Organic acids in diets for entire male pigs: Effect on skatole level, microbiota in digesta, and growth performance

Livestock Science

Volumn 115, Issue 2-3, 2008, Pages 169-178

  Overland M ^a,b   Kjos, N P ^b   Borg, M ^b   Skjerve, E ^b   Sorum H ^b  

^a Aquaculture Protein Centre   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

Butyrate; Entire male pigs; Microbiota; Organic acids; Skatole

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ENTEROCOCCUS; SUIDAE;

EID: 42149118963     PISSN: 18711413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.07.007     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Andersson H.K., Andersson K., Zamaratskaia G., Rydhmer L., Chen G., and Lundström K. Effect of single-sex or mixed rearing and live weight on performance, technological meat quality and sexual maturity in entire male and female pigs fed raw potato starch. Acta Agric. Scand., A Anim. Sci. 5 (2005) 80-90
2. Andresen Ø. Development of a radioimmunoassay for 5aandro-16-en-one in pig peripheral plasma. Acta Endocrinol. 76 (1974) 377-387
3. AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 15th edition (1990), Association of Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
4. Bolduan G., Jung H., Schneider R., Block J., and Klenke B. Influence of propionic- and formic acid on piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 59 (1988) 72-78
5. Canibe N., Steien S.H., Øverland M., and Jensen B.B. Effect of K-diformate in starter diets on acidity, microbiota, and the amount of organic acids in the digestive tract of piglets, and on gastric alterations. J. Anim. Sci. 79 (2001) 2123-2133
6. Claus R., Weiler U., and Herzog A. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar-a review with experimental data. Meat Sci. 38 (1994) 289-305
7. Claus R., Lösel D., Lacorn M., Mentschel J., and Schenkel H. Effects of butyrate on apoptosis in the pig colon and its consequences for skatole formation and tissue accumulation. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (2003) 239-248
8. Claus R., Günthner D., and Letzguß H. Effects of feeding fat-coated butyrate on mucosal morphology and function in the small intestine of the pig. J. Anim. Phys Anim. Nutr. 91 (2007) 312-318
9. Eckel B., Roth F.X., Kirchgessner M., and Eidelburger U. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure auf die Konzentratin an Ammoniak und biogenen Aminen im Gastrointestinaltrakt. Mitteilung. Untersuchungen zur nutritiven Wirksamkeit von organischen Säuren in der Ferkelaufzucht. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 67 (1992) 198-205
10. Fukata T., Hadate Y., Baba E., and Arakawa A. Influence of bacteria on Clostridium perfringens infections in young chickens. Avian Dis. 35 (1991) 224-227
11. Garrido M.N., Skjervheim M., Oppegaard H., and Sørum H. Acidified litter benefits the intestinal flora balance of broiler chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 5208-5213
12. Gedek v.B., Kirchgessner M., Eidelsburger U., Wiehler S., Bott A., and Roth F.X. Influence of formic acid on the microflora in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. 5. Communication. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organic acids in the rearing of piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 67 (1992) 206-214
13. Gibis, M., 1994. Einfluß der Substanzen Indol und Skatol auf die Schweinefleichqualität. PhD Thesis, University of Hohenheim, 1994.
14. Hans-Møller J. Rapid high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of androstenone, skatole and indole in back fat from pigs. J. Chromatogr., B, Biomed. Sci. Appl. 661 (1994) 219-230
15. Hansen L.L., Larsen A.E., Jensen B.B., and Hansen-Møller J. Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with feces plus urine on boar taint. Anim. Sci. 64 (1997) 351-363
16. Hass R., Busche R., Luciano L., Reale E., and von Engelhardt W. Lack of butyrate is associated with induction of bax and subsequent apoptosis in the proximal colon of guinea pig. Gastroenterology 112 (1997) 875-881
17. Hawe S.M., Walker N., and Moss B.W. The effects of dietary fiber, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs. Anim. Prod. 54 (1992) 413-419
18. Jensen M.T., and Jensen B.B. Gas chromatographic determination of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) in bacterial culture media, intestinal contents and feces. J. Chromatogr., B, Biomed. Sci. Appl. 655 (1994) 275-280
19. Jensen M.T., Cox R.P., and Jensen B.B. Microbial production of skatole in the hind gut of pigs given different diets and its relation to skatole deposition in backfat. Anim. Sci. 61 (1995) 293-304
