Radiolabeled nucleoside analogues for PET imaging of HSV1-tk gene expression

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 16, 2010, Pages 1617-1632

  Alauddin, Mian M ^a   Gelovani, Juri G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

HSV1 tk; PET; Reporter gene

Indexed keywords

1 [(3 FLUORO 1 HYDROXY 2 PROPOXY)METHYL] 6 METHYLURACIL F 18; 2 FLUOROARABINOSE F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 BROMO 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 BROMOVINYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 CHLORO 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 ETHYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 FLUORO 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 IODO 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 METHYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL C 11; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 METHYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 PROPYL 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 TRIBUTYLSTANNYLURACIL I 125; 2' DEOXY 2' FLUORO 5 TRIFLUOROMETHY 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYLURACIL F 18; 2' FLUORO 2' DEOXY 1 BETA DEXTRO ARABINOFURANOSYL 5 (2 FLUOROETHYL)URACIL F 18; 5 (2 IODOVINYL) 2' DEOXYURIDINE I 125; 5 (2 IODOVINYL) 2' DEOXYYURIDINE I 125; 5 (2 IODOVINYL) 2' DEOXYYURIDINE I 131; 5 FLUOROETHYL 2' DEOXYURIDINE F 18; 5 FLUOROVINYL 2' DEOXYURIDINE F 18; 6 (3 HYDROXY 2 FLUOROPROPYL)THYMINE F 18; 9 (4 FLUORO 3 HYDROXYMETHYLBUTYL)GUANINE F 18; 9 [(3 FLUORO 1 HYDROXY 2 PROPOXY)METHYL] N 3 METHYLGUANINE F 18; 9 [(3 FLUORO 1 HYDROXY 2 PROPOXY)METHYL]GUANINE F 18; 9 [4 (FLUORO 3 HYDROXYMETHYLBUTYL) N 3 METHYL]GUANINE F 18; ACYCLOVIR F 18; GANCICLOVIR F 18; GUANOSINE F 18; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; THYMIDINE KINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CANCER GENE THERAPY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FLUORINATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; ISOTOPE LABELING; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REPORTER GENE; SUICIDE GENE;

EID: 77957983402     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802610793176756     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Moolten, F. L.; Wells, J. M.; Heyman, R. A.; Evans, R. M. Lymphoma regression induced by ganciclovir in mice bearing a herpes thymidine kinase transgene. Hum. Gene Therap., 1990, 1, 125-134.
2. Culver, K. W.; Ram, Zvi; Wallbridge, S.; Ishii, H.; Oldfield, E. H.; Blaese, R. M. In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vectorproducer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science, 1992, 256, 1550-1552.
3. Oldfield, E. H.; Ram, Zvi; Culver, K.; Blaese, R. M. Clinical protocols: Gene therapy for the treatment of brain tumors using intratumoral transduction with the thymidine kinase gene and intravenous ganciclovir. Hum. Gene Therap., 1993, 4, 39-69.
4. Ram, Zvi.; Culver, K. W.; Oshireo, E. M.; Viola J. J.; DeVroom, H. L.; Otto, E.; Long, Z.; Chiang, Y.; McGarrity, G. J.; Muul, L. M.; Katz, D.; Blaese, M.; Oldfield E. H. Therapy of malignant brain tumors by intratumoral implantation of retroviral vector producing cells. Nat. Med., 1997, 3, 1353-1361.
5. Tjuvajev, J. G.; Avril, N.; Oku, T.; Sasajima, T.; Miyagawa, T.; Joshi, R.; Safer, M.; Beattie, B.; DiResta, G.; Daghighian, F.; Augensen, F.; Koutcher, J.; Zweit, J.; Humm, J.; Larson, S. M.; Finn, R.; Blasberg, R. Imaging herpes virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression by positron emission tomography. Cancer Res., 1998, 58, 4333-4341.
