TGF-β1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 423-432

  Rosenkranz, Stephan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adrenoceptors; Angiotensin; Cardiac hypertrophy; Cross talk; Heart failure; Smads; TGF

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; COLLAGEN; CYTOKINE; FIBRONECTIN; PROTEOGLYCAN; RENIN; SCLEROPROTEIN; SMAD PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; ANGIOTENSIN II; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DOWN REGULATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROBLAST; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE CELL; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; UPREGULATION; ANIMAL; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; HUMANS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 3242806007     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.04.030     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Cohn J.N., Ferrari R., Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling-concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf on an international forum on cardiac remodelling. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35:2000;569-582
2. Schnee J.M., Hsueh W.A. Angiotensin II, adhesion, and cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc. Res. 46:2000;264-268
3. Yamazaki T., Komuro I., Yazaki Y. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiac hypertrophy. Am. J. Cardiol. 83:1999;H53-H57
4. Brand T., Schneider M.D. The TGFβ superfamily in myocardium: ligands, receptors, transduction, and function. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27:1995;5-18
5. Manabe I., Shindo T., Nagai R. Gene expression in fibroblasts and fibrosis: involvement in cardiac hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 91:2002;1103-1113
6. Swynghedauw B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodelling. Physiol. Rev. 79:1999;215-262
7. Sudgen P.H., Clerk A. Cellular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. J. Mol. Med. 76:1998;725-746
8. Parker T.G., Schneider M.D. Growth factors, protooncogenes, and plasticity of the cardiac phenotype. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53:1991;179-200
9. Ohta K., Kim S., Wanibuchi H., et al. Contribution of the local renin-angiotensin system to cardiac hypertrophy, phenotypic modulation, and remodeling in TGR(mRen2)27 transgenic rats. Circulation. 94:1996;785-791
10. Pfeffer J.M., Fischer T.A., Pfeffer M.A. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57:1995;805-826
11. Weber K.T., Brilla C.G. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 83:1991;1849-1865
12. Nakamura Y., Yoshiyama M., Omura T., et al. Beneficial effects of combination of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker on cardiac remodeling in rat myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. 57:2003;48-54
13. Kim S., Yoshiyama M., Izumi Y., et al. Effects of combination of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on cardiac remodeling, cardiac function, and survival in rat heart failure. Circulation. 103:2001;148-154
14. Liu Y.H., Yang X.P., Sharov V.G., et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure: role of kinins and angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J. Clin. Invest. 99:1997;1926-1935
15. Schieffer B., Wirger A., Meybrunn M., et al. Comparative effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation. 1994;2273-2282
16. Pfeffer M.A., McMurray J.J.V., Velazquez E.J. on behalf of the VALIANT Investigators Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N. Engl. J. Med. 349:2003;1893-1906
17. Pfeffer M.A., Swedberg K., Granger C.B., et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-overall programme. Lancet. 362:2003;759-766
18. McMurray J.J.V., Östergren J., Swedberg K., et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-added trial. Lancet. 362:2003;767-771
19. Cohn J.N., Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:2001;1667-1675
20. Flather M.D., Yusuf S., Kober L., et al. Long-term ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet. 355:2000;1575-1581
21. Kober L., Torp-Pedersen C., Carlsen J.E., et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:1995;1670-1676
22. Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P.A., Segal R., et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 355:2000;1582-1587
23. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 342:1993;821-824
24. Pfeffer M.A., Braunwald E., Moyé L.A., et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival And Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1992;669-677
25. βγ subunit, Src family, and Ras in cardiac fibroblasts. Circ. Res. 82:1998;337-345
26. Bouzegrhane F., Thibault G. Is angiotensin II a proliferative factor of cardiac fibroblasts? Cardiovasc. Res. 53:2002;304-312
27. Schorb W., Booz G.W., Dostal D.E., Conrad K.M., Chang K.C., Baker K.M. Angiotensin II is mitogenic in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circ. Res. 72:1993;1245-1254
28. Wada H., Zile M.R., Ivester C.T., Cooper G. IV, McDermott P.J. Comparative effects of contraction and angiotensin II on growth of adult feline cardiocytes in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;H29-H37
29. 1 receptor. Circ. Res. 73:1993;413-423
30. Schlüter K.D., Simm A., Schäfer M., Taimor G., Piper H.M. Early response kinase and PI 3-kinase activation in adult cardiomyocytes and their role in hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. 276:1999;H1655-H1663
31. Wenzel S., Taimor G., Piper H.M., Schlüter K.D. Redox-sensitive intermediates mediate angiotensin II-induced p38 MAP kinase activation, AP-1 binding activity, and TGF-β expression in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. FASEB J. 15:2001;2291-2293
32. Schultz J.E.J., Witt S.A., Glascock B.J., et al. TGF-β1 mediates the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth induced by angiotensin II. J. Clin. Invest. 109:2002;787-796
33. Dostal D.E. Regulation of cardiac collagen: angiotensin and cross-talk with local growth factors. Hypertension. 37:2001;841-844
34. Moriguchi Y., Matsubara H., Mori Y., et al. Angiotensin II-induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Circ. Res. 84:1999;1073-1084
35. Border W.A., Nobel N.A. Transforming growth factor-β in tissue fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:1994;1286-1292
36. Pauschinger M., Knopf D., Petschauer S., et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with significant changes in collagen type I/III ratio. Circulation. 99:1999;2750-2756
37. Li G., Li R.K., Mickle D.A., et al. Elevated insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta 1 and their receptors in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a possible mechanism. Circulation. 98(Suppl. 19):1998;II-144-II-149
38. Li R.K., Mickle D.A., Weisel R.D., et al. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-I in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 96:1997;874-881
39. Hao J., Ju H., Zhao S., Junaid A., Scammell-La Fleur T., Dixon M.C. Elevation of expression of Smads 2, 3, and 4, decorin and TGF-β in the chronic phase of myocardial infarct scar healing. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 31:1999;667-678
40. Tomita H., Egashira K., Ohara Y., et al. Early induction of transforming growth factor-beta via angiotensin II type 1 receptors contributes to cardiac fibrosis induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension. 32:1998;273-279
41. Takahashi N., Calderone A., Izzo J.N., et al. Hypertrophic stimuli induce transforming growth factor-β1 expression in rat ventricular myocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1994;1470-1476
42. Villarreal F.K., Dillmann W.H. Cardiac hypertrophy-induced changes in mRNA levels for TGF-beta 1, fibronectin and collagen. Am. J. Physiol. 262:1992;H1861-H1866
43. Wünsch M., Sharma H.S., Markert T., et al. In situ localization of transforming growth factor beta 1 in porcine heart: enhanced expression after chronic coronary artery occlusion. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 23:1991;1051-1062
44. Casscells W., Bazoberry F., Speir E., et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 in normal heart and in myocardial infarction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 593:1990;148-160
45. Thompson N.L., Bazoberry F., Speir E.H., et al. Transforming growth factor beta-1 in acute myocardial infarction in rats. Growth Factors. 1:1988;91-99
46. Bolyut M.O., O'Neill L., Meredith A.L., et al. Alterations in cardiac gene expression during the transition from stable hypertrophy to heart failure: marked upregulation of genes encoding extracellular matrix components. Circ. Res. 75:1994;23-32
