Dementia of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders - Memantine, a new hope

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-17

  Sonkusare, S K ^a   Kaul, C L ^a   Ramarao, P ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH NIPER   (India)

Author keywords

Dementia; Memantine; Neuroprotection; NMDA receptor antagonist; Preclinical and clinical studies

Indexed keywords

AGMATINE; ALKALOID; AMANTADINE; AMIRIDINE; AMISULPRIDE; APTIGANEL; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DICHLORVOS; DIZOCILPINE; DONEPEZIL; ELIPRODIL; FANAPANEL; GALANTAMINE; HEPTYLSTIGMINE TARTRATE; HUPERAZINE A; IDAZOXAN; IFENPRODIL; KETAMINE; MEMANTINE; METRIFONATE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; PHENCYCLIDINE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PRODRUG; REMACEMIDE; RIVASTIGMINE; SAFINAMIDE; TACRINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANOREXIA; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL SURVIVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; EPILEPSY; EUROPEAN UNION; FATIGUE; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GERMANY; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LIVER TOXICITY; MUSCLE CRAMP; NAUSEA; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNITED STATES; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; MEMANTINE; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 7044231698     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Filley C.M. Alzheimer's disease: it's irreversible but not untreatable. Geriatrics. 50:1995;18-23
2. Khachaturian Z.S. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 42:1985;1097-1105
3. Areosa SA, Sherriff F. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD003154.
4. Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 81:2001;741-766
5. Suh Y.H., Checler F. Amyloid precursor protein, presenilins, and alpha-synuclein: molecular pathogenesis and pharmacological applications in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rev. 54:2002;469-525
6. Wenk G.L., Danysz W., Roice D.D. The effects of mitochondrial failure upon cholinergic toxicity in the nucleus basalis. Neuroreport. 7:1996;1453-1456
7. Scorer C.A. Preclinical and clinical challenges in the development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today. 6:2001;1207-1219
8. Hake A.M. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cleveland Clin. J. Med. 68:2001;608-616
9. Cocabelos R., Nordberg A., Caamano J., Franco-Maside A., Fernandez-Novoa L., Gomez M.J., et al. Molecular strategies for the first generation of antidementia drugs(I). Tacrine and related compounds. Drugs Today. 30:1994;259-337
10. Bryson H.M., Benfield P. Donepezil. Drugs Aging. 10:1997;234-239. [discussion 231-40]
11. Scott L.J., Goa K.L. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease. Drugs. 60:2000;1095-1122
12. Imbimbo B.P., Martelli P., Troetel W.M., Lucchelli F., Lucca U., Thal L.J. Efficacy and safety of eptastigmine for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 52:1999;700-708
13. Bai D.L., Tang X.C., He X.C., Huperzine A. a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Med Chem. 7:2000;355-374
14. Toda N., Tago K., Marumoto S., Takami K., Ori M., Yamada N., et al. A conformational restriction approach to the development of dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter as potential agents for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem. 11:2003;4389-4415
15. Clausen T., Bullock R. Medical treatment and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des. 7:2001;1517-1532
16. Helmuth L. New therapies. New Alzheimer's treatments that may ease the mind. Science. 297:2002;1260-1262
17. Scarpini E., Scheltens P., Feldman H. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: current status and new perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2:2003;539-547
18. Doerfler P., Shearman M.S., Perlmutter R.M. Presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity modulates thymocyte development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;9312-9317
19. Iwata N., Tsubuki S., Takaki Y., Shirotani K., Lu B., Gerard N.P., et al. Metabolic regulation of brain Abeta by neprilysin. Science. 292:2001;1550-1552
20. Brown M. Gene therapy success for Alzheimer's? Drug Discov Today. 8:2003;474-475
21. Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M. Oxidants antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of ageing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;7915-7922
22. Bachurin S.O. Medicinal chemistry approaches for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev. 23:2003;48-88
