Monoaminergic antidepressants in the relief of pain: Potential therapeutic utility of triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs)

Pharmaceuticals

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 285-342

  Hache, Guillaume ^a   Coudore, François ^a   Gardier, Alain M ^a   Guiard, Bruno P ^a  

^a University of Paris XI   (France)

Author keywords

Antidepressant; Dopamine; Monoamine transporters; Mood disorders; Norepinephrine; NRI; Pain; Serotonin; SNRI; SSRI; Triple reuptake inhibitors

Indexed keywords

1 (3,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 3 AZABICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE; 1 [1 (4 CHLOROPHENYL)CYCLOBUTYL] 3 METHYLBUTANAMINE; 3 METHYLAMINO 2 (2 NAPHTHYL) 1 PHENYL 1 PROPANOL; 6 (4 ETHYNYLPHENYL) 1,2,3,5,6,10B HEXAHYDROPYRROLO[2,1 A]ISOQUINOLINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANALGESIC AGENT; APOMORPHINE; ATOMOXETINE; BICIFADINE; CITALOPRAM; DESIPRAMINE; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; MILNACIPRAN; MONOAMINE DERIVATIVE; NOMIFENSINE; NORADRENALIN; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; NS 7051; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; REBOXETINE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE;

ALLODYNIA; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CHRONIC PAIN; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FIBROMYALGIA; HEADACHE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; INSOMNIA; LIMBIC SYSTEM; LOW BACK PAIN; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; POLYNEUROPATHY; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOMNOLENCE; SPINAL CORD; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SWEAT GLAND DISEASE; TREMOR; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 79551585362     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14248247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ph4020285     Document Type: Review

References (392)

1. Price, D.D. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 2000, 288, 1769-1772.
2. Basbaum, A.I.; Bautista, D.M.; Scherrer, G.; Julius, D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 2009, 139, 267-284.
3. Silveira, J.W.; Dias, Q.M.; Del Bel, E.A.; Prado, W.A. Serotonin receptors are involved in the spinal mediation of descending facilitation of surgical incision-induced increase of Fos-like immunoreactivity in rats. Mol. Pain 2010, 6, 17.
4. Rahman, W.; D'Mello, R.; Dickenson, A.H. Peripheral nerve injury-induced changes in spinal alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of mechanically evoked dorsal horn neuronal responses. J. Pain 2008, 9, 350-359.
5. Willis, W.D., Jr. The somatosensory system, with emphasis on structures important for pain. Brain Res. Rev. 2007, 55, 297-313.
6. Jeon, D.; Kim, S.; Chetana, M.; Jo, D.; Ruley, H.E.; Lin, S.Y.; Rabah, D.; Kinet, J.P.; Shin, H.S. Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13, 482-488.
7. Xie, Y.F.; Huo, F.Q.; Tang, J.S. Cerebral cortex modulation of pain. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2009, 30, 31-41.
8. Chen, T.L.; Babiloni, C.; Ferretti, A.; Perrucci, M.G.; Romani, G.L.; Rossini, P.M.; Tartaro, A.; Del Gratta, C. Human secondary somatosensory cortex is involved in the processing of somatosensory rare stimuli: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2008, 40, 1765-1771.
9. Ji, G.; Sun, H.; Fu, Y.; Li, Z.; Pais-Vieira, M.; Galhardo, V.; Neugebauer, V. Cognitive impairment in pain through amygdala-driven prefrontal cortical deactivation. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30, 5451-5464.
10. Liu, M.G.; Chen, J. Roles of the hippocampal formation in pain information processing. Neurosci. Bull. 2009, 25, 237-266.
11. Verdu, B.; Decosterd, I.; Buclin, T.; Stiefel, F.; Berney, A. Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain. Drugs 2008, 68, 2611-2632.
12. Furst, S. Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 1999, 48, 129-141.
13. Benarroch, E.E. Descending monoaminergic pain modulation: bidirectional control and clinical relevance. Neurology 2008, 71, 217-221.
14. Millan, M.J. Descending control of pain. Prog. Neurobiol. 2002, 66, 355-474.
15. Guiard, B.P.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Cross-talk between dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the rat ventral tegmental area, locus ceruleus, and dorsal hippocampus. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 74, 1463-1475.
16. Bymaster, F.P.; Zhang, W.; Carter, P.A.; Shaw, J.; Chernet, E.; Phebus, L.; Wong, D.T.; Perry, K.W. Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 160, 353-361.
17. Moron, J.A.; Brockington, A.; Wise, R.A.; Rocha, B.A.; Hope, B.T. Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: evidence from knock-out mouse lines. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22, 389-395.
18. Carboni, E.; Silvagni, A. Dopamine reuptake by norepinephrine neurons: exception or rule? Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 2004, 16, 121-128.
19. Chapman, C.R.; Tuckett, R.P.; Song, C.W. Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. J. Pain 2008, 9, 122-145.
20. Tracey, I.; Mantyh, P.W. The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron 2007, 55, 377-391.
21. Heinricher, M.M.; Tavares, I.; Leith, J.L.; Lumb, B.M. Descending control of nociception: Specificity, recruitment and plasticity. Brain Res. Rev. 2009, 60, 214-225.
22. Jensen, T.S.; Yaksh, T.L. Comparison of the antinociceptive effect of morphine and glutamate at coincidental sites in the periaqueductal gray and medial medulla in rats. Brain Res. 1989, 476, 1-9.
23. Jacquet, Y.F.; Squires, R.F. Excitatory amino acids: role in morphine excitation in rat periaqueductal gray. Behav. Brain Res. 1988, 31, 85-88.
24. Deakin, J.F.; Dostrovsky, J.O. Involvement of the periaqueductal grey matter and spinal 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathways in morphine analgesia: effcts of lesions and 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1978, 63, 159-165.
25. Jansen, A.S.; Farkas, E.; Mac Sams, J.; Loewy, A.D. Local connections between the columns of the periaqueductal gray matter: a case for intrinsic neuromodulation. Brain Res. 1998, 784, 329-336.
26. Stezhka, V.V.; Lovick, T.A. Inhibitory and excitatory projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus to neurons in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter in slices of midbrain maintained in vitro. Neuroscience 1994, 62, 177-187.
27. Wang, Q.P.; Nakai, Y. The dorsal raphe: an important nucleus in pain modulation. Brain Res. Bull. 1994, 34, 575-585.
28. Beitz, A.J.; Clements, J.R.; Mullett, M.A.; Ecklund, L.J. Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1986, 250, 498-509.
29. Ghazni, N.F.; Cahill, C.M.; Stroman, P.W. Tactile sensory and pain networks in the human spinal cord and brain stem mapped by means of functional MR imaging. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2010, 31, 661-667.
30. Commons, K.G.; Valentino, R.J. Cellular basis for the effects of substance P in the periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 447, 82-97.
31. Mohrland, J.S.; Gebhart, G.F. Substance P-induced analgesia in the rat. Brain Res. 1979, 171, 556-559.
32. Frederickson, R.C.; Burgis, V.; Harrell, C.E.; Edwards, J.D. Dual actions of substance P on nociception: possible role of endogenous opioids. Science 1978, 199, 1359-1362.
33. Malick, J.B.; Goldstein, J.M. Analgesic activity of substance P following intracerebral administration in rats. Life Sci. 1978, 23, 835-844.
34. Stewart, J.M.; Getto, C.J.; Neldner, K.; Reeve, E.B.; Krivoy, W.A.; Zimmermann, E. Substance P and analgesia. Nature 1976, 262, 784-785.
35. Naranjo, J.R.; Sanchez-Franco, F.; Garzon, J.; del Rio, J. Analgesic activity of substance P in rats: apparent mediation by met-enkephalin release. Life Sci. 1982, 30, 441-446.
36. Guiard, B.P.; Guilloux, J.P.; Reperant, C.; Hunt, S.P.; Toth, M.; Gardier, A.M. Substance P Neurokinin 1 receptor activation within the dorsal raphe nucleus controls serotonin release in the mouse frontal cortex. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007, 72, 1411-1418.
37. Liu, R.; Ding, Y.; Aghajanian, G.K. Neurokinins activate local glutamatergic inputs to serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27, 329-340.
38. Van Bockstaele, E.J.; Bajic, D.; Proudfit, H.; Valentino, R.J. Topographic architecture of stressrelated pathways targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 73, 273-283.
39. Bajic, D.; Proudfit, H.K. Projections of neurons in the periaqueductal gray to pontine and medullary catecholamine cell groups involved in the modulation of nociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 405, 359-379.
40. Ennis, M.; Behbehani, M.; Shipley, M.T.; Van Bockstaele, E.J.; Aston-Jones, G. Projections from the periaqueductal gray to the rostromedial pericoerulear region and nucleus locus coeruleus: anatomic and physiologic studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 306, 480-494.
41. Van Bockstaele, E.J.; Menko, A.S.; Drolet, G. Neuroadaptive responses in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei following chronic morphine exposure. Mol. Neurobiol. 2001, 23, 155-171.
42. Valentino, R.J.; Foote, S.L. Corticotropin-releasing hormone increases tonic but not sensoryevoked activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in unanesthetized rats. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8, 1016-1025.
43. Williams, J.T.; North, R.A.; Tokimasa, T. Inward rectification of resting and opiate-activated potassium currents in rat locus coeruleus neurons. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8, 4299-4306.
44. Manning, B.H.; Morgan, M.J.; Franklin, K.B. Morphine analgesia in the formalin test: evidence for forebrain and midbrain sites of action. Neuroscience 1994, 63, 289-294.
45. Yaksh, T.L.; DuChateau, J.C.; Rudy, T.A. Antagonism by methysergide and cinanserin of the antinociceptive action of morphine administered into the periaqueductal gray. Brain Res. 1976, 104, 367-372.
46. Pert, A.; Yaksh, T. Localization of the antinociceptive action of morphine in primate brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1975, 3, 133-138.
47. Flores, J.A.; El Banoua, F.; Galan-Rodriguez, B.; Fernandez-Espejo, E. Opiate anti-nociception is attenuated following lesion of large dopamine neurons of the periaqueductal grey: critical role for D1 (not D2) dopamine receptors. Pain 2004, 110, 205-214.
48. Dong, H.W.; Swanson, L.W. Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anteromedial area: cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral aspects of energy balance. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006, 494, 142-178.
49. Hasue, R.H.; Shammah-Lagnado, S.J. Origin of the dopaminergic innervation of the central extended amygdala and accumbens shell: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 454, 15-33.