6. Gambhir, S. S.; Barrio, J. R.; Phelps, M. E.; Iyer, M.; Namavari, M.; Satyamurthy, N.; Wu, L.; Green, L. A.; Bauer, E.; MacLaren, D. C.; Nguyen, K.; Berk, A. J.; Cherry, S. R.; Herschman, H. R. Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96(5), 2333-2338.
7. Urbain, J. C. Reporter genes and imagene. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42, 106-109.
8. Tjuvajev, J. G.; Stockhammar, G.; Desai, R.; Uehara, H.; Watanabe, K.; Gansbacher, B.; Blasberg, R. G. Imaging the expression of transfected genes in vivo. Cancer Res., 1995, 55, 6126-6132.
9. Gambhir, S. S.; Barrio, J. R.; Herschman, H. R.; Phelps, M.E. Assays for non-invasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1999, 26, 481-490.
10. Tjuvajev, J. G.; Chen, S. H.; Joshi, A.; Joshi, R.; Guo, Z. S.; Balatoni, J.; Ballon, D.; Koutcher, J.; Finn, R.; Woo, S. L.; Blasberg, R. G. Imaging Adenoviral-mediated herpes virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression in vivo. Cancer Res., 1999, 59, 5186-5193.
11. Geke, A. P.; Calogero, H. A.; van Waarde, A.; Doze, P.; Vaalburg, W.; Mulder, N. H.; de Vries E. F. J. Monitoring of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase enzyme activity using positron emission tomography1. Cancer Res., 2000, 60, 1488-1491.
12. 18F]-FHBG) as a probe for PET imaging of gene expression in tumor-bearing nude mice. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18, 4992-4993.
13. 18F]-FHBG): a new potential imaging agent for viral infection and gene therapy using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1998, 25, 175-180.
14. 18F]-FHPG) in vitro and in vivo as a probe for PET imaging of gene incorporation and expression in tumors. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1999, 26, 371-376.
15. Yu, Y.; Annala, A. J.; Barrio, J. R.; Toyokuni, T.; Satyamurthy, N.; Namavari, M.; Cherry, S. R.; Phelps, M. E.; Herschman, H. R.; Gambhir, S. S. Quantification of gene expression by imaging reporter gene expression in living animals. Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 933-937.
16. 18F]-FHBG for in vivo measurement of suicide gene expression with PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42, 1682-1690.
17. 18F]-fluoropenciclovir: An improved reporter probe for imaging HSV-tk reporter gene expression in vivo using PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42, 96-105.
18. Jacobs, A.; Tjuvajev, J. G.; Dubrovin, M.; Akhurst, T.; Balatoni, J.; Beattie, B.; Joshi, R.; Finn, R.; Larson, S. M.; Herrlinger, U.; Pechan, P. A.; Chiocca, E. A.; Breakefield, X. O.; Blasberg, R. G. Positron emission tomography-based imaging of transgene expression mediated by replication conditional, oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1 mutant vectors of cancer. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 2983-2995.
19. Haberkorn, U.; Khazaie, K.; Morr, I.; Altmann, A.; Müller, M.; van Kaick, G. Ganciclovir uptake in human mammary carcinoma cells expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1998, 25, 367-373.
20. Tjuvajev, J. G., Joshi, A.; Callegari, J.; Lindsley, L.; Joshi, R.; Balatoni, J.; Finn, R.; Larson, S. M.; Sadelain, M.; Blasberg, R. G. A general approach to the non-invasive imaging of transgene using cis-linked Herpes virus thymidine kinase. Neoplasia, 1999, 1, 315-320.
21. 18F]FHPG): A potential imaging agent of viral infection and gene therapy using PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1996, 23, 787-792.
22. 18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2propoxy)methyl]guanine. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm., 1995, 37, 193-195.
23. 18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy) methyl]guanine as radiopharmaceuticals for gene therapy. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm., 1999, 42, S627-629.