23. McGeer E.G., McGeer P.L. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 27:2003;741-749
24. Dominguez D.I., De Strooper B. Novel therapeutic strategies provide the real test for the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23:2002;324-330
25. Breitner J.C. NSAIDs Alzheimer's disease: how far to generalise from trials? Lancet Neurol. 2:2003;527
26. Kojro E., Gimpl G., Lammich S., Marz W., Fahrenholz F. Low cholesterol stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway by its effect on alpha-secretase ADAM 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;5815-5820
27. Simons M., Keller P., De Strooper B., Beyreuther K., Dotti C.G., Simons K. Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;6460-6464
28. Fassbender K., Simons M., Bergmann C., Stroick M., Lutjohann D., Keller P., et al. Simvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Abeta 40 in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;5856-5861
29. Kwak B., Mulhaupt F., Myit S., Mach F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med. 6:2000;1399-1402
30. Hrncic R., Wall J., Wolfenbarger D.A., Murphy C.L., Schell M., Weiss D.T., et al. Antibody-mediated resolution of light chain-associated amyloid deposits. Am J Pathol. 157:2000;1239-1246
31. Schenk D. Amyloid-beta immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:2002;824-828
32. Hirschfield G.M., Hawkins P.N. Amyloidosis: new strategies for treatment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 35:2003;1608-1613
33. McGeer P.L., McGeer E. Is there a future for vaccination as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Neurobiol Aging. 24:2003;391-395
34. Cherny R.A., Legg J.T., McLean C.A., Fairlie D.P., Huang X., Atwood C.S., et al. Aqueous dissolution of Alzheimer's disease Abeta amyloid deposits by biometal depletion. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;23223-23228
35. Bush A.I. The metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 26:2003;207-214
36. Huang X., Cuajungco M.P., Atwood C.S., Hartshorn M.A., Tyndall J.D., Hanson G.R., et al. Cu(II) potentiation of alzheimer abeta neurotoxicity. Correlation with cell-free hydrogen peroxide production and metal reduction. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;37111-37116
37. Kordower J.H., Isacson O., Emerich D.F. Cellular delivery of trophic factors for the treatment of Huntington's disease: is neuroprotection possible? Exp Neurol. 159:1999;4-20
38. Mandelkow E. Alzheimer's disease The tangled tale of tau. Nature. 402:1999;588-589
39. Sherwin B.B. Estrogen and cognitive aging in women. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23:2002;527-534
40. Witt A., Macdonald N., Kirkpatrick P. Memantine hydrochloride. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 3:2004;109-110
41. Wenk G.L. Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 64(Suppl 9):2003;7-10
42. Kornhuber J., Weller M. Psychotogenicity and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism: implications for neuroprotective pharmacotherapy. Biol Psychiatry. 41:1997;135-144
43. Doraiswamy P.M. Alzheimer's disease and the glutamate NMDA receptor. Psychopharmacol Bull. 37:2003;41-49
44. Meldrum B.S. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr. 130:2000;1007S-1015S
45. Kemp J.A., McKernan R.M. NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets. Nat Neurosci. 5(Suppl):2002;1039-1042
46. Rogawski M.A., Wenk G.L. The neuropharmacological basis for the use of memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drug Rev. 9:2003;275-308
47. Naish H.J., Marsh W.L., Davies J.A. Effect of low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonists on electrical activity in mouse cortical slices. Eur J Pharmacol. 443:2002;79-83
48. Calzada J.I., Jones B.E., Netland P.A., Johnson D.A. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina: neuroprotection with receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan, but not with calcium channel blockers. Neurochem Res. 27:2002;79-88
49. Carlsson K.C., Hoem N.O., Moberg E.R., Mathisen L.C. Analgesic effect of dextromethorphan in neuropathic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 48:2004;328-336
50. Weinbroum A.A., Ben-Abraham R. Dextromethorphan and dexmedetomidine: new agents for the control of perioperative pain. Eur J Surg. 167:2001;563-569
51. Palmer G.C. Neuroprotection by NMDA receptor antagonists in a variety of neuropathologies. Curr Drug Targets. 2:2001;241-271
52. Hoyer S., Riederer P. Pathomechanisms and hypothesis-guided therapeutic strategies for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatry. 71(Suppl 1):2003;S16-S26
53. Molinuevo J.L. Memantine. Neurologia. 18:2003;255-261