47. Song H., Foster A.H., Conte J.V., Chi-Ming W. Presentation and localization of transforming growth factor beta isoforms and its receptor subtypes in human myocardium in the absence and presence of heart failure. Circulation. 96(Suppl. I):1997;I-362
48. Hein S., Arnon E., Kostin S., et al. Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart. Structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms. Circulation. 107:2003;984-991
49. Villarreal F.J., Lee A.A., Dillmann W.H., Giordano F.J. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of human transforming growth factor-beta 1 in rat cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes and smooth muscle cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28:1996;735-742
50. Heimer R., Bashey R.I., Kyle J., Jiminez S.A. TGF-beta modulates the synthesis of proteoglycans by myocardial fibroblasts in culture. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27:1995;2191-2198
51. Eghbali M., Tomek R., Sukhatme V.P., Woods C., Bhambi B. Differential effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and phorbol myristate acetate on cardiac fibroblasts: regulation of fibrillar collagen mRNAs and expression of early transcription factors. Circ. Res. 69:1991;483-490
52. Tomasek J.J., Gabbiani G., Hinz B., Chaponnier C., Brown R.A. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2002;349-363
53. Hautmann M.B., Adam P.J., Owens G.K. Similarities and differences in smooth muscle α-actin induction by TGF-β in smooth muscle versus non-smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19:1999;2049-2058
54. Sappino A.P., Schürch W., Gabbiani G. Differentiation repertoire of fibroblastic cells: expression of cytoskeletal proteins as markers of phenotypic modulations. Lab. Invest. 63:1990;144-161
55. Parker T.G., Packer S.E., Schneider M.D. Peptide growth factors can provoke "fetal" contractile protein gene expression in rat cardiac myocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 85:1990;507-514
56. Desmoulière A., Geinoz A., Gabbiani F., et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces α-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts and in quiescent and growing cultured fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 122:1993;103-111
57. Rosenkranz S., Flesch M., Amann K., et al. Alterations of β-adrenergic signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-β1. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2002;H1253-H1262
58. 1 transgene in the heart. Circ. Res. 86:2000;571-579
59. Brooks W.W., Conrad C.H. Myocardial fibrosis in transforming growth factor heterozygous mice. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 32:2000;187-195
60. Kuwahara F., Kai H., Tokuda K., et al. Transforming growth factor-β function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats. Circulation. 106:2002;130-135
61. 1 expression in cardiomyocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 236:2002;147-153
62. Gray M.O., Long C.S., Kalinyak J.E., Li H.T., Karliner J.S. Angiotensin II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 from fibroblasts. Cardiovasc. Res. 40:1998;352-363
63. Campbell S.E., Katwa L.C. Angiotensin II stimulated expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29:1997;1947-1958
64. Fisher S.A., Absher M. Norepinephrine and angiotensin II stimulate secretion of TGF-beta by neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 268:1995;C910-C917
65. Lee A.A., Dillmann W.H., McCulloch A.D., Villarreal F.J. Angiotensin II stimulates the autocrine production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27:1995;2347-2357
66. Everett A.D., Tufro-McReddie A., Fisher A., Gomez R.A. Angiotensin receptor regulates cardiac hypertrophy and transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression. Hypertension. 23:1994;587-592
67. Sadoshima J., Xu Y.H., Slayter H.S., Izumo S. Autocrine release of angiotensin-II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell. 75:1993;977-984
68. Kupfahl C., Pink D., Friedrich K., et al. Angiotensin II directly increases transforming growth factor beta 1 and osteopontin and indirectly affects collagen mRNA expression in the human heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 46:2000;463-475
69. Kim S., Ohta K., Hamaguchi A., et al. Angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist inhibits the gene expression of TGF-β1 and extracellular matrix in cardiac and vascular tissues of hypertensive rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273:1995;509-515
