Genetic and environmental factors influencing human diseases with telomere dysfunction

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 114-130

  Ly, Hinh ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aplastic anemia; Dyskeratosis congenita; Environmental factors; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; Telomerase; Telomeres

Indexed keywords

BENZENE; BUSULFAN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; TELOMERASE;

APLASTIC ANEMIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; CHROMOSOME DISORDER; CHROMOSOME SIZE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RADIATION; REVIEW; TELOMERE; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 67749086830     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19405901     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Blackburn EH. Switching and signaling at the telomere. Cell 2001; 106: 661-673.
2. Griffith JD, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel RM, Bianchi A, Moss H and de Lange T. Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell 1999; 97: 503-514.
3. Olovnikov AM. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol 1973; 41: 181-190.
4. Watson JD. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol 1972; 239: 197-201.
5. Harley CB, Futcher AB and Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 1990; 345: 458-460.
6. Lindsey J, McGill NI, Lindsey LA, Green DK and Cooke HJ. In vivo loss of telomeric repeats with age in humans. Mutat Res 1991; 256: 45-48.
7. Hayflick L. The Limited in Vitro Lifetime of Human Diploid Cell Strains. Exp Cell Res 1965; 37: 614-636.
8. Harley CB, Vaziri H, Counter CM and Allsopp RC. The telomere hypothesis of cellular aging. Exp Gerontol 1992; 27: 375-382.
9. Shay JW and Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 787-791.
10. Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, Harley CB, Shay JW, Lichtsteiner S and Wright WE. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 1998; 279: 349-352.
11. Roy NS, Nakano T, Keyoung HM, Windrem M, Rashbaum WK, Alonso ML, Kang J, Peng W, Carpenter MK, Lin J, Nedergaard M and Goldman SA. Telomerase immortalization of neuronally restricted progenitor cells derived from the human fetal spinal cord. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22: 297-305.
12. Vaziri H and Benchimol S. Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life span. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 279-282.
13. Hahn WC. Immortalization and transformation of human cells. Mol Cells 2002; 13: 351-361.
14. O'Reilly M, Teichmann SA and Rhodes D. Telomerases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1999; 9: 56-65.
15. Beattie TL, Zhou W, Robinson MO and Harrington L. Reconstitution of human telomerase activity in vitro. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 177-180.
16. Weinrich SL, Pruzan R, Ma L, Ouellette M, Tesmer VM, Holt SE, Bodnar AG, Lichtsteiner S, Kim NW, Trager JB, Taylor RD, Carlos R, Andrews WH, Wright WE, Shay JW, Harley CB and Morin GB. Reconstitution of human telomerase with the template RNA component hTR and the catalytic protein subunit hTRT. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 498-502.
17. Cong YS, Wright WE and Shay JW. Human telomerase and its regulation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66: 407-425.
18. Kelleher C, Teixeira MT, Forstemann K and Lingner J. Telomerase: biochemical considerations for enzyme and substrate. Trends Biochem Sci 2002; 27: 572-579.
19. Xia J, Peng Y, Mian IS and Lue NF. Identification of functionally important domains in the N-terminal region of telomerase reverse transcriptase. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 5196-5207.
20. Bosoy D, Peng Y, Mian IS and Lue NF. Conserved N-terminal motifs of telomerase reverse transcriptase required for ribonucleoprotein assembly in vivo. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 3882-3890.
21. Moriarty TJ, Huard S, Dupuis S and Autexier C. Functional multimerization of human telomerase requires an RNA interaction domain in the N terminus of the catalytic subunit. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 1253-1265.
22. Harrington L, Zhou W, McPhail T, Oulton R, Yeung DS, Mar V, Bass MB and Robinson MO. Human telomerase contains evolutionarily conserved catalytic and structural subunits. Genes Dev 1997; 11: 3109-3115.
23. Lue NF, Lin YC and Mian IS. A conserved telomerase motif within the catalytic domain of telomerase reverse transcriptase is specifically required for repeat addition processivity. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 8440-8449.
