The liver as an immunological organ

Hepatology

Volumn 43, Issue 2 SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages

  Racanelli, Vito ^a   Rehermann, Barbara ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; KUPFFER CELL; LIVER CELL; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER STRUCTURE; LYMPHOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; LIVER; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 33644544110     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hep.21060     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Sheth K, Bankey P. The liver as an immune organ. Curr Opin Crir Care 2001;7:99-104.
2. Wick MJ, Leithauser F, Reimann J. The hepatic immune system. Crit Rev Immunol 2002;22:47-103.
3. Wisse E. An electron microscopic study of the renestrated endothelial lining of rat liver sinusoids. J Ultrastruct Res 1970;31:125-150.
4. Emoto M, Kaufmann SH. Liver NKT cells: an account of heterogeneity. Trends Immunol 2003;24:364-369.
5. Exley M, Koziel M. To be or not to be NKT: Natural killer T cells in the liver. HEPATOLOGY 2004;40:1033-1040.
6. Emoto M, Miyamoto M, Namba K, Schmits R, Van Rooijen N, Kita E, et al. Participation of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and NK cells in the homing of thymic CD8+ NKT cells to the livet. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:3049-3056.
7. Welsh RM, Lin MY, Lohman BL, Varga SM, Zarozinski CC, Selin LK. Alpha beta and gamma delta T-cell networks and their roles in natural resistance to viral infections. Immunol Rev 1997;159:79-93.
8. Bertolino P, Trescol-Biemont MC, Rabourdin-Combe C. Hepatocytes induce functional activation of naive CD8+ T lymphocytes but fail to promote survival. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:221-236.
9. Mackay IR. Hepatoimmunology: a perspective. Immunol Cell Biol 2002;80:36-44.
10. Gale RP, Sparkes RS, Golde DW. Bone marrow origin of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in humans. Science 1978;201:937-938.
11. MacPhee PJ, Schmidt EE, Groom AC. Intermittence of blood flow in liver sinusoids, studied by high- resolution in vivo microscopy. Am J Physiol 1995;269:G692-G698.
12. Knolle PA, Schmitt E, Jin S, Germann T, Duchmann R, Hegenbarth S, et al. Induction of cytokine production in naive CD4(+) T cells by antigen-presenting murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells but failure to induce differentiation toward Th1 cells. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1428-1440.
13. Lohse AW, Knolle PA, Bilo K, Uhrig A, Waldmann C, Ibe M, et al. Antigen-presenting function and B7 expression of murine sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1175-1181.
14. Steffan AM, Gendrault JL, McCuskey RS, McCuskey PA, Kirn A. Phagocytosis, an unrecognized property of murine endothelial liver cells. HEPATOLOGY 1986;6:830-836.
15. Valdivia LA, Demetris AJ, Langer AM, Celli S, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Dendritic cell replacement in long-surviving liver and cardiac xenografts. Transplantation 1993;56:482-484.
16. Prickett TC, McKenzie JL, Hart DN. Characterization of interstitial dendritic cells in human liver. Transplantation 1988;46:754-761.
17. Lau AH, Thomson AW. Dendritic cells and immune regulation in the liver. Gut 2003;52:307-314.
18. Khanna A, Morelli AE, Zhong C, Takayama T, Lu L, Thomson AW. Effects of liver-derived dendritic cell progenitors on Th1- and Th2-like cytokine responses in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 2000;164:1346-1354.
19. Buelens C, Verhasselt V, De Groote D, Thielemans K, Goldman M, Willems F. Human dendritic cell responses to lipopolysacchande and CD40 ligation are differentially regulated by interleukin-10. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:1848-1852.
20. Probst HC, McCoy K, Okazaki T, Honjo T, van den Broek M. Resting dendritic cells induce peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance through PD-1 and CTLA-4. Nat Immunol 2005;6:280-286.
21. Matsuno K, Ezaki T, Kudo S, Uehara Y. A life stage of particle-laden rat dendritic cells in vivo: their terminal division, active phagocytosis, and translocation from the liver to the draining lymph. J Exp Med 1996;183:1865-1878.
22. Kudo S, Matsuno K, Ezaki T, Ogawa M. A novel migration pathway for rat dendritic cells from the blood: hepatic sinusoids-lymph translocation. J Exp Med 1997;185:777-784.
