Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: A review

Veterinarni Medicina

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 199-224

  Vondruskova, H ^a   Slamova, R ^a   Trckova, M ^a   Zraly, Z ^a   Pavlik, Ivo ^a  

^a VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Aluminosilicate; Antibiotics; Infection; Intestinal microflora; Performance; Phytobiotics; Prebiotics, organic acids; Probiotics; Swine; Zinc

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; SUIDAE;

EID: 77955153991     PISSN: 03758427     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17221/2998-VETMED     Document Type: Review

References (283)

1. Abbes S, Ben Salah-Abbes J, Nahdi K, Ben Younes R, Hetta MM, El-Kady AA, Abdel-Wahhab MA, Oueslati R (2007): Inactivation of cadmium induced immunotoxicological alterations in rats by Tunisian montmorillonite clay. International Immunopharmacology 7, 750-760
2. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Nada SA, Khalil FA (2002): Physiological and toxicological responses in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet with or without sorbent materials. Animal Feed Science and Technology 97, 209-219
3. Adami A, Cavazzoni V (1999): Occurence of selected bacterial groups in the faeces of piglets fed with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. Journal of Basic Microbiology 39, 3-9
4. Albengres E, Urien S, Tillement JP, Oury P, Decourt S, Flouvat B, Drieu K (1985): Interactions between smectite, a mucus stabilizer, and acidic and basic drugs-in vitro and in vivo studies. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28, 601-605
5. Alexa P, Salajka E, Salajkova Z, Machova A (1995): Combined parenteral and oral immunization against diarrhea in weaned piglets caused by enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Veterinarni Medicina 40, 365-370
6. Alexa P, Stouracova K, Hamrik J, Rychlik I (2001): Gene typing of the colonisation factors K88 (F4) in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic piglets. Veterinarni Medicina 46, 46-49. http:// old.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-2-46.pdf
7. Alexopoulos C, Karagiannidis SK, Kritas SK, Boscos C, Georgoulakis IE, Kyriakis SC (2001): Field evaluation of a bioregulator containing live Bacillus cereus spores on health status and performance of sows and their litters. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 48, 137-145
8. Alexopoulos C, Papaioannou DS, Fortomaris P, Kyriakis CS, Tserveni-Goussi A, Yannakopoulos A, Kyriakis SC (2007): Experimental study on the effect of in feed administration of a clinoptilolite-rich tuff on certain biochemical and hematological parameters of growing and fattening pigs. Livestock Science 111, 230-241
9. Ambroz Z (1981): General Microbiology. University of Agriculture in Brno. 100 pp
10. Amezcua R, Friendship R, Dewey C, Gyles C (2002): A case-control study investigating risk factors associated with postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario. Journal of Swine Health and Production 10, 245-249
11. Apgar GA, Kornegay ET, Lindemann MD, Wood CM (1993): The effect of feeding various levels of Bifidobacterium globosum a on the performance, gastrointestinal measurements, and immunity of weanling pigs and on the performance and carcass measurements of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 2173-2179
12. Arnault I, Christides JP, Mandon N, Haffner T, Kahane R, Auger J (2003): High performance ion pair chromatography method for simultaneous analysis of alliin, deoxyalliin, allicin and dipeptide precursors in garlic products using multiple mass spectrometry and UV detection. Journal of Chromatography 991, 69-75
13. Azaz AD, Irtem HA, Kurkcuoglu M, Baser KHC (2004): Composition and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of some Thymus species. Journal of Biosciences 59, 75-80
14. Babol J, Squires EJ (1995): Quality of meat from entire male pigs. Food Research International 28, 201-212
15. Bailey M, Clarke CJ, Wilson AD, Williams NA, Stokes CR (1992): Depressed potential for interleukin-2-production following early weaning of piglets. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 34, 197-207
16. Bark LJ, Crenshaw TD, Leibbrandt VD (1986): The effect of mal intervals and weaning on feed intake of early weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 62, 1233-1239
17. Barrow PA, Fuller R, Newport MJ (1977): Changes in the microflora and physiology of the anterior intestinal tract of pigs weaned at 2 days with special reference to the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Infection and Immunity 18, 586-595
18. Bartko P, Chabada J, Vrzgula L, Solar I, Blazovsky J (1983): The fortification of pig feed ration with zeolite in the cage rearing system (in Czech). Veterinarni Medicina 28, 429-435
19. Barton MD (2000): Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews 13, 279-299
20. Bertschinger K, Exner GU, Hodler J (1999): Diagnostic imaging of bone and soft tissue tumors. Tumordiagnostik and Therapie 20, 71-78
21. Bhatt RS, Katoch BS, Dogra KK, Gupta R, Sharma KS, Sharma CR (1995): Effect of dietary supplementation of different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the biological performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 12, 61-66
22. Biagi G, Piva A, Moschini M, Vezzali E, Roth FX (2006): Effect of gluconic acid on piglet growth performance, intestinal microflora, and intestinal wall morphology. Journal of Animal Science 84, 370-378
23. Bird AR, Vuaran M, Crittenden R, Hayakawa T, Playne MJ, Brown IL, Topping DL (2009): Comparative effects of a high-amylose starch and a fructooligosacharide on fecal bifidobacteria numbers and short-chain fatty acids in pigs fed Bifidobacterium animalis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54, 947-954
24. Blecha F, Pollmann DS, Nichols DA (1983): Weaning pigs at an early age decreases cellular immunity. Journal of Animal Science 56, 396-400
25. Bohacenko I, Pinkrova J, Peroutkova J, Pechackova M (2007): Fermentation of lactose and lactulose mixture by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain (in Czech). Chemicke Listy 101, 911-915
26. Bomba A, Gancarcikova S, Nemcova R, Herich R, Kastel R, Depta A, Demeterova M, Ledecky V, Zitnan R (1998): The effect of lactic acid bacteria on intestinal metabolism and metabolic profile of gnotobiotic pigs. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 105, 384-389
27. Bomba A, Nemcova R, Gancarcikova S, Herich R, Kastel R (1999): Potentiation of the effectiveness of Lactobacillus casei an the prevention of E. coli induced diarrhea in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases 473, 185-190
28. Bomba A, Nemcova R, Gancarcikova S, Herich R, Guba P, Mudronova D (2002): Improvement of the probiotic effect of microorganisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosacharides and polyunsaturated acids. British Journal of Nutrition 88, 95-99
29. Bomba A, Jonecova Z, Koscova J, Nemcova R, Gancarikova S, Mudronova D, Scirankova L, Buleca V, Lazar G, Posivak J, Kastel R, Marekova M (2006): The improvement of probiotics efficasy by synergistically acting components of natural origin: a review. Biologia 61, 729-734
30. Bonna RJ, Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Poppenga RH, Braselton WE, Watson GL (1991): Efficasy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and activated charcoal in reducing the toxicity of dietary aflatoxin to mink. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20, 444-447