54. Wilcock G.K. Memantine for the treatment of dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2:2003;503-505
55. Kilpatrick G.J., Tilbrook G.S. Memantine. Merz. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 3:2002;798-806
56. Erkinjuntti T., Kurz A., Gauthier S., Bullock R., Lilienfeld S., Damaraju C.V. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 359:2002;1283-1290
57. Orgogozo J.M., Rigaud A.S., Stoffler A., Mobius H.J., Forette F. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke. 33:2002;1834-1839
58. Rustembegovic A., Kundurovic Z., Sapcanin A., Sofic E. A placebo-controlled study of memantine (Ebixa) in dementia of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Med Arh. 57:2003;149-150
59. Jain K.K. Evaluation of memantine for neuroprotection in dementia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 9:2000;1397-1406
60. Parsons C.G., Danysz W., Bartmann A., Spielmanns P., Frankiewicz T., Hesselink M., et al. Amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes are novel uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with strong voltage-dependency and fast blocking kinetics: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Neuropharmacology. 38:1999;85-108
61. Sobolevsky A., Koshelev S. Two blocking sites of amino-adamantane derivatives in open N-methyl-D-aspartate channels. Biophys J. 74:1998;1305-1319
62. Headley P.M., Grillner S. Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 11:1990;205-211
63. McBain C.J., Mayer M.L. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function. Physiol Rev. 74:1994;723-760
64. Das S., Sasaki Y.F., Rothe T., Premkumar L.S., Takasu M., Crandall J.E., et al. Increased NMDA current and spine density in mice lacking the NMDA receptor subunit NR3A. Nature. 393:1998;377-381
65. Nowak L., Bregestovski P., Ascher P., Herbet A., Prochiantz A. Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature. 307:1984;462-465
66. Clements J.D., Lester R.A., Tong G., Jahr C.E., Westbrook G.L. The time course of glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Science. 258:1992;1498-1501
67. Beal M.F. Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses? Ann Neurol. 31:1992;119-130
68. Nicholls D.G., Ward M.W. Mitochondrial membrane potential and neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity: mortality and millivolts. Trends Neurosci. 23:2000;166-174
69. Green D.R., Reed J.C. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science. 281:1998;1309-1312
70. Molecule of the month. Memantine hydrochloride. Drug News Perspect 2003;16:5.
71. Meldrum B., Garthwaite J. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 11:1990;379-387
72. Harkany T., Hortobagyi T., Sasvari M., Konya C., Penke B., Luiten P.G., et al. Neuroprotective approaches in experimental models of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 23:1999;963-1008
73. Greenamyre J.T., Young A.B. Excitatory amino acids and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 10:1989;593-602
74. Harris M.E., Wang Y., Pedigo N.W. Jr., Hensley K., Butterfield D.A., Carney J.M. Amyloid beta peptide (25-35) inhibits Na+-dependent glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem. 67:1996;277-286
75. Couratier P., Lesort M., Sindou P., Esclaire F., Yardin C., Hugon J. Modifications of neuronal phosphorylated tau immunoreactivity induced by NMDA toxicity. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 27:1996;259-273
76. Arias C., Arrieta I., Tapia R. Beta-amyloid peptide fragment 25-35 potentiates the calcium-dependent release of excitatory amino acids from depolarized hippocampal slices. J Neurosci Res. 41:1995;561-566
77. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Engl J Med. 330:1994;613-622
78. Doraiswamy P.M. Non-cholinergic strategies for treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs. 16:2002;811-824
79. Lupp A., Kerst S., Karge E. Evaluation of possible pro- or antioxidative properties and of the interaction capacity with the microsomal cytochrome P450 system of different NMDA-receptor ligands and of taurine in vitro. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 54:2003;441-448
80. Lu B. BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Learn Mem. 10:2003;86-98
81. Marvanova M., Lakso M., Pirhonen J., Nawa H., Wong G., Castren E. The neuroprotective agent memantine induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and trkB receptor expression in rat brain. Mol Cell Neurosci. 18:2001;247-258
82. Mizuno M., Yamada K., He J., Nakajima A., Nabeshima T. Involvement of BDNF receptor TrkB in spatial memory formation. Learn Mem. 10:2003;108-115
83. Sweatt J.D. The neuronal MAP kinase cascade: a biochemical signal integration system subserving synaptic plasticity and memory. J Neurochem. 76:2001;1-10
