Non-genomic loss of PTEN function in cancer: Not in my genes

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 131-140

  Leslie, Nick R ^a   Foti, Michelangelo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; CASEIN KINASE II; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 1; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; I KAPPA B KINASE; MICRORNA; PEROXIREDOXIN 1; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PHOSPHATIDATE PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 1; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROTEIN P300; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; STAT3 PROTEIN; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE NEDD4; X LINKED INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS;

ACETYLATION; BINDING SITE; CATALYSIS; CELL GROWTH; CELL POLARITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; DNA SEQUENCE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE DOSAGE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LOSS OF FUNCTION MUTATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN STABILITY; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; UBIQUITINATION;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ENZYMOLOGIC; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; MICE; NEOPLASMS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHOSPHORYLATION; PTEN PHOSPHOHYDROLASE; UBIQUITINATION;

EID: 79952450963     PISSN: 01656147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. J. Li PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer Science 275 1997 1943 1947 (Pubitemid 27148818)
2. P.A. Steck Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers Nat. Genet. 15 1997 356 362 (Pubitemid 27147102)
3. L. Salmena Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression Cell 133 2008 403 414 (Pubitemid 351622014)
4. G.R. Bignell Signatures of mutation and selection in the cancer genome Nature 463 2010 893 898
5. T. Maehama, and J.E. Dixon The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 13375 13378 (Pubitemid 28268370)
6. N.R. Leslie, and C.P. Downes PTEN: the down side of PI 3-kinase signalling Cell Signal. 14 2002 285 295 (Pubitemid 34164684)
7. P.T. Hawkins Signalling through class I PI3Ks in mammalian cells Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34 2006 647 662 (Pubitemid 44796393)
8. B.D. Manning, and L.C. Cantley AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream Cell 129 2007 1261 1274 (Pubitemid 46962095)
9. W.S. Park Comprehensive identification of PIP3-regulated PH domains from C. elegans to H. sapiens by model prediction and live imaging Mol. Cell 30 2008 381 392 (Pubitemid 351615320)
10. S.J. Baker PTEN enters the nuclear age Cell 128 2007 25 28 (Pubitemid 46048899)
11. N.R. Leslie The significance of PTENs protein phosphatase activity Adv. Enzyme Regul. 49 2009 190 196
12. Y. Lindsay Localization of agonist-sensitive PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 reveals a nuclear pool that is insensitive to PTEN expression J. Cell Sci. 119 2006 5160 5168 (Pubitemid 46085194)
13. L.C. Trotman Ubiquitination regulates PTEN nuclear import and tumor suppression Cell 128 2007 141 156 (Pubitemid 46048885)
14. S.Y. Han Functional evaluation of PTEN missense mutations using in vitro phosphoinositide phosphatase assay Cancer Res. 60 2000 3147 3151
15. N.R. Leslie, and C.P. Downes PTEN function: how normal cells control it and tumour cells lose it Biochem. J. 382 2004 1 11 (Pubitemid 39141560)
16. A. Perren Immunohistochemical evidence of loss of PTEN expression in primary ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast Am. J. Pathol. 155 1999 1253 1260 (Pubitemid 29488932)
17. L.H. Saal Poor prognosis in carcinoma is associated with a gene expression signature of aberrant PTEN tumor suppressor pathway activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 2007 7564 7569 (Pubitemid 47185946)
18. M. Keniry, and R. Parsons The role of PTEN signaling perturbations in cancer and in targeted therapy Oncogene 27 2008 5477 5485
19. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways Nature 455 2008 1061 1068
20. S. Gustafson Cowden syndrome Semin. Oncol. 34 2007 428 434 (Pubitemid 47503276)
21. J.H. Mao Genetic interactions between Pten and p53 in radiation-induced lymphoma development Oncogene 22 2003 8379 8385
22. L.C. Trotman Pten dose dictates cancer progression in the prostate PLoS Biol. 1 2003 E59
23. A. Vega A novel loss-of-function mutation (N48K) in the PTEN gene in a Spanish patient with Cowden disease J. Invest. Dermatol. 121 2003 1356 1359 (Pubitemid 38005485)