50. Nestler, E.J. Under siege: The brain on opiates. Neuron 1996, 16, 897-900.
51. Wood, P.L. Opioid regulation of CNS dopaminergic pathways: a review of methodology, receptor types, regional variations and species differences. Peptides 1983, 4, 595-601.
52. Wood, P.L.; Stotland, M.; Richard, J.W.; Rackham, A. Actions of mu, kappa, sigma, delta and agonist/antagonist opiates on striatal dopaminergic function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980, 215, 697-703.
53. Meyer, P.J.; Morgan, M.M.; Kozell, L.B.; Ingram, S.L. Contribution of dopamine receptors to periaqueductal gray-mediated antinociception. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009, 204, 531-540.
54. Mark, V.H.; Ervin, F.R. Role of thalamotomy in treatment of chronic severe pain. Postgrad. Med. 1965, 37, 563-571.
55. Andersen, E.; Dafny, N. An ascending serotonergic pain modulation pathway from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the parafascicularis nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Res. 1983, 269, 57-67.
56. Reyes-Vazquez, C.; Qiao, J.T.; Dafny, N. Nociceptive responses in nucleus parafascicularis thalami are modulated by dorsal raphe stimulation and microiontophoretic application of morphine and serotonin. Brain Res. Bull. 1989, 23, 405-411.
57. Garcia-Cabezas, M.A.; Rico, B.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Cavada, C. Distribution of the dopamine innervation in the macaque and human thalamus. Neuroimage 2007, 34, 965-984.
58. Condes, L.M.; Leon, O.M.; Sanchez, A.M.; Omana, Z.I. Mesencephalic projections to the thalamic centralis lateralis and medial prefrontal cortex: a WGA-HRP study. Brain Res. 1990, 509, 321-324.
59. Groenewegen, H.J. Organization of the afferent connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to the mediodorsal-prefrontal topography. Neuroscience 1988, 24, 379-431.
60. Voisin, D.L.; Guy, N.; Chalus, M.; Dallel, R. Nociceptive stimulation activates locus coeruleus neurones projecting to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat. J. Physiol. 2005, 566, 929-937.
61. Baulmann, J.; Spitznagel, H.; Herdegen, T.; Unger, T.; Culman, J. Tachykinin receptor inhibition and c-Fos expression in the rat brain following formalin-induced pain. Neuroscience 2000, 95, 813-820.
62. Gao, H.R.; Shi, T.F.; Yang, C.X.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, G.W.; Zhang, Y.; Jiao, R.S.; Zhang, H.; Xu, M.Y. The effect of dopamine on pain-related neurons in the parafascicular nucleus of rats. J. Neural. Transm. 2010, 117, 585-591.
63. Govindaiah, G.; Wang, Y.; Cox, C.L. Dopamine enhances the excitability of somatosensory thalamocortical neurons. Neuroscience 2010, 170, 981-991.
64. Chudler, E.H.; Dong, W.K. The role of the basal ganglia in nociception and pain. Pain 1995, 60, 3-38.
65. Borsook, D.; Becerra, L. CNS animal fMRI in pain and analgesia. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.005.
66. Russmann, H.; Vingerhoets, F.; Ghika, J.; Maeder, P.; Bogousslavsky, J. Acute infarction limited to the lenticular nucleus: clinical, etiologic, and topographic features. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60, 351-355.
67. Loher, T.J.; Burgunder, J.M.; Weber, S.; Sommerhalder, R.; Krauss, J.K. Effect of chronic pallidal deep brain stimulation on off period dystonia and sensory symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2002, 73, 395-399.
68. Tork, I. Anatomy of the serotonergic system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1990, 600, 9-34; discussion 34-35.
69. Bloom, F.E.; Rossier, J.; Battenberg, E.L.; Bayon, A.; French, E.; Henriksen, S.J.; Siggins, G.R.; Segal, D.; Browne, R.; Ling, N.; Guillemin, R. Beta-endorphin: cellular localization, electrophysiological and behavioral effects. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 1978, 18, 89-109.
70. Tseng, L.F.; Wang, Q. Forebrain sites differentially sensitive to beta-endorphin and morphine for analgesia and release of Met-enkephalin in the pentobarbital-anesthesized rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992, 261, 1028-1036.
71. Foley, K.M.; Kourides, I.A.; Inturrisi, C.E.; Kaiko, R.F.; Zaroulis, C.G.; Posner, J.B.; Houde, R.W.; Li, C.H. Beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1979, 76, 5377-5381.
72. Bloom, F.; Segal, D.; Ling, N.; Guillemin, R. Endorphins: profound behavioral effects in rats suggest new etiological factors in mental illness. Science 1976, 194, 630-632.
73. Loh, H.H.; Tseng, L.F.; Wei, E.; Li, C.H. Beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1976, 73, 2895-2898.
74. Brown, R.S.; Bottomley, W.K. Utilization and mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of chronic facial pain: a review of the literature. Anesth. Prog. 1990, 37, 223-229.
75. Sacerdote, P.; Brini, A.; Mantegazza, P.; Panerai, A.E. A role for serotonin and beta-endorphin in the analgesia induced by some tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1987, 26, 153-158.
76. Zangen, A.; Nakash, R.; Yadid, G. Serotonin-mediated increases in the extracellular levels of beta-endorphin in the arcuate nucleus and nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 1999, 73, 2569-2574.
77. Han, J.S.; Xuan, Y.T. A mesolimbic neuronal loop of analgesia: I. Activation by morphine of a serotonergic pathway from periaqueductal gray to nucleus accumbens. Int. J. Neurosci. 1986, 29, 109-117.
78. Moss, M.S.; Glazer, E.J.; Basbaum, A.I. Enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya in the cat raphe dorsalis. Neurosci. Lett. 1981, 21, 33-37.
79. Park, M.R.; Gonzales-Vegas, J.A.; Kitai, S.T. Serotonergic excitation from dorsal raphe stimulation recorded intracellularly from rat caudate-putamen. Brain Res. 1982, 243, 49-58.
80. Zhang, W.; Ordway, G.A. The alpha2C-adrenoceptor modulates GABA release in mouse striatum. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003, 112, 24-32.
81. Dawson, L.A.; Nguyen, H.Q.; Li, P. In vivo effects of the 5-HT(6) antagonist SB-271046 on striatal and frontal cortex extracellular concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-HT, glutamate and aspartate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 130, 23-26.
82. Hagelberg, N.; Jaaskelainen, S.K.; Martikainen, I.K.; Mansikka, H.; Forssell, H.; Scheinin, H.; Hietal, J.; Pertovaara, A. Striatal dopamine D2 receptors in modulation of pain in humans: a review. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 500, 187-192.
83. Wu, G.J.; Chen, Z.Q.; Shi, H. Roles of entopeduncular nucleus in acupuncture analgesia and caudate-putamen nucleus stimulation-induced analgesia. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2002, 54, 55-59.
84. Zhang, G.W.; Yang, C.X.; Gao, H.R.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Jiao, R.S.; Zhang, H.; Liang, Y.; Xu, M.Y. Microinjection of different doses of norepinephrine into the caudate putamen produces opposing effects in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 471, 125-128.
85. Zhang, G.W.; Yang, C.X.; Zhang, D.; Gao, H.E.; Zhang, Y.; Jiao, R.S.; Zhang, H.; Liang, Y.; Xu, M.Y. Noradrenergic mechanism involved in the nociceptive modulation of nociceptiverelated neurons in the caudate putamen. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 480, 59-63.
86. Fallon, J.H.; Moore, R.Y. Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 1978, 180, 545-580.
87. Chudler, E.H.; Lu, Y. Nociceptive behavioral responses to chemical, thermal and mechanical stimulation after unilateral, intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res. 2008, 1213, 41-47.
88. Tassorelli, C.; Armentero, M.T.; Greco, R.; Fancellu, R.; Sandrini, G.; Nappi, G.; Blandini, F. Behavioral responses and Fos activation following painful stimuli in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 2007, 1176, 53-61.
89. Altier, N.; Stewart, J. The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in analgesia. Life Sci. 1999, 65, 2269-2287.
90. Takeda, R.; Ikeda, T.; Tsuda, F.; Abe, H.; Hashiguchi, H.; Ishida, Y.; Nishimori, T. Unilateral lesions of mesostriatal dopaminergic pathway alters the withdrawal response of the rat hindpaw to mechanical stimulation. Neurosci. Res. 2005, 52, 31-36.
91. Saade, N.E.; Atweh, S.F.; Bahuth, N.B.; Jabbur, S.J. Augmentation of nociceptive reflexes and chronic deafferentation pain by chemical lesions of either dopaminergic terminals or midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 1997, 751, 1-12.
92. Carey, R.J. Acute ipsilateral hyperalgesia and chronic contralateral hypoalgesia after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. Exp. Neurol. 1986, 91, 277-284.
93. Robinson, M.J.; Edwards, S.E.; Iyengar, S.; Bymaster, F.; Clark, M.; Katon, W. Depression and pain. Front. Biosci. 2009, 14, 5031-5051.
94. Oshiro, Y.; Quevedo, A.S.; McHaffie, J.G.; Kraft, R.A.; Coghill, R.C. Brain mechanisms supporting spatial discrimination of pain. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27, 3388-3394.
95. Salomons, T.V.; Johnstone, T.; Backonja, M.M.; Shackman, A.J.; Davidson, R.J. Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2007, 19, 993-1003.
96. Seifert, F.; Maihofner, C. Representation of cold allodynia in the human brain--a functional MRI study. Neuroimage 2007, 35, 1168-1180.
97. Baliki, M.N.; Chialvo, D.R.; Geha, P.Y.; Levy, R.M.; Harden, R.N.; Parrish, T.B.; Apkarian, A.V. Chronic pain and the emotional brain: specific brain activity associated with spontaneous fluctuations of intensity of chronic back pain. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26, 12165-12173.
98. Frot, M.; Mauguiere, F. Dual representation of pain in the operculo-insular cortex in humans. Brain 2003, 126, 438-450.
99. Donahue, R.R.; LaGraize, S.C.; Fuchs, P.N. Electrolytic lesion of the anterior cingulate cortex decreases inflammatory, but not neuropathic nociceptive behavior in rats. Brain Res. 2001, 897, 131-138.
100. Lopez-Avila, A.; Coffeen, U.; Ortega-Legaspi, J.M.; del Angel, R.; Pellicer, F. Dopamine and NMDA systems modulate long-term nociception in the rat anterior cingulate cortex. Pain 2004, 111, 136-143.
101. Ohara, P.T.; Vit, J.P.; Jasmin, L. Cortical modulation of pain. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2005, 62, 44-52.
