Monocytes and macrophages as cellular targets in liver fibrosis

Inflammation and Allergy - Drug Targets

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 307-318

  Heymann, Felix ^a   Trautwein, Christian ^a   Tacke, Frank ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

CCR2; Chemokines; Kupffer cell; Liver cirrhosis; Liver fibrosis; Macrophage; Monocyte; TGF

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; COLLAGEN; INTERLEUKIN 10; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; SCLEROPROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ARTICLE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL SUBPOPULATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG TARGETING; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROGENESIS; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; KUPFFER CELL; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER INJURY; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MONOCYTE; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; PLASTICITY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REMISSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STELLATE CELL; TARGET CELL;

ANIMALS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOKINES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MACROPHAGES; MONOCYTES; RECEPTORS, CCR2; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 70349538626     PISSN: 18715281     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152809789352230     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Wallace, K.; Burt, A.D.; Wright, M.C. Liver fibrosis. Biochem. J., 2008, 411(1), 1-18.
2. Fallowfield, J.A.; Kendall, T.J.; Iredale, J.P. Reversal of fibrosis: no longer a pipe dream? Clin. Liver. Dis., 2006, 10(3), 481-97, viii.
3. Issa, R.; Zhou, X.; Constandinou, C.M.; Fallowfield, J.; Millward-Sadler, H.; Gaca, M.D.; Sands, E.; Suliman, I.; Trim, N.; Knorr, A.; Arthur, M.J.; Benyon, R.C.; Iredale, J.P. Spontaneous recovery from micronodular cirrhosis: evidence for incomplete resolution associated with matrix cross-linking. Gastroenterology, 2004, 126(7), 1795-808.
4. Vennervald, B. J.; Dunne, D. W. Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 17(5), 439-47.
5. Berg, M.; Wingender, G.; Djandji, D.; Hegenbarth, S.; Momburg, F.; Hammerling, G.; Limmer, A.; Knolle, P. Cross-presentation of antigens from apoptotic tumor cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to tumor-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance. Eur. J. Immunol., 2006, 36(11), 2960-70.
6. Limmer, A.; Knolle, P. A. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: a new type of organ-resident antigen-presenting cell. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz) 2001, 49(Suppl 1), S7-11.
7. Schildberg, F.A.; Hegenbarth, S.I.; Schumak, B.; Scholz, K.; Limmer, A.; Knolle, P.A.. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells veto CD8 T cell activation by antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 2008, 38(4), 957-67.
8. Crispe, I.N. Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2003, 3(1), 51-62.
9. Crispe, I.N.; Giannandrea, M.; Klein, I.; John, B.; Sampson, B.; Wuensch, S. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver tolerance. Immunol. Rev., 2006, 213, 101-18.
10. Racanelli, V.; Rehermann, B. The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology, 2006, 43(2 Suppl 1), S54-62.
11. Wynn, T.A. Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(3), 524-9.
12. Tomasek, J. J.; Gabbiani, G.; Hinz, B.; Chaponnier, C.; Brown, R.A. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2002, 3(5), 349-63.
13. Kumar, V.; Abbas, A.K.; Fausto, N. Tissue renewal and repair: regeneration, healing and fibrosis. Pathologic Basis of Disease, Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia PA, 2005, pp. 87-118.
14. Kumagai, K.; Ohno, I.; Okada, S.; Ohkawara, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Shinya, T.; Nagase, H.; Iwata, K.; Shirato, K. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases prevents allergen-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. J. Immunol., 1999, 162(7), 4212-9.
15. Cataldo, D.D.; Tournoy, K.G.; Vermaelen, K.; Munaut, C.; Foidart, J.M.; Louis, R.; Noel, A.; Pauwels, R.A. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency impairs cellular infiltration and bronchial hyperresponsiveness during allergen-induced airway inflammation. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 161(2), 491-8.
16. Gong, Y.; Hart, E.; Shchurin, A.; Hoover-Plow, J. Inflammatory macrophage migration requires MMP-9 activation by plasminogen in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 2008, 118(9), 3012-24.
17. Wynn, T.A. IL-13 effector functions. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2003, 21, 425-56.
18. Li, M.O.; Wan, Y.Y.; Sanjabi, S.; Robertson, A.K.; Flavell, R.A. Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2006, 24, 99-146.
19. Parsons, C.J.; Takashima, M.; Rippe, R.A. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2007, 22(Suppl 1), S79-84.
20. Strieter, R.M.; Gomperts, B.N.; Keane, M.P. The role of CXC chemokines in pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(3), 549-56.
21. Arthur, M.J. Fibrogenesis II. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in liver fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol., 2000, 279(2), G245-9.
22. Pardo, A.; Selman, M. Matrix metalloproteases in aberrant fibrotic tissue remodeling. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2006, 3(4), 383-8.