24. D.L. Riegert-Johnson Cancer and Lhermitte-Duclos disease are common in Cowden syndrome patients Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract. 8 2010 6
25. A. Alimonti Subtle variations in Pten dose determine cancer susceptibility Nat. Genet. 42 2010 454 458
26. M.A. Lawlor Essential role of PDK1 in regulating cell size and development in mice EMBO J. 21 2002 3728 3738 (Pubitemid 34787046)
27. A. Silva PTEN posttranslational inactivation and hyperactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway sustain primary T cell leukemia viability J. Clin. Invest. 118 2008 3762 3774
28. X. Wang, and X. Jiang Post-translational regulation of PTEN Oncogene 27 2008 5454 5463
29. F. Okahara Critical role of PICT-1, a tumor suppressor candidate, in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate signals and tumorigenic transformation Mol. Biol. Cell 17 2006 4888 4895 (Pubitemid 44665757)
30. E.K. Yim Rak functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating PTEN protein stability and function Cancer Cell 15 2009 304 314
31. X. Wang NEDD4-1 Is a proto-oncogenic ubiquitin ligase for PTEN Cell 128 2007 129 139 (Pubitemid 46048884)
32. J. Cao Prdx1 inhibits tumorigenesis via regulating PTEN/AKT activity EMBO J. 28 2009 1505 1517
33. B. Fine Activation of the PI3K pathway in cancer through inhibition of PTEN by exchange factor P-REX2a Science 325 2009 1261 1265
34. L. He Shank-interacting protein-like 1 promotes tumorigenesis via PTEN inhibition in human tumor cells J. Clin. Invest. 120 2010 2094 2108
35. L. Poliseno Identification of the miR-106b∼25 microRNA cluster as a proto-oncogenic PTEN-targeting intron that cooperates with its host gene MCM7 in transformation Sci. Signal. 3 2010 ra29
36. V. Stambolic Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN Cell 95 1998 29 39 (Pubitemid 28458022)
37. A. Suzuki Portrait of PTEN: messages from mutant mice Cancer Sci. 99 2008 209 213 (Pubitemid 351232668)
38. J.O. Lee Crystal structure of the PTEN tumor suppressor: implications for its phosphoinositide phosphatase activity and membrane association Cell 99 1999 323 334
39. N.R. Leslie Redox regulation of PI 3-kinase signalling via inactivation of PTEN EMBO J. 22 2003 5501 5510 (Pubitemid 37279959)
40. T.L. Yuan, and L.C. Cantley PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: variations on a theme Oncogene 27 2008 5497 5510
41. T. Tolkacheva Regulation of PTEN binding to MAGI-2 by two putative phosphorylation sites at threonine 382 and 383 Cancer Res. 61 2001 4985 4989 (Pubitemid 32681524)
42. J. Torres, and R. Pulido The tumor suppressor PTEN is phosphorylated by the protein kinase CK2 at its C terminus. Implications for PTEN stability to proteasome- mediated degradation J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 993 998 (Pubitemid 32096519)
43. H. Maccario Ubiquitination of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) inhibits phosphatase activity and is enhanced by membrane targeting and hyperosmotic stress J. Biol. Chem. 285 2010 12620 12628
44. F. Fouladkou The ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1 is dispensable for the regulation of PTEN stability and localization Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 2008 8585 8590 (Pubitemid 351987724)
45. C. Van Themsche X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) regulates PTEN ubiquitination, content, and compartmentalization J. Biol. Chem. 284 2009 20462 20466
46. B. Dai FoxM1B regulates NEDD4-1 expression, leading to cellular transformation and full malignant phenotype in immortalized human astrocytes Cancer Res. 70 2010 2951 2961
47. J. Drinjakovic E3 ligase Nedd4 promotes axon branching by downregulating PTEN Neuron 65 2010 341 357
48. T. Mund, and H.R. Pelham Regulation of PTEN/Akt and MAP kinase signaling pathways by the ubiquitin ligase activators Ndfip1 and Ndfip2 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 2010 11429 11434
49. Y.D. Kwak Functional interaction of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) with the E3 ligase NEDD4-1 during neuronal response to zinc J. Biol. Chem. 285 2010 9847 9857
50. W. Wu Zinc-induced PTEN protein degradation through the proteasome pathway in human airway epithelial cells J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 28258 28263 (Pubitemid 36900027)
51. M.S. Song The deubiquitinylation and localization of PTEN are regulated by a HAUSP-PML network Nature 455 2008 813 817