31. Bonneau M, Walstra P, Claudi-Magnussen C, Kempster AJ, Tornberg E, Fischer K, Diestre A, Siret F, Chvillon P, Claus R, Dijksterhuis G, Punter P, Matthews KR, Agerhem H, Beague MP, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Weiler U, Von Seth G, Leask H, Furnols MFI, Homer DB, Cook GL (2000): An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations. Meat Science 54, 285-295
32. Bontempo V, Sciannimanico D, Pastorelli G, Rossi R, Rosi F, Corino C (2004): Dietary conjugated linoleic acid positively affects immunological variables in lactating sows and piglets. Journal of Nutrition 134, 817-824
33. Borovan L (2004): Plant alkaloids enhance performance of animals and improve the utilizability of amino acids (in Czech). Krmivarstvi 6, 36-37
34. Bosi P, Merialdi G, Sarli G, Casini L, Gremokolini C, Preziosi R, Brunetti B, Trevisi P (2003): Effects of doses of ZnO or Zn-glutamate on growth performance, gut characterictics, health and immunity of early weaned pigs orally challenged with E. coli K88. In: Proceedings of the A.S.P.A., 15th Congress, Parma, Italy. Journal of Animal Science 2, 361-363
35. Brouillard MY, Rateau JG (1989): Adsorption of bacterial enterotoxins by smectite and kaolin clays-in vitro study in cell-culture and in the newborn mouse (in French). Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 13, 18-24
36. Brambilla G, De Filippis S (2005): Trends in animal feed composition and possible consequences on residue tests. Analytica Chimica Acta 529, 7-13
37. Budino FEL, Thomaz MC, Kronka N, Nakaghi LSO, Tucci FM, Fraga AL, Scandolera AJ, Huaynate RAR (2005): Effect of probiotic and prebiotic inclusion in weaned piglet diets on structure and ultra-structure of small intestine. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 6, 921-929
38. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT (2000): An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 7, 273-282
39. Burnett GS, Neil EL (1977): A note on the effect of probioticum feed additive on the live-weight gain, feed conversion and carcass quality of bacon pigs. Animal Production 25, 95-98
40. Cabezas MJ, Salvador D, Sinisterra JV (1991): Stabilization-activation of pancreatic-enzymes adsorbed on to a sepiolite clay. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 52, 265-274
41. Carter S, Westerman P, Van Kempen T, Cromwell G, Hill G, Shurson G, Richert B, Casey K (2002): Estimation of manure nutrient excretion from swine based upon diet composition and feed intake. Journal of Animal Science 80, 137-138
42. Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV (2006): Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, 50-62
43. Case CL, Carlson MS (2002): Effect of feeding organic and inorganic sources of additional zinc on growth performance and zinc balance in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1917-1924
44. Castillo M, Martin-Orue SM, Taylor-Pickard JA, Perez JF, Gasa J (2008): Use of mannan-oligosacharides and zinc chelate as growth promoters and diarrhea preventative in weaning pigs: Effects on microbiota and gut function. Journal of Animal Science 86, 94-101
45. Castro M (2005): Use of additives on the feeding of monogastric animals. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 39, 439-445
46. Castro M, Elias A (1978): Effect of inclusion of zeolite in final molasses-based diets on performance of growing and fattening pigs. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 12, 69-75
47. Castro M, Iglesias M (1989): Effect of zeolite on traditional diets for fattening pigs. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 23, 289-291
48. Chae C, Kim O, Choi C, Min K, Cho WS, Kim J, Tai JH (2000): Prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Korean pigs. Veterinary Record 147, 606-608
49. Chandra RK, Au B (1980): Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune response. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 736-738
50. Chen YJ, Kwon OS, Min BJ, Son KS, Cho JH, Hong JW, Kim IH (2005): The effects of dietary Biotite V supplementation as an alternative substance to antibiotics in growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18, 1642-1645
51. Chiang BL, Sheih YH, Wang LH, Liao CK, Gill HS (2000): Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 849-855
52. Claus R, Weiler U, Herzog A (1994): Physiological aspects of adrostenone and skatole formation in the boar-a review with experimental data. Meat Science 38, 289-305
53. Collington GK, Parker DS, Armstrong DG (1990): The influence of inclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 59-70
54. Costa LB, Panhoza Tse ML, Miyada VS (2007): Herbal extracts as alternatives to antimicrobial growth for weanling pigs. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 36, 589-595
55. Crittenden RG, Playne MJ (1996): Production, properties, and applications of food-grade oligosaccharides. Trends in Food Science and Technology 7, 353-361
56. Danek P, Novak J, Semeradova H, Diblikova E, Dlabolova O, Adama L (1990): Investigation of the effect of Lactobacillus casei CCM 4160 on reared piglets (in Czech). In: Proceedings of Conference on Probiotics in Animal Nutrition, Brno, Czech Republic, 143-152
57. Danek P, Novak J, Semeradova H, Diblikova E (1991): The effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei CCM4160 application to sows on piglet performance (in Czech). Zivocisna Vyroba 36, 411-415
58. Davidson JN, Hirsh DC (1976): Bacterial competetion as a means of preventing neonatal diarrhea in pigs. Infection and Immunity 13, 1773-1774
59. De Cupere F, Deprez P, Demeulenaere D, Muylle E (1992): Evaluation of the effect of 3 probiotics on experimental Escherichia coli enterotoxaemia in weaned piglets. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 39, 277-284
60. De Freitas LS, Lopes DC, De Freitas AF, Carneiro JDC, Corassa A, Pena SDM, Costa LF (2006): Effects of feeding organic acids for piglets from 21 to 49 days. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 35, 1711-1719
61. Depta A, Rychlik R, Nieradka R, Rotkiewicz T, Kujawa K, Bomba A, Grabowska-Swiecicka G (1998): The influence of alimentary tract colonization with Lactobacillus sp. strains on chosen metabolic profile indices in piglets. Polish Journal of Veterinary Science 1-2, 3-7
62. Dominy NJ, Davoust E, Minekus M (2004): Adaptive function of soil consumption an in vitro study modelling the human stomach and small intestine. The Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 319-324
63. Ducluzeau R (1983): Implantation and development of the gut flora in the newborn animal. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 14, 354-359
64. Dusel G, Behringer J, Rohrmoser G, Durst L (1994): Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on fattening pigs. 1. Results of the fattening investigation. Zuchtungskunde 66, 383-394
65. Duval-Iflah Y, Chappuis JP, Ducluzeau R, Raibaud P (1983): Intraspecific interaction between Escherichia coli strains in human newborns and in gnotobiotic mice and piglets. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science 7, 107-116
66. Eidelsburger U, Kirchgessner M, Roth FX (1992): Influence of fumaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium formate, tylosin and tyocerin on daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate and digestibility. 11. investigations about the nutritive efficasy of organic acids in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 68, 82-92
67. Fiteau SM, Tomkins AM (1994): Micronutrients and tropical infections. Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 1-3
68. Fooks LJ, Gibson GR (2002): Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. British Journal of Nutrition 88 (Suppl. 1), 39-49