23. Friedman, S.L.; Roll, F.J.; Boyles, J.; Bissell, D.M. Hepatic lipocytes: the principal collagen-producing cells of normal rat liver. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1985, 82(24), 8681-5.
24. Blomhoff, R.; Wake, K. Perisinusoidal stellate cells of the liver: important roles in retinol metabolism and fibrosis. FASEB J., 1991, 5(3), 271-7.
25. Friedman, S. L. Mechanisms of disease: Mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis and therapeutic implications. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2004, 1(2), 98-105.
26. Iredale, J.P. Models of liver fibrosis: exploring the dynamic nature of inflammation and repair in a solid organ. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(3), 539-48.
27. Marra, F.; DeFranco, R.; Grappone, C.; Milani, S.; Pastacaldi, S.; Pinzani, M.; Romanelli, R.G.; Laffi, G.; Gentilini, P. Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 during active hepatic fibrogenesis: correlation with monocyte infiltration. Am. J. Pathol., 1998, 152(2), 423-30.
28. Seki, E.; De Minicis, S.; Osterreicher, C.H.; Kluwe, J.; Osawa, Y.; Brenner, D. A.; Schwabe, R. F. TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis. Nat. Med., 2007, 13(11), 1324-32.
29. Gabele, E.; Brenner, D.A.; Rippe, R.A. Liver fibrosis: signals leading to the amplification of the fibrogenic hepatic stellate cell. Front. Biosci., 2003, 8, d69-77.
30. Marra, F.; DeFranco, R.; Grappone, C.; Parola, M.; Milani, S.; Leonarduzzi, G.; Pastacaldi, S.; Wenzel, U.O.; Pinzani, M.; Dianzani, M.U.; Laffi, G.; Gentilini, P. Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 precedes monocyte recruitment in a rat model of acute liver injury, and is modulated by vitamin E. J. Investig. Med., 1999, 47(1), 66-75.
31. Benyon, R.C.; Arthur, M.J. Extracellular matrix degradation and the role of hepatic stellate cells. Semin. Liver Dis., 2001, 21(3), 373-84.
32. Benyon, R.C.; Iredale, J.P.; Goddard, S.; Winwood, P.J.; Arthur, M.J., Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 is increased in fibrotic human liver. Gastroenterology, 1996, 110(3), 821-31.
33. Gressner, A.M. Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) to myofibroblasts: a key event in hepatic fibrogenesis. Kidney Int. Suppl., 1996, 54, S39-45.
34. Bataller, R.; Brenner, D.A. Liver fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115(2), 209-18.
35. Wynn, T.A. Fibrotic disease and the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, 4(8), 583-94.
36. Roth, S.; Gong, W.; Gressner, A.M. Expression of different isoforms of TGF-beta and the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) by rat Kupffer cells. J. Hepatol., 1998, 29(6), 915-22.
37. Roth, S.; Michel, K.; Gressner, A.M. (Latent) transforming growth factor beta in liver parenchymal cells, its injury-dependent release, and paracrine effects on rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology, 1998, 27(4), 1003-12.
38. Gorelik, L.; Flavell, R.A., Transforming growth factor-beta in T-cell biology. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2002, 2(1), 46-53.
39. Letterio, J.J.; Roberts, A.B. Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1998, 16, 137-61.
40. Van Obberghen-Schilling, E.; Roche, N.S.; Flanders, K.C.; Sporn, M.B.; Roberts, A.B. Transforming growth factor beta 1 positively regulates its own expression in normal and transformed cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263(16), 7741-6.
41. Kim, S.J.; Jeang, K.T.; Glick, A.B.; Sporn, M.B.; Roberts, A.B. Promoter sequences of the human transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene responsive to transforming growth factor-beta 1 autoinduction. J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264(12), 7041-5.
42. Kim, S.J.; Park, K.; Koeller, D.; Kim, K.Y.; Wakefield, L.M.; Sporn, M.B.; Roberts, A.B. Post-transcriptional regulation of the human transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267(19), 13702-7.
43. Allison, R.S.; Mumy, M.L.; Wakefield, L.M. Translational control elements in the major human transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA. Growth Factors, 1998, 16(2), 89-100.
44. Flanders, K.C.; Sullivan, C.D.; Fujii, M.; Sowers, A.; Anzano, M. A.; Arabshahi, A.; Major, C.; Deng, C.; Russo, A.; Mitchell, J.B.; Roberts, A. B. Mice lacking Smad3 are protected against cutaneous injury induced by ionizing radiation. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 160(3), 1057-68.
45. Sato, M.; Muragaki, Y.; Saika, S.; Roberts, A.B.; Ooshima, A., Targeted disruption of TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling protects against renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 112(10), 1486-94.