24. 18F]-fluoroguanine derivatives: in vivo probes for imaging gene expression with PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2000, 27, 157-162.
25. Alauddin, M. M.; Gelovani, J. G. Novel Reporter Probes for HSV1-tk Gene Expression. In Molecular Imaging in Oncology. Pomper, M.; Gelovani, J., Eds. Published by Informa Healthcare, August 2008.
26. MacLaren, D. C.; Gambhir, S. S.; Satyamurthy, N.; Barrio, J. R.; Sharfstein, S.; Toyokuni, T.; L Wu, T.; Berk, A. J.; Cherry, S. R.; Phelps, M. E.; Herschman, H. R. Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals. Gene Therapy, 1999, 6, 785-791.
27. Mandell, R. B.; Mandell, L. Z.; Link, C. J.; Jr. Radioisotope concentrator gene therapy using the sodium/iodide symporter gene. Cancer Res., 1999, 59, 661-668.
28. Boland, A.; Ricard, M.; Opolon, P.; Bidart, J-M.; Yeh, P.; Filetti, S.; Schlumberger, M.; Perricaudet, M. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the thyroid sodium/iodide symporter gene into tumors for a targeted radiotherapy. Cancer Res., 2000, 60, 3484-3492.
29. Watanabe, K. A.; Richmond, W.; Hirota, K.; Lopez, C.; Fox, J. J. Nucleosides 110. Synthesis and herpes virus activity of some 2′fluoro-2′-deoxyarabinofuranosyl pyrimidine nucleosides. J. Med. Chem., 1979, 22, 21-24.
30. Perlman, M. E.; Watanabe, K. A.; Schinazi, R. F.; Fox, J. J. Nucleoside 133. Synthesis of 5-alkenyl-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-Darabinofuranosy)cytocines and related pyrimidine nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28, 741-748.
31. Tann, C. H.; Brodfuehrer, P. R.; Brundidge, S. P.; Sapino Jr., C.; Howell, H. G. Fluorocarbohydrates in synthesis. An efficient synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (-FIAU) and 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl)5methyluracil (-FIAU). J. Org. Chem., 1985, 50, 3644-3647.
32. Watanabe, K. A.; Su, T-L.; Reichman, U.; Greenberg, N.; Lopez, C.; Fox, J. J. Nucleosides. 129. Synthesis of antiviral nucleosides: 5-alkenyl-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranosy)uracis. J. Med. Chem., 1984, 27, 91-92.
33. 11C]thymidine for studies with positron emission tomography (PET). Nucl. Med. Biol., 1995, 22, 791-794.
34. Conti, P. S.; Hilton, J.; Wong, D. F.; Alauddin, M. M.; Dannals, R. F.; Ravert, H.; Wilson, A. A.; Anderson, J. H. High performance liquid chromatography of methyl-C-11-thymidine and its major metabolites for clinical PET studies. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1994, 21, 1045-1051.
35. 11C]-FMAU): A potential nucleoside analogue for in vivo study of cellular proliferation with PET. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1995, 22, 783-789.
36. 18F]-FMAU). J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm., 2002, 45, 583-590.
37. 18F]fluoro-5-methyl-1-D-arabinofuranosyluracil and its 5-substituted nucleosides). J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm., 2003, 46, 285-289.
38. 18F]FIAU, as potential PET agents for imaging cellular proliferation. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2003, 30, 215-224.
39. 18F] Labeled Pyrimidine Nucleosides for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Thymidine Kinase Gene Expression. J. Med. Chem., 2006, 49 (17), 5377-5381.
40. Reichman, U.; Watanabe, K. A.; Fox, J. J. A practical synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-Darabinofuranose derivatives. Carbohydr. Res., 1975, 42, 233.