69. Franco LD, Fondevila M, Lobera MB, Castrillo C (2005): Effect of combinations of organic acids in weaned pig diets on microbial species of digestive tract contents and their response on digestibility. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 88-93
70. Frece J, Kos B, Svetec IK, Zgaga Z, Beganovic J, Lebos A, Suskovic J (2009): Synbiotic effect of Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and prebiotics on the intestinal microflora and immune system of mice. Journal of Dairy Research 76, 98-104
71. Fuller R, Barrow PA, Brooker BE (1978): Bacteria associated with the gastric epithelium of neonatal pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35, 582-591
72. Fuller R (1989): Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66, 365-368
73. Gebesh VV, Ianchenko VI, Sukhov IUA (1999): Kaopectate in the combined treatment of patients with intestinal infection (in Russian). Likarska Sprava 3, 140-142
74. Gedek B, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M, Wiehler S, Bott A, Eidelsburger U (1992a): Influence of fumaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium formate, tylosin and toyocerin on the microflora in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. 14. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organic acids in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutriton 68, 209-217
75. Gedek B, Kirchgessner M, Eidelsburger U, Wiehler S, Bott A, Roth FX (1992b): Influence of formic acid on the microflora in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. 5. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organic acids in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 67, 206-214
76. Ghnassia JC (1979): Quantitative study of gastrointestinal bacterial-flora. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 9, 507-510
77. Gibson GR (2004): From probiotics to prebiotics and a healthy digestive system. Journal of Food Science 69, 141-143
78. Gibson GR, Roberfroid M (1995): Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota-introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401-1412
79. Gibson GR, Beatty ER, Wang X, Cummings JH (1995): Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology 108, 975-982
80. Gonzalez R, De Medina FS, Martinez-Augustin O, Nieto A, Galvez J, Risco S, Zarzuelo A (2004): Anti-inflammatory effect of diosmectite in hapten-induced colitis in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology 141, 951-960
81. Grizard D, Barthomeuf C (1999): Non-digestible oligosaccharides used as prebiotic agents: mode of production and beneficial effects on animal and human health. Reproduction Nutrition Development 39, 5-6
82. Guerra NP, Bernardez PF, Mendez J, Cachaldora P, Castro LP (1997): Production of four potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria and their evaluation as feed additives for weaned piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 134, 89-107
83. Hahn JD, Baker DH (1993): Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic levels of zinc. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3020-3024
84. Hampson DJ (1986): Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 32-40
85. Hampson DJ, Kidder DE (1986): Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small intestine. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 24-31
86. Hampson DJ, Fu YF, Robertson ID (1987): Investigation of the source of haemolytic Escherichia coli infecting weaned pigs. Epidemiology and Infection 99, 149-153
87. Han YK, Thacker PA (2009): Performance, nutrient digestibility and nutrient balance in weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with antibiotics or zinc oxide. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8, 868-875
88. Hansen LL, Larsen AE, Jensen BB, Hansen-Moller J (1997): Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with faeces plus urine on boar taint. Animal Science 64, 351-363
89. Hansen CF, Riis AL, Bresson S, Hojbjerg O, Jensen BB (2007): Feeding organic acids enhances the barrier function against pathogenic bacteria of the piglet stomach. Livestock Science 108, 206-209
90. Harper AF, Kornegay ET, Bryant KL, Thomas HR (1983): Efficasy of virginiamycin and a commercially available Lactobacillus probiotic in swine diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 8, 69-86
91. Hassen A, Jamoussi F, Saidi N, Mabrouki Z, Fakhfakh E (2003): Microbial and cooper adsorption by smectitic clay-an experimental study. Environmental Technology 24, 1117-1127
92. Hayashi T, Makino K, Ohnishi M, Kurokawa K, Ishii K, Yokoyama K, Han CG, Ohtsubo E, Nakayama K, Murata T, Tanaka M, Tobe T, Iida T, Takami H, Honda T, Sasakawa C, Ogasawara N, Yasunaga T, Kuhara S, Shiba T, Hattori M, Shinagawa H (2001): Complete genome sequence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and genomic comparison with a laboratory strain K-12. DNA Research 8, 11-22
93. Hedemann MS, Jensen BB (2004): Variations in enzyme activity in stomach and pancreatic tissue and digesta in piglets around weaning. Archives of Animal Nutrition 58, 47-59
94. Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Knudsen KEB (2009): The thickness of the intestinal mucous layer in the colon of rats fed various sources of non-digestible carbohydrates is positively correlated with the pool of SCFA but negatively correlated with the proportion of butyric acid in digesta. British Journal of Nutrition 102, 117-125
95. Heimann G (1984): Pharmacotherapy of acute infant enteritis (in German). Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 132, 303-305
96. Hennig B, Wang Y, Ramasamy S, McClain CJ (1992): Zinc deficiency alters barrier function of cultured porcine endothelial cells. Journal of Nutrition 122, 1242-1247
97. Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias MD (2004): Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry Science 83, 169-174
98. Herrera P, Burghardt RC, Phillips TD (2000): Adsorption of Salmonella enteritidis by cetylpyridinium-exchanged montmorillonite clay. Veterinary Microbiology 74, 259-272
99. Herrera P, Burghardt R, Huebner H, Phillips TD (2004): The efficacy of sand-immobilized organoclays as filtration bed materials for bacteria. Food Microbiology 21, 1-10
100. Hojberg O, Canibe N, Poulsen HD, Hedemann MS, Jensen BB (2005): Influence of dietary zinc oxide and copper sulfate on the gastrointestinal ecosystem in newly weaned piglets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 2267-2277
101. Houdijk JGM, Hartemink R, Verstegen MWA, Bosch MW (2002): Effects of dietary non-digestible oligosacharides on microbial characteristics of ileal chyme and faeces in weaner pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 56, 297-307
102. Hu CH, Xia MS (2006): Adsorption and antibacterial effect of copper-exchanged montmorillonite on Escherichia coli K-88. Applied Clay Science 31, 180-184
103. Hu XR, Lu GL, Chen LS, Gu JM, Zhang Y (2002): Study on the mechanism of the interaction between montmorillonite and bacterium (in Chinese). Yao Xue Xue Bao 37, 718-720
104. Huang SX, McFall M, Cegielski AC, Kirkwood RN (1999): Effect of zinc supplementation on Escherichia coli septicemia in weaned pigs. Swine Health and Production 7, 109-111
105. Huebner HJ, Phillips TD (2003): Clay-based affinity probes for selective cleanup and determination of aflatoxin B1 using nanostructured montmorillonite on quartz. Journal of AOAC International 86, 534-539
106. Jadamus A, Vahjen W, Simon O (2001): Growth behaviour of a spore forming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets. Archives of Animal Breeding 54, 1-17
107. Jensen BB (1998): The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 45-65