46. Roberts, A.B.; Russo, A.; Felici, A.; Flanders, K.C. Smad3: a key player in pathogenetic mechanisms dependent on TGF-beta. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, 2003, 995, 1-10.
47. Lanone, S.; Zheng, T.; Zhu, Z.; Liu, W.; Lee, C.G.; Ma, B.; Chen, Q.; Homer, R.J.; Wang, J.; Rabach, L.A.; Rabach, M.E.; Shipley, J.M.; Shapiro, S.D.; Senior, R.M.; Elias, J.A. Overlapping and enzyme-specific contributions of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and -12 in IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling. J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 110(4), 463-74.
48. Lee, C.G.; Homer, R.J.; Zhu, Z.; Lanone, S.; Wang, X.; Koteliansky, V.; Shipley, J.M.; Gotwals, P.; Noble, P.; Chen, Q.; Senior, R.M.; Elias, J.A. Interleukin-13 induces tissue fibrosis by selectively stimulating and activating transforming growth factor beta(1). J. Exp. Med., 2001, 194(6), 809-21.
49. Kitani, A.; Fuss, I.; Nakamura, K.; Kumaki, F.; Usui, T.; Strober, W. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-producing regulatory T cells induce Smad-mediated interleukin 10 secretion that facilitates coordinated immunoregulatory activity and amelioration of TGF-beta1-mediated fibrosis. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 198(8), 1179-88.
50. Chen, C.H.; Seguin-Devaux, C.; Burke, N.A.; Oriss, T.B.; Watkins, S.C.; Clipstone, N.; Ray, A. Transforming growth factor beta blocks Tec kinase phosphorylation, Ca2+ influx, and NFATc translocation causing inhibition of T cell differentiation. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 197(12), 1689-99.
51. Ranges, G.E.; Figari, I.S.; Espevik, T.; Palladino, M.A.Jr. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Exp. Med., 1987, 166(4), 991-8.
52. Strobl, H.; Knapp, W. TGF-beta1 regulation of dendritic cells. Microbes Infect., 1999, 1(15), 1283-90.
53. Allen, J.B.; Manthey, C.L.; Hand, A.R.; Ohura, K. Ellingsworth, L.; Wahl, S. M., Rapid onset synovial inflammation and hyperplasia induced by transforming growth factor beta. J. Exp. Med., 1990, 171(1), 231-47.
54. Leibovich, S.J.; Wiseman, D.M., Macrophages, wound repair and angiogenesis. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 1988, 266, 131-45.
55. Wahl, S.M.; Allen, J.B.; Weeks, B.S.; Wong, H.L.; Klotman, P.E. Transforming growth factor beta enhances integrin expression and type IV collagenase secretion in human monocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90(10), 4577-81.
56. Wahl, S.M.; Hunt, D.A.; Wakefield, L.M.; McCartney-Francis, N.; Wahl, L.M.; Roberts, A.B.; Sporn, M.B. Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U S A 1987, 84(16), 5788-92.
57. Wiseman, D.M.; Polverini, P.J.; Kamp, D.W.; Leibovich, S.J. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is chemotactic for human monocytes and induces their expression of angiogenic activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1988, 157(2), 793-800.
58. Turner, M.; Chantry, D.; Feldmann, M. Transforming growth factor beta induces the production of interleukin 6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytokine, 1990, 2(3), 211-6.
59. Roberts, A.B.; Vodovotz, Y.; Roche, N.S.; Sporn, M.B.; Nathan, C.F., Role of nitric oxide in antagonistic effects of transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-1 beta on the beating rate of cultured cardiac myocytes. Mol. Endocrinol., 1992, 6(11), 1921-30.
60. Tsunawaki, S.; Sporn, M.; Ding, A.; Nathan, C. Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor-beta. Nature, 1988, 334(6179), 260-2.
61. Vodovotz, Y.; Bogdan, C.; Paik, J.; Xie, Q.W.; Nathan, C. Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor beta. J. Exp. Med., 1993, 178(2), 605-13.
62. Werner, F.; Jain, M.K.; Feinberg, M.W.; Sibinga, N.E.; Pellacani, A.; Wiesel, P.; Chin, M.T.; Topper, J.N.; Perrella, M.A.; Lee, M.E., Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibition of macrophage activation is mediated via Smad3. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(47), 36653-8.
63. Watanabe, T.; Barker, T.A.; Berk, B.C. Angiotensin II and the endothelium: diverse signals and effects. Hypertension, 2005, 45(2), 163-9.
64. Berk, B.C.; Fujiwara, K.; Lehoux, S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(3), 568-75.
65. Rosenkranz, S. TGF-beta1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling. Cardiovasc. Res., 2004, 63(3), 423-32.
66. Bataller, R.; Sancho-Bru, P.; Gines, P.; Brenner, D.A. Liver fibrogenesis: a new role for the renin-angiotensin system. Antioxid. Redox Signal, 2005, 7(9-10), 1346-55.