84. Orban P.C., Chapman P.F., Brambilla R. Is the Ras-MAPK signalling pathway necessary for long-term memory formation? Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;38-44
85. Rammes G., Rupprecht R., Ferrari U., Zieglgansberger W., Parsons C.G. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT(3) receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett. 306:2001;81-84
86. Masuo K., Enomoto K., Maeno T. Effects of memantine on the frog neuromuscular junction. Eur J Pharmacol. 130:1986;187-195
87. Buisson B., Bertrand D. Open-channel blockers at the human alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 53:1998;555-563
88. Kim W.K., Choi Y.B., Rayudu P.V., Das P., Asaad W., Arnelle D.R., et al. Attenuation of NMDA receptor activity and neurotoxicity by nitroxyl anion, NO. Neuron. 24:1999;461-469
89. Choi Y.B., Tenneti L., Le D.A., Ortiz J., Bai G., Chen H.S., et al. Molecular basis of NMDA receptor-coupled ion channel modulation by S-nitrosylation. Nat Neurosci. 3:2000;15-21
90. Lipton S.A., Gendelman H.E. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 332:1995;934-940
91. Le D.A., Lipton S.A. Potential and current use of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in diseases of aging. Drugs Aging. 18:2001;717-724
92. El Idrissi A., Trenkner E. Growth factors and taurine protect against excitotoxicity by stabilizing calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism. J Neurosci. 19:1999;9459-9468
93. Dreyer E.B., Grosskreutz C.L. Excitatory mechanisms in retinal ganglion cell death in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Clin Neurosci. 4:1997;270-273
94. Naskar R., Vorwerk C.K., Dreyer E.B. Saving the nerve from glaucoma: memantine to caspaces. Semin Ophthalmol. 14:1999;152-158
95. Lipton S.A. Possible role for memantine in protecting retinal ganglion cells from glaucomatous damage. Surv Ophthalmol. 48(Suppl 1):2003;S38-S46
96. Hare W., WoldeMussie E., Lai R., Ton H., Ruiz G., Feldmann B., et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine, an NMDA-type open-channel blocker, for reduction of retinal injury associated with experimental glaucoma in rat and monkey. Surv Ophthalmol. 45(Suppl 3):2001;S284-S289. [discussion S286-95]
97. Danysz W., Parsons C.G., Kornhuber J., Schmidt W.J., Quack G. Aminoadamantanes as NMDA receptor antagonists and antiparkinsonian agents - preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 21:1997;455-468
98. Lange K.W., Kornhuber J., Riederer P. Dopamine/glutamate interactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 21:1997;393-400
99. Stieg P.E., Sathi S., Warach S., Le D.A., Lipton S.A. Neuroprotection by the NMDA receptor-associated open-channel blocker memantine in a photothrombotic model of cerebral focal ischemia in neonatal rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 375:1999;115-120
100. Kohl B.K., Dannhardt G. The NMDA receptor complex: a promising target for novel antiepileptic strategies. Curr Med Chem. 8:2001;1275-1289
101. Paul C., Bolton C. Modulation of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neurological deficits during acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 302:2002;50-57
102. Maldonado C., Cauli O., Rodriguez-Arias M., Aguilar M.A., Minarro J. Memantine presents different effects from MK-801 in motivational and physical signs of morphine withdrawal. Behav Brain Res. 144:2003;25-35
103. Levi M.S., Borne R.F. A review of chemical agents in the pharmacotherapy of addiction. Curr Med Chem. 9:2002;1807-1818
104. Parsons C.G., Danysz W., Quack G. Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology. 38:1999;735-767
105. Berrino L., Oliva P., Massimo F., Aurilio C., Maione S., Grella A., et al. Antinociceptive effect in mice of intraperitoneal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in the formalin test. Eur J Pain. 7:2003;131-137
106. Smith P.F. Therapeutic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists: will reality meet expectation? Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 4:2003;826-832
107. Villetti G., Bergamaschi M., Bassani F., Bolzoni P.T., Maiorino M., Pietra C., et al. Antinociceptive activity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist N-(2-indanyl)-glycinamide hydrochloride (CHF3381) in experimental models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 306:2003;804-814
108. Parsons C.G., Quack G., Bresink I., Baran L., Przegalinski E., Kostowski W., et al. Comparison of the potency, kinetics and voltage-dependency of a series of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in vitro with anticonvulsive and motor impairment activity in vivo. Neuropharmacology. 34:1995;1239-1258