108. Jensen-Waern M, Melin L, Lindberg R, Johannisson A, Petersson L, Wallgren P (1998): Dietary zinc oxide in weaned pigs-effects on performance, tissue concetrations, morphology, neutrophil functions and faecal microflora. Research in Veterinary Science 64, 225-231
109. Jin LZ, Zhao X (2000): Intestinal receptors for adhesive fimbriae of enetrotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 in swine-a review. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 54, 311-318
110. Jin LZ, Ho YW, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S (1997): Probiotics in poultry: modes of action. World's Poultry Science Journal 53, 351-368
111. Jung K, Kim J, Ha Y, Choi C, Cae C (2006a): The effects of transplacental porcine circovirus type 2 infection on porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus-induced enteritis in preweaning piglets. Veterinary Journal 171, 445-450
112. Jung K, Ahn K, Chae C (2006b): Decreased activity of brush border membrane-bound digestive enzymes in small intestines from pigs experimentally infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Research in Veterinary Science 81, 310-314
113. Kasi M, Kausar P, Naz R, Miller LC (1995): Treatment of diarrhoea in infants by medical doctors in Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research 13, 238-241
114. Katouli M, Melin L, Jensen-Waern M, Wallgren P, Mollby R (1999): The effect of zinc oxide supplementation on the stability of the intestinal flora with special reference to composition of coliforms in weaned pigs. Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, 564-573
115. Katsumata H, Kaneco S, Inomata K, Itoh K, Funasaka K, Masuyama K, Suzuki T, Ohta K (2003): Removal of heavy metals in rising wastewater from plating factory by adsorption with economical viable materials. Journal of Environmental Management 69, 197-191
116. Khan R, Islem B, Akram M, Shakil S, Ahmad A, Ali SM, Siddiqui M, Khan AU (2009): Antimicrobial activity of five herbal extracts against multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria and fungus of clinical origin. Molecules 14, 586-597
117. Kidder DE, Manners MJ (1980): The level of distribution of carbohydrases in the small intestine mucosa of pigs from 3 weeks of age to maturity. British Journal of Nutrition 43, 141-153
118. Kirchgessner M, Gedek B, Wiehler S, Bott A, Eidelsburger U, Roth FX (1992): Influence of formic-acid, calciumformate and sodiumhydrogencarbonate on the micro flora in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. 10. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organic acids in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 68, 73-81
119. Kirchgessner M, Roth FX, Paulicks BR (1995): Nutritive efficacy of sorbic acid in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 74, 235-242
120. Kirchheim U, Schone F (1995): Performance of piglets fed diets containing a probiotic (Enetrococcus faecium). In: Conference Information, 5th Symposium on Vitamins and Additives in Human and Animal Nutrition, 28-29 September, 1995, Jena Thuringen, Germany, 522-525
121. Kluge H, Broz J, Eder K (2006): Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90, 316-324
122. Knarreborg A, Miquel N, Granli T, Jensen BB (2002): Establishment and application of an in vitro methodology to study the effects of organic acids on coliform and lactic acid bacteria in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 99, 131-140
123. Knezevich M (1998): Geophagy as a therapeutic mediator of endoparasitism in a free-ranging group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology 44, 71-82
124. Knezevich DL, Tadic V (1994): Decontamination with clay or alcoholate of pigs percutaneously poisoned with VX and soman (in Croatian). Vojnosanitetski Pregled 51, 488-491
125. Koh S, Dixon JB (2001): Preparation and application of organominerals as sorbents of phenol, benzene, and toluene. Applied Science 18, 111-122
126. Kolacz R, Korniewicz A, Dobranski Z, Korniewicz D, Trziszka T (2005): Effects of dietary halloisyte on the performance and meat quality of pigs. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 61, 1266-1269
127. Kommera SK, Mateo RD, Neher FJ, Kim SW (2006): Phytobiotics and organic acids as potential alternatives to the use of antibiotics in nursery pig diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19, 1784-1789
128. Kumprecht I, Zobac P (1998): Study of the effect of a combined preparation containing Enterococcus faecium M-74 and mannan-oligosacharides in diets for weanling piglets. Czech of Journal Animal Science 43, 477-481
129. Kumprecht I, Zobac P, Gasnarek Z, Robosova E (1994): The effect of continuous application of probiotics based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus and Streptococcus faecium C-68 (SF68) on the performance of broiler chickens (in Czech). Zivocisna Vyroba 39, 491-503
130. Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J, Sarris K, Tsinas AC, Alexopoulos C, Jansegers L (1999): The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 67, 223-228
131. Laine TM, Lyytikainen T, Yliaho M, Anttila M (2008): Risk factors for post-weaning diarrhoea on piglet producing farms in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50, 21
132. La Ragione RM, Casua G, Cutting SM, Woodward MJ (2001): Bacillus subtilis spores competetively exclude E. coli O78:K80 in poultry. Veterinary Microbiology 79, 133-142
133. Le Dividich J (1981): Effects of environmental temperature on the growth rates of early-weaned piglets. Livestock Production Science 8, 75-86
134. Le Dividich J, Herpin P (1994): Effects of climatic conditions on performance, metabolism and health status of weaned piglets: a review. Livestock Production Science 38, 79-90
135. Lee SJ, Shin NH, Ok JU, Jung HS, Chu GM, Kim JD, Kim IH, Lee SS (2009): Effects of dietary synbiotics from anaerobic microflora on growth performance, noxious gas emission and fecal pathogenic bacteria population in weaning pigs. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 22, 1202-1208
136. Lemke SL, Mayura K, Reeves WR, Wang NY, Fickey C, Phillips TD (2001): Investigation of organophilic montmorillonite clay inclusion in zearalenone-contamined diets using the mouse uterine weight bioassay. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, part A 62, 243-258
137. Lessard M, Brisson GJ (1987): Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth, immune response and fecal enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, 509
138. Li XL, Yin JD, Li DF, Chen XJ, Zang JJ, Zhou X (2006): Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide increases IGF-I and IGF-I receptor gene expression in the small intestine of weanling piglets. Journal of Nutrition 136, 1786-1791
139. Liao XH, Majithia A, Huang Xl, Kimmel AR (2008): Growth control via TOR kinase signaling, an intracellular sensor of amino acids and energy availability, with crosstalk potential to proline metabolism. Amino Acids 35, 761-770
140. Lin XL, Xu ZR, Zou XT, Wang F, Yan XH, Jiang JF (2004): Effects of montmorillonite nanocomposite on mercury residues in growing/finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 17, 1434-1437
141. Lindemann MD, Blodgett DJ, Kornegay ET, Schurig GG (1993): Potential ameliorators of aflatoxicosis in weanling/ growing swine. Journal of Animal Science 71, 171-178
142. Link R, Kovac G (2006): The effect of probiotic BioPlus 2B on feed efficiency and metabolic parameters in swine. Biologia 61, 783-787
143. Link R, Kovac G, Pistl J (2005): A note on probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics in pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 3, 513-519
