C, Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ (1995) Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on mammary cancer prevention. Nutrition and Cancer 24: 241-247.
50. Kavanaugh CJ, Liu KL, Belury MA (1999) Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on phorbol ester-induced PGE2 production and hyperplasia in mouse epidermis. Nutrition and Cancer 33: 132-138.
51. Keim NL (2003) Conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. In: Sebedio J-L, Christie WW, Adlof R (eds) Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, vol 2, pp. 316-324. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.
52. Kelley NS, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL (2007) Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. Journal of Nutrition 137: 2599-2607.
53. Kennedy SR, Campbell PJ, Porter A, Tocher DR (2005) Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid and fatty acid composition in liver and flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 141: 168-178.
54. Kennedy SR, Leaver MJ, Campbell PJ, Zheng X, Dick JR, Tocher DR (2006) Influence of dietary oil content and conjugated linoleic Acid (CLA) on lipid metabolism enzyme activities and gene expression in tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Lipids 41: 423-436.
55. Kennedy SR, Bickerdike R, Berge RK, Dick JR, Tocher DR (2007a) Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) on growth, lipid composition, fatty acid metabolism and lipid gene expression of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.). Aquaculture 272: 489-501.
56. Kennedy SR, Bickerdike R, Berge RK, Porter AR, Tocher DR (2007b) Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) on growth, lipid composition and key enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquaculture 264: 372-382.
57. Leaver MJ, Boukouvala E, Antonopoulou E, Diez A, Favre-Krey L, Ezaz MT et al. (2005) Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isotypes from each of two species of marine fish. Endocrinology 146: 3150-3162.
58. Leaver MJ, Tocher DR, Obach A, Jensen L, Henderson RJ, Porter AR et al. (2006) Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid composition, metabolism and gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular and Integrative Physiology 145: 258-267.
59. Lee KN, Kritchevsky D, Pariza MW (1994) Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 108: 19-25.
60. Li Y, Watkins BA (1998) Conjugated linoleic acids alter bone fatty acid composition and reduce ex vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in rats fed n-6 or n-3 fatty acids. Lipids 33: 417-425.
61. Manning BB, Li MH, Robinson EH, Peterson BC (2006) Enrichment of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets with conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids by dietary manipulation. Aquaculture 261: 337-342.
62. Masso-Welch PA, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker SF, McGee SO (2004) Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid differ in their effects on angiogenesis and survival of mouse mammary adipose vasculature. Journal of Nutrition 134: 299-307.
63. McLeod RS, LeBlanc AM, Langille MA, Mitchell PL, Currie DL (2004) Conjugated linoleic acids, atherosclerosis, and hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79: 1169S-1174S.
64. Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids 35: 783-788.
65. Melamed P, Gong ZY, Fletcher G, Hew CL (2002) The potential impact of modern biotechnology on fish aquaculture. Aquaculture 204: 255-269.
66. Mensink RP (2005) Metabolic and health effects of isomeric fatty acids. Current Opinion in Lipidology 16: 27-30.
67. Mierke-Klemeyer S, Larsen R, Oehlenschläger J, Maehre H, Elvevoll E, Bandarra NM et al. (2008) Retention of health-related beneficial components during household preparation of selenium-enriched African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets. European Food Research and Technology 227: 827-833.
68. Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza MW, Cook ME (1994) Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochemistry Biophysical Research Communications 198: 1107-1112.
69. Mougios V, Matsakas A, Petridou A, Ring S, Sagredos A, Melissopoulou A et al. (2001) Effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on human serum lipids and body fat. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 12: 585-594.
70. Moya-Camarena SY, Van den Heuvel JP, Belury MA (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a and b subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1436: 331-342.
71. Naylor RL, Goldburg RJ, Primavera JH, Kautsky N, Beveridge MCM, Clay J et al. (2000) Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405: 1017-1024.
72. Ng WK, Tocher DR, Bell JG (2007) The use of palm oil in aquaculture feeds for salmonid species. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109: 394-399.
73. Nicolosi RJ, Rogers EJ, Kritchevsky D, Scimeca JA, Huth PJ (1997) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Artery 22: 266-277.
74. NRC (National Research Council) (1996) Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet. National Academy Press, Washington.
75. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK, Gibney MJ (2005) The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59: 742-750.
76. Ohnuki K, Haramizu S, Oki K, Ishihara K, Fushiki T (2001) A single oral administration of conjugated linoleic acid enhanced energy metabolism in mice. Lipids 36: 583-587.
77. Palumbo JD, Ganguly A, Bistrian BR, Menard MP (2002) The antiproliferative effects of biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on human colorectal and prostatic cancer cells. Cancer Letters 177: 163-172.
78. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME (2000) Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 223: 8-13.
79. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME (2001) The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Progress in Lipid Research 40: 283-298.
80. Park Y, Pariza MW (2001) The effects of dietary conjugated nonadecadienoic acid on body composition in mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1533: 171-174.
81. Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW (1997) Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 32: 853-858.
82. Park Y, Storkson JM, Alblight KJ, Liu W, Pariza MW (1999) Evidence that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 32: 235-241.
83. Peters JM, Park Y, Gonzalez FJ, Pariza MW (2001) Influence of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and target gene expression in peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor a-null mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1533: 233-242.
84. Rahman SM, Wang YM, Yotsumoto H, Cha JY, Han SY, Inoue S et al. (2000) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum leptin concentration, body-fat accumulation, and B-oxidation of fatty acid in OLETF rats. Nutrition and Cancer 17: 385-390.
85. Rainer L, Heiss CJ (2004) Conjugated linoleic acid: health implications and effects on body composition. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104: 963-968.
