Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis: Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 10, Issue 21, 2004, Pages 3081-3087

  Weber, Lutz W ^a,b   Boll, Meinrad ^b   Stampfl, Andreas ^b  

^a GSF Natl Res Ctr Environ/Health ^*  (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; FATTY ACID DERIVATIVE; HELIX LOOP HELIX PROTEIN; INSULIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; OXYSTEROL; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GOLGI COMPLEX; HOMEOSTASIS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOGENESIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW;

EID: 7044223211     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i21.3081     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Small DM, Shipley GG. Physical-chemical basis of lipid deposition in atherosclerosis. Science 1974; 185: 222-229
2. Simons K, Ikonen E. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature 1997; 387: 569-572
3. Anderson RG. The caveolae membrane system. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67: 199-225
4. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990; 343: 425-430
5. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. The SREBP pathway: Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell 1997; 89: 331-340
6. Edwards PA, Tabor D, Kast HR, Venkateswaran A. Regulation of gene expression by SREBP and SCAP. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1529: 103-113
7. Schoonjans K, Brendel C, Mangelsdorf D, Auwerx J. Sterols and gene expression: control of affluence. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1529: 114-125
8. Goldstein JL, Rawson RB, Brown MS. Mutant mammalian cells as tools to delineate the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway for feedback regulation of lipid synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 329: 139-148
9. Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1125-1131
10. Jackson MS, Ericsson J, Edwards PA. Signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Subcell Biochem 1997; 28: 1-21
11. Björkhem I, Andersson O, Diczfalusy U, Sevastik B, Xin RJ, Duan C, Lund E. Atherosclerosis and sterol 27-hydroxylase: Evidence for a role of this enzyme in elimination of cholesterol from human macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 8592-8596
12. Lehmann JM, Kliewer ST, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Oliver BB, Su JL, Sundseth SS, Winegar DA, Blanchard DE, Spencer TA, Willson TM. Activation of nuclear receptor LXR by oxysterols defines a new hormone pathway. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 3137-3140
13. Schwarz M, Lund EG, Russell DW. Two 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzymes in bile acid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998; 9: 113-118
14. Russell DW. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu Rev Biochem 2003; 73: 137-174
15. Babiker A, Anderson O, Lund E, Xiu RJ, Deeb S, Reshef A, Leitersdorf E, Diczfalusy U, Björkhem I. Elimination of cholesterol in macrophage and endothelial cells by the sterol 27-hydroxylase mechanism. Comparison with high density lipoprotein-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 26253-26261
16. Ishibashi S, Schwarz M, Frykman PK, Herz J, Russell DW. Disruption of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene in mice. I. Postnatal lethality reversed by bile acids and vitamin supplementation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 18017-18023
17. Janowski BA, Willy PJ, Devi TR, Falck JR, Mangelsdorf DJ. An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXRa. Nature 1996; 383: 728-731
18. Ventakeswaran A, Lefitte BA, Josyl SB, Mak PA, Wilpitz DC, Edwards PA, Tontonoz P. Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 12097-12102
19. Edwards PA, Ericsson J. Sterols and isoprenoids: Signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 1999; 68: 157-185
20. Hua X, Yokoyama C, Wu J, Briggs MR, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Wang X. SREBP-2, a second basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that stimulates transcription by binding to sterol regulatory elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 11603-11607
21. Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, Admon A, Wu J, Hua X, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBP-1, a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the LDL receptor gene. Cell 1993; 75: 187-197
22. Hua X, Wu J, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Hobbs HH. Structure of human gene encoding sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBF1) and localization of SREBF1 and SREBF2 to chromosomes 17p11.2 and 22q13. Genomics 1995; 25: 667-673
23. Shimomura I, Shimano H, Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Differential expression of exons 1a and 1c in the mRNAs of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human and mouse organs and cultured cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 838-845
24. Miserez, AR, Cao G, Probst L, Hobbs HH. Structure of the human gene encoding sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). Genomics 1997; 40: 31-40
25. Tontonoz P, Kim JB, Graves RA, Spiegelman BM. ADD 1: a novel helix-loop-helix transcription factor associated with adipocyte determination and differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13: 4752-4759
26. Shimano H, Horton JD, Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Isoform-1c of sterol regulatory element-binding protein is less active than isoform 1a in livers of transgenic mice and in cultured cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 846-854
27. Sato R, Yang J, Wang X, Evans MJ, Ho YK, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Assignment of the membrane attachment, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation domains of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 17267-17273
28. Hua X, Sakai J, Ho YK, Brown JL, Goldstein MS. Hairpin orientation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 in cell membranes as determined by protease protection. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29422-29427
29. Duncan EA, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Sakai J. Cleavage site for sterol regulatory protease localized to a Leu-Ser bond in lumenal loop of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 12778-12785