144. Liu GM, Wei Y, Wang ZS, Wu D, Zhou AG, Liu GL (2008): Effects of herbal extract supplementation on growth performance and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I system in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 17, 538-547
145. Lodemann U, Hubener K, Jansen N, Martens H (2006): Effects of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 as probiotic supplement on intestinal transport and barrier function of piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 1, 35-48
146. Lodemann U, Lorenz BM, Weyrauch KD, Martens H (2008): Effects of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi as probiotic feed supplement on intestinal transport and barrier function in piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 62, 87-106
147. Lyons TP, Bourne S (1995): Principles of the effect of probiotics on the basis of yeasts and mannans. In: Proceedings of Conference on Probiotics in animal nutrition, Pohorelice, Czech Republic, 13-22
148. Ma YL, Guo T (2008): Intestinal morphology, brush border and digesta enzyme activities of broilers fed on a diet containing Cu2+-loaded montmorillonite. British Poultry Science 49, 65-73
149. Maciel RM, Lopes STDA, Santurio JM, Martins DB, Rosa AP, Emanuelli MP (2007): Hepatic and renal functions in broilers fed on diets with aflatoxins and natural clinoptilolite. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 42, 1221-1225
150. Madec F, Bridoux N, Bounaix S, Jestin A (1998): Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning and related risk factors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35, 53-72
151. Madec F, Bridoux N, Bounaix S, Cariolet R, Duval-Iflah Y, Hampson DJ, Jestin A (2000): Experimental models of porcine post-weaning colibacillosis and their relationship to postweaning diarrhoea and digestive disorders as encountered in the field. Veterinary Microbiology 72, 295-310
152. Madej M, Lundh T, Lindberg JE (1999): Activities of enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism in connection with energy production in the gastrointestinal tract epithelium of newborn, suckling and weaned piglets. Biology of the Neonate 75, 250-258
153. Madkour AA, Madina EMH, Elazzouni OEZ, Amer MA, Elwalili TMK, Abbass T (1993): Smectite in acute diarrhea in children-a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical-trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 17, 176-181
154. Magi E, Jarvis T, Miller I (2006): Effects of different plant products against pig mange mites. Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, 283-287
155. Magnoli AP, Tallone L, Rosa CAR, Dalcero AM, Chlacchiera SM, Sanchez RMT (2008): Commercial bentonites as detoxifier of broiler feed contaminated with aflatoxin. Applied Clay Science 40, 63-71
156. Makala LHC, Kamada T, Nishikawa Y, Nagasawa H, Igarashi I, Fujisaki K, Suzuki N, Mikami T, Haverson K, Bailey M, Stokes CR, Bland PW (2000): Ontogeny of pig discrete Peyer's patches: distribution and morphometric analysis. Pathobiology 68, 275-282
157. Mantere Alhonen S (1995): Propionibacteria used as probiotics-a review. Lait 75, 447-452
158. Manzanilla EG, Perez JF, Martin M, Kamel C, Baucells F, Gasa J (2004): Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 82, 3210-3218
159. Marinho MC, Lordelo MM, Cunha LF, Freire JPB (2007): Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: I. Effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation. Livestock Science 108, 236-239
160. Martelli P (1992): Nutritional and sanitary effects of Bacillus subtilis use as feed additive in pigs. Rivista-di-Suinicoltura 33, 35-39
161. Martin R, Delgado S, Maldonado A, Jimenez E, Olivares M, Fernandez L, Sobrino OJ, Rodriguez JM (2009): Isolation of lactobacilli from sow milk and evaluation of their probiotic potential. Journal of Dairy Research 76, 418-425
162. Martinez M, Castro M, Hidalgo K, Ayala U, Perez R, Hernandez L, Baez L (2004): Effective utilization of natural zeolite for diarrhea control. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 38, 387-390
163. Mathew AG, Sutton AL, Scheidt AB, Patterson JA, Kelly DT, Meyerholtz KA (1993): Effect of galactan on selected microbial populations and pH and volatile fatty acids in the ileum of the weanling pig. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1503-1509
164. Mathew AG, Franklin MA, Upchurch WG, Chattin SE (1996): Influence of weaning age on ileal microflora and fermentation acids in young pigs. Nutrition Research 16, 817-827
165. Mathew AG, Chattin SE, Robbins CM, Golden DA (1998): Effects of a direct-fed yeast culture on enteric microbial populations, fermentations acids, and performance of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 2138-2145
166. Matsuzaki T, Chin J (2000): Modulating immune responses with probiotic bacteria. Immunology and Cell Biology 78, 67-73
167. Maxwell FJ, Duncan SH, Hold G, Stewart CS (2004): Isolation, growth and prebiotics and probiotic potential of novel Bifidobacteria from pigs. Anaerobe 10, 33-39
168. McAllister JS, Kurtz HJ, Short EC (1979): Changes in the intestinal flora of young pigs with postweaning diarrhea of edema disease. Journal of Animal Science 49, 868-879
169. Melin L, Wallgren P (2002): Aspects on feed related prophylactic measures aiming to prevent post weaning diarrhoea in pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 43, 231-245
170. Melin L, Jensen-Waern M, Johannisson A, Ederoth M, Katouli M, Wallgren P (1997): Development of selected faecal microfloras and of phagocytic and killing capasity of neutrophils in young pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 54, 287-300
171. Melin L, Mattsson S, Katouli M, Wallgren P (2004): Development of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Relation to presence of Escherichia coli strains and rotavirus. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series BInfectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 51, 12-22
172. Mikkelsen LL, Bendixen CH, Jakobsen M, Jensen BB (2003): Enumeration of bifidobacteria in gastrointestinal samples from piglets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 654-658
173. Missotten JAM, Goris J, Michiels J, Van Coillie E, Herman L, De Smet S, Dierick NA, Heyndrickx M (2009): Screening of isolated lactic acid bacteria as potential beneficial strains for fermented liquid pig feed production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 150, 122-138
174. Moller K, Jensen TK, Jorsal SE, Leser TD, Cartensen B (1998): Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis, Serpulina hyodysenteriae, weakly beta-haemolytic intestinal spirochaeteslla enterica, Salmonella enterica, and haemolytic Escherichia coli from swine herds with and without diarrhoea among growing pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 62, 59-72
175. Mores N, Cristani J, Piffer IA, Barioni W, Lima GMM (1998): Effects of zinc oxide on postweaning diarrhea control in pigs experimentally infected with E. coli. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria, E Zootecnia 50, 513-523
176. Namkung H, Li M, Gong J. Yu H. Cottrill M, De Lange CFM (2004): Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, 697-704
177. Narkeviciute I, Rudzeviciene O, Leviniene G, Mociskiene K, Eidukevicius R (2002): Management of Lithuanian children's acute diarrhoea with Gastrolit solution and dioctahedral smectite. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 14, 419-424
178. Nemcova R, Bomba A, Gancarcikova S, Heich R, Guba P (1999): Study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei and fructooligosacharides on the faecal microflora in weanling piglets. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 112, 225-228