24. Blasco MA, Funk W, Villeponteau B and Greider CW. Functional characterization and developmental regulation of mouse telomerase RNA. Science 1995; 269: 1267-1270.
25. Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu CP, Adams RR, Chang E, Allsopp RC, Yu J and et al. The RNA component of human telomerase. Science 1995; 269: 1236-1241.
26. Greider CW and Blackburn EH. A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis. Nature 1989; 337: 331-337.
27. Singer MS and Gottschling DE. TLC1: template RNA component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase. Science 1994; 266: 404-409.
28. Avilion AA, Piatyszek MA, Gupta J, Shay JW, Bacchetti S and Greider CW. Human telomerase RNA and telomerase activity in immortal cell lines and tumor tissues. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 645-650.
29. Chen JL, Blasco MA and Greider CW. Secondary structure of vertebrate telomerase RNA. Cell 2000; 100: 503-514.
30. Chen JL and Greider CW. Telomerase RNA structure and function: implications for dyskeratosis congenita. Trends Biochem Sci 2004; 29: 183-192.
31. Dragon F, Pogacic V and Filipowicz W. In vitro assembly of human H/ACA small nucleolar RNPs reveals unique features of U17 and telomerase RNAs. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 3037-3048.
32. Fu D and Collins K. Distinct biogenesis pathways for human telomerase RNA and H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs. Mol Cell 2003; 11: 1361-1372.
33. Jady BE, Bertrand E and Kiss T. Human telomerase RNA and box H/ACA scaRNAs share a common Cajal body-specific localization signal. J Cell Biol 2004; 164: 647-652.
34. Mitchell JR, Cheng J and Collins K. A box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA-like domain at the human telomerase RNA 3′ end. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 567-576.
35. Zhu Y, Tomlinson RL, Lukowiak AA, Terns RM and Terns MP. Telomerase RNA accumulates in Cajal bodies in human cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 81-90.
36. Venteicher AS, Abreu EB, Meng Z, McCann KE, Terns RM, Veenstra TD, Terns MP and Artandi SE. A human telomerase holoenzyme protein required for Cajal body localization and telomere synthesis. Science 2009; 323: 644-648.
37. Venteicher AS and Artandi SE. TCAB1: driving telomerase to Cajal bodies. Cell Cycle 2009; 8: 1329-1331.
38. Vulliamy T, Marrone A, Goldman F, Dearlove A, Bessler M, Mason PJ and Dokal I. The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita. Nature 2001; 413: 432-435.
39. Vulliamy TJ, Marrone A, Knight SW, Walne A, Mason PJ and Dokal I. Mutations in dyskeratosis congenita: their impact on telomere length and the diversity of clinical presentation. Blood 2006; 107: 2680-2685.
40. Ly H, Blackburn EH and Parslow TG. Comprehensive structure-function analysis of the core domain of human telomerase RNA. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 6849-6856.
41. Ly H, Calado RT, Allard P, Baerlocher GM, Lansdorp PM, Young NS and Parslow TG. Functional characterization of telomerase RNA variants found in patients with hematological disorders. Blood 2005; 105: 2332-2339.
42. Ly H, Schertzer M, Jastaniah W, Davis J, Yong SL, Ouyang Q, Blackburn EH, Parslow TG and Lansdorp PM. Identification and functional characterization of 2 variant alleles of the telomerase RNA template gene (TERC) in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita. Blood 2005; 106: 1246-1252.
43. Xin ZT, Beauchamp AD, Calado RT, Bradford JW, Regal JA, Shenoy A, Liang Y, Lansdorp PM, Young NS and Ly H. Functional characterization of natural telomerase mutations found in patients with hematologic disorders. Blood 2007; 109: 524-532.