30. Magaña MM, Osborne TF. Two tandem binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins are required for sterol regulation of fatty acid synthase promoter. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 32689-32694
31. Hua X, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Sterol resistance in CHO cells traced to point mutations in SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP). Cell 1996; 87: 415-426
32. Nohturfft A, Hua X, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Recurrent G-to-A substitution in a single codon of SREBP cleavage-activating protein causes sterol resistance in three mutant CHO cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 13709-13714
33. Nohturfft A, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Topology of SREBP cleavage activating protein, a polytopic membrane protein with a sterol sensing domain. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 17243-17250
34. Liscum L, Finer-Moore J, Stroud RM, Luskey KL, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Domain structure of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 522-530
35. Olender EH, Simoni RD. The intracellular targeting and membrane topology of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 4223-4235
36. Neer EJ, Schmidt CJ, Nambudripad R, Smith TF. The ancient regulatory protein family of WD-repeat proteins. Nature 1994; 371: 297-300
37. Sakai J, Nohturfft A, Cheng D, Ho YK, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Identification of complexes between the COOH-terminal domain of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBPs) and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 20213-20221
38. Nohturfft A, Jabe D, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Espenshade PJ. Regulated step in cholesterol feed back localized to budding of SCAP from ER membranes. Cell 2000; 102: 315-323
39. Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL. SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis. Cell 1994; 77: 53-62
40. Hua X, Sakai J, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Regulated cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) requires sequences on both sides of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 10379-10384
41. Sakai J, Duncan EA, Rawson RB, Hua X, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Sterol regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes require two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment. Cell 1996; 85: 1037-1046
42. Sakai J, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) at site-1 requires interaction with SREBP cleavage-activating protein. Evidence from in vivo competition studies. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5785-5793
43. DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS, Li WP, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Espenshade PJ. Transport dependent proteolysis of SREBP: relocation of site-1 protease protein from Golgi to ER. Cell 1999; 99: 703-712
44. Brown AJ, Sun L, Feramisco JD, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Cholesterol addition to ER membranes alters conformation of SCAP, the SREBP escort protein that regulates cholesterol metabolism. Mol Cell 2002; 10: 237-245
45. Espenshade PJ, Cheng D, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Autocatalytic processing of site-1 protease removes propeptide and permits cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 22795-22804
46. Rawson RB, Zelenski NG, Nijhawan D, Ye J, Sakai J, Hasan MT, Chang TY, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Complementation cloning of S2P, a gene encoding a putative metalloprotease required for intramembrane cleavage of SREBPs. Mol Cell 1997; 1: 47-57
47. Duncan EA, Dave UP, Sakai J, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Second-site cleavage in sterol regulatory element-binding protein occurs at transmembrane junction as determined by cysteine panning. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 17801-17809
48. Brown MS, Ye J, Rawson RB, Goldstein JL. Regulated intramembrane proteo-lysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Cell 2000; 100: 391-398
49. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells and blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 11041-11048
50. Nohturfft A, DeBose-Boyd RA, Scheek S, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Sterols regulate cycling of SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 11235-11240
51. Sato R, Inoue J, Kawabe Y, Kodama T, Takano T, Maeda M. Sterol-dependent transcriptional regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 26461-26464
52. Metherall JE, Ridgway ND, Dawson PA, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. A 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant cell line deficient in acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 12734-12740
53. Yang J, Sato R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Sterol-resistant transcription in CHO cells caused by gene rearrangement that truncates SREBP-2. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 1910-1919
54. Korn BS, Shimomura I, Bashmakov Y, Hammer RE, Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Blunted feedback suppression of SREBP processing by dietary cholesterol in transgenic mice expressing sterol-resistant SCAP/D443N. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 2050-2060
55. Rawson RB, Cheng D, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Isolation of cholesterol-requiring mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells with defects in cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins at site 1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 28261-28269
56. Hasan MT, Chang CC, Chang TY. Somatic cell genetic and biochemical characterization of cell lines resulting from human genomic DNA transfections of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in sterol-dependent activation of sterol synthesis and LDL receptor expression. Somat Cell Mol Genet 1994; 20: 183-194
57. Rawson RB, DeBose-Boyd R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Failure to cleave sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) causes cholesterol auxotrophy in Chinese hamster ovary cells with genetic absence of SREBP cleavage-activating protein. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 28549-28556
58. Sheng Z, Otani H, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Independent regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 in hamster liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 935-938