67. Moore, K.W.; de Waal Malefyt, R.; Coffman, R.L.; O'Garra, A. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2001, 19, 683-765.
68. Thompson, K.; Maltby, J.; Fallowfield, J.; McAulay, M.; Millward-Sadler, H.; Sheron, N. Interleukin-10 expression and function in experimental murine liver inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatology, 1998, 28(6), 1597-606.
69. Thompson, K.C.; Trowern, A.; Fowell, A.; Marathe, M.; Haycock, C.; Arthur, M.J.; Sheron, N. Primary rat and mouse hepatic stellate cells express the macrophage inhibitor cytokine interleukin-10 during the course of activation In vitro. Hepatology, 1998, 28(6), 1518-24.
70. Louis, H.; Van Laethem, J.L.; Wu, W.; Quertinmont, E.; Degraef, C.; Van den Berg, K.; Demols, A.; Goldman, M.; Le Moine, O.; Geerts, A.; Deviere, J. Interleukin-10 controls neutrophilic infiltration, hepatocyte proliferation, and liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Hepatology, 1998, 28(6), 1607-15.
71. Arai, T.; Abe, K.; Matsuoka, H.; Yoshida, M.; Mori, M.; Goya, S.; Kida, H.; Nishino, K.; Osaki, T.; Tachibana, I.; Kaneda, Y.; Hayashi, S. Introduction of the interleukin-10 gene into mice inhibited bleomycin-induced lung injury in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2000, 278(5), L914-22.
72. Demols, A.; Van Laethem, J.L.; Quertinmont, E.; Degraef, C.; Delhaye, M.; Geerts, A.; Deviere, J. Endogenous interleukin-10 modulates fibrosis and regeneration in experimental chronic pancreatitis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 2002, 282(6), G1105-12.
73. Phillips, R.J.; Burdick, M.D.; Hong, K.; Lutz, M.A.; Murray, L.A.; Xue, Y.Y.; Belperio, J.A.; Keane, M.P.; Strieter, R.M. Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2004, 114(3), 438-46.
74. Bucala, R.; Spiegel, L.A.; Chesney, J.; Hogan, M.; Cerami, A. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol. Med., 1994, 1(1), 71-81.
75. Moore, B.B.; Kolodsick, J.E.; Thannickal, V.J.; Cooke, K.; Moore, T.A.; Hogaboam, C.; Wilke, C.A.; Toews, G.B. CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. Am. J. Pathol., 2005, 166(3), 675-84.
76. Russo, F.P.; Alison, M.R.; Bigger, B.W.; Amofah, E.; Florou, A.; Amin, F.; Bou-Gharios, G.; Jeffery, R.; Iredale, J.P.; Forbes, S.J. The bone marrow functionally contributes to liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130(6), 1807-21.
77. Kalluri, R.; Neilson, E.G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 112(12), 1776-84.
78. Omenetti, A.; Porrello, A.; Jung, Y.; Yang, L.; Popov, Y.; Choi, S.S.; Witek, R.P.; Alpini, G.; Venter, J.; Vandongen, H.M.; Syn, W.K.; Baroni, G.S.; Benedetti, A.; Schuppan, D.; Diehl, A.M. Hedgehog signaling regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition during biliary fibrosis in rodents and humans. J. Clin. Invest., 2008, 118(10), 3331-42.
79. Doucet, C.; Brouty-Boye, D.; Pottin-Clemenceau, C.; Canonica, G. W.; Jasmin, C.; Azzarone, B. Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101(10), 2129-39.
80. Ong, C.J.; Ip, S.; Teh, S.J.; Wong, C.; Jirik, F.R.; Grusby, M.J.; Teh, H.S. A role for T helper 2 cells in mediating skin fibrosis in tight-skin mice. Cell Immunol., 1999, 196(1), 60-8.
81. Pesce, J.; Kaviratne, M.; Ramalingam, T.R.; Thompson, R.W.; Urban, J.F., Jr.; Cheever, A.W.; Young, D.A.; Collins, M.; Grusby, M.J.; Wynn, T.A. The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116(7), 2044-55.
82. Smith, R.E.; Strieter, R.M.; Phan, S.H.; Lukacs, N.W.; Huffnagle, G.B.; Wilke, C.A.; Burdick, M.D.; Lincoln, P.; Evanoff, H.; Kunkel, S.L. Production and function of murine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in bleomycin-induced lung injury. J. Immunol., 1994, 153(10), 4704-12.
83. Smith, R.E.; Strieter, R.M.; Zhang, K.; Phan, S.H.; Standiford, T.J.; Lukacs, N.W.; Kunkel, S.L. A role for C-C chemokines in fibrotic lung disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1995, 57(5), 782-7.