41. Pankiewicz, K. W.; Nawrot, B.; Gadler, H.; Price, P. W.; Watanabe, K. W. Nucleosides 146. 1-Methyl-5-(2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)uracil, the C-nucleoside isoster of the potent antiviral agent 1- (2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranosyluracil) thymine (FMAU). Studies towards the synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′substituted arabino nucleosides. J. Med. Chem., 1987, 30, 2314-2316.
42. 18F]-fluoroarabinonucleosides. J. Fluorine Chem., 2000, 106, 87-91.
43. 18F]-L-FMAU) for PET. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2007, 65(8), 941-946.
44. 18F]FMAU). Bull. Korean. Chem. Soc., 2007, 28(12), 2449-2453.
45. 18F]-FMAU using a novel dual reactor radiosynthesis module. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm., 2009, (in press).
46. Yu, C-H.; Eisenbarth, J.; Runz, A.; Weber, K.; Zeisler, S.; Oberdorfer, F. Synthesis of 5-(2-radiohaloethyl)and 5-(2radiohalovinyl)-2 -deoxyuridine. Novel types of radiotracer for monitoring cancer gene therapy with PET. J. Labelled Com. Radiopham., 2003, 46, 421-439.
47. 18F]fluoroethyl-1-D-arabinofuranosyluracil. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2005, 32(8), 811-819.
48. 18F-FDG for Monitoring Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase and Ganciclovir Prodrug Activation Gene Therapy of Cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47, 1161-1171.
49. 18F-radiolabeling and biological evaluation of C-6 alkylated pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic acids, 2004, 23, 1707-1721.
50. 18F-labeled acyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleosides intended for monitoring gene expression. Radiochim. Acta, 2005, 93(9-10), 585-588.
51. Grote, M.; Noll, B.; Noll, S. Syntheses of novel modified acyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleosides as potential substrates of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase for monitoring gene expression. Can. J. Chem., 2004, 82(4), 513-523.
52. Elion, G. B.; Furman, P. A.; Fyfe, J. A.; deMiranda, P., Beauchamp, L.; Schaeffer, H. J. Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxy-ethoxymathyl)guanine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1977, 74, 5716-5720.
53. Cheng, Y-C.; Grill, S. P.; Dutschman, G. E.; K Nakayama, K.; Bastow, K. F. Metabolism of 9-(1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine, a new anti-herpes virus compound in herpes simplex virus-infected cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1983, 258, 12460-12464.
54. Boyd, M. R.; Bacon, T. H.; Sutton, D.; Cole, M. Antiherpes virus activity of 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl)guanine (BRL 39123) in cell culture. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1987, 31, 1238-1242.
55. Martin, J. C.; McGee, D.; Jeffrey, G.; Hobbs, D. W.; Smee, D. F.; Matthews, T. R.; Verheyden, J. P. H. Synthesis and anti-herpesvirus activity of acyclic 2 -deoxyguanosine analogues related to 9- [(1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]-guanine. J. Med. Chem., 1986, 29, 1384-1389.
56. 18F]FHBG) for gene therapy. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2001, 28(7), 875-883.
57. Wang, J. Q.; Zheng, Q. H.; Fei, X.; Mock, B. H.; Hutchins, G. D. Novel radiosynthesis of PET HSV-tk gene reporter probes [18F]FHPG and [18F]FHBG employing dual Sep-Pak SPE techniques. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2003, 13, 3933-3938.
58. 18F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine for gene therapy studies. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2002, 4, 415-424.
59. 18F] FHBG. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2004, 31, 133-138.
60. 18F]-FHPG) for gene expression imaging. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2007, 65, 57-63.
61. 18FFPCV] as a novel PET probe for imaging HSV1-tk reporter gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2007, 34, 717-725.
62. Schipper, M. L.; Goris, M. L.; Gambhir, S. S. Evaluation of herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase-mediated trapping of (131)I FIAU and prodrug activation of ganciclovir as a synergistic cancer radio/chemotherapy. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2007, 9(3), 110-116.