44. Marrone A, Stevens D, Vulliamy T, Dokal I and Mason PJ. Heterozygous telomerase RNA mutations found in dyskeratosis congenita and aplastic anemia reduce telomerase activity via haploinsufficiency. Blood 2004; 104: 3936-3942.
45. Marrone A, Sokhal P, Walne A, Beswick R, Kirwan M, Killick S, Williams M, Marsh J, Vulliamy T and Dokal I. Functional characterization of novel telomerase RNA (TERC) mutations in patients with diverse clinical and pathological presentations. Haematologica 2007; 92: 1013-1020.
46. Fogarty PF, Yamaguchi H, Wiestner A, Baerlocher GM, Sloand E, Zeng WS, Read EJ, Lansdorp PM and Young NS. Late presentation of dyskeratosis congenita as apparently acquired aplastic anaemia due to mutations in telomerase RNA. Lancet 2003; 362: 1628-1630.
47. Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD, Alder JK, Ingersoll RG, Markin C, Lawson WE, Xie M, Vulto I, Phillips JA, 3rd, Lansdorp PM, Greider CW and Loyd JE. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1317-1326.
48. Armanios M, Chen JL, Chang YP, Brodsky RA, Hawkins A, Griffin CA, Eshleman JR, Cohen AR, Chakravarti A, Hamosh A and Greider CW. Haploinsufficiency of telomerase reverse transcriptase leads to anticipation in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 15960-15964.
49. Basel-Vanagaite L, Dokal I, Tamary H, Avigdor A, Garty BZ, Volkov A and Vulliamy T. Expanding the clinical phenotype of autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita caused by TERT mutations. Haematologica 2008; 93: 943-944.
50. Cronkhite JT, Xing C, Raghu G, Chin KM, Torres F, Rosenblatt RL and Garcia CK. Telomere shortening in familial and sporadic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 729-737.
51. Wilson DB, Ivanovich J, Whelan A, Goodfellow PJ and Bessler M. Human telomerase RNA mutations and bone marrow failure. Lancet 2003; 361: 1993-1994.
52. Yamaguchi H, Baerlocher GM, Lansdorp PM, Chanock SJ, Nunez O, Sloand E and Young NS. Mutations of the human telomerase RNA gene (TERC) in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2003; 102: 916-918.
53. Yamaguchi H, Calado, R. T., Ly, H., Kajigaya, S., Baerlocher, G. M., Chanock, S. J., Lansdorp, P. M., and Young, N. S. Mutations in TERT, the gene for telomerase reverse transcriptase, in aplastic anemia. New Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352: 1413-1483.
54. Field JJ, Mason PJ, An P, Kasai Y, McLellan M, Jaeger S, Barnes YJ, King AA, Bessler M and Wilson DB. Low frequency of telomerase RNA mutations among children with aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006; 28: 450-453.
55. Takeuchi J, Ly H, Yamaguchi H, Carroll KA, Kosaka F, Sawaguchi K, Mitamura Y, Watanabe A, Gomi S, Inokuchi K and Dan K. Identification and functional characterization of novel telomerase variant alleles in Japanese patients with bone-marrow failure syndromes. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 2008; 40: 185-191.
56. Tsakiri KD, Cronkhite JT, Kuan PJ, Xing C, Raghu G, Weissler JC, Rosenblatt RL, Shay JW and Garcia CK. Adult-onset pulmonary fibrosis caused by mutations in telomerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;
57. Sirinavin C and Trowbridge AA. Dyskeratosis congenita: clinical features and genetic aspects. Report of a family and review of the literature. J Med Genet 1975; 12: 339-354.
58. Dokal I and Vulliamy T. Dyskeratosis congenita: its link to telomerase and aplastic anaemia. Blood Rev 2003; 17: 217-225.
59. Langston AA, Sanders JE, Deeg HJ, Crawford SW, Anasetti C, Sullivan KM, Flowers ME and Storb R. Allogeneic marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia associated with dyskeratosis congenita. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 758-765.