84. Marra, F.; Romanelli, R.G.; Giannini, C.; Failli, P.; Pastacaldi, S.; Arrighi, M.C.; Pinzani, M.; Laffi, G.; Montalto, P.; Gentilini, P. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 as a chemoattractant for human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology, 1999, 29(1), 140-8.
85. Swaminathan, S.; Griffin, M.D. First responders: understanding monocyte-lineage traffic in the acutely injured kidney. Kidney Int., 2008, 74(12), 1509-11.
86. Hesse, M.; Modolell, M.; La Flamme, A.C.; Schito, M.; Fuentes, J.M.; Cheever, A.W.; Pearce, E.J.; Wynn, T.A. Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 by type 1/type 2 cytokines in vivo: granulomatous pathology is shaped by the pattern of L-arginine metabolism. J. Immunol., 2001, 167(11), 6533-44.
87. Munder, M.; Eichmann, K.; Modolell, M. Alternative metabolic states in murine macrophages reflected by the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance: competitive regulation by CD4+ T cells correlates with Th1/Th2 phenotype. J. Immunol., 1998, 160(11), 5347-54.
88. Gordon, S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2003, 3(1), 23-35. 89 Mosser, D.M.; Edwards, J.P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, 8(12), 958-69.
89. Mosser, D.M.; Edwards, J.P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, 8(12), 958-69.
90. Dalton, D.K.; Pitts-Meek, S.; Keshav, S.; Figari, I.S.; Bradley, A.; Stewart, T.A. Multiple defects of immune cell function in mice with disrupted interferon-gamma genes. Science, 1993, 259(5102), 1739-42.
91. Ehrt, S.; Schnappinger, D.; Bekiranov, S.; Drenkow, J.; Shi, S.; Gingeras, T.R.; Gaasterland, T.; Schoolnik, G.; Nathan, C. Reprogramming of the macrophage transcriptome in response to interferon-gamma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: signaling roles of nitric oxide synthase-2 and phagocyte oxidase. J. Exp. Med., 2001, 194(8), 1123-40.
92. Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2003, 3(2), 133-46.
93. Trinchieri, G.; Rengaraju, M.; D'Andrea, A.; Valiante, N.M.; Kubin, M.; Aste, M.; Chehimi, J. Producer cells of interleukin-12. Immunol. Today, 1993, 14(5), 237-8.
94. Boehm, U.; Klamp, T.; Groot, M.; Howard, J.C. Cellular responses to interferon-gamma. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1997, 15, 749-95.
95. MacMicking, J.; Xie, Q.W.; Nathan, C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1997, 15, 323-50.
96. Mantovani, A.; Sica, A.; Sozzani, S.; Allavena, P.; Vecchi, A.; Locati, M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol., 2004, 25(12), 677-86.
97. Martinez, F.O.; Gordon, S.; Locati, M.; Mantovani, A. Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression. J. Immunol., 2006, 177(10), 7303-11.
98. Martinez, F.O.; Sica, A.; Mantovani, A.; Locati, M. Macrophage activation and polarization. Front Biosci., 2008, 13, 453-61.
99. Brubaker, J.O.; Montaner, L.J. Role of interleukin-13 in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand), 2001, 47(4), 637-51.
100. Stein, M.; Keshav, S.; Harris, N.; Gordon, S. Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. J. Exp. Med., 1992, 176(1), 287-92.
101. Jankovic, D.; Kullberg, M.C.; Noben-Trauth, N.; Caspar, P.; Ward, J.M.; Cheever, A.W.; Paul, W.E.; Sher, A. Schistosome-infected IL-4 receptor knockout (KO) mice, in contrast to IL-4 KO mice, fail to develop granulomatous pathology while maintaining the same lymphokine expression profile. J. Immunol., 1999, 163(1), 337-42.
102. Kristiansen, M.; Graversen, J.H.; Jacobsen, C.; Sonne, O.; Hoffman, H.J.; Law, S.K.; Moestrup, S.K. Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor. Nature, 2001, 409(6817), 198-201.
103. Kambayashi, T.; Jacob, C.O.; Strassmann, G. IL-4 and IL-13 modulate IL-10 release in endotoxin-stimulated murine peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes. Cell Immunol., 1996, 171(1), 153-8.
104. Gratchev, A.; Guillot, P.; Hakiy, N.; Politz, O.; Orfanos, C.E.; Schledzewski, K.; Goerdt, S. Alternatively activated macrophages differentially express fibronectin and its splice variants and the extracellular matrix protein betaIG-H3. Scand. J. Immunol., 2001, 53(4), 386-92.
105. Torocsik, D.; Bardos, H.; Nagy, L.; Adany, R. Identification of factor XIII-A as a marker of alternative macrophage activation. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2005, 62(18), 2132-9.