70. Crawford D., Chobanian A., Brecher P. Angiotensin II induces fibronectin expression associated with cardiac fibrosis in the rat. Circ. Res. 74:1994;727-739
71. Ichihara S., Senbonmatsu T., Price E. Jr., et al. Angiotensin type 2 receptor is essential for left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in chronic angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Circulation. 104:2001;346-351
72. Calderone A., Murphy R.J., Lavoie J., Colombo F., Beliveau L. TGF-beta(1) and prepro-ANP mRNAs are differentially regulated in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. 91:2001;771-776
73. Silberbach M., Roberts C.T. Jr. Natriuretic peptide signaling: molecular and cellular pathways to growth regulation. Cell. Signal. 13:2001;221-231
74. Buttrick P.M., Kaplan M., Leinwand L.A., Scheuer J. Alterations in gene expression in the rat heart after chronic pathological and physiological loads. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 26:1994;61-67
75. Tokuda K., Kai H., Kuwahara F., et al. Pressure-independent effects of angiotensin II on hypertensive myocardial fibrosis. Hypertension. 43:2004;499-503
76. Diebold R.J., Eis M.J., Yin M., et al. Early-onset multifocal inflammation in the transforming growth factor-β 1-null mouse is lymphocyte mediated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;12215-12229
77. Rosenkranz S., Amann K., Caglayan E., et al. β-adrenoceptor blockade prevents cardiac hypertrophy and failure in TGF-β transgenic mice. Eur. J. Heart. 24:2003;665. [Suppl. (Abstract)]
78. Pinto Y.M., Pinto-Sietsma S.J., Philipp T., et al. Reduction in left ventricular messenger RNA for transforming growth factor beta(1) attenuates left ventricular fibrosis and improves survival without lowering blood pressure in the hypertensive TGR(mRen2)27 rat. Hypertension. 36:2000;747-754
79. 1 receptor antagonism and protection against cardiovascular end organ damage. J. Hum. Hypertens. 12:1998;301-309
80. 1 and repair in the infarcted heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30:1998;1559-1569
81. 1 receptor antagonist, an ACE inhibitor and a calcium channel antagonist on cardiac gene expression in hypertensive rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 118:1996;549-556
82. Wang J., Liu X., Sentex E., Takeda N., Dhalla N.S. Increased expression of protein kinase C isoforms in heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 284:2003;H2277-H2287
83. Buhagiar K.A., Hansen P.S., Bewick N.L., Rasmussen H.H. Protein kinase C-epsilon contributes to regulation of the sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+) pump. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281:2001;C1059-C1063
84. Runyan C.E., Schnaper H.W., Poncelet A.C. Smad 3 and PKCdelta mediate TGF-beta1-induced collagen I expression in human mesangial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285:2003;F413-F422
85. Kojima M., Shiojima I., Yamazaki T., et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist TCV-116 induces regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo and inhibits the intracellular signalling pathway of strech-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Circulation. 89:1994;2204-2211
86. Morishita R., Gibbons G.H., Horiuchi M., Kaneda Y., Ogihara T., Dzau V.J. Role of the AP-1 complex in angiotensin II-mediated TGF-β expression and growth of smooth muscle cells: using decoy approach against AP-1 binding. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243:1998;361-367
87. Puri P.L., Avantaggiati M.L., Bugio V.L., et al. Reactive oxygen intermediates mediate angiotensin II-induced c-fos/c-jun heterodimer DNA binding activity and proliferative hypertrophic response in myogenic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;22129-22134
88. Byrne J.A., Grieve D.J., Bendall J.K., et al. Contrasting roles of NADPH oxidase isoforms in pressure-overload versus angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 93:2003;802-804
89. Massague J. How cells read TGF-β signals. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1:2000;169-178
90. Massague J. TGF-β signaling: receptors, transducers, and mad proteins. Cell. 85:1996;947-950
91. Moustakas A., Souchelnytskyi S., Heldin C.-H. Smad regulation in TGF-β signal transduction. J. Cell Sci. 114:2001;4359-4369