102. Matsuzawa-Yanagida, K.; Narita, M.; Nakajima, M.; Kuzumaki, N.; Niikura, K.; Nozaki, H.; Takagi, T.; Tamai, E.; Hareyama, N.; Terada, M.; Yamazaki, M.; Suzuki, T. Usefulness of antidepressants for improving the neuropathic pain-like state and pain-induced anxiety through actions at different brain sites. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33, 1952-1965.
103. Kurth, F.; Eickhoff, S.B.; Schleicher, A.; Hoemke, L.; Zilles, K.; Amunts, K. Cytoarchitecture and probabilistic maps of the human posterior insular cortex. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20, 1448-1461.
104. Nemeroff, C. Part IV: Mood Disorders. In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, Charney, D.S., Nestler, E.J., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, USA, 2004.
105. Kenneth, C.; Tri, T. Cortical mechanisms mediating acute and chronic pain in humans. In Handbook of Clin Neurology, Cervero, F., Jensen, T.S., Eds.; Elsevier, Massachusetts: Boston, USA, 2006.
106. Neugebauer, V.; Li, W.; Bird, G.C.; Han, J.S. The amygdala and persistent pain. Neuroscientist 2004, 10, 221-234.
107. Geha, P.Y.; Baliki, M.N.; Chialvo, D.R.; Harden, R.N.; Paice, J.A.; Apkarian, A.V. Brain activity for spontaneous pain of postherpetic neuralgia and its modulation by lidocaine patch therapy. Pain 2007, 128, 88-100.
108. Bingel, U.; Quante, M.; Knab, R.; Bromm, B.; Weiller, C.; Buchel, C. Subcortical structures involved in pain processing: evidence from single-trial fMRI. Pain 2002, 99, 313-321.
109. Duric, V.; McCarson, K.E. Persistent pain produces stress-like alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression. J. Pain 2006, 7, 544-555.
110. Ploghaus, A.; Narain, C.; Beckmann, C.F.; Clare, S.; Bantick, S.; Wise, R.; Matthews, P.M.; Rawlins, J.N.; Tracey, I. Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21, 9896-9903.
111. Mori, M.; Jefferson, J.J.; Hummel, M.; Garbe, D.S. CNTF: a putative link between dopamine D2 receptors and neurogenesis. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 5867-5869.
112. Yang, P.; Arnold, S.A.; Habas, A.; Hetman, M.; Hagg, T. Ciliary neurotrophic factor mediates dopamine D2 receptor-induced CNS neurogenesis in adult mice. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 2231-2241.
113. Nibuya, M.; Morinobu, S.; Duman, R.S. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15, 7539-7547.
114. Terada, M.; Kuzumaki, N.; Hareyama, N.; Imai, S.; Niikura, K.; Narita, M.; Yamazaki, M.; Suzuki, T. Suppression of enriched environment-induced neurogenesis in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 440, 314-318.
115. Guiard, B.P.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Prospect of a dopamine contribution in the next generation of antidepressant drugs: the triple reuptake inhibitors. Curr. Drug Targets 2009, 10, 1069-1084.
116. El Mansari, M.; Sanchez, C.; Chouvet, G.; Renaud, B.; Haddjeri, N. Effects of acute and longterm administration of escitalopram and citalopram on serotonin neurotransmission: an in vivo electrophysiological study in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30, 1269-1277.
117. Sanchez, C.; Hyttel, J. Comparison of the effects of antidepressants and their metabolites on reuptake of biogenic amines and on receptor binding. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 1999, 19, 467-489.
118. Tremblay, P.; Blier, P. Catecholaminergic strategies for the treatment of major depression. Curr. Drug Targets 2006, 7, 149-158.
119. Guiard, B.P.; Lanfumey, L.; Gardier, A.M. Microdialysis approach to study serotonin outflow in mice following selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and substance P (neurokinin 1) receptor antagonist administration: a review. Curr. Drug Targets 2006, 7, 187-201.
120. Aronson, S.; Delgado, P. Escitalopram. Drugs Today (Barc) 2004, 40, 121-131.
121. Kobayashi, T.; Hayashi, E.; Shimamura, M.; Kinoshita, M.; Murphy, N.P. Neurochemical responses to antidepressants in the prefrontal cortex of mice and their efficacy in preclinical models of anxiety-like and depression-like behavior: a comparative and correlational study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 197, 567-580.
122. David, D.J.; Bourin, M.; Jego, G.; Przybylski, C.; Jolliet, P.; Gardier, A.M. Effects of acute treatment with paroxetine, citalopram and venlafaxine in vivo on noradrenaline and serotonin outflow: a microdialysis study in Swiss mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 140, 1128-1136.
123. Beyer, C.E.; Boikess, S.; Luo, B.; Dawson, L.A. Comparison of the effects of antidepressants on norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations in the rat frontal cortex: an in-vivo microdialysis study. J. Psychopharmacol. 2002, 16, 297-304.
124. Koch, S.; Hemrick-Luecke, S.K.; Thompson, L.K.; Evans, D.C.; Threlkeld, P.G.; Nelson, D.L.; Perry, K.W.; Bymaster, F.P. Comparison of effects of dual transporter inhibitors on monoamine transporters and extracellular levels in rats. Neuropharmacology 2003, 45, 935-944.
125. Hajos-Korcsok, E.; McTavish, S.F.; Sharp, T. Effect of a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor on brain extracellular noradrenaline: microdialysis studies using paroxetine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 407, 101-107.
126. Thomas, D.N.; Nutt, D.J.; Holman, R.B. Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor modulates extracellular noradrenaline in the rat frontal cortex. J. Psychopharmacol. 1998, 12, 366-370.
127. Shachar, D.; Klein, E.; Tabak, A.; Finberg, J.P. Effect of single and repeated administration of fluvoxamine on noradrenaline release in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 332, 237-243.
128. Matsumoto, M.; Yoshioka, M.; Togashi, H.; Tochihara, M.; Ikeda, T.; Saito, H. Modulation of norepinephrine release by serotonergic receptors in the rat hippocampus as measured by in vivo microdialysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 272, 1044-1051.
129. Jordan, S.; Kramer, G.L.; Zukas, P.K.; Moeller, M.; Petty, F. In vivo biogenic amine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex with imipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Synapse 1994, 18, 294-297.
130. Hajos-Korcsok, E.; McQuade, R.; Sharp, T. Influence of 5-HT1A receptors on central noradrenergic activity: microdialysis studies using (+/-)-MDL 73005EF and its enantiomers. Neuropharmacology 1999, 38, 299-306.
131. Mongeau, R.; De Montigny, C.; Blier, P. Activation of 5-HT3 receptors enhances the electrically evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline in rat brain limbic structures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 256, 269-279.
132. Miguelez, C.; Fernandez-Aedo, I.; Torrecilla, M.; Grandoso, L.; Ugedo, L. Alpha(2)-Adrenoceptors mediate the acute inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56, 1068-1073.
133. Dremencov, E.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Noradrenergic augmentation of escitalopram response by risperidone: electrophysiologic studies in the rat brain. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61, 671-678.
134. Szabo, S.T.; Blier, P. Effect of the selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on the firing activity of noradrenaline and serotonin neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001, 13, 2077-2087.
135. Gilmor, M.L.; Owens, M.J.; Nemeroff, C.B. Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake in patients with major depression treated with paroxetine. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159, 1702-1710.
136. Owens, M.J.; Knight, D.L.; Nemeroff, C.B. Paroxetine binding to the rat norepinephrine transporter in vivo. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47, 842-845.
137. Vizi, E.S.; Zsilla, G.; Caron, M.G.; Kiss, J.P. Uptake and release of norepinephrine by serotonergic terminals in norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice: implications for the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24, 7888-7894.
138. Ni, Y.G.; Miledi, R. Blockage of 5HT2C serotonin receptors by fluoxetine (Prozac). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 2036-2040.
139. Szabo, S.T.; Blier, P. Effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibition plus 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism on the firing activity of norepinephrine neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 302, 983-991.
140. Sanchez, C.; Bergqvist, P.B.; Brennum, L.T.; Gupta, S.; Hogg, S.; Larsen, A.; Wiborg, O. Escitalopram, the S-(+)-enantiomer of citalopram, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with potent effects in animal models predictive of antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 167, 353-362.
141. Mochizuki, D.; Tsujita, R.; Yamada, S.; Kawasaki, K.; Otsuka, Y.; Hashimoto, S.; Hattori, T.; Kitamura, Y.; Miki, N. Neurochemical and behavioural characterization of milnacipran, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 162, 323-332.
142. Koe, B.K. Preclinical pharmacology of sertraline: a potent and specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1990, 51 (Suppl. B), 13-17.
143. Mantovani, M.; Dooley, D.J.; Weyerbrock, A.; Jackisch, R.; Feuerstein, T.J. Differential inhibitory effects of drugs acting at the noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine transporters in rat and human neocortical synaptosomes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 158, 1848-1856.
144. Millan, M.J.; Gobert, A.; Lejeune, F.; Newman-Tancredi, A.; Rivet, J.M.; Auclair, A.; Peglion, J.L. S33005, a novel ligand at both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: I. Receptor binding, electrophysiological, and neurochemical profile in comparison with venlafaxine, reboxetine, citalopram, and clomipramine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 298, 565-580.
145. Arnt, J.; Christensen, A.V.; Hyttel, J. Pharmacology in vivo of the phenylindan derivative, Lu 19- 005, a new potent inhibitor of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1985, 329, 101-107.
146. Popik, P.; Krawczyk, M.; Golembiowska, K.; Nowak, G.; Janowsky, A.; Skolnick, P.; Lippa, A.; Basile, A.S. Pharmacological profile of the triple monoamine neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor, DOV 102,677. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2006, 26, 857-873.
147. Skolnick, P.; Popik, P.; Janowsky, A.; Beer, B.; Lippa, A.S. Antidepressant-like actions of DOV 21,947: a triple reuptake inhibitor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 461, 99-104.
148. Maryanoff, B.E.; McComsey, D.F.; Gardocki, J.F.; Shank, R.P.; Costanzo, M.J.; Nortey, S.O.; Schneider, C.R.; Setler, P.E. Pyrroloisoquinoline antidepressants. 2. In-depth exploration of structure-activity relationships. J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 1433-1454.
149. Liang, Y.; Shaw, A.M.; Boules, M.; Briody, S.; Robinson, J.; Oliveros, A.; Blazar, E.; Williams, K.; Zhang, Y.; Carlier, P.R.; Richelson, E. Antidepressant-like pharmacological profile of a novel triple reuptake inhibitor, (1S,2S)-3-(methylamino)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1-phenylpropan-1- ol (PRC200-SS). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 327, 573-583.