106. Kahnert, A.; Seiler, P.; Stein, M.; Bandermann, S.; Hahnke, K.; Mollenkopf, H.; Kaufmann, S.H. Alternative activation deprives macrophages of a coordinated defense program to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur. J. Immunol., 2006, 36(3), 631-47.
107. Naito, M.; Hasegawa, G.; Takahashi, K. Development, differentiation, and maturation of Kupffer cells. Microsc. Res. Tech., 1997, 39(4), 350-64.
108. Klein, I.; Cornejo, J.C.; Polakos, N. K.; John, B.; Wuensch, S.A.; Topham, D.J.; Pierce, R.H.; Crispe, I.N. Kupffer cell heterogeneity: functional properties of bone marrow derived and sessile hepatic macrophages. Blood, 2007, 110(12), 4077-85.
109. Duffield, J.S.; Forbes, S.J.; Constandinou, C.M.; Clay, S.; Partolina, M.; Vuthoori, S.; Wu, S.; Lang, R.; Iredale, J.P. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115(1), 56-65.
110. Imamura, M.; Ogawa, T.; Sasaguri, Y.; Chayama, K.; Ueno, H. Suppression of macrophage infiltration inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrogenesis in rats. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128(1), 138-46.
111. Luedde, T.; Liedtke, C.; Manns, M.P.; Trautwein, C. Losing balance: cytokine signaling and cell death in the context of hepatocyte injury and hepatic failure. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 2002, 13(4), 377-83.
112. Streetz, K.; Leifeld, L.; Grundmann, D.; Ramakers, J.; Eckert, K.; Spengler, U.; Brenner, D.; Manns, M.; Trautwein, C. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of human and murine fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology, 2000, 119(2), 446-60.
113. Streetz, K.L.; Tacke, F.; Leifeld, L.; Wustefeld, T.; Graw, A.; Klein, C.; Kamino, K.; Spengler, U.; Kreipe, H.; Kubicka, S.; Muller, W.; Manns, M.P.; Trautwein, C. Interleukin 6/gp130-dependent pathways are protective during chronic liver diseases. Hepatology, 2003, 38(1), 218-29.
114. Knolle, P.A. Involvement of the liver in the induction of CD8 T cell tolerance towards oral antigen. Z. Gastroenterol., 2006, 44(1), 51-6.
115. Auffray, C.; Fogg, D.; Garfa, M.; Elain, G.; Join-Lambert, O.; Kayal, S.; Sarnacki, S.; Cumano, A.; Lauvau, G.; Geissmann, F. Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior. Science, 2007, 317(5838), 666-70.
116. Geissmann, F.; Jung, S.; Littman, D.R., Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity, 2003, 19(1), 71-82.
117. Ginhoux, F.; Tacke, F.; Angeli, V.; Bogunovic, M.; Loubeau, M.; Dai, X.M.; Stanley, E.R.; Randolph, G.J.; Merad, M. Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat. Immunol., 2006, 7(3), 265-73.
118. Osterholzer, J.J.; Ames, T.; Polak, T.; Sonstein, J.; Moore, B.B.; Chensue, S.W.; Toews, G.B.; Curtis, J.L. CCR2 and CCR6, but not endothelial selectins, mediate the accumulation of immature dendritic cells within the lungs of mice in response to particulate antigen. J. Immunol., 2005, 175(2), 874-83.
119. Tacke, F.; Ginhoux, F.; Jakubzick, C.; van Rooijen, N.; Merad, M.; Randolph, G.J. Immature monocytes acquire antigens from other cells in the bone marrow and present them to T cells after maturing in the periphery. J. Exp. Med., 2006, 203(3), 583-97.
120. Tacke, F.; Randolph, G.J. Migratory fate and differentiation of blood monocyte subsets. Immunobiology, 2006, 211(6-8), 609-18.
121. Shortman, K.; Naik, S. H., Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development. Nat Rev Immunol 2007, 7(1), 19-30.
122. Varol, C.; Landsman, L.; Fogg, D.K.; Greenshtein, L.; Gildor, B.; Margalit, R.; Kalchenko, V.; Geissmann, F.; Jung, S. Monocytes give rise to mucosal, but not splenic, conventional dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med., 2007, 204(1), 171-80.
123. Serbina, N.V.; Salazar-Mather, T.P.; Biron, C.A.; Kuziel, W.A.; Pamer, E.G. TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells mediate innate immune defense against bacterial infection. Immunity, 2003, 19(1), 59-70.
124. Taylor, P.R.; Gordon, S. Monocyte heterogeneity and innate immunity. Immunity, 2003, 19(1), 2-4.
125. Landsman, L.; Jung, S. Lung macrophages serve as obligatory intermediate between blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol., 2007, 179(6), 3488-94.