20. Kirchgessner M., Paulicks B.R., and Roth F.X. Effects of supplementation of diformate complexes (Formi ⇔ LHS) on growth and carcass performance of piglets and fattening pigs in response to application time. Agribiol. Res. 50 (1997) 1-6
21. Kluge H., Broz J., and Eder K. Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 90 (2006) 316-324
22. Lanthier F., Lou Y., Terner M.A., and Squires E. Characterizing developmental changes in plasma and tissue skatole concentrations in the pre-pubescent intact male pig. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (2006) 1699-1708
23. Lösel D., and Claus R. Dose-dependent effects of resistant potato starch in the diet on intestinal skatole formation and adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. J. Vet. Med., Ser. A 52 (2005) 209-212
24. Maribo H., Olsen L.E., Jensen B.B., and Miquel N. Products for piglets: the combination of lactic acid, formic acid and benzoic acids. The National Committee for Pig Production. Danish Bacon and Meat Council vol. 490 (2000) Copenhagen, Denmark
25. Mentschel J., and Claus R. Increased butyrate formation in the pig colon by feeding raw potato starch leads to a reduction of colonocyte apoptosis and a shift to the stem cell compartment. Metabolism 52 (2003) 1400-1405
26. Mortensen A.B., and Sørensen S.E. Relationship between boar taint and skatole determined with a new analysis method. Proceedings of the 30th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers, Bristol (1984) 394-396
27. NRC. Pages 117-122 in Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 9th rev. ed. (1998), Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC
28. OJEC. Commission Directive 98/64/EC. Off. J. Eur. Communities L257 (1998) 14-28 Brussels, Belgium
29. Øverland M., Granli T., Kjos N.P., Fjetland O., Stokstad M., and Steien S.H. Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (2000) 1875-1884
30. Partanen K., and Mroz Z. Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets. Nutr. Res. Rev. 12 (1999) 117-145
31. Prohàszka L., and Baron F. The predisposing role of high dietary protein supplies in enteropathogenic E. coli infections of weaned pigs. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed., Reihe B 27 (1980) 222-232
32. Rideout T.C., Fan M.Z., Cant J.P., Wagner-Riddle C., and Stonehouse P. Excretion of major odor-causing and acidifying compounds in response to dietary supplementation of chicory inulin in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 82 (2004) 1678-1684
33. Roth, F.X., Kirchgessner, M., 1998. Organic acids as feed additives for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects. Proceedings Journal of Animal and feed Sciences, Vol. 7, Supplement 1, 1998. pp 25-33. The satellite Symposium to the 49th Annual EAAP Meeting, August 1998, Jablonna, Poland.
34. SAS. SAS Users Guide (1990), SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA
35. Sofos J.N., Fagerberg D.J., and Quarles C.L. Effects of sorbic acid feed fungistat on the intestinal microflora of floor-reared broiler-chickens. Poultry Sci. 64 (1985) 832-840
36. Swanson K.M.J., Busta F.F., Peterson E.H., and Johnson M.G. Colony count methods. Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods (1992), American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C 75-95
37. Tuomola M., Harpio R., Knuuttila P., Mikola H., and Lövgren T. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the measurement of androstenone in porcine serum and fat samples. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45 (1997) 3529-3534
38. Visek W.J. The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics. J. Anim. Sci. 46 (1978) 1447-1469
39. Witte W., Jorsal S.E., Roth F.X., Kirchgessner M., Göransson L., Lange S., and Pedersen K.B. Future strategies with respect to the use of feed without antibiotic additives in pig production. Pig News Inf. 21 1 (2000) 27N-32N
40. Yokoyama M.T., and Carlson J.R. Microbial metabolites of tryptophan in the intestinal tract with special reference to skatole. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32 (1979) 173-178
41. Yokoyama M.T., Carlson J.R., and Holdeman L.V. Isolation and characteristics of a skatole-producing Lactobacillus sp. from the bovine rumen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34 (1977) 837-842
42. Zamaratskaia G., Babol J., Andersson H.K., Andersson K., and Lundström K. Effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93 (2005) 235-243
43. Xue J.L., Dial G.D., Holton E.E., Vickers Z., Squires E.J., Lou Y., Godbout D., and Morel N. Breed differences in boar taint: relationship between tissue levels of boar taint compounds and sensory analysis of taint. J. Anim. Sci. 74 (1996) 2170-2177