150. Hyttel, J. Citalopram--pharmacological profile of a specific serotonin uptake inhibitor with antidepressant activity. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1982, 6, 277-295.
151. Ortega, J.E.; Fernandez-Pastor, B.; Callado, L.F.; Meana, J.J. In vivo potentiation of reboxetine and citalopram effect on extracellular noradrenaline in rat brain by alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonism. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010, 20, 813-822.
152. Parini, S.; Renoldi, G.; Battaglia, A.; Invernizzi, R.W. Chronic reboxetine desensitizes terminal but not somatodendritic alpha2-adrenoceptors controlling noradrenaline release in the rat dorsal hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30, 1048-1055.
153. Invernizzi, R.W.; Garattini, S. Role of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors in antidepressant action: recent findings from microdialysis studies. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 28, 819-827.
154. Owen, J.C.; Whitton, P.S. Reboxetine modulates norepinephrine efflux in the frontal cortex of the freely moving rat: the involvement of alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 348, 171-174.
155. Mateo, Y.; Fernandez-Pastor, B.; Meana, J.J. Acute and chronic effects of desipramine and clorgyline on alpha(2)-adrenoceptors regulating noradrenergic transmission in the rat brain: a dual-probe microdialysis study. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 133, 1362-1370.
156. Sacchetti, G.; Bernini, M.; Bianchetti, A.; Parini, S.; Invernizzi, R.W.; Samanin, R. Studies on the acute and chronic effects of reboxetine on extracellular noradrenaline and other monoamines in the rat brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 128, 1332-1338.
157. Miguelez, C.; Grandoso, L.; Ugedo, L. Locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neuron activity and response to acute antidepressant administration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010, 1-14.
158. Linner, L.; Wiker, C.; Arborelius, L.; Schalling, M.; Svensson, T.H. Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances serotonergic neuronal activity and transmitter release in the rat forebrain. J. Neural. Transm. 2004, 111, 127-139.
159. Page, M.E.; Lucki, I. Effects of acute and chronic reboxetine treatment on stress-induced monoamine efflux in the rat frontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27, 237-247.
160. Pudovkina, O.L.; Cremers, T.I.; Westerink, B.H. Regulation of the release of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus by alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors. Synapse 2003, 50, 77-82.
161. Mongeau, R.; Blier, P.; de Montigny, C. The serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus: their interactions and the effects of antidepressant treatments. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1997, 23, 145-195.
162. Prisco, S.; Esposito, E. Differential effects of acute and chronic fluoxetine administration on the spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurones in the ventral tegmental area. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 116, 1923-1931.
163. Dremencov, E.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Effects of sustained serotonin reuptake inhibition on the firing of dopamine neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009, 34, 223-229.
164. Di Mascio, M.; Di Giovanni, G.; Di Matteo, V.; Prisco, S.; Esposito, E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce the spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. Bull. 1998, 46, 547-554.
165. Beique, J.C.; de Montigny, C.; Blier, P.; Debonnel, G. Venlafaxine: discrepancy between in vivo 5-HT and NE reuptake blockade and affinity for reuptake sites. Synapse 1999, 32, 198-211.
166. Cunningham, K.A.; Lakoski, J.M. The interaction of cocaine with serotonin dorsal raphe neurons. Single-unit extracellular recording studies. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990, 3, 41-50.
167. Smith, J.E.; Lakoski, J.M. Electrophysiological effects of fluoxetine and duloxetine in the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 323, 69-73.
168. Kasamo, K.; Blier, P.; De Montigny, C. Blockade of the serotonin and norepinephrine uptake processes by duloxetine: in vitro and in vivo studies in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 277, 278-286.
169. Mongeau, R.; Weiss, M.; de Montigny, C.; Blier, P. Effect of acute, short- and long-term milnacipran administration on rat locus coeruleus noradrenergic and dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. Neuropharmacology 1998, 37, 905-918.
170. Ghanbari, R.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Electrophysiological effects of the co-administration of escitalopram and bupropion on rat serotonin and norepinephrine neurons. J. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 24, 39-50.
171. Dong, J.; Blier, P. Modification of norepinephrine and serotonin, but not dopamine, neuron firing by sustained bupropion treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 155, 52-57.
172. Katz, N.S.; Guiard, B.P.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Effects of acute and sustained administration of the catecholamine reuptake inhibitor nomifensine on the firing activity of monoaminergic neurons. J. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 24, 1223-1235.
173. Guiard, B.P.; Chenu, F.; Mansari, M.E.; Blier, P. Characterization of the electrophysiological properties of triple reuptake inhibitors on monoaminergic neurons. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010, 1-13.
174. Cipriani, A.; Santilli, C.; Furukawa, T.A.; Signoretti, A.; Nakagawa, A.; McGuire, H.; Churchill, R.; Barbui, C. Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, CD006532.
175. Thase, M.E. Are SNRIs more effective than SSRIs? A review of the current state of the controversy. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 2008, 41, 58-85.
176. Gobert, A.; Rivet, J.M.; Cistarelli, L.; Millan, M.J. Potentiation of the fluoxetine-induced increase in dialysate levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex of freely moving rats by combined blockade of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors with WAY 100,635 and GR 127,935. J. Neurochem. 1997, 68, 1159-1163.
177. Engleman, E.A.; Perry, K.W.; Mayle, D.A.; Wong, D.T. Simultaneous increases of extracellular monoamines in microdialysates from hypothalamus of conscious rats by duloxetine, a dual serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995, 12, 287-295.
178. Kihara, T.; Ikeda, M. Effects of duloxetine, a new serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, on extracellular monoamine levels in rat frontal cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 272, 177-183.
179. Dawson, L.A.; Nguyen, H.Q.; Geiger, A. Effects of venlafaxine on extracellular concentrations of 5-HT and noradrenaline in the rat frontal cortex: augmentation via 5-HT1A receptor antagonism. Neuropharmacology 1999, 38, 1153-1163.
180. Wikell, C.; Bergqvist, P.B.; Hjorth, S.; Apelqvist, G.; Bjork, H.; Bengtsson, F. Brain monoamine output alterations after a single venlafaxine challenge in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1998, 21, 296-306.
181. Weikop, P.; Kehr, J.; Scheel-Kruger, J. The role of alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoreceptors on venlafaxine-induced elevation of extracellular serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. J. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 18, 395-403.
182. Piacentini, M.F.; Clinckers, R.; Meeusen, R.; Sarre, S.; Ebinger, G.; Michotte, Y. Effects of venlafaxine on extracellular 5-HT, dopamine and noradrenaline in the hippocampus and on peripheral hormone concentrations in the rat in vivo. Life Sci. 2003, 73, 2433-2442.
183. Moret, C.; Briley, M. Effects of milnacipran and pindolol on extracellular noradrenaline and serotonin levels in guinea pig hypothalamus. J. Neurochem. 1997, 69, 815-822.
184. Stahl, S.M.; Grady, M.M.; Moret, C.; Briley, M. SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS Spectr. 2005, 10, 732-747.
185. Kitaichi, Y.; Inoue, T.; Nakagawa, S.; Izumi, T.; Koyama, T. Effect of milnacipran on extracellular monoamine concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats pre-treated with lithium. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 516, 219-226.
186. Wong, D.T. Duloxetine (LY 248686): an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline uptake and an antidepressant drug candidate. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs 1998, 7, 1691-1699.
187. Vaishnavi, S.N.; Nemeroff, C.B.; Plott, S.J.; Rao, S.G.; Kranzler, J.; Owens, M.J. Milnacipran: a comparative analysis of human monoamine uptake and transporter binding affinity. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 55, 320-322.
188. Cassano, P.; Lattanzi, L.; Soldani, F.; Navari, S.; Battistini, G.; Gemignani, A.; Cassano, G.B. Pramipexole in treatment-resistant depression: an extended follow-up. Depress. Anxiety 2004, 20, 131-138.
189. Santamaria, A.; Arias, H.R. Neurochemical and behavioral effects elicited by bupropion and diethylpropion in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 211, 132-139.
190. Zocchi, A.; Varnier, G.; Arban, R.; Griffante, C.; Zanetti, L.; Bettelini, L.; Marchi, M.; Gerrard, P. A.; Corsi, M. Effects of antidepressant drugs and GR 205171, an neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, on the response in the forced swim test and on monoamine extracellular levels in the frontal cortex of the mouse. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 345, 73-76.
191. Nomikos, G.G.; Damsma, G.; Wenkstern, D.; Fibiger, H.C. In vivo characterization of locally applied dopamine uptake inhibitors by striatal microdialysis. Synapse 1990, 6, 106-112.
192. Nomikos, G.G.; Damsma, G.; Wenkstern, D.; Fibiger, H.C. Acute effects of bupropion on extracellular dopamine concentrations in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens studied by in vivo microdialysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1989, 2, 273-279.
193. Meyer, J.H.; Goulding, V.S.; Wilson, A.A.; Hussey, D.; Christensen, B.K.; Houle, S. Bupropion occupancy of the dopamine transporter is low during clinical treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 163, 102-105.
194. Baraban, J.M.; Aghajanian, G.K. Suppression of serotonergic neuronal firing by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists: evidence against GABA mediation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1980, 66, 287-294.
195. Baraban, J.M.; Wang, R.Y.; Aghajanian, G. Reserpine suppression of dorsal raphe neuronal firing: mediation by adrenergic system. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978, 52, 27-36.
196. Svensson, T.H.; Bunney, B.S.; Aghajanian, G.K. Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Brain Res. 1975, 92, 291-306.
197. Mazei, M.S.; Pluto, C.P.; Kirkbride, B.; Pehek, E.A. Effects of catecholamine uptake blockers in the caudate-putamen and subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Brain Res. 2002, 936, 58-67.
198. Chernoloz, O.; El Mansari, M.; Blier, P. Sustained administration of pramipexole modifies the spontaneous firing of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurons in the rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34, 651-661.
199. Aman, T.K.; Shen, R.Y.; Haj-Dahmane, S. D2-like dopamine receptors depolarize dorsal raphe serotonin neurons through the activation of nonselective cationic conductance. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 320, 376-385.
200. Haj-Dahmane, S. D2-like dopamine receptor activation excites rat dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001, 14, 125-134.