126. Landsman, L.; Varol, C.; Jung, S. Distinct differentiation potential of blood monocyte subsets in the lung. J. Immunol., 2007, 178(4), 2000-7.
127. Le Borgne, M.; Etchart, N.; Goubier, A.; Lira, S.A.; Sirard, J.C.; van Rooijen, N.; Caux, C.; Ait-Yahia, S.; Vicari, A.; Kaiserlian, D.; Dubois, B. Dendritic cells rapidly recruited into epithelial tissues via CCR6/CCL20 are responsible for CD8+ T cell crosspriming in vivo. Immunity, 2006, 24(2), 191-201.
128. Tsou, C.L.; Peters, W.; Si, Y.; Slaymaker, S.; Aslanian, A.M.; Weisberg, S.P.; Mack, M.; Charo, I.F. Critical roles for CCR2 and MCP-3 in monocyte mobilization from bone marrow and recruitment to inflammatory sites. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(4), 902-9.
129. Vanbervliet, B.; Homey, B.; Durand, I.; Massacrier, C.; Ait-Yahia, S.; de Bouteiller, O.; Vicari, A.; Caux, C. Sequential involvement of CCR2 and CCR6 ligands for immature dendritic cell recruitment: possible role at inflamed epithelial surfaces. Eur. J. Immunol., 2002, 32(1), 231-42.
130. Engel, D.R.; Maurer, J.; Tittel, A.P.; Weisheit, C.; Cavlar, T.; Schumak, B.; Limmer, A.; van Rooijen, N.; Trautwein, C.; Tacke, F.; Kurts, C. CCR2 mediates homeostatic and inflammatory release of Gr1(high) monocytes from the bone marrow, but is dispensable for bladder infiltration in bacterial urinary tract infection. J. Immunol., 2008, 181(8), 5579-86.
131. Tacke, F.; Alvarez, D.; Kaplan, T.J.; Jakubzick, C.; Spanbroek, R.; Llodra, J.; Garin, A.; Liu, J.; Mack, M.; van Rooijen, N.; Lira, S.A.; Habenicht, A.J.; Randolph, G.J. Monocyte subsets differentially employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117(1), 185-94.
132. Serbina, N.V.; Pamer, E.G. Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2. Nat. Immunol., 2006, 7(3), 311-7.
133. Robays, L.J.; Maes, T.; Lebecque, S.; Lira, S.A.; Kuziel, W.A.; Brusselle, G.G.; Joos, G.F.; Vermaelen, K.V. Chemokine receptor CCR2 but not CCR5 or CCR6 mediates the increase in pulmonary dendritic cells during allergic airway inflammation. J. Immunol., 2007, 178(8), 5305-11. 134 Rescigno, M.; Chieppa, M. Gut-level decisions in peace and war. Nat. Med., 2005, 11(3), 254-5.
134. Rescigno, M.; Chieppa, M. Gut-level decisions in peace and war. Nat. Med., 2005, 11(3), 254-5.
135. Ancuta, P.; Rao, R.; Moses, A.; Mehle, A.; Shaw, S.K.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Gabuzda, D. Fractalkine preferentially mediates arrest and migration of CD16+ monocytes. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 197(12), 1701-7.
136. Passlick, B.; Flieger, D.; Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W. Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood. Blood, 1989, 74(7), 2527-34.
137. Sunderkotter, C.; Nikolic, T.; Dillon, M.J.; Van Rooijen, N.; Stehling, M.; Drevets, D.A.; Leenen, P.J. Subpopulations of mouse blood monocytes differ in maturation stage and inflammatory response. J. Immunol., 2004, 172(7), 4410-7.
138. Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W.; Fingerle, G.; Strobel, M.; Schraut, W.; Stelter, F.; Schutt, C.; Passlick, B.; Pforte, A. The novel subset of CD14+/CD16+ blood monocytes exhibits features of tissue macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol., 1993, 23(9), 2053-8.
139. Grage-Griebenow, E.; Zawatzky, R.; Kahlert, H.; Brade, L.; Flad, H.; Ernst, M. Identification of a novel dendritic cell-like subset of CD64(+)/CD16(+) blood monocytes. Eur. J. Immunol., 2001, 31(1), 48-56.
140. Skrzeczynska-Moncznik, J.; Bzowska, M.; Loseke, S.; Grage-Griebenow, E.; Zembala, M.; Pryjma, J. Peripheral blood CD14high CD16+ monocytes are main producers of IL-10. Scand. J. Immunol., 2008, 67(2), 152-9.
141. Bilzer, M.; Roggel, F.; Gerbes, A.L. Role of Kupffer cells in host defense and liver disease. Liver, 2006, 26(10), 1175-86.
142. Schumann, J.; Wolf, D.; Pahl, A.; Brune, K.; Papadopoulos, T.; van Rooijen, N.; Tiegs, G. Importance of Kupffer cells for T-cell-dependent liver injury in mice. Am. J. Pathol. Scand. J. Immunol. 2000, 157(5), 1671-83.