86. Ramos A, Bandarra NM, Rema P, Vaz-Pires P, Nunes ML, Andrade AM et al. (2008) Time course deposition of conjugated linoleic acid in market size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle. Aquaculture 274: 366-374.
87. Reddy JK, Mannaerts GP (1994) Peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 14: 343-370.
88. Rosa R, Bandarra NM, Nunes ML (2007) Nutritional quality of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): a positive criterion for the future development of the European production of Siluroidei. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 342-351.
89. Salas-Salvado J, Marquez-Sandoval F, Bullo M (2006) Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 46: 479-488.
90. Sang WG, Wei XX, Wu HH (2007) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on the growth and quality of large yellow croaker fish Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson) in cages. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16: 404-406.
91. Sargent J, McEvoy L, Estevez A, Bell G, Bell M, Henderson J et al. (1999) Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture 179: 217-229.
92. Satory DL, Smith SB (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation but stimulates lipid filling of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Journal of Nutrition 129: 92-97.
93. Schabbel W, Maaß D, Steinhart H, Reiter R, Schwarz FJ (2004) Performance carcass quality and fatty acid composition of trout (Salmo gairdneri) as affected by dietary conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin E supplementation. Proceedings of Society of Nutrition Physiology 13: 71.
94. Schmid A, Collomb M, Sieber R, Bee G (2006) Conjugated linoleic acid in meat and meat products: a review. Meat Science 73: 29-41.
95. Schwarz FJ, Maass D, Schabbel W, Steinhart H (2002) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and the effects on performance, body composition, fatty acid pattern and sensory quality of carp (Cyprinus carpio) 10th International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, p. 79; 2-7 June, Rhodes.
96. Sérot T, Regost C, Prost C, Robin J, Arzel J (2001) Effect of dietary lipid sources on odour-active compounds in muscle of turbot (Psetta maxima). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 1339-1346.
97. Sérot T, Regost C, Arzel J (2002) Identification of odour-active compounds in muscle of brown trout (Salmo trutta) as affected by dietary lipid sources. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82: 636-643.
98. Shearer KD (1994) Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture 119: 63-88.
99. Sikorski AM, Hebert N, Swain RA (2008) Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian brain. Brain Research 1213: 35-40.
100. Sisk M, Hausman D, Martin R, Azain M (2001) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. Journal of Nutrition 131: 1668-1674.
101. Smedman A, Vessby B (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in human-metabolic effects. Journal of Nutrition 36: 773-781.
102. Sugano M, Tsujita A, Yamasaki M, Noguchi M, Yamada K (1998) Conjugated linoleic acid modulates tissue levels of chemical mediators and immunoglobulins in rats. Lipids 33: 521-527.
103. Terpstra A (2004) Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: an overview of the literature. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79: 352-361.
104. Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundson O (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. Journal of International Medical Research 29: 392-396.
105. Thomas M, Soren T, Arne A (2003) Efficacy of safety of dietary supplements containing CLA for the treatment of obesity: evidence from animal and human studies. Journal of Lipid Research 44: 2234-2241.
106. Thompson H, Zhu Z, Banni S, Darcy K, Loftus T, Ip C (1997) Morphological and biochemical status of the mammary gland as influenced by conjugated linoleic acid: implication for a reduction in mammary cancer risk. Cancer Research 57: 5067-5072.
107. Tocher DR (2003) Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 11: 107-184.
108. Toomey S, Roche H, Fitzgerald D, Belton O (2003) Regression of pre-established atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mouse by conjugated linoleic acid. Biochemical Society Transactions 31: 1075-1079.
109. Twibell RG, Wilson RP (2003) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids and total dietary lipid concentrations on growth responses of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 221: 621-628.
110. Twibell RG, Watkins BA, Rogers L, Brown PB (2000) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on hepatic and muscle lipids in hybrid striped bass. Lipids 35: 155-161.
111. Twibell RG, Watkins BA, Brown PB (2001) Dietary conjugated linoleic acids and lipid source alter fatty acid composition of juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Journal of Nutrition 131: 2322-2328.
112. Valente LMP, Bandarra NM, Figueiredo-Silva AC, Cordeiro AR, Simoes RM, Nunes ML (2007a) Influence of conjugated linoleic acid on growth, lipid composition and hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 267: 225-235.
113. Valente LMP, Bandarra NM, Figueiredo-Silva AC, Rema P, Vaz-Pires P, Martins S et al. (2007b) Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for large-size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth, chemical composition and sensory attributes. British Journal of Nutrition 97: 289-297.
114. Visonneau S, Cesano A, Tepper SA, Scimeca JA, Santoli D, Kritchevsky D (1997) Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in SCID mice. Anticancer Research 17: 969-974.
115. West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA (1998) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. American Journal of Physiology 275: R667-R672.
116. West DB, Blohm FY, Truettt AA, DeLany JP (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression. Journal of Nutrition 130: 2471-2481.
117. Whigham LD, Cook EB, Stahl JL, Saban R, Bjorling DE (2001) CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2) release from sensitized guinea pig trachae. American Journal of Physiology 280: R908-R912.
118. Whigham LD, Watras AC, Schoeller DA (2007) Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85: 1203-1211.
119. Yasmin A, Takeuchi T, Hayashi M, Hirota T, Ishizuka W, Ishida S (2004) Effect of conjugated linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids on growth of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fisheries Science 70: 473-481.
120. Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS et al. (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids 35: 777-778.
121. Zambell KL, Horn WF, Keim NL (2001) CLA supplementation in humans: effects on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics. Lipids 36: 767-772.
122. Zhao ZY, Wu TX, Tang HG, Zhang JZ (2008) Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, fatty acid composition and hepatic lipogenesis in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.). Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B: Biomedicine & Biotechnology 9: 691-700.