201. Caldarone, B.J.; Paterson, N.E.; Zhou, J.; Brunner, D.; Kozikowski, A.P.; Westphal, K.G.; Korte-Bouws, G.A.; Prins, J.; Korte, S.M.; Olivier, B.; Ghavami, A. The novel triple reuptake inhibitor, JZAD-IV-22, exhibits an antidepressant pharmacological profile without locomotor stimulant or sensitization properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.174011.
202. Carter, D.S.; Cai, H.Y.; Lee, E.K.; Iyer, P.S.; Lucas, M.C.; Roetz, R.; Schoenfeld, R.C.; Weikert, R.J. 2-Substituted N-aryl piperazines as novel triple reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of depression. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 3941-3945.
203. Lee, K.H.; Park, C.E.; Min, K.H.; Shin, Y.J.; Chung, C.M.; Kim, H.H.; Yoon, H.J.; Won, K.; Ryu, E.J.; Nam, H.S.; Cho, J.W.; Lee, H.Y. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3-aryl- 3-azolylpropan-1-amines as selective triple serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 5567-5571.
204. Lucas, M.C.; Weikert, R.J.; Carter, D.S.; Cai, H.Y.; Greenhouse, R.; Iyer, P.S.; Lin, C.J.; Lee, E.K.; Madera, A.M.; Moore, A.; Ozboya, K.; Schoenfeld, R.C.; Steiner, S.; Zhai, Y.; Lynch, S.M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new monoamine reuptake inhibitors with potential therapeutic utility in depression and pain. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 5559-5566.
205. Micheli, F.; Cavanni, P.; Andreotti, D.; Arban, R.; Benedetti, R.; Bertani, B.; Bettati, M.; Bettelini, L.; Bonanomi, G.; Braggio, S.; et al. 6-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-[(methyloxy)methyl]-3- azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane: a new potent and selective triple reuptake inhibitor. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 4989-5001.
206. Micheli, F.; Cavanni, P.; Arban, R.; Benedetti, R.; Bertani, B.; Bettati, M.; Bettelini, L.; Bonanomi, G.; Braggio, S.; Checchia, A.; et al. 1-(Aryl)-6-[alkoxyalkyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0] hexanes and 6-(aryl)-6-[alkoxyalkyl]-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes: a new series of potent and selective triple reuptake inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 2534-2551.
207. Schoedel, K.A.; Meier, D.; Chakraborty, B.; Manniche, P.M.; Sellers, E.M. Subjective and objective effects of the novel triple reuptake inhibitor tesofensine in recreational stimulant users. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 88, 69-78.
208. Prins, J.; Denys, D.A.; Westphal, K.G.; Korte-Bouws, G.A.; Quinton, M.S.; Schreiber, R.; Groenink, L.; Olivier, B.; Korte, S.M. The putative antidepressant DOV 216,303, a triple reuptake inhibitor, increases monoamine release in the prefrontal cortex of olfactory bulbectomized rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 633, 55-61.
209. Kuikka, J.T.; Tiihonen, J.; Bergstrom, K.A.; Karhu, J.; Hartikainen, P.; Viinamaki, H.; Lansimies, E.; Lehtonen, J.; Hakola, P. Imaging of serotonin and dopamine transporters in the living human brain. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1995, 22, 346-350.
210. Devoto, P.; Flore, G.; Pira, L.; Longu, G.; Gessa, G.L. Mirtazapine-induced corelease of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the medial prefrontal and occipital cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 487, 105-111.
211. Devoto, P.; Flore, G.; Pira, L.; Longu, G.; Gessa, G.L. Alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated co-release of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the cerebral cortex. J. Neurochem. 2004, 88, 1003-1009.
212. Shoblock, J.R.; Maisonneuve, I.M.; Glick, S.D. Differential interactions of desipramine with amphetamine and methamphetamine: evidence that amphetamine releases dopamine from noradrenergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neurochem. Res. 2004, 29, 1437-1442.
213. Valentini, V.; Frau, R.; Di Chiara, G. Noradrenaline transporter blockers raise extracellular dopamine in medial prefrontal but not parietal and occipital cortex: differences with mianserin and clozapine. J. Neurochem. 2004, 88, 917-927.
214. Gresch, P.J.; Sved, A.F.; Zigmond, M.J.; Finlay, J.M. Local influence of endogenous norepinephrine on extracellular dopamine in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 1995, 65, 111-116.
215. Aluisio, L.; Lord, B.; Barbier, A.J.; Fraser, I.C.; Wilson, S.J.; Boggs, J.; Dvorak, L.K.; Letavic, M.A.; Maryanoff, B.E.; Carruthers, N.I.; Bonaventure, P.; Lovenberg, T.W. In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of JNJ-7925476, a novel triple monoamine uptake inhibitor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 587, 141-146.
216. Giros, B.; Wang, Y.M.; Suter, S.; McLeskey, S.B.; Pifl, C.; Caron, M.G. Delineation of discrete domains for substrate, cocaine, and tricyclic antidepressant interactions using chimeric dopamine-norepinephrine transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 15985-15988.
217. Ren, K.; Dubner, R. Descending modulation in persistent pain: an update. Pain 2002, 100, 1-6.
218. Zhuo, M.; Gebhart, G.F. Spinal serotonin receptors mediate descending facilitation of a nociceptive reflex from the nuclei reticularis gigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars alpha in the rat. Brain Res. 1991, 550, 35-48.
219. Ardid, D.; Marty, H.; Fialip, J.; Privat, A.M.; Eschalier, A.; Lavarenne, J. Comparative effects of different uptake inhibitor antidepressants in two pain tests in mice. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 1992, 6, 75-82.
220. Mathews, T.A.; Fedele, D.E.; Coppelli, F.M.; Avila, A.M.; Murphy, D.L.; Andrews, A.M. Gene dose-dependent alterations in extraneuronal serotonin but not dopamine in mice with reduced serotonin transporter expression. J. Neurosci. Methods 2004, 140, 169-181.
221. Fox, M.A.; Jensen, C.L.; Murphy, D.L. Tramadol and another atypical opioid meperidine have exaggerated serotonin syndrome behavioural effects, but decreased analgesic effects, in genetically deficient serotonin transporter (SERT) mice. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12, 1055-1065.
222. Otsuka, N.; Kiuchi, Y.; Yokogawa, F.; Masuda, Y.; Oguchi, K.; Hosoyamada, A. Antinociceptive efficacy of antidepressants: assessment of five antidepressants and four monoamine receptors in rats. J. Anesth. 2001, 15, 154-158.
223. Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I.; Plaznik, A. Supraspinally mediated analgesic effect of antidepressant drugs. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 52, 93-99.
224. Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I.; Plaznik, A. Analgesic effect of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1998, 59, 331-338.
225. Schreiber, S.; Pick, C.G. From selective to highly selective SSRIs: a comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006, 16, 464-468.
226. Begovic, A.; Zulic, I.; Becic, F. Testing of analgesic effect of fluoxetine. Bosn. J. Basic. Med. Sci. 2004, 4, 79-81.
227. Singh, V.P.; Jain, N.K.; Kulkarni, S.K. On the antinociceptive effect of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Brain Res. 2001, 915, 218-226.
228. Yokogawa, F.; Kiuchi, Y.; Ishikawa, Y.; Otsuka, N.; Masuda, Y.; Oguchi, K.; Hosoyamada, A. An investigation of monoamine receptors involved in antinociceptive effects of antidepressants. Anesth. Analg. 2002, 95, 163-168.
229. Mahmood, D.; Akhtar, M.; Vohora, D.; Khanam, R. Comparison of antinociceptive and antidiabetic effects of sertraline and amitriptyline on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2010, 29, 881-886.
230. Duman, E.N.; Kesim, M.; Kadioglu, M.; Yaris, E.; Kalyoncu, N.I.; Erciyes, N. Possible involvement of opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms in antinociceptive effect of paroxetine in acute pain. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 94, 161-165.
231. Duman, E.N.; Kesim, M.; Kadioglu, M.; Ulku, C.; Kalyoncu, N.I.; Yaris, E. Effect of gender on antinociceptive effect of paroxetine in hot plate test in mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 30, 292-296.
232. Pakulska, W. Influence of sertraline on the antinociceptive effect of morphine, metamizol and indomethacin in mice. Acta Pol Pharm 2004, 61, 157-163.
233. Nayebi, A.R.; Hassanpour, M.; Rezazadeh, H. Effect of chronic and acute administration of fluoxetine and its additive effect with morphine on the behavioural response in the formalin test in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001, 53, 219-225.
234. Sounvoravong, S.; Nakashima, M.N.; Wada, M.; Nakashima, K. Modification of antiallodynic and antinociceptive effects of morphine by peripheral and central action of fluoxetine in a neuropathic mice model. Acta. Biol. Hung. 2007, 58, 369-379.
235. Kesim, M.; Duman, E.N.; Kadioglu, M.; Yaris, E.; Kalyoncu, N.I.; Erciyes, N. The different roles of 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(3) receptors on antinociceptive effect of paroxetine in chemical stimuli in mice. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 97, 61-66.
236. Gutierrez, M.; Ortega-Alvaro, A.; Gibert-Rahola, J.; Mico, J.A. Interactions of acute morphine with chronic imipramine and fluvoxamine treatment on the antinociceptive effect in arthritic rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 352, 37-40.
237. Ise, Y.; Katayama, S.; Hirano, M.; Aoki, T.; Narita, M.; Suzuki, T. Effects of fluvoxamine on morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit, antinociception and hyperlocomotion in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 299, 29-32.
238. Akunne, H.C.; Soliman, K.F. Serotonin modulation of pain responsiveness in the aged rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994, 48, 411-416.
239. Hynes, M.D.; Lochner, M.A.; Bemis, K.G.; Hymson, D.L. Fluoxetine, a selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake, potentiates morphine analgesia without altering its discriminative stimulus properties or affinity for opioid receptors. Life Sci. 1985, 36, 2317-2323.
240. Langman, N.J.; Smith, C.G.; Whitehead, K.J. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibition attenuates evoked glutamate release in the dorsal horn of the anaesthetised rat in vivo. Pharmacol. Res. 2006, 53, 149-155.
241. Ikeda, T.; Ishida, Y.; Naono, R.; Takeda, R.; Abe, H.; Nakamura, T.; Nishimori, T. Effects of intrathecal administration of newer antidepressants on mechanical allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 63, 42-46.
242. Taiwo, Y.O.; Fabian, A.; Pazoles, C.J.; Fields, H.L. Potentiation of morphine antinociception by monoamine reuptake inhibitors in the rat spinal cord. Pain 1985, 21, 329-337.
243. Irwin, S.; Houde, R.W.; Bennett, D.R.; Hendershot, L.C.; Seevers, M.H. The effects of morphine methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1951, 101, 132-143.