143. Karlmark, K.R.; Weiskirchen, R.; Zimmermann, H.; Gassler, N.; Ginhoux, F.; Weber, C.; Merad, M.; Luedde, T.; Trautwein, C.; Tacke, F. Hepatic recruitment of the inflammatory Gr1+ monocyte subset upon liver injury promotes hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology, 2009, 50(1), 261-274.
144. Seki, E.; De Minicis, S.; Inokuchi, S.; Taura, K.; Miyai, K.; van Rooijen, N.; Schwabe, R.F.; Brenner, D. CCR2 promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Hepatology, 2009, 50(1), 185-197.
145. Karlmark, K.R.; Wasmuth, H.E.; Trautwein, C.; Tacke, F. Chemokine-directed immune cell infiltration in acute and chronic liver disease. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2008, 2(2), 233-42.
146. Coelho, A.L.; Hogaboam, C.M.; Kunkel, S.L. Chemokines provide the sustained inflammatory bridge between innate and acquired immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2005, 16(6), 553-60.
147. Wasmuth, H.E.; Lammert, F.; Zaldivar, M.M.; Weiskirchen, R.; Hellerbrand, C.; Scholten, D.; Berres, M.L.; Zimmermann, H.; Streetz, K.L.; Tacke, F.; Hillebrandt, S.; Schmitz, P.; Keppeler, H.; Berg, T.; Dahl, E.; Gassler, N.; Friedman, S.L.; Trautwein, C. Antifibrotic effects of CXCL9 and its receptor CXCR3 in livers of mice and humans. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(5), 309-19.
148. Bataller, R.; Brenner, D.A. Hepatic stellate cells as a target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Semin. Liver Dis., 2001, 21(3), 437-51.
149. Pinzani, M.; Vizzutti, F. Fibrosis and cirrhosis reversibility: clinical features and implications. Clin. Liver Dis., 2008, 12(4), 901-13.
150. Fallowfield, J.A.; Mizuno, M.; Kendall, T.J.; Constandinou, C.M.; Benyon, R.C.; Duffield, J.S.; Iredale, J.P. Scar-associated macrophages are a major source of hepatic matrix metalloproteinase-13 and facilitate the resolution of murine hepatic fibrosis. J. Immunol., 2007, 178(8), 5288-95.
151. Mitchell, C.; Couton, D.; Couty, J.P.; Anson, M.; Crain, A.M.; Bizet, V.; Renia, L.; Pol, S.; Mallet, V.; Gilgenkrantz, H. Dual Role of CCR2 in the Constitution and the Resolution of Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Am. J. Pathol., 2009, 174(5), 1766-75.
152. Douglass, A.; Wallace, K.; Parr, R.; Park, J.; Durward, E.; Broadbent, I.; Barelle, C.; Porter, A.J.; Wright, M.C. Antibody-targeted myofibroblast apoptosis reduces fibrosis during sustained liver injury. J. Hepatol., 2008, 49(1), 88-98.
153. Oakley, F.; Meso, M.; Iredale, J.P.; Green, K.; Marek, C.J.; Zhou, X.; May, M.J.; Millward-Sadler, H.; Wright, M.C.; Mann, D.A. Inhibition of inhibitor of kappaB kinases stimulates hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and accelerated recovery from rat liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128(1), 108-20.
154. Wright, M.C.; Issa, R.; Smart, D.E.; Trim, N.; Murray, G.I.; Primrose, J.N.; Arthur, M.J.; Iredale, J.P.; Mann, D.A. Gliotoxin stimulates the apoptosis of human and rat hepatic stellate cells and enhances the resolution of liver fibrosis in rats. Gastroenterology, 2001, 121(3), 685-98.
155. Willson, T.M.; Brown, P.J.; Sternbach, D.D.; Henke, B.R., The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J. Med. Chem., 2000, 43(4), 527-50.
156. Elsharkawy, A.M.; Wright, M.C.; Hay, R.T.; Arthur, M.J.; Hughes, T.; Bahr, M.J.; Degitz, K.; Mann, D.A. Persistent activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in cultured rat hepatic stellate cells involves the induction of potentially novel Rel-like factors and prolonged changes in the expression of IkappaB family proteins. Hepatology, 1999, 30(3), 761-9.
157. Cassiman, D.; Libbrecht, L.; Desmet, V.; Denef, C.; Roskams, T. Hepatic stellate cell/myofibroblast subpopulations in fibrotic human and rat livers. J. Hepatol., 2002, 36(2), 200-9.
158. Cassiman, D.; Roskams, T. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: emerging concepts and pitfalls in hepatic stellate cell research. J. Hepatol., 2002, 37(4), 527-35.