23. Knolle P, Schlaak J, Uhrig A, Kempf P, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Gerken G. Human Kupffer cells secrete IL-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. J Hepatol 1995;22:226-229.
24. Groux H, Bigler M, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG. Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic State in human CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 1996;184:19-29.
25. Roland CR, Walp L, Stack RM, Flye MW. Outcome of Kupffer cell antigen presentation to a cloned murine Th1 lymphocyte depends on the inducibility of nitric oxide synthase by IFN-gamma. J Immunol 1994;153:5453-5464.
26. Yu S, Nakafusa Y, Flye MW. Portal vein administration of donor cells promotes peripheral allospecific hyporesponsiveness and graft tolerance. Surgery 1994;116:229-234.
27. Roland CR, Mangino MJ, Duffy BF, Flye MW. Lymphocyte suppression by Kupffer cells prevents portal venous tolerance induction: a study of macrophage function after intravenous gadolinium. Transplantation 1993;55:1151-1158.
28. Lauwerys BR, Garot N, Renauld JC, Houssiau FA. Cytokine production and killer activity of NK/T-NK cells derived with IL-2, IL-15, or the combination of IL-12 and IL-18. J Immunol 2000;165:1847-1853.
29. Gregory SH, Wing EJ. Neutrophil-Kupffer-cell interaction in host defenses to systemic infections. Immunol Today 1998;19:507-510.
30. Moretta L, Ciccone E, Mingari MC, Biassoni R, Moretta A. Human natural killer cells: origin, clonality, specificity, receptors. Adv Immunol 1994;55:341-358.
31. Salazar-Mather TP, Orange JS, Biron CA. Early murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection induces liver natural killer (NK) cell inflammation and protection through macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha)-dependent pathways. J Exp Med 1998;187:1-14.
32. Itoh Y, Morita A, Nishioji K, Fujii H, Nakamura H, Kirishima T, et al. Time course profile and cell-type-specific production of monokine induced by interferon-gamma in Concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice: comparative study with interferon-inducible protem-10. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1344-1351.
33. Bendelac A, Lantz O, Quimby ME, Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1 recognition by mouse NK1+ T lymphocytes. Science 1995;268:863-865.
34. Carnaud C, Lee D, Donnars O, Park SH, Beavis A, Koezuka Y, et al. Cutting edge: Cross-talk between cells of the innate immune system: NKT cells rapidly activate NK cells. J Immunol 1999;163:4647-4650.
35. Bendelac A, Rivera MN, Park SH, Roark JH. Mouse CD1-specific NK1 T cells: development, specificity, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;15:535-562.
36. Kumagai K, Takeda K, Hashimoto W, Seki S, Ogasawara K, Anzai R, et al. Interleukin-12 as an inducer of cytotoxic effectors in anti-tumor immunity. Int Rev Immunol 1997;14:229-256.
37. Toyabe S, Seki S, Iiai T, Takeda K, Shirai K, Watanabe H, et al. Requirement of IL-4 and liver NK1+ T cells for concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice. J Immunol 1997;159:1537-1542.
38. Exley M, Porcelli S, Furman M, Garcia J, Balk S. CD161 (NKR-P1A) costimulation of CD1d-dependent activation of human T cells expressing invariant V alpha 24 J alpha Q T cell receptor alpha chains. J Exp Med 1998;188:867-876.
39. Grubor-Bauk B, Simmons A, Mayrhofer G, Speck PG. Impaired clearance of herpes simplex virus type 1 from mice lacking CD1d or NKT cells expressing the semivariant V alpha 14-J alpha 281 TCR. J Immunol 2003;170:1430-1434.
40. Behar SM, Dascher CC, Grusby MJ, Wang CR, Brenner MB. Susceptibility of mice deficient in CD1D or TAP1 to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med 1999;189:1973-1980.
41. Kumar H, Belperron A, Barthold SW, Bockenstedt LK. Cutting edge: CD1d deficiency impairs murine host defense against the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Immunol 2000;165:4797-4801.
42. Kakimi K, Guidotti LG, Koezuka Y, Chisari FV. Natural killer T cell activation inhibits hepatitis B virus replication In vivo. J Exp Med 2000;192:921-930.