60. Lau YL, Ha SY, Chan CF, Lee AC, Liang RH and Yuen HL. Bone marrow transplant for dyskeratosis congenita. Br J Haematol 1999; 105: 571.
61. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghadam K, Nasseri P, Jahani M, Khodabandeh A and Ghahremani G. Correction of bone marrow failure in dyskeratosis congenita by bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23: 299-301.
62. Rocha V, Devergie A, Socie G, Ribaud P, Esperou H, Parquet N and Gluckman E. Unusual complications after bone marrow transplantation for dyskeratosis congenita. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 243-248.
63. Yabe M, Yabe H, Hattori K, Morimoto T, Hinohara T, Takakura I, Shimizu T, Shimamura K, Tang X and Kato S. Fatal interstitial pulmonary disease in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 389-392.
64. Savage SA, Giri N, Baerlocher GM, Orr N, Lansdorp PM and Alter BP. TINF2, a component of the shelterin telomere protection complex, is mutated in dyskeratosis congenita. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 501-509.
65. Walne AJ, Vulliamy T, Beswick R, Kirwan M and Dokal I. TINF2 mutations result in very short telomeres: analysis of a large cohort of patients with dyskeratosis congenita and related bone marrow failure syndromes. Blood 2008; 112: 3594-3600.
66. Connor JM, Gatherer D, Gray FC, Pirrit LA and Affara NA. Assignment of the gene for dyskeratosis congenita to Xq28. Hum Genet 1986; 72: 348-351.
67. Heiss NS, Knight SW, Vulliamy TJ, Klauck SM, Wiemann S, Mason PJ, Poustka A and Dokal I. X-linked dyskeratosis congenita is caused by mutations in a highly conserved gene with putative nucleolar functions. Nat Genet 1998; 19: 32-38.
68. Knight SW, Vulliamy T, Forni GL, Oscier D, Mason PJ and Dokal I. Fine mapping of the dyskeratosis congenita locus in Xq28. J Med Genet 1996; 33: 993-995.
69. Filipowicz W and Pogacic V. Biogenesis of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002; 14: 319-327.
70. Knight SW, Vulliamy TJ, Morgan B, Devriendt K, Mason PJ and Dokal I. Identification of novel DKC1 mutations in patients with dyskeratosis congenita: implications for pathophysiology and diagnosis. Hum Genet 2001; 108: 299-303.
71. Mitchell JR, Wood E and Collins K. A telomerase component is defective in the human disease dyskeratosis congenita. Nature 1999; 402: 551-555.
72. Vulliamy TJ, Knight SW, Mason PJ and Dokal I. Very short telomeres in the peripheral blood of patients with X-linked and autosomal dyskeratosis congenita. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2001; 27: 353-357.
73. Blasco MA, Lee HW, Hande MP, Samper E, Lansdorp PM, DePinho RA and Greider CW. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 1997; 91: 25-34.
74. Lee HW, Blasco MA, Gottlieb GJ, Horner JW, 2nd, Greider CW and DePinho RA. Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs. Nature 1998; 392: 569-574.
75. Herrera E, Samper E, Martin-Caballero J, Flores JM, Lee HW and Blasco MA. Disease states associated with telomerase deficiency appear earlier in mice with short telomeres. Embo J 1999; 18: 2950-2960.
76. Rudolph KL, Chang S, Lee HW, Blasco M, Gottlieb GJ, Greider C and DePinho RA. Longevity, stress response, and cancer in aging telomerase-deficient mice. Cell 1999; 96: 701-712.
77. Yuan X, Ishibashi S, Hatakeyama S, Saito M, Nakayama J, Nikaido R, Haruyama T, Watanabe Y, Iwata H, Iida M, Sugimura H, Yamada N and Ishikawa F. Presence of telomeric G-strand tails in the telomerase catalytic subunit TERT knockout mice. Genes Cells 1999; 4: 563-572.