52. S.H. Ross Differential redox regulation within the PTP superfamily Cell Signal. 19 2007 1521 1530 (Pubitemid 46818916)
53. N.K. Tonks Redox redux: revisiting PTPs and the control of cell signaling Cell 121 2005 667 670 (Pubitemid 40797589)
54. J. Kwon Reversible oxidation and inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN in cells stimulated with peptide growth factors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 2004 16419 16424 (Pubitemid 39557728)
55. 2 J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 20336 20342
56. J.H. Seo The major target of the endogenously generated reactive oxygen species in response to insulin stimulation is phosphatase and tensin homolog and not phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) in the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway Mol. Biol. Cell 16 2005 348 357 (Pubitemid 40024316)
57. 2, a necessary evil for cell signaling Science 312 2006 1882 1883 (Pubitemid 43993698)
58. T.M. Covey Akt activation by arachidonic acid metabolism occurs via oxidation and inactivation of PTEN tumor suppressor Oncogene 26 2007 5784 5792 (Pubitemid 47312821)
59. S. Lim, and M.V. Clement Phosphorylation of the survival kinase Akt by superoxide is dependent on an ascorbate-reversible oxidation of PTEN Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42 2007 1178 1192 (Pubitemid 46428511)
60. D.S. Pei S-nitrosylation of PTEN involved in ischemic brain injury in rat hippocampal CA1 region Neurochem. Res. 34 2009 1507 1512
61. C.X. Yu Redox regulation of PTEN by S-nitrosothiols Mol. Pharmacol. 68 2005 847 854
62. L. Odriozola Regulation of PTEN activity by its carboxyl-terminal autoinhibitory domain J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 23306 23315 (Pubitemid 47311930)
63. M. Rahdar A phosphorylation-dependent intramolecular interaction regulates the membrane association and activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 2009 480 485
64. R. Rabinovsky p85 Associates with unphosphorylated PTEN and the PTEN-associated complex Mol. Cell. Biol. 29 2009 5377 5388
65. F. Vazquez Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail acts as an inhibitory switch by preventing its recruitment into a protein complex J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 48627 48630
66. A.M. Al-Khouri Cooperative phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) by casein kinases and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 35195 35202 (Pubitemid 41532706)
67. H. Maccario PTEN is destabilized by phosphorylation on Thr366 Biochem. J. 405 2007 439 444
68. F. Okahara Regulation of PTEN phosphorylation and stability by a tumor suppressor candidate protein J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 45300 45303 (Pubitemid 39491510)
69. Y. Huang Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type Blood 115 2010 1226 1237
70. Z.M. Sheng Multiple regions of chromosome 6q affected by loss of heterozygosity in primary human breast carcinomas Br. J. Cancer 73 1996 144 147 (Pubitemid 26028326)
71. Y.J. Kim Suppression of putative tumour suppressor gene GLTSCR2 expression in human glioblastomas J. Pathol. 216 2008 218 224
72. M.A. Merritt Expression profiling identifies genes involved in neoplastic transformation of serous ovarian cancer BMC Cancer 9 2009 378
73. Y.E. Whang Inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC1 in advanced human prostate cancer through loss of expression Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 1998 5246 5250 (Pubitemid 28208583)
74. A. Goel Frequent inactivation of PTEN by promoter hypermethylation in microsatellite instability-high sporadic colorectal cancers Cancer Res. 64 2004 3014 3021 (Pubitemid 38581399)
75. S. Khan PTEN promoter is methylated in a proportion of invasive breast cancers Int. J. Cancer 112 2004 407 410 (Pubitemid 39390604)
76. L. Wang Epigenetic and genetic alterations of PTEN in hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatol. Res. 37 2007 389 396 (Pubitemid 46605424)
77. Y.H. Kang Promoter methylation and silencing of PTEN in gastric carcinoma Lab. Invest. 82 2002 285 291
78. A. Mirmohammadsadegh Epigenetic silencing of the PTEN gene in melanoma Cancer Res. 66 2006 6546 6552 (Pubitemid 44085609)
79. J.C. Soria Lack of PTEN expression in non-small cell lung cancer could be related to promoter methylation Clin. Cancer Res. 8 2002 1178 1184
80. H.B. Salvesen PTEN methylation is associated with advanced stage and microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma Int. J. Cancer 91 2001 22 26