179. Newbold CJ, Wallace RJ, Chen XB, McIntosh FM (1995): Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ in their effects on ruminal bacterial numbers in vitro and in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1811-1818
180. Nguyen QT, Ogle B, Pettersson H (2008): Efficacy of bentonite clay in ameliorating aflatoxicosis in piglets fed aflatoxin contaminated diets. Tropical Animal Health and Production 40, 649-656
181. Novakova J (1968): Effect of bentonite and kaolinite on growth curve of E. coli. Folia Microbiologica 13, 543
182. Oetting LL, Utiyama CE, Giani PA, Ruiz UD, Miyada VS (2006): Effects of herbal extracts and antimicrobials on apparent digestibility, performance, organs morphometry and intestinal histology of weanling pigs. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 35, 1389-1397
183. Ou DY, Li DF, Ca YH, Li XL, Yin JD, Qiao SY, Wu GY (2007): Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide decreases expression of the stem cell factor in the small intestine of weanling pigs. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 18, 820-826
184. Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E (2002). Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 82, 279-289
185. Overland M, Kjos NP, Borg M, Skjerve E, Sorum H (2008): Organic acids in diets for entire male pigs: effect on skatole level, microbiota in digesta, and growth performance. Livestock Science 115, 169-178
186. Owusu-Asiedu A, Nyachoti CM, Marquardt RR (2003): Response of early weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Echerichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1790-1798
187. Ozawa K, Yokota H, Kimura M, Mitsuoka T (1981): Effects of administration of Bacillus subtilis strain BN on intestinal flora of weanling piglets. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 43, 771-775
188. Papaioannou DS, Kyriakis CS, Alexopoulos C, Tzika ED, Polizopoulou ZS, Kyriakis SC (2004): A field study on the effect of the dietary use of a clinoptilolite-rich tuff, alone or in combination with certain antimicrobials, on the health status and performance of weaned, growing and finishing pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 76, 19-29
189. Papaioannou D, Katsoulos PD, Panousis N, Karatzias H (2005): The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 84, 161-170
190. Park DY, Namkung H, Paik IK (2001): Effects of supplementary enzymes or probiotics on the performance and ammonia gas production in weanling pigs. Korean Journal of Animal Science 43, 485-496
191. Partanen KH, Mroz Z (1999): Organic acids for performance enhacement in pig diets. Nutrition Research Reviews 12, 117-145
192. Partanen K, Jalava T, Valaja J, Perttila S, Siljander-Rasi H, Lindeberg H (2001): Effect of dietary carbadox or formic acid and fibre level on ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility and microbial metabolite concentrations in ileal digesta of the pig. Animal Feed Science and Technology 93, 137-155
193. Partanen K, Siljander-Rasi H, Alaviuhkola T, Suomi K, Fossi M (2002): Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed medium or high fibre diets supplemented with avilamycin, formic acid or formic acid-sorbate blend. Livestock Production Science 73, 139-152
194. Partanen K, Siljander-Rasi H, Pentikainen J, Pelkonen S, Fossi M (2007): Effects of weaning age and formic acidbased feed additives on pigs from weaning to slaughter. Archives of Animal Nutrition 61, 336-356
195. Pacsa I, Marghitas LA, Groza I, Pusta D, Morar R, Oroian T, Cimpean A, Bogdan L, Bogdan I, Bogdan S, Oroian R (2009): The importance of probiotics administration to sucking pigs. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 7, 485-491
196. Pepeljnjak S, Kosalec I, Kalodera Z, Blazevic N (2005): Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae). Acta Pharmaceutica 55, 417-422
197. Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Rachid M, Aguero G, Gobbato N (1995): Immune system stimulation by probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 1597-1606
198. Phillips TD (1999): Dietary clay in the chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced disease. Toxicological Sciences 52, 118-126
199. Phillips TD, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Taylor DR, Heidelbaugh ND (1987): Mycotoxin hazards in agriculture: new approach to control-abstract. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 190, 1671
200. Phillips TD, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Taylor DR, Heidelbaugh ND (1988): Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: A high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry Science 67, 243-247
201. Phillips TD, Lemke SL, Grant PG (2002): Characterization of clay-based enterosorbents for the prevention of aflatoxicosis. Mycotoxins and Food Safety 504, 157-171
202. Pie S, Awati A, Vida S, Falluel I, Williams BA, Oswald IP (2007): Effects of added fermentable carbohydrates in the diet on intestinal proinflammatory cytokinespecific mRNA content in weaning piglets. Journal of Animal Science 85, 637-683
203. Piva A, Prandini A, Fiorentini L, Morlacchini M, Galvano F, Luchansky JB (2002): Tributyrin and lactitol synergistically enhanced the trophic status of the intestinal mucosa and reduced histamine levels in the gut of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 670-680
204. Piva A, Casadei G, Gatta PP, Luchansky JB, Biagi G (2005): Effect of lactitol, lactic acid bacteria, or their combinations (synbiotic) on intestinal proteolysis in vitro, and on feed efficiency in weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, 345-353
205. Pollman DS, Danielson DM, Peo ER (1980): Effect of microbial feed additives on performance of starter and growing-finnishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 51, 577-581
206. Pond WG, Yen JT, Lindvall RN, Maurer RR (1981): Effect of pig breed group and of soil or clinoptilolite (a-zeolite) in the pen environment on preweaning weightgain and survival. Nutrition Reports International 24, 443-449
207. Pond WG, Yen JT (1987): Effect of supplemental carbadox, and antibiotic combination, or clinoptilolite on weight-gain and organ weigts of growing swine fed maize or rye as the grain sources. Nutrition Reports International 35, 801-809
208. Pond WG, Yen JT, Varel VH (1988): Response of growing swine to dietary copper and clinoptilolite supplementation. Nutrition Reports International 37, 795-803
209. Prvulovic D, Jovanovi-Galovic A, Stanitic B, Popovic M, Grubor-Lajsic G (2007): Effects of a clinoptilolite supplement in pig diets on performance and serum parameters. Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, 159-164
210. Ramu J, Clark K, Woode GN, Sarr AB, Phillips TD (1997): Adsorption of cholera and heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins by various adsorbents: An in vitro study. Journal of Food Protection 60, 358-362
211. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Neuhaus P (2009): Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics in surgery-are they only trendy, truly effective or even dangerous? Langenbecks Archives of Surgery 394, 547-555
212. Reiter K, Eggebrecht S, Drewes B, Riess M, Weyrauch KD (2006): Effect of Enterococcus faecium and Bacil lus cereus var. toyoi on the morphology of the intestinal mucous membrane in piglets. Biologia Bratislava 61, 1-7
213. Rekiel A, Wiecek J (1996): Effect of preparations Biogen and Microferm-fer on the rearing results of piglets. Veterinary Medicine 52, 187-189
214. Rhoads JM, Wu G (2009): Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino Acids 37, 111-122