78. Liu Y, Snow BE, Hande MP, Yeung D, Erdmann NJ, Wakeham A, Itie A, Siderovski DP, Lansdorp PM, Robinson MO and Harrington L. The telomerase reverse transcriptase is limiting and necessary for telomerase function in vivo. Curr Biol 2000; 10: 1459-1462.
79. Chiang YJ, Hemann MT, Hathcock KS, Tessarollo L, Feigenbaum L, Hahn WC and Hodes RJ. Expression of telomerase RNA template, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase, is limiting for telomere length maintenance in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 7024-7031.
80. Ehrlich P. Ueber einem Fall von Anamie mit Bemerkungen uber regenerative Veranderungen des knochenmarks. Charite-Annalen 1888; 13: 300-309.
81. Vaquez MH and Aubertin C. Lanemie pernicieuse dapres les conceptions actuelles. Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de Paris 1904; 21: 288-297.
82. Young NS, Calado RT and Scheinberg P. Current concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of aplastic anemia. Blood 2006; 108: 2509-2519.
83. Maciejewski J, Selleri C, Anderson S and Young NS. Fas antigen expression on CD34+ human marrow cells is induced by interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and potentiates cytokine-mediated hematopoietic suppression in vitro. Blood 1995; 85: 3183-3190.
84. Maciejewski JP, Selleri C, Sato T, Anderson S and Young NS. Increased expression of Fas antigen on bone marrow CD34+ cells of patients with aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 245-252.
85. Vulliamy T and Dokal I. Dyskeratosis congenita. Semin Hematol 2006; 43: 157-166.
86. Sharma OP and Chan K. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis: a historical note. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999; 5: 275-277.
87. Khalil N and O'Connor R. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current understanding of the pathogenesis and the status of treatment. Cmaj 2004; 171: 153-160.
88. Selman M and Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an epithelial/ fibroblastic cross-talk disorder. Respir Res 2002; 3: 3.
89. Wang XM, Zhang Y, Kim HP, Zhou Z, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Liu F, Ifedigbo E, Xu X, Oury TD, Kaminski N and Choi AM. Caveolin-1: a critical regulator of lung fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 2895-2906.
90. Young NS. Drugs and chemicals. In: Young NS, Alter BP, editors. Aplastic Anemia: Acquired inherited. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. p. 100:132.
91. Weiskotten HG. J Med Res 1916;
92. Selling L. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1916;
93. Hamilton JD, Hartigan PM and Simberkoff MS. The effect of zidovudine on patient subgroups. Jama 1992; 267: 2472-2473.
94. Lan Q, Zhang L, Li G, Vermeulen R, Weinberg RS, Dosemeci M, Rappaport SM, Shen M, Alter BP, Wu Y, Kopp W, Waidyanatha S, Rabkin C, Guo W, Chanock S, Hayes RB, Linet M, Kim S, Yin S, Rothman N and Smith MT. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science 2004; 306: 1774-1776.
95. Wallace L. Environmental exposure to benzene: an update. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104 Suppl 6: 1129-1136.
96. Ahmad Khan H. Short Review: Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26: 677-685.
97. Degowin RL. Benzene Exposure and Aplastic Anemia Followed by Leukemia 15 Years Later. Jama 1963; 185: 748-751.
98. Savitz DA and Andrews KW. Review of epidemiologic evidence on benzene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Am J Ind Med 1997; 31: 287-295.
99. Issaragrisil S, Kaufman DW, Anderson T, Chansung K, Leaverton PE, Shapiro S and Young NS. The epidemiology of aplastic anemia in Thailand. Blood 2006; 107: 1299-1307.
100. Eastmond DA, Smith MT and Irons RD. An interaction of benzene metabolites reproduces the myelotoxicity observed with benzene exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 91: 85-95.
101. Smith MT, Yager JW, Steinmetz KL and Eastmond DA. Peroxidase-dependent metabolism of benzene's phenolic metabolites and its potential role in benzene toxicity and carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 1989; 82: 23-29.