59. Yahagi N, Shimano H, Hasty AH, Amemiya-Kudo M, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Shionoiri F, Ohashi K, Osuga J, Harada K, Gotoda T, Nagai R, Ishibashi S, Yamada N. A crucial role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 in the regulation of lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 35840-35844
60. Mourrieras F, Foufelle F, Foretz M, Morin J, Bouche S, Ferre P. Induction of fatty acid synthase and S14 gene expression by glucose, xylitol and dihydroxyacetone in cultured rat hepatocytes is closely correlated with glucose 6-phosphate concentrations. Biochem J 1997; 326: 345-349
61. Sanchez HB, Yieh L, Osborne TF. Cooperation by sterol regulatory element-binding protein and Sp1 in sterol regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 1161-1169
62. Dooley KA, Millinder S, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase gene through a direct interaction between sterol regulatory element binding protein and the trimeric CCAAT-binding factor/nuclear factor Y. J. Biol Chem 1998; 273: 1349-1356
63. Dooley KA, Benett MK, Osborne TF. A critical role for cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) as a coactivator in sterol-regulated transcription of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzymne A synthase promoter. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 5285-5291
64. Magaña MM, Koo SH, Towle HC, Osborne TF. Different sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 isoforms utilize distinct co-regulatory factors to activate the promoter of fatty acid synthetase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 4762-4733
65. Oliner JD, Andresen JM, Hansen SK, Zhou S, Tjian R. SREBP transcriptional activity is mediated through an interaction with the CREB-binding protein. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 2903-2911
66. Ericsson J, Edwards PA. CBP is required for sterol-regulated and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-regulated transcription. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 17865-17870
67. Näär AM, Beaurang PA, Zhou S, Abraham S, Solomon W, Tjian R. Composite co-activator ARC mediates chromatin-directed transcriptional activation. Nature 1999; 389: 828-832
68. Näär AM, Beaurang PA, Robinson KM, Oliner JD, Avizonis D, Scheek S, Zwicker J, Kadonaga JT, Tjian R. Chromatin, TAFs, and a novel multiprotein coactivator are required for synergistic activation by Sp1 and SREBP-1a in vitro. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 3020-3031
69. Ericsson J, Jackson SM, Kim JB, Spiegelman BM, Edwards PA. Identification of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase as an adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1- and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-responsive gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 7298-7305
70. Guan G, Dai PH, Osborne TF, Kim JB, Shechter I. Multiple sequence elements are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human squalene synthase gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 10295-10302
71. Guan G, Dai PH, Shechter I. Differential transcriptional regulation of the human squalene synthase gene by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) 1a and 2 and involvement of 5′ DNA sequence elements in the regulation. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 12526-12535
72. Sakakura Y, Shimano H, Sone H, Takahashi A, Inoue K, Toyoshima H, Suzuki S, Yamada N. Sterol regulatory element -binding proteins induce an entire pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286: 176-183
73. Horton JD, Shimomura I, Brown MS, Hammer RE, Goldstein JL, Shimano H. Acivation of cholesterol synthesis in preference to fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue of transgenic mice overproducing sterol regulatory element binding protein-2. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2331-2339
74. Moon YA, Shah NA, Mohapatra S, Warrington JA, Horton JD. Identification of a mammalian long chain fatty acyl elongase regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 45358-45366
75. Shimomura I, Shimano H, Korn BS, Bashmakov Y, Horton JD. Nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins activate genes responsible for the entire program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in transgenic mouse livers. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 35299-35306
76. Flier JS, Hollenberg AN. ADD-1 provides major new insight into the mechanism of insulin action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 14191-14192
77. Foretz M, Guichard C, Ferre P, Foufelle F. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is a major mediator of insulin action on the hepatic expression of gluco-kinase and lipogenesis-related genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 12737-12742
78. Kim JB, Sarraf P, Wright M, Yao KM, Mueller E, Solanes G, Lowell BB, Spiegelman BM. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1-9
79. Shimano H, Yahagi N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Hasty AH, Osuga J, Tamura Y, Shionoiri F, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Harada K, Gotoda T, Ishibashi S, Yamada N. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 as a key transcription factor for nutritional induction of lipogenic enzyme genes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 35832-35839
80. Mitchell KJ, Pinson KI, Kelly OG, Brennan J, Zupicich J, Scherz P, Leighton PA, Goodrich LV, Lu X, Avery BJ, Tate P, Dill K, Pangilinan E, Wakenight P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Skarnes WC. Functional analysis of secreted and transmembrane proteins critical to mouse development. Nat Genet 2001; 28: 241-249
81. Yang J, Goldstein JL, Hammer RE, Moon YA, Brown MS, Horton JD. Decreased lipid synthesis in livers of mice with disrupted site-1 protease gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 13607-13612
82. Soukas A, Cohen P, Socci ND, Friedman JM. Leptin-specific patterns of gene expression in white adipose tissue. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 963-980
83. Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Ikemoto S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature 1999; 401: 73-76
84. Libby P, Aikawa M, Schönbeck U. Cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1529: 299-309