92. Ng H.H., Bird A. Histone deacetylases: silencers for hire. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25:2000;121-126
93. Hao J., Wang B., Jones S.C., Jassal D.S., Dixon I.M.C. Interaction between angiotensin II and Smad proteins in fibroblasts in failing heart and in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279:2000;H3020-H3030
94. Wang B., Hao J., Jones S.C., Yee M.S., Roth J.C., Dixon I.M. Decreased Smad 7 expression contributes to cardiac fibrosis in the infarcted rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 282:2002;H1685-H1696
95. Dixon I.M., Hao J., Reid N.L., Roth J.C. Effect of chronic AT(1) receptor blockade on cardiac Smad overexpression in hereditary cardiomyopathic hamsters. Cardiovasc. Res. 46:2000;286-297
96. Yamaguchi K., Shirakabe H., Shibuya H., et al. Identification of a member of the MAPKKK family as a potential mediator of TGF-β signal transduction. Science. 270:1995;2008-2011
97. Monzen K., Hiroi Y., Kudoh S., et al. Smads, TAK1, and their common target ATF-2 play a critical role in cardiomyocyte differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 153:2001;687-698
98. Monzen K., Shiojima I., Hiroi Y., et al. Bone morphogenic proteins induce cardiomyocyte differentiation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase TAK1 and cardiac transcription factors Csx/Nkx-2.5 and GATA4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;7096-7105
99. Zhang D., Gaussin V., Taffet G.E., et al. TAK1 is activated in the myocardium after pressure overload and is sufficient to provoke heart failure in transgenic mice. Nat. Med. 6:2000;556-563
100. Hanafusa H., Ninomiya-Tsuji J., Masuyama N., et al. Involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in transforming growth factor-β-induced gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;27161-27167
101. Sano Y., Harada J., Tashiro S., Gotoh-Mandeville R., Maekawa T., Ishii S. ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-β signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;8949-8957
102. Schlüter K.-D., Zhou X.J., Piper H.M. Induction of hypertrophic responsiveness to isoproterenol by TGF-β in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 269:1995;C1311-C1316
103. Schlüter K.-D., Frischkopf K., Flesch M., Rosenkranz S., Taimor G., Piper H.M. Central role for ornithine decarboxylase in β-adrenoceptor mediated hypertrophy. Cardiovasc. Res. 45:2000;410-417
104. 2-adrenergic receptor overexpression in mouse hearts. Critical role for expression level. Circulation. 101:2000;1707-1714
105. Engelhardt S., Hein L., Wiesmann F., Lohse M.J. Progressive hypertrophy and heart failure in beta 1-adrenergic receptor transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;7059-7064
106. Gao M.H., Lai N.C., Roth D.M., et al. Adenylyl cyclase increases responsiveness to catecholamine stimulation in transgenic mice. Circulation. 99:1999;1618-1622
107. Iwase M., Uechi M., Vatner D.E., et al. Cardiomyopathy induced by cardiac Gs alpha overexpression. Am. J. Physiol. 272:1997;H585-H589
108. 2-adrenergic receptor. Science. 264:1994;582-586
109. Koch W.J., Rockman H.A., Samama P., et al. Cardiac function in mice overexpressing the β-adrenergic receptor kinase or a βARK inhibitor. Science. 268:1995;1350-1353
110. Böhm M., Kouchi I., Schnabel P., Zolk O. Transition from hypertrophy to failure-β-adrenergic desensitization of the heart. Heart Failure Rev. 4:1999;329-351
111. 1-adrenergic response. J. Clin. Invest. 72:1983;732-738
112. Bartolome J., Guguenard J., Slotkin T.A. Role of ornithine decarboxylase in cardiac growth and hypertrophy. Science. 210:1990;793-794
113. Kimura M., Ogihara M. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits the growth of primary hepatocyte cultures by increasing cAMP levels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 386:1999;271-277
114. Iizuka K., Sano H., Kawaguchi H., Kitabatake A. Transforming growth factor β-1 modulates the number of β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac fibroblasts. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 26:1994;435-440
115. 1 modulates β-adrenergic receptor number and function in cultured human tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266:1994;L187-L191
116. Weber K.T., Brilla C.G., Janicki J.S. Myocardial fibrosis: its functional significance and regulatory factors. Cardiovasc. Res. 27:1993;341-348