102. Ross D. Metabolic basis of benzene toxicity. Eur J Haematol Suppl 1996; 60: 111-118.
103. Guy RL, Hu P, Witz G, Goldstein BD and Snyder R. Depression of iron uptake into erythrocytes in mice by treatment with the combined benzene metabolites p-benzoquinone, muconaldehyde and hydroquinone. J Appl Toxicol 1991; 11: 443-446.
104. Irons RD. Quinones as toxic metabolites of benzene. J Toxicol Environ Health 1985; 16: 673-678.
105. Subrahmanyam VV, Ross D, Eastmond DA and Smith MT. Potential role of free radicals in benzene-induced myelotoxicity and leukemia. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11: 495-515.
106. Velasco Lezama R, Barrera Escorcia E, Munoz Torres A, Tapia Aguilar R, Gonzalez Ramirez C, Garcia Lorenzana M, Ortiz Monroy V and Betancourt Rule M. A model for the induction of aplastic anemia by subcutaneous administration of benzene in mice. Toxicology 2001; 162: 179-191.
107. Irons RD, Stillman WS, Colagiovanni DB and Henry VA. Synergistic action of the benzene metabolite hydroquinone on myelopoietic stimulating activity of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 3691-3695.
108. Snyder R, Lee EW and Kocsis JJ. Binding of labeled benzene metabolites to mouse liver and bone marrow. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1978; 20: 191-194.
109. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M and Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39: 44-84.
110. Ahamed M, Kumar A and Siddiqui MK. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in the blood of children with aplastic anemia. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 374: 176-177.
111. Yu K, Yang KY, Ren XZ, Chen Y and Liu XH. Amifostine protects bone marrow from benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice. Int J Toxicol 2007; 26: 315-323.
112. Chen J. Animal models for acquired bone marrow failure syndromes. Clin Med Res 2005; 3: 102-108.
113. Niculescu R and Kalf GF. A morphological analysis of the short-term effects of benzene on the development of the hematological cells in the bone marrow of mice and the effects of interleukin-1 alpha on the process. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69: 141-148.
114. Renz JF and Kalf GF. Role for interleukin-1 (IL-1) in benzene-induced hematotoxicity: inhibition of conversion of pre-IL-1 alpha to mature cytokine in murine macrophages by hydroquinone and prevention of benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice by IL-1 alpha. Blood 1991; 78: 938-944.
115. Wells MS and Nerland DE. Hematotoxicity and concentration-dependent conjugation of phenol in mice following inhalation exposure to benzene. Toxicol Lett 1991; 56: 159-166.
116. Liu LP, Liu JF and Lu YQ. Effects of Sheng-Mai injection on the PRPP synthetase activity in BFU-es and CFU-es from bone marrows of mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia. Life Sci 2001; 69: 1373-1379.
117. Faiola B, Fuller ES, Wong VA, Pluta L, Abernethy DJ, Rose J and Recio L. Exposure of hematopoietic stem cells to benzene or 1,4-benzoquinone induces gender-specific gene expression. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 750-758.
118. Zhu H, Li Y and Trush MA. Differences in xenobiotic detoxifying activities between bone marrow stromal cells from mice and rats: implications for benzene-induced hematotoxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995; 46: 183-201.
119. Faiola B, Fuller ES, Wong VA and Recio L. Gene expression profile in bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells in mice exposed to inhaled benzene. Mutat Res 2004; 549: 195-212.
120. Ehrlich J, Bartz QR, Smith RM, Joslyn DA and Burkholder PR. Chloromycetin, a New Antibiotic From a Soil Actinomycete. Science 1947; 106: 417.
121. Volini IF, Greenspan I, Ehrlich L, Gonner JA, Felsenfeld O and Schwartz SO. Hemopoietic changes during administration of chloramphenicol (chloromycetin). J Am Med Assoc 1950; 142: 1333-1335.