63. Dempsey, M. F.; Wyper, D.; Owens, J.; Pimlott, S.; Papanastassiou, V.; Patterson, J.; Hadley, D. M.; Nicol, A.; Rampling, R.; Brown, S. M. Assessment of 123I-FIAU imaging of herpes simplex viral gene expression in the treatment of glioma. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2006, 27(8), 611-617.
64. Tjuvajev, J. G.; Doubrovin, M.; Akhurst, T.; Cai, S.; Balatoni, J.; Alauddin, M. M.; Finn, R.; Bornmann, W.; Thaler, H.; Conti, P. S.; Blasberg, R. G. Direct comparison of HSV-tk PET imaging probes: FIAU, FHPG, FHBG. J. Nucl. Med., 2002, 43, 1072-1083.
65. Hsieh, C. H.; Liu, R. S.; Wang, H. E.; Hwang, J-J.; Deng, W-P.; Chen, J-C.; Chen, Fu-Du. In vitro evaluation of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter system in dynamic studies of transcriptional gene regulation. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2006, 33(5), 653-660.
66. Verwijnen, S. M.; Sillevis, S. P. A.; Hoeben, R. C.; Rabelink, M. J. W. E.; Wiebe, L.; Curiel, D. T.; Hemminki, A.; Krenning, E. P.; deJong, M. Molecular imaging and treatment of malignant gliomas following adenoviral transfer of the herpes simplex virusthymidine kinase gene and the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 gene. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 2004, 19(1), 111-120.
67. Choi, T. H.; Ahn, S. H.; Kwon, H. C.; Choi, C. W.; Awh, O. D.; Lim, S. M. In vivo comparison of IVDU and IVFRU in HSV1-TK gene expressing tumor bearing rats. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2004, 60(1), 15-21.
68. 76Br- FBAU as a PET reporter probe for HSV1-tk gene expression imaging using mouse models of human glioma. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46, 1923-1930.
69. Satio, Y.; Price, R. W.; Rottenberg, D. A. Quantitative autoradiographic maping of herpes simplex virus encephalitis with radiolabeled antiviral drug. Science. 1982, 217,1151-1153.
70. 18F]FHPG as PET tracers for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase enzyme activity and human cytomegalovirus infections. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2000, 27, 113-119.
71. Alauddin, M. M.; Shahinaian, A.; Gordon, E. M.; Conti, P.S. Evaluation of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1-D-arabinofuranosyluracil as a potential gene imaging agents for HSV-tk expression in vivo. Mol. Imaging., 2002, 1, 74-81.
72. Alauddin, M. M.; Shahinaian, A.; Gordon, E. M.; Conti, P. S. Direct comparison of radiolabeled probes FMAU, FHBG and FHPG as PET imaging agents for HSV1-tk gene expression in human breast cancer model. Mol. Imaging, 2004, 3, 76-84.
73. 18F]FCAU), and their biological evaluation as markers for gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2004, 31, 399-405.
74. 18F]-FFAU as a potential PET imaging agent for gene expression. J. Nucl. Med., 2004, 45, 2063-2069.
75. 18F]-FEAU) as markers for suicide gene expression. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 34, 822-829.
76. Alauddin, M. M.; Shahinian, A.; Conti P. S. Evaluation of 2′deoxy-2′-fluoro-5-substituted-1-D-arabinofuranosyluracils as markers for suicide gene expression in breast cancer cells. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46, 35P.
77. Serganova, I.; Doubrovin, M.; Vider, J.; Ponomarev, V.; Soghomonyan, S.; Beresten, T.; Ageyeva, L.; Serganov, A.; Cai, S.; Balatoni, J.; Blasberg, R.; Gelovani, J. Molecular imaging of temporal dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signal transduction activity in tumors in living mice. Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 6101-6108.
78. 18F-FEAU as a radiotracer for Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene expression: in-vitro comparison with other PET tracers. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2006, 27, 25-30.