109. Barnes C.A., Danysz W., Parsons C.G. Effects of the uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on hippocampal long-term potentiation, short-term exploratory modulation and spatial memory in awake, freely moving rats. Eur J Neurosci. 8:1996;565-571
110. Danysz W., Parsons C.G. The NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as a symptomatological and neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical evidence. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 18:2003;S23-S32
111. Zajaczkowski W., Frankiewicz T., Parsons C.G., Danysz W. Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate NMDA-induced impairment of passive avoidance learning and LTP. Neuropharmacology. 36:1997;961-971
112. Zajaczkowski W., Quack G., Danysz W. Infusion of (+)-MK-801 and memantine - contrasting effects on radial maze learning in rats with entorhinal cortex lesion. Eur J Pharmacol. 296:1996;239-246
113. Bachurin S., Tkachenko S., Baskin I., Lermontova N., Mukhina T., Petrova L., et al. Neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing properties of MK-801 flexible analogs. Structure-activity relationships. Ann NY Acad Sci. 939:2001;219-236
114. Miguel-Hidalgo J.J., Alvarez X.A., Cacabelos R., Quack G. Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid(1-40). Brain Res. 958:2002;210-221
115. Muller W.E., Schroder H.C., Ushijima H., Dapper J., Bormann J. gp120 of HIV-1 induces apoptosis in rat cortical cell cultures: prevention by memantine. Eur J Pharmacol. 226:1992;209-214
116. Winblad B., Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9M-Best Study (benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 14:1999;135-146
117. Ruther E., Glaser A., Bleich S., Degner D., Wiltfang J. A prospective PMS study to validate the sensitivity for change of the D-scale in advanced stages of dementia using the NMDA-antagonist memantine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 33:2000;103-108
118. Hartmann S., Mobius H.J. Tolerability of memantine in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia therapy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 18:2003;81-85
119. Wenk G.L., Quack G., Moebius H.J., Danysz W. No interaction of memantine with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors approved for clinical use. Life Sci. 66:2000;1079-1083
120. Tariot P.N., Farlow M.R., Grossberg G.T., Graham S.M., McDonald S., Gergel I. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291:2004;317-324
121. Reisberg B., Doody R., Stoffler A., Schmitt F., Ferris S., Mobius H.J. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 348:2003;1333-1341
122. Jarvis B., Figgitt D.P. Memantine. Drugs Aging. 20:2003;465-476. [discussion 468-77]
123. Wilcock G., Mobius H.J., Stoffler A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 17:2002;297-305
124. Porter R.H., Greenamyre J.T. Regional variations in the pharmacology of NMDA receptor channel blockers: implications for therapeutic potential. J Neurochem. 64:1995;614-623
125. Zajaczkowski W., Hetman M., Nikolaev E., Quack G., Danysz W., Kaczmarek L. Behavioural evaluation of long-term neurotoxic effects of NMDA receptor antagonists. Neurotox Res. 1:2000;299-310
126. Hesselink M.B., De Boer B.G., Breimer D.D., Danysz W. Brain penetration and in vivo recovery of NMDA receptor antagonists amantadine and memantine: a quantitative microdialysis study. Pharm Res. 16:1999;637-642
127. Kornhuber J., Bormann J., Hubers M., Rusche K., Riederer P. Effects of the 1-amino-adamantanes at the MK-801-binding site of the NMDA-receptor-gated ion channel: a human postmortem brain study. Eur J Pharmacol. 206:1991;297-300
128. Kornhuber J., Quack G. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine in man. Neurosci Lett. 195:1995;137-139
129. Ametamey S.M., Samnick S., Leenders K.L., Vontobel P., Quack G., Parsons C.G., et al. Fluorine-18 radiolabelling, biodistribution studies and preliminary PET evaluation of a new memantine derivative for imaging the NMDA receptor. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 19:1999;129-141
130. Freudenthaler S., Meineke I., Schreeb K.H., Boakye E., Gundert-Remy U., Gleiter C.H. Influence of urine pH and urinary flow on the renal excretion of memantine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 46:1998;541-546
131. Frankiewicz T., Potier B., Bashir Z.I., Collingridge G.L., Parsons C.G. Effects of memantine and MK-801 on NMDA-induced currents in cultured neurones and on synaptic transmission and LTP in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol. 117:1996;689-697