122. Holt DE, Ryder TA, Fairbairn A, Hurley R and Harvey D. The myelotoxicity of chloramphenicol: in vitro and in vivo studies: I. In vitro effects on cells in culture. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16: 570-576.
123. Yunis AA, Miller AM, Salem Z, Corbett MD and Arimura GK. Nitroso-chloramphenicol: possible mediator in chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia. J Lab Clin Med 1980; 96: 36-46.
124. Botnick LE, Hannon EC and Hellman S. A long lasting proliferative defect in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment following cytotoxic agents. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979; 5: 1621-1625.
125. McManus PM and Weiss L. Busulfan-induced chronic bone marrow failure: changes in cortical bone, marrow stromal cells, and adherent cell colonies. Blood 1984; 64: 1036-1041.
126. Reincke U, Hannon EC and Hellman S. Residual radiation injury exhibited in long-term bone marrow cultures. J Cell Physiol 1982; 112: 345-352.
127. Meng A, Wang Y, Van Zant G and Zhou D. Ionizing radiation and busulfan induce premature senescence in murine bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5414-5419.
128. Chisaka H, Morita E, Yaegashi N and Sugamura K. Parvovirus B19 and the pathogenesis of anaemia. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13: 347-359.
129. Young NS and Brown KE. Parvovirus B19. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 586-597.
130. Broomhall KS, Morin M, Pevear DC and Pfau CJ. Severe and transient pancytopenia associated with a chronic arenavirus infection. J Exp Pathol 1987; 3: 259-269.
131. Stellrecht-Broomhall KA. Evidence for immune-mediated destruction as mechanism for LCMV-induced anemia in persistently infected mice. Viral Immunol 1991; 4: 269-280.
132. Mayer A, Podlech J, Kurz S, Steffens HP, Maiberger S, Thalmeier K, Angele P, Dreher L and Reddehase MJ. Bone marrow failure by cytomegalovirus is associated with an in vivo deficiency in the expression of essential stromal hemopoietin genes. J Virol 1997; 71: 4589-4598.
133. Almeida-Porada GD and Ascensao JL. Cytomegalovirus as a cause of pancytopenia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 21: 217-223.
134. Gross TJ and Hunninghake GW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 517-525.
135. Raghu G, Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Bradford WZ and Oster G. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 810-816.
136. Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA, Colby TV and Waldron JA. Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 242-248.
137. Johnston I, Britton J, Kinnear W and Logan R. Rising mortality from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Bmj 1990; 301: 1017-1021.
138. Johnston ID, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC and Rudd RM. British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1997; 52: 38-44.
139. Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE, Brown KK, Herron A, Slifer SH, Burch LH, Wahidi MM, Phillips JA, 3rd, Sporn TA, McAdams HP, Schwarz MI and Schwartz DA. Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 1146-1152.
140. Morla M, Busquets X, Pons J, Sauleda J, MacNee W and Agusti AG. Telomere shortening in smokers with and without COPD. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 525-528.
141. Valdes AM, Andrew T, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Oelsner E, Cherkas LF, Aviv A and Spector TD. Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet 2005; 366: 662-664.
142. Cawthon RM, Smith KR, O'Brien E, Sivatchenko A and Kerber RA. Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet 2003; 361: 393-395.
143. Benetos A, Gardner JP, Zureik M, Labat C, Xiaobin L, Adamopoulos C, Temmar M, Bean KE, Thomas F and Aviv A. Short telomeres are associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43: 182-185.
144. Okuda K, Khan MY, Skurnick J, Kimura M, Aviv H and Aviv A. Telomere attrition of the human abdominal aorta: relationships with age and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2000; 152: 391-398.
145. Samani NJ, Boultby R, Butler R, Thompson JR and Goodall AH. Telomere shortening in atherosclerosis. Lancet 2001; 358: 472-473.
146. Valdes AM, Richards JB, Gardner JP, Swaminathan R, Kimura M, Xiaobin L, Aviv A and Spector TD. Telomere length in leukocytes correlates with bone mineral density and is shorter in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1203-1210.