81. J.K. Wiencke Methylation of the PTEN promoter defines low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma Neurol. Oncol. 9 2007 271 279 (Pubitemid 47169659)
82. P.L. Dahia PTEN is inversely correlated with the cell survival factor Akt/PKB and is inactivated via multiple mechanisms in haematological malignancies Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 1999 185 193 (Pubitemid 29054260)
83. M.A. Zysman Considerations when analyzing the methylation status of PTEN tumor suppressor gene Am. J. Pathol. 160 2002 795 800 (Pubitemid 34224569)
84. J. Lu Stem cell factor SALL4 represses the transcriptions of PTEN and SALL1 through an epigenetic repressor complex PLoS ONE 4 2009 e5577
85. J. Yang SALL4 is a key regulator of survival and apoptosis in human leukemic cells Blood 112 2008 805 813
86. L. Pan Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a potentiates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by up-regulating PTEN expression Cancer 109 2007 1676 1688 (Pubitemid 46595705)
87. M. Vinciguerra Unsaturated fatty acids promote hepatoma proliferation and progression through downregulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN J. Hepatol. 50 2009 1132 1141
88. L. Patel Tumor suppressor and anti-inflammatory actions of PPARgamma agonists are mediated via upregulation of PTEN Curr. Biol. 11 2001 764 768 (Pubitemid 32442793)
89. D. Ma Down-regulation of PTEN expression due to loss of promoter activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines World J. Gastroenterol. 11 2005 4472 4477 (Pubitemid 41150385)
90. M. Vinciguerra Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) via microRNA-21 up-regulation in hepatocytes Hepatology 49 2009 1176 1184
91. T. Virolle The Egr-1 transcription factor directly activates PTEN during irradiation-induced signalling Nat. Cell Biol. 3 2001 1124 1128 (Pubitemid 33130464)
92. R.A. Moorehead Insulin-like growth factor-II regulates PTEN expression in the mammary gland J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 50422 50427 (Pubitemid 37548886)
93. A. Tarnawski Aging gastropathy-novel mechanisms: hypoxia, up-regulation of multifunctional phosphatase PTEN, and proapoptotic factors Gastroenterology 133 2007 1938 1947
94. J.T. Whelan CBF-1 (RBP-J kappa) binds to the PTEN promoter and regulates PTEN gene expression Cell Cycle 6 2007 80 84 (Pubitemid 46173885)
95. J.T. Whelan Notch-1 signaling is lost in prostate adenocarcinoma and promotes PTEN gene expression J. Cell. Biochem. 107 2009 992 1001
96. K.S. Lee PPAR-gamma modulates allergic inflammation through up-regulation of PTEN FASEB J. 19 2005 1033 1035 (Pubitemid 40827742)
97. R.E. Teresi Increased PTEN expression due to transcriptional activation of PPARgamma by Lovastatin and Rosiglitazone Int. J. Cancer 118 2006 2390 2398
98. W. Zhang PPARgamma activator Rosiglitazone inhibits cell migration via upregulation of PTEN in human hepatocarcinoma cell line BEL-7404 Cancer Biol. Ther. 5 2006 1008 1014
99. K.Y. Kim Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 suppression is an important process in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma signaling in adipocytes and myotubes Mol. Pharmacol. 71 2007 1554 1562
100. S. Han PPARbeta/delta agonist stimulates human lung carcinoma cell growth through inhibition of PTEN expression: the involvement of PI3K and NF-kappaB signals Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 294 2008 L1238 1249
101. Y.H. Shen Up-regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) mediates p38 MAPK stress signal-induced inhibition of insulin signaling. A cross-talk between stress signaling and insulin signaling in resistin-treated human endothelial cells J. Biol. Chem. 281 2006 7727 7736 (Pubitemid 43847386)
102. V. Stambolic Regulation of PTEN transcription by p53 Mol. Cell 8 2001 317 325 (Pubitemid 32831549)
103. Y. Tang, and C. Eng p53 down-regulates phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 protein stability partially through caspase-mediated degradation in cells with proteasome dysfunction Cancer Res. 66 2006 6139 6148
104. L.D. Mayo PTEN protects p53 from Mdm2 and sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 5484 5489 (Pubitemid 34968598)
105. D.J. Freeman PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms Cancer Cell 3 2003 117 130 (Pubitemid 37443385)
106. M. Escriva Repression of PTEN phosphatase by Snail1 transcriptional factor during gamma radiation-induced apoptosis Mol. Cell Biol. 28 2008 1528 1540