244. Caggiula, A.R.; Epstein, L.H.; Perkins, K.A.; Saylor, S. Different methods of assessing nicotineinduced antinociception may engage different neural mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 122, 301-306.
245. Rubinstein, M.; Mogil, J.S.; Japon, M.; Chan, E.C.; Allen, R.G.; Low, M.J. Absence of opioid stress-induced analgesia in mice lacking beta-endorphin by site-directed mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 3995-4000.
246. Pakulska, W.; Czarnecka, E. Effect of citalopram and buspirone on the antinociceptive action of analgesic drugs. Acta. Pol. Pharm. 2001, 58, 299-305.
247. Bomholt, S.F.; Mikkelsen, J.D.; Blackburn-Munro, G. Antinociceptive effects of the antidepressants amitriptyline, duloxetine, mirtazapine and citalopram in animal models of acute, persistent and neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48, 252-263.
248. Kall, E.; Lindstrom, E.; Martinez, V. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram does not affect colonic sensitivity or compliance in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 570, 203-211.
249. Jochum, T.; Boettger, M.K.; Wigger, A.; Beiderbeck, D.; Neumann, I.D.; Landgraf, R.; Sauer, H.; Bar, K.J. Decreased sensitivity to thermal pain in rats bred for high anxiety-related behaviour is attenuated by citalopram or diazepam treatment. Behav. Brain Res. 2007, 183, 18-24.
250. Korzeniewska-Rybicka, I.; Plaznik, A. Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in a model of visceral pain. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 53, 475-480.
251. Jesse, C.R.; Wilhelm, E.A.; Nogueira, C.W. Depression-like behavior and mechanical allodynia are reduced by bis selenide treatment in mice with chronic constriction injury: a comparison with fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and bupropion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010, 22, 513-522.
252. Rephaeli, A.; Gil-Ad, I.; Aharoni, A.; Tarasenko, I.; Tarasenko, N.; Geffen, Y.; Halbfinger, E.; Nisemblat, Y.; Weizman, A.; Nudelman, A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 3010-3017.
253. Zhao, Z.Q.; Chiechio, S.; Sun, Y.G.; Zhang, K.H.; Zhao, C.S.; Scott, M.; Johnson, R.L.; Deneris, E.S.; Renner, K.J.; Gereau, R.W. T.; Chen, Z.F. Mice lacking central serotonergic neurons show enhanced inflammatory pain and an impaired analgesic response to antidepressant drugs. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27, 6045-6053.
254. Anjaneyulu, M.; Chopra, K. Fluoxetine attenuates thermal hyperalgesia through 5-HT1/2 receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 497, 285-292.
255. Kesim, M.; Duman, E.N.; Kadioglu, M.; Ulku, C.; Muci, E.; Kalyoncu, N.I.; Yaris, E. Antinociceptive effects of fluoxetine and paroxetine with their related actions on glycemia in mice. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 2006, 27, 281-287.
256. Leventhal, L.; Smith, V.; Hornby, G.; Andree, T.H.; Brandt, M.R.; Rogers, K.E. Differential and synergistic effects of selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rodent models of pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 320, 1178-1185.
257. Pichon, X.; Wattiez, A.S.; Becamel, C.; Ehrlich, I.; Bockaert, J.; Eschalier, A.; Marin, P.; Courteix, C. Disrupting 5-HT(2A) receptor/PDZ protein interactions reduces hyperalgesia and enhances SSRI efficacy in neuropathic pain. Mol. Ther. 2010, 18, 1462-1470.
258. Garcia, X.; del Valle, J.; Escribano, E.; Domenech, J.; Queralt, J. Analgesic and antiallodynic effects of antidepressants after infiltration into the rat. Pharmacology 2010, 86, 216-223.
259. LaBuda, C.J.; Little, P.J. Pharmacological evaluation of the selective spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 2005, 144, 175-181.
260. Abdel-Salam, O.M.; Baiuomy, A.R.; Arbid, M.S. Studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine in the rat. Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 49, 119-131.
261. Abdel-Salam, O.M.; Nofal, S.M.; El-Shenawy, S.M. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of different antidepressants in the rat. Pharmacol. Res. 2003, 48, 157-165.
262. Sawynok, J.; Esser, M.J.; Reid, A.R. Peripheral antinociceptive actions of desipramine and fluoxetine in an inflammatory and neuropathic pain test in the rat. Pain 1999, 82, 149-158.
263. Dirksen, R.; Van Luijtelaar, E.L.; Van Rijn, C.M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may enhance responses to noxious stimulation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1998, 60, 719-725.
264. Jett, M.F.; McGuirk, J.; Waligora, D.; Hunter, J.C. The effects of mexiletine, desipramine and fluoxetine in rat models involving central sensitization. Pain 1997, 69, 161-169.
265. Pedersen, L.H.; Nielsen, A.N.; Blackburn-Munro, G. Anti-nociception is selectively enhanced by parallel inhibition of multiple subtypes of monoamine transporters in rat models of persistent and neuropathic pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 182, 551-561.
266. Hayashi, T.; Miyata, M.; Nagata, T.; Izawa, Y.; Kawakami, Y. Intracerebroventricular fluvoxamine administration inhibited pain behavior but increased Fos expression in affective pain pathways. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2009, 91, 441-446.
267. Nozaki, C.; Kamei, J. Possible involvement of opioidergic systems in the antinociceptive effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in sciatic nerve-injured mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 552, 99-104.
268. Honda, M.; Uchida, K.; Tanabe, M.; Ono, H. Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, exerts its antiallodynic effects on neuropathic pain in mice via 5-HT2A/2C receptors. Neuropharmacology 2006, 51, 866-872.
269. Schreiber, S.; Backer, M.M.; Yanai, J.; Pick, C.G. The antinociceptive effect of fluvoxamine. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1996, 6, 281-284.
270. Gray, A.M.; Spencer, P.S.; Sewell, R.D. The involvement of the opioidergic system in the antinociceptive mechanism of action of antidepressant compounds. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 124, 669-674.
271. Obata, H.; Saito, S.; Koizuka, S.; Nishikawa, K.; Goto, F. The monoamine-mediated antiallodynic effects of intrathecally administered milnacipran, a serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg. 2005, 100, 1406-1410.
272. Yalcin, I.; Tessier, L.H.; Petit-Demouliere, N.; Doridot, S.; Hein, L.; Freund-Mercier, M.J.; Barrot, M. Beta2-adrenoceptors are essential for desipramine, venlafaxine or reboxetine action in neuropathic pain. Neurobiol. Dis. 2009, 33, 386-394.
273. Rojas-Corrales, M.O.; Casas, J.; Moreno-Brea, M.R.; Gibert-Rahola, J.; Mico, J.A. Antinociceptive effects of tricyclic antidepressants and their noradrenergic metabolites. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003, 13, 355-363.
274. Jones, K.L.; Finn, D.P.; Governo, R.J.; Prior, M.J.; Morris, P.G.; Kendall, D.A.; Marsden, C.A.; Chapman, V. Identification of discrete sites of action of chronic treatment with desipramine in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56, 405-413.
275. Sawynok, J.; Reid, A. Antinociception by tricyclic antidepressants in the rat formalin test: differential effects on different behaviours following systemic and spinal administration. Pain 2001, 93, 51-59.
276. Kawamata, T.; Omote, K.; Kawamata, M.; Namiki, A. Analgesic effect of intrathecal desipramine on carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Br. J. Anaesth. 1999, 83, 449-452.
277. Reimann, W.; Schlutz, H.; Selve, N. The antinociceptive effects of morphine, desipramine, and serotonin and their combinations after intrathecal injection in the rat. Anesth. Analg. 1999, 88, 141-145.
278. Sawynok, J.; Reid, A. Desipramine potentiates spinal antinociception by 5-hydroxytryptamine, morphine and adenosine. Pain 1992, 50, 113-118.
279. Ardid, D.; Guilbaud, G. Antinociceptive effects of acute and 'chronic' injections of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in a new model of mononeuropathy in rats. Pain 1992, 49, 279-287.
280. Lund, A.; Tjolsen, A.; Hole, K. The apparent antinociceptive effect of desipramine and zimelidine in the tail flick test in rats is mainly caused by changes in tail skin temperature. Pain 1989, 38, 65-69.
281. Lund, A.; Mjellem-Joly, N.; Hole, K. Chronic administration of desipramine and zimelidine changes the behavioural response in the formalin test in rats. Neuropharmacology 1991, 30, 481-487.
282. Danysz, W.; Minor, B.G.; Post, C.; Archer, T. Chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs and the analgesia induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: attenuation by desipramine. Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh) 1986, 59, 103-112.
283. Schreiber, S.; Frishtick, R.; Volis, I.; Rubovitch, V.; Pick, C.G.; Weizman, R. The antinociceptive properties of reboxetine in acute pain. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 19, 735-739.
284. Obata, H.; Conklin, D.; Eisenach, J.C. Spinal noradrenaline transporter inhibition by reboxetine and Xen2174 reduces tactile hypersensitivity after surgery in rats. Pain 2005, 113, 271-276.
285. Kuhad, A.; Bishnoi, M.; Chopra, K. Anti-nociceptive effect of duloxetine in mouse model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2009, 47, 193-197.
286. Kiso, T.; Watabiki, T.; Tsukamoto, M.; Okabe, M.; Kagami, M.; Nishimura, K.; Aoki, T.; Matsuoka, N. Pharmacological characterization and gene expression profiling of an L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation model for neuropathic pain in mice. Neuroscience 2008, 153, 492-500.
287. Wantuch, C.; Piesla, M.; Leventhal, L. Pharmacological validation of a model of cystitis pain in the mouse. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 421, 250-252.
288. Jones, C.K.; Peters, S.C.; Shannon, H.E. Synergistic interactions between the dual serotonergic, noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor duloxetine and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen in inflammatory pain in rodents. Eur. J. Pain 2007, 11, 208-215.
289. Jones, C.K.; Peters, S.C.; Shannon, H.E. Efficacy of duloxetine, a potent and balanced serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, in inflammatory and acute pain models in rodents. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 312, 726-732.
290. Bardin, L.; Gregoire, S.; Aliaga, M.; Malfetes, N.; Vitton, O.; Ladure, P.; Newman-Tancredi, A.; Depoortere, R. Comparison of milnacipran, duloxetine and pregabalin in the formalin pain test and in a model of stress-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Neurosci. Res. 2010, 66, 135-140.