43. Gonzalo JA, Delaney T, Corcoran J, Goodearl A, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Coyle AJ. Cutting edge: the related molecules CD28 and inducible costimulator deliver both unique and complementary signals required for optimal T cell activation. J Immunol 2001;166:l-5.
44. Bertolino P, McCaughan G, Bowen DG. Role of primary intrahepatic T cell activation in the liver tolerance effect. Immunol Cell Biol 2002;80:84-92.
45. Limmer A, Ohl J, Kurts C, Ljunggren HG, Reiss Y, Groettrup M, et al. Efficient presentation of exogenous antigen by liver endothelial cells to CD8+ T cells results in antigen-specific T-cell tolerance. Nat Med 2000;6:1348-1354.
46. Accapezzato D, Francavilla V, Paroli M, Casciaro M, Chircu LV, Cividini A, et al. Hepatic expansion of a virus-specific regulatory CD8(+) T cell population in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Invest 2004;113:963-972.
47. Takayama T, Morelli AE, Onai N, Hirao M, Matsushima K, Tahara H, et al. Mammalian and viral IL-10 enhance C-C chemokine receptor 5 but down-regulate C-C chemokine receptor 7 expression by mveioid dendritic cells: impact on chemotactic responses and in vivo homing ability. J Immunol 2001;166:7136-7143.
48. Bertolino P, Bowen DC, McCaughan GW, Fazekas De St Croth B. Antigen-specific primary activation of CD8(+) T cells within the liver. J Immunol 2001;166:5430-5438.
49. Bowen DG, Warren A, Davis T, Hoffmann MW, McCaughan GW, Fazekas de St Groth B, et al. Cytokine-dependent bystander hepatitis due to imrahepatic marine CD8 T-cell activation by bone marrow-derived cells. Gastroentcrology 2002;123:1252-1264.
50. Bowen DG, Zen M, Holz L, Davis T, McCaughan GW, Bertolino P. The site of primary T cell activation is a determinant of the balance between intrahepatic tolerance and immunity. J Clin Invest 2004;114:701-712.
51. Bevan MJ. Cross-priming for a secondary cytotoxic response to minor H antigens with H-2 congenic cells which do not cross-react in the cytotoxic assay. J Exp Med 1976;143:1283-1288.
52. Bevan MJ. Minor H antigens introduced on H-2 different stimulating cells cross-react at the cytotoxic T cell level during in vivo priming. J Immunol 1976;117:2233-2238.
53. Heath WR, Carbone FR. Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2001;19:47-64.
54. Yewdell JW, Norbury CC, Bennink JR. Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications tor generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. Adv Immunol 1999;73:1-77.
55. den Haan JM, Lehar SM, Bevan MJ. CD8(+) but not CD8(-) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Exp Med 2000;192:1685-1696.
56. Gagnon FL, Duclos S, Rondeau C, Chevet E, Cameron PH, Steele-Mortimer O, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated phagocytosis is a mechanism of entry into macrophages. Cell 2002;110:119-131.
57. Guermonprez P, Saveanu L, Kleijmeer M, Davoust J, Van Endert P, Amigorena S. ER-phagosome fusion defines an MHC class I cross-presentation compartment in dendritic cells. Nature 2003;425:397-402.
58. Houde M, Bertholet S, Gagnon E, Brunet S, Goyette G, Laplante A, et al. Phagosomes are competent organelles for antigen cross-presentation. Nature 2003;425:402-406.
59. Ackerman AL, Kyritsis C, Tampe R, Cresswell P. Early phagosomes in dendritic cells form a cellular compartment sufficient for cross presentation of exogenous antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:12889-12894.
60. Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Rock KL. A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules. Science 1995;267:243-246.
61. Huang AY, Bruce AT, Pardoll DM, Levitsky HI. In vivo cross-priming of MHC class I-restricted antigens requires the TAP transporter. Immunity 1996;4:349-355.
62. Rodriguez A, Regnault A, Kleijmeer M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Amigorena S. Selective transport of internalized antigens to the cytosol for MHC class I presentation in dendritic cells. Nat Cell Biol 1999;1:362-368.