132. Wenk G.L., Danysz W., Mobley S.L. MK-801, memantine and amantadine show neuroprotective activity in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Eur J Pharmacol. 293:1995;267-270
133. Spanagel R., Eilbacher B., Wilke R. Memantine-induced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of the rat - a pharmacokinetic microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol. 262:1994;21-26
134. Hesselink M.B., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D., Danysz W. Dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex in response to memantine following sub-chronic NMDA receptor blockade with memantine: a microdialysis study in rats. J Neural Transm. 106:1999;803-818
135. Fredriksson A., Danysz W., Quack G., Archer T. Co-administration of memantine and amantadine with sub/suprathreshold doses of L-Dopa restores motor behaviour of MPTP-treated mice. J Neural Transm. 108:2001;167-187
136. Fisher A., Starr M.S. Opposite effects of glutamate antagonists and antiparkinsonian drugs on the activities of DOPA decarboxylase and 5-HTP decarboxylase in the rat brain. Brain Res. 868:2000;268-274
137. Fredriksson A., Archer T. Functional alteration by NMDA antagonist: effects of L-Dopa, neuroleptics drug and postnatal administration. Amino Acids. 23:2002;111-132
138. Kozela E., Danysz W., Popik P. Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists potentiate morphine antinociception recorded from the tail but not from the hind paw in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 423:2001;17-26
139. Belozertseva I.V., Dravolina O.A., Neznanova O.N., Danysz W., Bespalov A.Y. Antinociceptive activity of combination of morphine and NMDA receptor antagonists depends on the inter-injection interval. Eur J Pharmacol. 396:2000;77-83
140. Peeters M., Maloteaux J.M., Hermans E. Distinct effects of amantadine and memantine on dopaminergic transmission in the rat striatum. Neurosci Lett. 343:2003;205-209
141. Hesselink M.B., Smolders H., Eilbacher B., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D., Danysz W. The role of probenecid-sensitive organic acid transport in the pharmacokinetics of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists acting at the glycine(B)-site: microdialysis and maximum electroshock seizures studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 290:1999;543-550
142. Olmos G., DeGregorio-Rocasolano N., Paz Regalado M., Gasull T., Assumpcio Boronat M., Trullas R., et al. Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 127:1999;1317-1326
143. Pabel J., Hofner G., Wanner K.T. Synthesis and resolution of racemic eliprodil and evaluation of the enantiomers of eliprodil as NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 10:2000;1377-1380
144. Schoemaker H., Claustre Y., Fage D., Rouquier L., Chergui K., Curet O., et al. Neurochemical characteristics of amisulpride, an atypical dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with both presynaptic and limbic selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 280:1997;83-97
145. Hu L.Y., Guo J., Magar S.S., Fischer J.B., Burke-Howie K.J., Durant G.J. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-(2,5-disubstituted phenyl)-N′-(3-substituted phenyl)-N′-methylguanidines as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion-channel blockers. J Med Chem. 40:1997;4281-4289
146. Thompson W.J., Anderson P.S., Britcher S.F., Lyle T.A., Thies J.E., Magill C.A., et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of dibenzo[a,d]cycloalkenimines as N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. J Med Chem. 33:1990;789-808
147. Turski L., Huth A., Sheardown M., McDonald F., Neuhaus R., Schneider H.H., et al. ZK200775: a phosphonate quinoxalinedione AMPA antagonist for neuroprotection in stroke and trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;10960-10965
148. Karbon E.W., Abreu M.E., Erickson R.H., Kaiser C., Natalie K.J. Jr., Clissold D.B., et al. NPC 16377, a potent and selective sigma-ligand. I. Receptor binding, neurochemical and neuroendocrine profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 265:1993;866-875
149. Salvati P., Maj R., Caccia C., Cervini M.A., Fornaretto M.G., Lamberti E., et al. Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 288:1999;1151-1159
150. Baudy R.B., Fletcher H. III, Yardley J.P., Zaleska M.M., Bramlett D.R., Tasse R.P., et al. Design, synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of highly potent benzimidazole-spaced phosphono-alpha-amino acid competitive NMDA antagonists of the AP-6 type. J Med Chem. 44:2001;1516-1529
151. Gortelmeyer R., Erbler H. Memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndrome. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arzneimittelforschung. 42:1992;904-913