107. J.Y. Lee Id-1 activates Akt-mediated Wnt signaling and p27(Kip1) phosphorylation through PTEN inhibition Oncogene 28 2009 824 831
108. K. Hettinger c-Jun promotes cellular survival by suppression of PTEN Cell Death Differ. 14 2007 218 229 (Pubitemid 46092225)
109. L.B. Song The polycomb group protein Bmi-1 represses the tumor suppressor PTEN and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells J. Clin. Invest. 119 2009 3626 3636
110. K.M. Vasudevan Suppression of PTEN expression by NF-kappa B prevents apoptosis Mol. Cell Biol. 24 2004 1007 1021 (Pubitemid 38112166)
111. S. Kim Down-regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-inducing kinase/NF-kappaB pathway is linked to a default IkappaB-alpha autoregulatory loop J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 4285 4291 (Pubitemid 38199016)
112. D. Xia Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 promotes cell survival by decreasing PTEN expression through an NF kappa B-dependent pathway J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 3507 3519 (Pubitemid 47084470)
113. M. Vinciguerra PTEN down-regulation by unsaturated fatty acids triggers hepatic steatosis via an NF-kappaBp65/mTOR-dependent mechanism Gastroenterology 134 2008 268 280 (Pubitemid 350309315)
114. J. Liu Control of protein synthesis and mRNA degradation by microRNAs Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 20 2008 214 221
115. C. Xiao Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes Nat. Immunol. 9 2008 405 414 (Pubitemid 351405110)
116. B.P. Lewis Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets Cell 115 2003 787 798 (Pubitemid 38058492)
117. G.A. Calin MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 2004 11755 11760 (Pubitemid 39095368)
118. M.G. Pezzolesi Differential expression of PTEN-targeting microRNAs miR-19a and miR-21 in Cowden syndrome Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82 2008 1141 1149 (Pubitemid 351615147)
119. J.T. Huse The PTEN-regulating microRNA miR-26a is amplified in high-grade glioma and facilitates gliomagenesis in vivo Genes Dev. 23 2009 1327 1337
120. B. Wang Role of microRNA-155 at early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by choline-deficient and amino acid-defined diet in C57BL/6 mice Hepatology 50 2009 1152 1161
121. H. Yang MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer: miR-214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN Cancer Res. 68 2008 425 433 (Pubitemid 351380068)
122. M. Kato TGF-beta activates Akt kinase through a microRNA-dependent amplifying circuit targeting PTEN Nat. Cell Biol. 11 2009 881 889
123. A.M. Krichevsky, and G. Gabriely miR-21: a small multi-faceted RNA J. Cell Mol. Med. 13 2009 39 53
124. S.D. Selcuklu miR-21 as a key regulator of oncogenic processes Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37 2009 918 925
125. B.N. Davis SMAD proteins control DROSHA-mediated microRNA maturation Nature 454 2008 56 61 (Pubitemid 351931982)
126. L. Poliseno A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology Nature 465 2010 1033 1038
127. B.S. Taylor Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer Cancer Cell 18 2010 11 22
128. C. Garcia-Echeverria, and W.R. Sellers Drug discovery approaches targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancer Oncogene 27 2008 5511 5526
129. P. Workman Drugging the PI3 kinome: from chemical tools to drugs in the clinic Cancer Res. 70 2010 2146 2157
130. E.C. LaCasse IAP-targeted therapies for cancer Oncogene 27 2008 6252 6275
131. R. Prudent, and C. Cochet New protein kinase CK2 inhibitors: jumping out of the catalytic box Chem. Biol. 16 2009 112 120
132. J.A. Zorn, and J.A. Wells Turning enzymes ON with small molecules Nat. Chem. Biol. 6 2010 179 188
133. M. Kennah Activation of SHIP via a small molecule agonist kills multiple myeloma cells Exp. Hematol. 37 2009 1274 1283
134. G. Denning A short N-terminal sequence of PTEN controls cytoplasmic localization and is required for suppression of cell growth Oncogene 26 2007 3930 3940 (Pubitemid 46884301)
135. N.R. Leslie Understanding PTEN regulation: PIP2, polarity and protein stability Oncogene 27 2008 5464 5476
136. R.E. Redfern PTEN phosphatase selectively binds phosphoinositides and undergoes structural changes Biochemistry 47 2008 2162 2171 (Pubitemid 351287142)
137. A. Gil Nuclear localization of PTEN by a Ran-dependent mechanism enhances apoptosis: involvement of an N-terminal nuclear localization domain and multiple nuclear exclusion motifs Mol. Biol. Cell 17 2006 4002 4013 (Pubitemid 44330883)