215. Ringo E, Bendiksen HR, Gausen SJ, Sundsfjord A, Olsen RE (1998): The effect of dietary fatty acids on lactic acid bacteria associated with the epithelial mucosa and from faecalia of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 85, 855-864
216. Rizzi L, Simioli M, Roncada P, Zaghini A (2003): Aflatoxin B1 and clinoptilolite in feed for laying hens: Effects on egg quality, mycotoxin residues in livers, and hepatic mixed-function oxygenase activities. Journal of Food Protection 66, 860-865
217. Roberfroid MB (1998): Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. British Journal of Nutrition 80 (Suppl. 2), 197-202
218. Robinson IM, Allison MJ, Bucklin JA (1981): Characterization of the cecal bacteria of normal pigs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41, 950-955
219. Rojas M, Conway PL (1996): Colonization by lactobacilli of piglet small intestinal mucus. Journal of Applied bacteriology 81, 474-480
220. Roselli M, Finamore A, Britti MS, Bosi P, Oswald I, Mengheri E (2005): Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results. Animal Research 54, 203-218
221. Roth FX, Kirchgessner M (1986): Nutritive effects of Streptococcus-faecium (strain M-74) in broiler chicks. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 50, 225-228
222. Roth FX, Kirchgessner M (1998): Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 25-33
223. Roth FX, Eidelsburger U, Kirchgessner M (1992a): Influence of fumaric-acid, hydrochlorid-acid, sodium formate, tylosin and toyocerin on dry-matter content, pH value, concentration of carbonic-acids and ammonia in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. 12. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organicacids in the rearing of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 68, 93-103
224. Roth FX, Kirchgessner M, Eidelsburger U, Gedek B (1992b): Nutritive efficacy of Bacillus cereus as a probiotic in the fattening of calves. 1. Influence on fattening performance, carcass criteia and microbial activity in the small intestine. Agribiological Research-Zeitschrift fur Agrarbiologie Agrikulturchemie okologie 45, 294-302
225. Roth FX, Windisch W, Kirchgessner M (1998): Effect of potassium diformate (Formi (TM) LHS) on nitrogen metabolism and nutrient digestibility in piglets at graded dietary lysine supply. Agribiological Research 51, 167-175
226. Russo M, Galletti GC, Bocchini P, Carnacini A (1998): Essential oil chemical composition of wild populations of Italian oregano spice (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum letswaart): A preliminary evaluation of their use in chemotaxonomy by cluster analysis. 1. Inflorescences. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 3741-3746
227. Said SA, Shibl AM, Abdullah ME (1980): Influence of various agents on adsorption capacity of kaolin for pseudomonas-aeruginosa toxin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69, 1238-1239
228. Scott ME, Koski KG (2000): Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1412-1420
229. Scharek L, Guth J, Reiter K, Weyrauch KD, Tara D, Schwerk P, Schierack P, Schmidt MF, Wieler LH, Tedin K (2005): Influence of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain on development of the immune system of sows and piglets. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 105, 151-161
230. Scharek L, Altherr BJ, Tolke C, Schidt MFG (2007): Influence of the probiotic Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the intestinal immunity of piglets. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 120, 136-147
231. Schell TC, Lindemann MD, Kornegay ET, Blodgett DJ, Doerr JA (1993a): Effectiveness of different types of clay for reducing the detrimental effects of aflatoxincontaminated diets on performance and serum profiles of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1226-1231
232. Schell TC, Lindemann MD, Kornegay ET, Blodgett DJ (1993b): Effects of feeding aflatoxin-contaminated diets with and without clay to weanling and growing pigs on performance, liver function, and mineral metabolism. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1209-1218
233. Scheuermann SE (1993): Effect of the probiotic Paciflor (C.I.P. 5832) on energy and protein metabolism in growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 41, 181-189
234. Setia A, Bhandari SK, House JD, Nyachoti CM, Krause DO (2009): Development and in vitro evaluation of an Escherichia coli probiotic able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli K88. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2005-2012
235. Shi YH, Xu ZR, Feng JL, Xia MS, Hu CH (2005): Effects of modified montmorillonite nanocomposite on growing/ finishing pigs during aflatoxicosis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18, 1305-1309
236. Shi YH, Xu ZR, Wang CZ, Sun Y (2007): Efficacy of two different types of montmorillonite to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in pigs. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 473-478
237. Shim SB, Verstegen WA, Kim IH, Kwon OS, Verdonk JMAJ (2005): Effects of feeding antibiotic-free creep feed supplemented with oligofructose, probiotics or synbiotics to suckling piglets increases the preweaning weight gain and composition of intestinal microbiota. Archives of Animal Nutrition 59, 419-427
238. Shim SB, Verdonk JMAJ, Pellikaan WF, Verstegen MWA (2007): Differences in microbial activities of faeces from weaned and unweaned pigs in relation to in vitro fermentation of different sources of inulin-type oligofructose and pig feed ingredients. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 1444-1452
239. Shu Q, Qu F, Gill HS (2001): Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weaning diarrhea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutrition 33, 171-177
240. Sissons JW (1989): Potential of probiotic organisms to prevent diarrhea and promote digestion in farm animals: a review. Journal of Food and Agriculture Science 49, 1-13
241. Skirrow SZ, Buddle JR, Mercy AR, Madec F, Nicholls RR (1997): Epidemiological studies of pig diseases: 2. Postweaning diarrhoea and performance in Western Australian pigs. Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 282-288
242. Smiricky-Tjardes MR, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Fahey GC (2003): Dietary galactooligosaccharides affect ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility, ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations, and ileal fermentative characterisctics of growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2535-2545
243. Smith HW, Huggins MB (1983): Effectiveness of phages in treating experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves, piglets and lambs. Journal of General Microbiology 129, 2659-2675
244. Song DS, Kang BH, Oh JS, Ha GW, Yang JS, Moon HJ, Jang YS, Park BK (2006): Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for rapid differential detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine group A rotavirus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18, 278-281
245. Sorensen MT, Vestergaard EM, Jensen SK, Lauridsen C, Hojsgaard S (2009): Performance and diaahoea in piglets following weaning at seven weeks of age: Challenge with E. coli O 149 and effect of dietary factors. Livestock Science 123, 314-321
246. Sousa CP (2006): The versatile strategies of Escherichia coli pathotypes: a mini review. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 12, 363-373
247. Spencer BT, Howell PG (1989): Some husbandry factors influencing weaning stresses in piglets. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 60, 62-64
248. Spencer KJ, Touchette KJ, Liu H, Allee GL, Newcomb MD, Kerley MS, Pace LW (1997): Effect of spray-dried plasma and fructooligosacharide on nursery performance and small intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75 (Suppl. 1), 199