79. Kang, K. W.; Min, J. J.; Chen, X.; Gambhir, S. S. Comparison of [14C]FMAU, [3H]FEAU, [14C]FIAU and [3H]PCV for monitoring reporter gene expression with wild type and mutated Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase in cell culture. Mol. Imaging. Biol., 2005, 7, 296-303.
80. Tseng, J. C.; Zanzonico, P. B.; Levin, B.; Finn, R.; Larson, S. M.; Meruelo, D. Tumor specific in vivo transfection with HSV-1 thymidine kinase gene using a Sindbis viral vector as a basis for prodrug ganciclovir activation and PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47, 1136-1143.
81. Hajitou, A.; Trepel, M.; Lilley, C. E.; Soghomonyan, S.; Alauddin, M. M.; Marini, F. C.; Restel, B. H.; Ozawa, M. G.; Moya, C. A.; Rangel, R.; Sun, Y.; Zaoui, K.; Schmidt, M.; Kalle, C. V.; Weitzman, M. D.; Gelovani, J. G.; Pasqualini, R.; Arap W. A hybrid vector for ligand-directed tumor targeting and molecular imaging. Cell, 2006, 125, 385-398.
82. Soghomonyan, S.; Hajitou, A.; Rangel, R.; Trepel, M.; Pasqualini, R.; Arap, W.; Gelovani, J. G.; Alauddin, M. M. Molecular PET imaging of HSV1-tk gene expression. Nat. Protoc., 2007, 2, 416-423.
83. 18F]FLT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 35, 990-998.
84. 123I-IVFAU by normal mouse brain: potential for non-invasive assessment of HSV-1 thymidine kinase expression in gliomas. Nucleosdies Nucleosides Nucl. Acids, 2008, 27, 57-66.
85. deVries, E. F. J.; van Dillen, I. J.; Waarde, A.; Willemsen, A. T. M.; Vaalburg, W.; Mulder, N. H.; Hospers, G. A. P. Evaluation of [18F]FHPG as PET tracer for HSV-tk gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2003, 30, 651-660.
86. Yaghoubi, S.; Barrio, J. R.; Dahlbom, M.; Iyer, M.; Namavari, M.; Satyamurthy, N.; Goldman, R.; Herschman, H. R.; Phelps, M. E.; Gambhir, S. S. Human pharmacokinetic and dosimetry studies of [18F]FHBG: a reporter probe for imaging herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42, 1225-1234.
87. 18F- FHBG: a PET reporter probe for imaging herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk's expression. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47, 706-715.
88. Gambhir, S. S.; Barrio, J. R.; Herschman, H. R.; Phelps, M. E. Assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1999, 26, 481-490.
89. Yaghoubi, S. S.; Wu, L.; Liang, Q.; Toyokuni, T.; Barrio, J. R.; Namavari, M.; Satyamurthy, N.; Phelps, M. E.; Herschman, H. R.; Gambhir, S. S. Direct correlation between positron emission tomographic images of two reporter genes delivered by two distinct adenoviral vectors. Gene Ther., 2001, 8, 1072-1080.
90. 18F-FHBG for quantitating herpes simplex Virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression in living animals using PET. J. Nucl. Med., 2004, 45, 1560-1570.
91. 18F]FHBG. Nat. Protocols., 2006, 1, 2137-2142.
92. 18F]FHBG. Nat. Protoc., 2006, 6, 3069-3075.
93. Likar, Y.; Dobrenkov, K.; Olszewska, M.; Vider, E.; Shenker, L.; Cai, S.; Pillarsetty, N.; Hricak, H.; Ponomarev, V. A new acycloguanosine-specific super mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suitable for PET imaging and suicide gene therapy for potential use in patients treated with pyrimidine-based cytotoxic drugs. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49, 713-20.