63. Pfeifer JD, Wick MJ, Roberts RL, Findlay K, Normark SJ, Harding CV. Phagocytic processing of bacterial antigens for class I MHC presentation to T cells. Nature 1993;361:359-362.
64. Rock KL. A new foreign policy: MHC class I molecules monitor the outside world. Immunol Today 1996;17:131-137.
65. Albert ML. Death-defying immunity: do apoptotic cells influence antigen processing and presentation? Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4:223-321.
66. Lizee G, Basha G, Tiong J, Julien JP, Tian M, Biron KE, Jefferies WA. Control of dendritic cell cross-presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class I cytoplasmic domain. Nat Immunol 2003;4:1065-1073.
67. Shi Y, Evans JE, Rock KL. Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature 2003;425:516-521.
68. Heller T, Rehermann B. Acute hepatitis C: a multifaceted disease. Semin Liver Dis 2005;25:7-17.
69. Racanelli V, Rehermann B. Hepatitis C virus infection: when silence is deception. Trends Immunol 2003;24:456-464.
70. Thimme R, Bukh J, Spangenberg HC, Wieland S, Pemberton J, Steiger C, et al. Viral and immunological determinants of hepatitis C virus clearance, persistence, and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:15661-15668.
71. Burrows PD, Cooper MD. B cell development and differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:239-244.
72. Murakami J, Shimizu Y, Kashii Y, Kato T, Minemura M, Okada K, et al. Functional B-cell response in intrahepatic lymphoid follicles in chronic hepatitis C. HEPATOLOGY 1999;30:143-150.
73. Racanelli V, Sansonno D, Piccoli C, D'Amore FP, Tucci FA, Dammacco F. Molecular characterization of B cell clonal expansions in the liver of chronically hepatitis C virus-infected patients. J Immunol 2001;167:21-29.
74. De Re V, De Vita S, Gasparotto D, Marzotto A, Carbone A, Ferraccioli G, et al. Salivary gland B cell lymphoproliferative disorders in Sjogren's syndrome present a restricted use of antigen receptor gene segments similar to those used by hepatitis C virus-associated non-Hodgkins's lymphomas. Eur J Immunol 2002;32:903-910.
75. Coronella JA, Spier C, Welch M, Trevor KT, Stopeck AT, Villar H, et al. Antigen-driven oligoclonal expansion of tumor-infiltrating B cells in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. J Immunol 2002;169:1829-1836.
76. Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. To kill or to cure: options in host defense against viral infection. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:478-483.
77. Berke G. The CTL's kiss of death. Cell 1995;81:9-12.
78. Isogawa M, Furuichi Y, Chisari FV. Oscillating CD8(+) T cell effector functions after antigen recognition in the liver. Immunity 2005;23:53-63.
79. Huang L, Soldevila G, Leeker M, Flavell R, Crispe IN. The liver eliminates T cells undergoing antigen-triggered apoptosis in vivo. Immunity 1994;1:741-749.
80. Mehal WZ, Juedes AE, Crispe IN. Selective retention of activated CD8+ T cells by the normal liver. J Immunol 1999;163:3202-3210.
81. Guidotti LG, Rochford R, Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R, Chisari FV. Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection. Science 1999;284:825-829.
82. Latchman Y, Wood CR, Chernova T, Chaudhary D, Borde M, Chernova I, et al. PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2001;2:261-268.
83. Ando K, Moriyama T, Guidotti LG, Wirth S, Schreiber RD, Schlicht HJ, et al. Mechanisms of class I restricted immunopathology. A transgenic mouse model of fulminant hepatitis. J Exp Med 1993;178:1541-1554.
84. Kakimi K, Lane TE, Wieland S, Asensio VC Campbell IL, Chisari FV, et al. Blocking chemokine responsive to gamma-2/interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein and monokine induced by IFN-gamma activity in vivo reduces the parhogenetic but not the antiviral potential of hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2001;194:1755-1766.
85. Sitia G, Isogawa M, Iannacone M, Campbell IL, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. MMPs are required for recruitment of antigen-nonspecific mononuclear cells into the liver by CTLs. J Clin Invest 2004;113:1158-1167.
86. Kuehnel W. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy. Thieme, 2003.
87. Fawcett D, Jensh R. Bloom & Fawcett's Concise Histology. Arnold, 2002.
88. Crispe IN. Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2003;3:51-62.