147. O'Sullivan JN, Bronner MP, Brentnall TA, Finley JC, Shen WT, Emerson S, Emond MJ, Gollahon KA, Moskovitz AH, Crispin DA, Potter JD and Rabinovitch PS. Chromosomal instability in ulcerative colitis is related to telomere shortening. Nat Genet 2002; 32: 280-284.
148. Kinouchi Y, Hiwatashi N, Chida M, Nagashima F, Takagi S, Maekawa H and Toyota T. Telomere shortening in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 343-348.
149. Cottliar A, Fundia A, Boerr L, Sambuelli A, Negreira S, Gil A, Gomez JC, Chopita N, Bernedo A and Slavutsky I. High frequencies of telomeric associations, chromosome aberrations, and sister chromatid exchanges in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2301-2307.
150. Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Adler NE, Morrow JD and Cawthon RM. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 17312-17315.
151. Harman D. The aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78: 7124-7128.
152. Lombard DB, Chua KF, Mostoslavsky R, Franco S, Gostissa M and Alt FW. DNA repair, genome stability, and aging. Cell 2005; 120: 497-512.
153. von Zglinicki T, Serra V, Lorenz M, Saretzki G, Lenzen-Grossimlighaus R, Gessner R, Risch A and Steinhagen-Thiessen E. Short telomeres in patients with vascular dementia: an indicator of low antioxidative capacity and a possible risk factor? Lab Invest 2000; 80: 1739-1747.
154. Lorenz M, Saretzki G, Sitte N, Metzkow S and von Zglinicki T. BJ fibroblasts display high antioxidant capacity and slow telomere shortening independent of hTERT transfection. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 824-831.
155. von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G, Docke W and Lotze C. Mild hyperoxia shortens telomeres and inhibits proliferation of fibroblasts: a model for senescence? Exp Cell Res 1995; 220: 186-193.
156. Liu L, Trimarchi JR, Smith PJ and Keefe DL. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to telomere attrition and genomic instability. Aging Cell 2002; 1: 40-46.
157. Henle ES, Han Z, Tang N, Rai P, Luo Y and Linn S. Sequence-specific DNA cleavage by Fe2+-mediated fenton reactions has possible biological implications. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 962-971.
158. Petersen S, Saretzki G and von Zglinicki T. Preferential accumulation of single-stranded regions in telomeres of human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1998; 239: 152-160.
159. Oikawa S, Tada-Oikawa S and Kawanishi S. Site-specific DNA damage at the GGG sequence by UVA involves acceleration of telomere shortening. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 4763-4768.
160. Rai P, Wemmer DE and Linn S. Preferential binding and structural distortion by Fe2+ at RGGG-containing DNA sequences correlates with enhanced oxidative cleavage at such sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33: 497-510.
161. Burrows CJ and Muller JG. Oxidative Nucleobase Modifications Leading to Strand Scission. Chem Rev 1998; 98: 1109-1152.
162. Opresko PL, Fan J, Danzy S, Wilson DM, 3rd and Bohr VA. Oxidative damage in telomeric DNA disrupts recognition by TRF1 and TRF2. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33: 1230-1239.
163. Sitte N, Saretzki G and von Zglinicki T. Accelerated telomere shortening in fibroblasts after extended periods of confluency. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24: 885-893.
164. Munro J, Steeghs K, Morrison V, Ireland H and Parkinson EK. Human fibroblast replicative senescence can occur in the absence of extensive cell division and short telomeres. Oncogene 2001; 20: 3541-3552.
165. Allsopp RC, Chang E, Kashefi-Aazam M, Rogaev EI, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW and Harley CB. Telomere shortening is associated with cell division in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 1995; 220: 194-200.
166. Kruk PA, Rampino NJ and Bohr VA. DNA damage and repair in telomeres: relation to aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 258-262.