94. Najjar, A.; Nishii, R.; Maxwell, D.; Volgin, A.; Mukhopadhyay, U.; Bornmann, W.; Tong, W.; Alauddin, M. M.; Gelovani, J. G. PET imaging with a novel mutant HSV1-tk reporter gene with enhanced specificity to acycloguanosine nucleoside analogs. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50, 409-416.
95. 18F]FFEAU, and other Imaging Probes. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49, 637-648.
96. Black, M. E.; Newcomb, T. G.; Wilson, H. M.; Loeb, L. A. Creation of drug-specific herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase mutants for gene therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 3525-3529.
97. Black, M. E.; Kokoris, M. S.; Sabo, P. Herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase mutants created by semi-random sequence mutagenesis improve prodrug-mediated tumor cell killing. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 3022-3026.
98. Balzarini, J.; Liekens, S.; Solaroli, N.; Omari, K. E.; Stammers, D. K.; Karlsson, A. Engineering of a single conserved amino acid residue of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase allows a predominant shift from pyrimidine to purine nucleoside phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 19273-19279.
99. Likar, Y.; Dobrenkov, K.; Olszewska, M.; Shenker, L.; Cai, S.; Hricak, H.; Ponomarev, V. PET imaging of HSV1-tk mutants with acquired specificity toward pyrimidineand acycloguanosinebased radiotracers. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 36, 1273-1282.
100. Jürgen, W. K.; Paulmurugan, R.; Rodriguez-Porcel, M.; Stein, W.; Brinton, T. J.; Connolly, A. J.; Nielsen, C. H.; Lutz, A. M.; Lyons, J.; Ikeno, F.; Suzuki, Y.; Rosenberg, J.; Chen, I. Y.; Wu, J. C.; Yeung, A. C.; Yock, P.; Robbins, R. C.; Gambhir, S. S. Imaging gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: From small to large animals. Radiology, 2009, 252(1), 117-127.
101. Roelants, V.; Labar, D.; de Meester, C.; Havaux, X.; Tabilio, A.; Gambhir, S. S.; Di Ianni, M.; Bol, A.; Bertrand, L.; Vanoverschelde, J. L. Comparison between adenoviral and retroviral vectors for the transduction of the thymidine kinase PET reporter gene in rat mesenchymal stem cells. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(11), 1836-1844.
102. Gianpietro, D.; Tian, M.; Savoldo, B.; Najjar, M.; Cooper, L. J. N.; Smith J. A.; Mawlai, O.; Uthamanthil, R.; Borne, A.; Brammar, D.; Paolillo, V.; Alauddin, M. M.; Gonzalez, C.; Steiner, D.; William, D. K; Frank M., Kornblau, S.; Shpall, E. J.; Gelovani, J. G. Repetitive noninvasive monitoring of HSV1-tk expressing T-cells intravenously infused into a monkey. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 78, 230-237.
103. 18F-FHBG PET in a pateint with glioma. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., 2009, 6, 53-58.
104. Penuelas, I.; Haberkorn, U.; Yaghoubi, S. S.; Gambhir, S. S. Gene tharpy imaging in patients for oncological applications. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2005, 32, S384-S403.
105. Penuelas, I.; Mazzolini, G.; Boan J.F.; Sangro, B.; Mart-Climent, J.; Ruiz, M.; Ruiz, J.; Satyamurthy, N.; Qian, C.; Barrio, J.R.; Phelps, M. E.; Richter, J. A.; Gambhir, S.S.; Prieto, J. Positron emission tomography imaging of adenoviral-mediated transgene expression in liver cancer patients. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128, 1787-1795.
106. Jacobs, A.; Voges, J.; Reszka, R.; Lercher, M.; Gossmann, A.; Kracht, L.; Kaestle, C. Wagner, R.; Wienhard, K.; Heiss, W.D.; Positron-emission tomography of vector-mediated gene expression in gene therapy for gliomas. Lancet, 2001, 358, 727-229.