291. Chandran, P.; Pai, M.; Blomme, E.A.; Hsieh, G.C.; Decker, M.W.; Honore, P. Pharmacological modulation of movement-evoked pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 613, 39-45.
292. Munro, G. Pharmacological assessment of the rat formalin test utilizing the clinically used analgesic drugs gabapentin, lamotrigine, morphine, duloxetine, tramadol and ibuprofen: influence of low and high formalin concentrations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 605, 95-102.
293. Iyengar, S.; Webster, A.A.; Hemrick-Luecke, S.K.; Xu, J.Y.; Simmons, R.M. Efficacy of duloxetine, a potent and balanced serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in persistent pain models in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 311, 576-584.
294. Thibault, K.; Calvino, B.; Pezet, S. Characterisation of sensory abnormalities observed in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: A behavioural and pharmacological study. Eur. J. Pain 2010, doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.07.010.
295. Guo, W.; Wang, H.; Zou, S.; Wei, F.; Dubner, R.; Ren, K. Long lasting pain hypersensitivity following ligation of the tendon of the masseter muscle in rats: a model of myogenic orofacial pain. Mol. Pain 2010, 6, 40.
296. Suzuki, T.; Ueta, K.; Tamagaki, S.; Mashimo, T. Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effect of milnacipran in mice with spinal nerve ligation. Anesth. Analg. 2008, 106, 1309-1315.
297. Aoki, M.; Tsuji, M.; Takeda, H.; Harada, Y.; Nohara, J.; Matsumiya, T.; Chiba, H. Antidepressants enhance the antinociceptive effects of carbamazepine in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 550, 78-83.
298. Obata, H.; Kimura, M.; Nakajima, K.; Tobe, M.; Nishikawa, K.; Saito, S. Monoaminedependent, opioid-independent antihypersensitivity effects of intrathecally administered milnacipran, a serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in a postoperative pain model in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 334, 1059-1065.
299. Takeda, R.; Watanabe, Y.; Ikeda, T.; Abe, H.; Ebihara, K.; Matsuo, H.; Nonaka, H.; Hashiguchi, H.; Nishimori, T.; Ishida, Y. Analgesic effect of milnacipran is associated with c-Fos expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in the rat neuropathic pain model. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 64, 380-384.
300. Kim, S.H.; Song, J.; Mun, H.; Park, K.U. Effect of the combined use of tramadol and milnacipran on pain threshold in an animal model of fibromyalgia. Korean J. Int. Med. 2009, 24, 139-142.
301. Onal, A.; Parlar, A.; Ulker, S. Milnacipran attenuates hyperalgesia and potentiates antihyperalgesic effect of tramadol in rats with mononeuropathic pain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007, 88, 171-178.
302. Shin, S.W.; Eisenach, J.C.; Rao, S.G.; Tong, C. The monoamine reuptake inhibitor milnacipran does not affect nociception to acute visceral distension in rats. Anesth. Analg. 2004, 98, 1365-1369.
303. Berrocoso, E.; Mico, J.A. Role of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the antidepressant-like effect and the antinociceptive effect of venlafaxine in mice. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12, 61-71.
304. Yaba, G.; Sezer, Z.; Tekol, Y. Interaction between venlafaxine and caffeine on antinociception in mice. Pharmazie 2006, 61, 60-62.
305. Schreiber, S.; Bleich, A.; Pick, C.G. Venlafaxine and mirtazapine: different mechanisms of antidepressant action, common opioid-mediated antinociceptive effects--a possible opioid involvement in severe depression? J. Mol. Neurosci. 2002, 18, 143-149.
306. Schreiber, S.; Backer, M.M.; Pick, C.G. The antinociceptive effect of venlafaxine in mice is mediated through opioid and adrenergic mechanisms. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 273, 85-88.
307. Aricioglu, F.; Buldanlioglu, U.; Salanturoglu, G.; Ozyalcin, N.S. Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of venlafaxine in the rat. Agri 2005, 17, 41-46.
308. Marchand, F.; Alloui, A.; Pelissier, T.; Hernandez, A.; Authier, N.; Alvarez, P.; Eschalier, A.; Ardid, D. Evidence for an antihyperalgesic effect of venlafaxine in vincristine-induced neuropathy in rat. Brain Res. 2003, 980, 117-120.
309. Ling, B.; Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Eschalier, A.; Coudore, F., Behavioral and pharmacological description of oxaliplatin-induced painful neuropathy in rat. Pain 2007, 128, 225-234.
310. Uyar, M.; Onal, A.; Dogru, A.; Soykan, N. The antinociceptive effect of tramadol-venlafaxine combination on the paw withdrawal threshold in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2003, 25, 361-365.
311. Gultekin, H.; Ahmedov, V. Role of the opioidergic system and nitric oxide in the analgesic effect of venlafaxine. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006, 126, 117-121.
312. Rode, F.; Brolos, T.; Blackburn-Munro, G.; Bjerrum, O.J. Venlafaxine compromises the antinociceptive actions of gabapentin in rat models of neuropathic and persistent pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 187, 364-375.
313. Bonnefont, J.; Chapuy, E.; Clottes, E.; Alloui, A.; Eschalier, A. Spinal 5-HT1A receptors differentially influence nociceptive processing according to the nature of the noxious stimulus in rats: effect of WAY-100635 on the antinociceptive activities of paracetamol, venlafaxine and 5- HT. Pain 2005, 114, 482-490.
314. Hernandez, A.; Constandil, L.; Laurido, C.; Pelissier, T.; Marchand, F.; Ardid, D.; Alloui, A.; Eschalier, A.; Soto-Moyano, R. Venlafaxine-induced depression of wind-up activity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by inhibition of brain 5-HT1A receptor expression in vivo. Int. J. Neurosci. 2004, 114, 229-242.
315. Lang, E.; Hord, A.H.; Denson, D. Venlafaxine hydrochloride (Effexor) relieves thermal hyperalgesia in rats with an experimental mononeuropathy. Pain 1996, 68, 151-155.
316. Gilbert, A.K.; Franklin, K.B. Characterization of the analgesic properties of nomifensine in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2001, 68, 783-787.
317. Rigal, F.; Eschalier, A.; Devoize, J.L.; Pechadre, J.C. Activities of five antidepressants in a behavioral pain test in rats. Life Sci. 1983, 32, 2965-2971.
318. Gonzalez, J.P.; Sewell, R.D.; Spencer, P.S. Dopaminergic involvement in the hyperalgesic effect of nomifensine. Life Sci. 1981, 28, 951-956.
319. Gonzalez, J.P.; Sewell, R.D.; Spencer, P.S. Antinociceptive activity of opiates in the presence of the antidepressant agent nomifensine. Neuropharmacology 1980, 19, 613-618.
320. Basile, A.S.; Janowsky, A.; Golembiowska, K.; Kowalska, M.; Tam, E.; Benveniste, M.; Popik, P.; Nikiforuk, A.; Krawczyk, M.; Nowak, G.; Krieter, P.A.; Lippa, A.S.; Skolnick, P.; Koustova, E. Characterization of the antinociceptive actions of bicifadine in models of acute, persistent, and chronic pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 321, 1208-1225.
321. Mork, A.; Kreilgaard, M.; Sanchez, C. The R-enantiomer of citalopram counteracts escitalopram-induced increase in extracellular 5-HT in the frontal cortex of freely moving rats. Neuropharmacology 2003, 45, 167-173.
322. Sanchez, C.; Gruca, P.; Bien, E.; Papp, M. R-citalopram counteracts the effect of escitalopram in a rat conditioned fear stress model of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 75, 903-907.
323. McCarson, K.E.; Duric, V.; Reisman, S.A.; Winter, M.; Enna, S.J. GABA(B) receptor function and subunit expression in the rat spinal cord as indicators of stress and the antinociceptive response to antidepressants. Brain Res. 2006, 1068, 109-117.
324. Gray, E. Linking chronic pain and depression. Nurs. Stand. 2001, 15, 33-36.
325. Bohn, L.M.; Xu, F.; Gainetdinov, R.R.; Caron, M.G. Potentiated opioid analgesia in norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20, 9040-9045.
326. Jasmin, L.; Tien, D.; Janni, G.; Ohara, P.T. Is noradrenaline a significant factor in the analgesic effect of antidepressants? Pain 2003, 106, 3-8.
327. Kehl, L.J.; Wilcox, G.L. Anti-nociceptive effect of tricyclic anti-depressants following intrathecal administration. Anesth. Prog. 1984, 31, 82-84.
328. Kellstein, D.E.; Malseed, R.T.; Goldstein, F.J. Contrasting effects of acute vs. chronic tricyclic antidepressant treatment on central morphine analgesia. Pain 1984, 20, 323-334.
329. Goldstein, F.J.; Mojaverian, P.; Ossipov, M.H.; Swanson, B.N. Elevation in analgetic effect and plasma levels of morphine by desipramine in rats. Pain 1982, 14, 279-282.
330. Nielsen, C.K.; Lewis, R.J.; Alewood, D.; Drinkwater, R.; Palant, E.; Patterson, M.; Yaksh, T.L.; McCumber, D.; Smith, M.T. Anti-allodynic efficacy of the chi-conopeptide, Xen2174, in rats with neuropathic pain. Pain 2005, 118, 112-124.
331. Whiteside, G.T.; Dwyer, J.M.; Harrison, J.E.; Beyer, C.E.; Cummons, T.; Manzino, L.; Mark, L.; Johnston, G.H.; Strassle, B.W.; Adedoyin, A.; et al. WAY-318068: a novel, potent and selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor with activity in rodent models of pain and depression. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 160, 1105-1118.
332. Marchand, F.; Alloui, A.; Chapuy, E.; Jourdan, D.; Pelissier, T.; Ardid, D.; Hernandez, A.; Eschalier, A. Evidence for a monoamine mediated, opioid-independent, antihyperalgesic effect of venlafaxine, a non-tricyclic antidepressant, in a neurogenic pain model in rats. Pain 2003, 103, 229-235.
333. Marchand, F.; Alloui, A.; Chapuy, E.; Hernandez, A.; Pelissier, T.; Ardid, D.; Eschalier, A. The antihyperalgesic effect of venlafaxine in diabetic rats does not involve the opioid system. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 342, 105-108.
334. Fishbain, D.A.; Cutler, R.; Rosomoff, H.L.; Rosomoff, R.S. Evidence-based data from animal and human experimental studies on pain relief with antidepressants: a structured review. Pain Med. 2000, 1, 310-316.
335. Gatch, M.B.; Negus, S.S.; Mello, N.K. Antinociceptive effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors administered alone or in combination with mu opioid agonists in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998, 135, 99-106.