249. Spriet SM, Decuypere JA, Henderickx HK (1987): Effect of Bacillus toyoi (Toyocerin) on the gastrointestinal microflora, concentration of some bacterial metabolites, digestibility of the nutrients and the small intestinal mean retention time in pigs. Medelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 52, 71-75
250. Srivastava RC, Ferookh A, Ahmad N, Mistra M, Hasan SK, Husain M. (1995): Reduction of Cis-platinum induced nephrotoxicity by zinc histidine complex: The possible implication of nitric oxide. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 36, 855-862
251. Stokes CR, Bailey M, Haverson K, Harris C, Jones P, Inman C, Pie S, Oswald IP, Williams BA, Akkermans ADL, Sowa E, Rothkoetter HJ, Miller BG (2004): Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning. Animal Research 53, 325-334
252. Svensmark B, Nielsen K, Willeberg P, Jorsal SE (1989): Epidemiological studies of piglet diarrhoea in intensively managed Danish sow herds. 2. Post-weaning diarrhoea. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 30, 55-62
253. Taras D, Vahjen W, Macha M, Simon O (2005): Response of performance characteristics and faecal consistency to long-lasting dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to sows and piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 59, 405-417
254. Tatara MR, Sliwa E, Dudek K, Gawron A, Piersiak T, Dobrowolski P, Mosiwicz J, Siwicki AK, Studzinski T (2008): Aged garlic extract and allicin improve performance and gastrointestinal tract development of piglets reared in artificial sow. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 15, 63-69
255. Teitelbaum JE, Walker WA (2002): Nutritional impact of pre-and probiotics as protective gastrointestinal organisms. Annual Review of Nutrition 22, 107-138
256. Thomsson A, Rantzer D, Botermans J, Svedsen J (2008): The effect of feeding system at weaning on performance, health and feeding behaviour of pigs of different sizes. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section AAnimal Science 58, 78-83
257. Trckova M, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Pavlik I (2004): Kaolin, bentonite, and zeolites as feed supplements for animals: health advantages and risks. Veterinarni Medicina 49, 389-399. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/ 49-10-389.pdf
258. Trckova M, Vondruskova H, Zraly Z, Alexa P, Hamrik J, Kummer V, Maskova J, Mrlik V, Krizova K, Slana I, Leva L, Pavlik I (2009): The effect of kaolin feeding on efficiency, health status and course of diarrhoeal infections caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains in weaned piglets. Veterinarni Medicina 54, 47-63. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/54-2-47.pdf
259. Tuohy KM, Rouzaud GCM, Bruck WM, Gibson GR (2005): Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics-assessment of efficacy. Current Pharmaceutical Design 11, 75-90
260. Ushe TC, Nagy B (1985): Inhibition of small intestinal colonization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by Streptococcus faecium M74 in pigs. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Serie BUmwelthygiene Krankenhaushygiene Arbeitshygiene Praventive Medizin 181, 374-382
261. Utiyama CE, Oetting LL, Giani PA, Ruiz UDS, Miyada VS (2006): Effects of antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics and herbal extracts on intestinal microbiology, diarrhea incidence and performance of weanling pigs. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 35, 2359-2367
262. Van Heugten E, Spears JW, Kegley EB, Ward JD, Qureshi MA (2003): Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2063-2067
263. Varley M (2002): Real future for herbal nutraceuticals. Pig Progress 18, 34-35
264. Velebil D (2009): Clay minerals (in Czech). The National Museum, Prague. http://www.velebil.net/mineraly/ jilove-mineraly
265. Visentini PRS, Berto DA, Wechsler FS, Wechsler FS, Cardoso TA, Castro VD (2008): Feeding piglets in the nursey with rations containing fructooligosacharides. Ciencia Rural 38, 1402-1406
266. Vrzgula L, Bartko P, Blazovsky J, Kozac J (1982): The effect of the administration of clinoptilolite on the health condition, blood picture and weight gains of pigs (in Czech). Veterinarni Medicina 27, 267-274
267. Walsh CT, Sandstead HH, Prasad AS, Newberne PM, Fraker PJ (1994): Zinc: health effects and research priorities for the 1990s. Environment and Health Perspective 102, 5-46
268. Wang JJ, Chen LX, Li P, Li XL, Zhou HJ, Wang FL, Li DF, Yin YL, Wu GY (2009): Gene expression is altered in piglet small intestine by weaning and dietary glutamine supplementation. Journal of Nutrition 138, 1025-1032
269. Wapnir RA (2000): Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and gastrointestinal tract. Journal Nutrition 130, 1388-1392
270. Wattrang E, Wallgren P, Lindberg A, Fossum C (1998): Signs of infections and reduced immune functions at weaning of conventionally reared and specific pathogen free pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 45, 7-17
271. Wegener HC, Aarestrup FM, Jensen LB, Hammerum AM, Bager F (1998): The association between the use of antimicrobial growth promoting and therapeutic antimicrobials. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7, 7-14
272. Williams LB, Haydel SE, Giese RF, Eberl DD (2008): Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of French green clays used for healing. Clays and Clay Minerals 56, 437-452
273. Wilson AD, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ (1989): Effect of age on absorption and immune-responses to weaning or introduction of novel dietary antigens in pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 46, 180-186
274. Xia MS, Hu CH, Xu ZR, Ye Y, Zhou YH, Xiong L (2004): Effects of copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) on Escherichia coli and diarrhea on weanling pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 17, 1712-1716
275. Xia MS, Hu CH, Xu ZR (2005): Effects of copper bearing montmorillonite on the growth performance, intestinal microflora and morphology of weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 118, 307-317
276. Xu S, Sheng G, Boyd SA (1997): Use of organoclays in pollution abatement. Advances in Agronomy 59, 25-62
277. Xu ZR, Han XY, Wang YZ (2004): Effects on growth and cadmium residues from feeding cadmium-added diets with and without montmorillonite nanocomposite to growing pigs. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 46, 238-241
278. Ye Y, Zhou YH, Xia MS, Hu CH, Ling HF (2003): A new type of inorganic antibacterial material: Cu-bearing montmorillonite and discussion on its mechanism. Journal of Inorganic Materials 18, 569-574
279. Yu D.Y., Xu Z.R., Yang X.G. (2005): Effects of lead and particulate montmorillonite on growth performance, hormone and organ weight in pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18, 1775-1779
280. Yu DY, Li XL, Li WF (2008): Effect of montmorillonite superfine composite on growth performance and tis sue lead level in pigs. Biological Trace Element Research 125, 229-235
281. Zanchi R, Canzi E, Molteni L, Scozzoli M (2008): Effect of Camellia sinensis L. whole plant extract on piglet intestinal ecosystem. Annals of Microbiology 58, 147-152
282. Zhou YH, Xia MS, Ye Y, Hu CH (2004): Antimicrobial ability of Cu2+-montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science 27, 215-218
283. Zimmermann B, Bauer E, Mosenthin R (2001): Pro-and prebiotics in pig nutrition-potential modulators of gut health? Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 10, 47-56