336. Rogers, L.W.; Giordano, J. Effects of systemically administered monoamine reuptake blocking agents on patterns of buspirone-induced analgesia in rats. Life Sci. 1990, 47, 961-969.
337. Burkey, A.R.; Carstens, E.; Jasmin, L. Dopamine reuptake inhibition in the rostral agranular insular cortex produces antinociception. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19, 4169-4179.
338. Wong, E.H.; Sonders, M.S.; Amara, S.G.; Tinholt, P.M.; Piercey, M.F.; Hoffmann, W.P.; Hyslop, D.K.; Franklin, S.; Porsolt, R.D.; Bonsignori, A.; Carfagna, N.; McArthur, R.A. Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47, 818-829.
339. Miller, D.K.; Wong, E.H.; Chesnut, M.D.; Dwoskin, L.P. Reboxetine: functional inhibition of monoamine transporters and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 302, 687-695.
340. Hajos, M.; Fleishaker, J.C.; Filipiak-Reisner, J.K.; Brown, M.T.; Wong, E.H. The selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant reboxetine: pharmacological and clinical profile. CNS Drug Rev. 2004, 10, 23-44.
341. Wood, P.B. Role of central dopamine in pain and analgesia. Expert. Rev. Neurother. 2008, 8, 781-797.
342. Pelissier, T.; Laurido, C.; Hernandez, A.; Constandil, L.; Eschalier, A. Biphasic effect of apomorphine on rat nociception and effect of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 546, 40-47.
343. Taylor, B.K.; Joshi, C.; Uppal, H. Stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens inhibits inflammatory pain. Brain Res. 2003, 987, 135-143.
344. Aimone, L.D.; Jones, S.L.; Gebhart, G.F. Stimulation-produced descending inhibition from the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus in the rat: mediation by spinal monoamines but not opioids. Pain 1987, 31, 123-136.
345. Pastoriza, L.N.; Morrow, T.J.; Casey, K.L. Medial frontal cortex lesions selectively attenuate the hot plate response: possible nocifensive apraxia in the rat. Pain 1996, 64, 11-17.
346. Jensen, T.S.; Schroder, H.D.; Smith, D.F. The role of spinal pathways in dopamine mediated alteration in the tail-flick reflex in rats. Neuropharmacology 1984, 23, 149-153.
347. Barasi, S.; Duggal, K.N. The effect of local and systemic application of dopaminergic agents on tail flick latency in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1985, 117, 287-294.
348. Gao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, G. Effects of dopaminergic agents on carrageenan hyperalgesia after intrathecal administration to rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 418, 73-77.
349. Tamae, A.; Nakatsuka, T.; Koga, K.; Kato, G.; Furue, H.; Katafuchi, T.; Yoshimura, M. Direct inhibition of substantia gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord by activation of dopamine D2- like receptors. J. Physiol. 2005, 568, 243-253.
350. Munro, G. Dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor agonism enhances antinociception mediated by the serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor duloxetine in the rat formalin test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 575, 66-74.
351. Rosland, J.H.; Hole, K. The effect of nefopam and its enantiomers on the uptake of 5- hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine in crude rat brain synaptosomal preparations. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1990, 42, 437-438.
352. Esposito, E.; Romandini, S.; Merlo-Pich, E.; Mennini, T.; Samanin, R. Evidence of the involvement of dopamine in the analgesic effect of nefopam. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 128, 157-164.
353. Girard, P.; Coppe, M.C.; Verniers, D.; Pansart, Y.; Gillardin, J.M. Role of catecholamines and serotonin receptor subtypes in nefopam-induced antinociception. Pharmacol. Res. 2006, 54, 195-202.
354. Munro, G.; Baek, C.A.; Erichsen, H.K.; Nielsen, A.N.; Nielsen, E.O.; Scheel-Kruger, J.; Weikop, P.; Peters, D. The novel compound (+/-)-1-[10-((E)-3-Phenyl-allyl)-3,10-diaza-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec- 3-yl]-propan -1-one (NS7051) attenuates nociceptive transmission in animal models of experimental pain; a pharmacological comparison with the combined mu-opioid receptor agonist and monoamine reuptake inhibitor tramadol. Neuropharmacology 2008, 54, 331-343.
355. Efficacy and safety of bicifadine in the treatment of chronic low back pain. (January)
356. Long-term safety study of bicifadine for the treatment of chroic low back pain. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00281645, accessed on 26 January 2011.
357. Double Blind RCT of Bicifadine SR in outpatients with chronic neuropathic pain associated with diabetes. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00553592, accessed on 26 January 2011.
358. A 52-week study of bicifadine in patients with chronic neuropathic pain associated with diabetic periphral neurpathy. Jun, 29)
359. Hill, R. NK1 (substance P) receptor antagonists--why are they not analgesic in humans? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000, 21, 244-246.
360. Mao, J. Translational pain research: achievements and challenges. J. Pain 2009, 10, 1001-1011.
361. Mao, J. Translational pain research: bridging the gap between basic and clinical research. Pain 2002, 97, 183-187.
362. Villanueva, L. Is there a gap between preclinical and clinical studies of analgesia? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000, 21, 461-462; author reply 465.
363. Langford, D.J.; Bailey, A.L.; Chanda, M.L.; Clarke, S.E.; Drummond, T.E.; Echols, S.; Glick, S.; Ingrao, J.; Klassen-Ross, T.; Lacroix-Fralish, M.L.; et al. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat. Methods 2010, 7, 447-449.
364. Chesler, E.J.; Wilson, S.G.; Lariviere, W.R.; Rodriguez-Zas, S.L.; Mogil, J.S. Identification and ranking of genetic and laboratory environment factors influencing a behavioral trait, thermal nociception, via computational analysis of a large data archive. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2002, 26, 907-923.
365. Mogil, J.S.; Davis, K.D.; Derbyshire, S.W. The necessity of animal models in pain research. Pain 2010, 151, 12-17.
366. Rice, A.S.; Cimino-Brown, D.; Eisenach, J.C.; Kontinen, V.K.; Lacroix-Fralish, M.L.; Machin, I.; Mogil, J.S.; Stohr, T. Animal models and the prediction of efficacy in clinical trials of analgesic drugs: a critical appraisal and call for uniform reporting standards. Pain 2008, 139, 243-247.
367. Lepine, J.P.; Briley, M. The epidemiology of pain in depression. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 19 (Suppl. 1), S3-S7.
368. Ansari, A. The efficacy of newer antidepressants in the treatment of chronic pain: a review of current literature. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 2000, 7, 257-277.
369. Max, M.B.; Lynch, S.A.; Muir, J.; Shoaf, S.E.; Smoller, B.; Dubner, R. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 326, 1250-1256.
370. Staiger, T.O.; Gaster, B.; Sullivan, M.D.; Deyo, R.A. Systematic review of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003, 28, 2540-2545.
371. Max, M.B. Treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: antidepressants. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 35, S50-53.
372. Anderberg, U.M.; Marteinsdottir, I.; von Knorring, L. Citalopram in patients with fibromyalgia-- a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Pain 2000, 4, 27-35.
373. Fishbain, D. Evidence-based data on pain relief with antidepressants. Ann. Med. 2000, 32, 305-316.
374. Entsuah, R.; Gao, B. Global benefit-risk evaluation of antidepressant action: Comparison of pooled data for venlafaxine, SSRIs, and placebo. CNS Spectr. 2002, 7, 882-888.
375. Sindrup, S.H.; Jensen, T.S. Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 1999, 83, 389-400.
376. Dworkin, R.H.; O'Connor, A.B.; Backonja, M.; Farrar, J.T.; Finnerup, N.B.; Jensen, T.S.; Kalso, E.A.; Loeser, J.D.; Miaskowski, C.; Nurmikko, T.J.; Portenoy, R.K.; Rice, A.S.; Stacey, B.R.; Treede, R.D.; Turk, D.C.; Wallace, M.S. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007, 132, 237-251.
377. Lunn, M. P.; Hughes, R. A.; Wiffen, P. J., Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy or chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, CD007115.
378. Davidson, J.R.; France, R.D. Bupropion in chronic low back pain. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1994, 55, 362.
379. Semenchuk, M.R.; Davis, B. Efficacy of sustained-release bupropion in neuropathic pain: an open-label study. Clin. J. Pain 2000, 16, 6-11.
380. Semenchuk, M.R.; Sherman, S.; Davis, B. Double-blind, randomized trial of bupropion SR for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurology 2001, 57, 1583-1588.
381. Papakostas, G.I. The efficacy, tolerability, and safety of contemporary antidepressants. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010, 71 (Suppl. E1), e03.
382. Schatzberg, A.F. Safety and tolerability of antidepressants: weighing the impact on treatment decisions. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007, 68 (Suppl. 8), 26-34.
383. Gitlin, M.J.; Suri, R.; Altshuler, L.; Zuckerbrow-Miller, J.; Fairbanks, L. Bupropion-sustained release as a treatment for SSRI-induced sexual side effects. J. Sex Marital. Ther. 2002, 28, 131-138.
384. Zisook, S.; Rush, A.J.; Haight, B.R.; Clines, D.C.; Rockett, C.B. Use of bupropion in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 59, 203-210.
385. Safarinejad, M.R. The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study. BJU Int. 2010, 106, 840-847.
386. Fukui, H.; Murai, T. Severe weight gain induced by combination treatment with risperidone and paroxetine. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2002, 25, 269-271
387. Dording, C.M.; Mischoulon, D.; Petersen, T.J.; Kornbluh, R.; Gordon, J.; Nierenberg, A.A.; Rosenbaum, J.E.; Fava, M. The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 2002, 14, 143-147.
388. Volkow, N.D. What do we know about drug addiction? Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 1401-1402.
389. Rothman, R.B. High affinity dopamine reuptake inhibitors as potential cocaine antagonists: a strategy for drug development. Life Sci. 1990, 46, PL17-PL21.
390. Beer, B.; Stark, J.; Krieter, P.; Czobor, P.; Beer, G.; Lippa, A.; Skolnick, P. DOV 216,303, a triple reuptake inhibitor: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004, 44, 1360-1367.
391. Rascol, O.; Poewe, W.; Lees, A.; Aristin, M.; Salin, L.; Juhel, N.; Waldhauser, L.; Schindler, T. Tesofensine (NS 2330), a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, in patients with advanced Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the ADVANS Study. Arch. Neurol. 2008, 65, 577-583.
392. Hauser, R.A.; Salin, L.; Juhel, N.; Konyago, V.L. Randomized trial of the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor NS 2330 (tesofensine) in early Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2007, 22, 359-365.