Endolysosomal phospholipidosis and cytosolic lipid droplet storage and release in macrophages

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids

Volumn 1791, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 524-539

  Schmitz, Gerd ^a   Grandl, Margot ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; E LDL; Lipid droplet; Macrophages; Ox LDL; Phospholipidosis

Indexed keywords

1,4 BIS(2 CHLOROBENZYLAMINOMETHYL)CYCLOHEXANE; ABC TRANSPORTER A1; ABC TRANSPORTER G1; AMIODARONE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CHLORCYCLIZINE; CHLOROQUINE; CHLORPHENTERMINE; CHOLESTEROL; CLOMIPRAMINE; CYCLIZINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ETHYL LOFLAZEPATE; FAT DROPLET; FENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; GENTAMICIN; HALOPERIDOL; HEXESTROL BIS(2 DIETHYLAMINOETHYL) ETHER; HYDROXYZINE; IMIPRAMINE; IPRINDOLE; LIPOSOME; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MAPROTILINE; MECLOZINE; PERHEXILINE; TAMOXIFEN; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIMELDINE;

CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CELL ORGANELLE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE; CYTOSOL; ENZYME DEGRADATION; FABRY DISEASE; FOAM CELL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; LAMELLAR BODY; LIPID DEGRADATION; LIPID HYDROLYSIS; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPID STORAGE; LIPID TRANSPORT; LIPIDOSIS; LUNG TOXICITY; LYSOSOME; MACROPHAGE; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHAGOSOME; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; REVIEW; UPREGULATION;

ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3; ANIMALS; ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS; CYTOSOL; DATABASES AS TOPIC; EXOCYTOSIS; FOAM CELLS; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM DISORDERS; LIPOLYSIS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LYSOSOMES; MACROPHAGES; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES; ORGANELLES; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS;

EID: 67349096844     PISSN: 13881981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.007     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Zeyda M., Farmer D., Todoric J., Aszmann O., Speiser M., Gyori G., Zlabinger G.J., and Stulnig T.M. Human adipose tissue macrophages are of an anti-inflammatory phenotype but capable of excessive pro-inflammatory mediator production. Int. J. Obes. (Lond) 31 (2007) 1420-1428
2. Zeyda M., and Stulnig T.M. Adipose tissue macrophages. Immunol. Lett. 112 (2007) 61-67
3. Pluddemann A., Neyen C., and Gordon S. Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands. Methods 43 (2007) 207-217
4. Trigatti B.L., Rigotti A., and Braun A. Cellular and physiological roles of SR-BI, a lipoprotein receptor which mediates selective lipid uptake. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1529 (2000) 276-286
5. Collot-Teixeira S., Martin J., McDermott-Roe C., Poston R., and McGregor J.L. CD36 and macrophages in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Res. 75 (2007) 468-477
6. Stern L.J., Potolicchio I., and Santambrogio L. MHC class II compartment subtypes: structure and function. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (2006) 64-69
7. Desjardins M. ER-mediated phagocytosis: a new membrane for new functions. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 (2003) 280-291
8. van den E.P., Garg S., Leon L., Brigl M., Leadbetter E.A., Gumperz J.E., Dascher C.C., Cheng T.Y., Sacks F.M., Illarionov P.A., Besra G.S., Kent S.C., Moody D.B., and Brenner M.B. Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation. Nature 437 (2005) 906-910
9. Major A.S., Joyce S., and Van Kaer L. Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis and CD1-restricted antigen presentation. Trends Mol. Med. 12 (2006) 270-278
10. Elewaut D., Lawton A.P., Nagarajan N.A., Maverakis E., Khurana A., Honing S., Benedict C.A., Sercarz E., Bakke O., Kronenberg M., and Prigozy T.I. The adaptor protein AP-3 is required for CD1d-mediated antigen presentation of glycosphingolipids and development of Valpha14i NKT cells. J. Exp. Med. 198 (2003) 1133-1146
11. McCormick P.J., Martina J.A., and Bonifacino J.S. Involvement of clathrin and AP-2 in the trafficking of MHC class II molecules to antigen-processing compartments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 7910-7915
12. Anderson N., and Borlak J. Drug-induced phospholipidosis. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 5533-5540
13. Schmitz G., and Muller G. Structure and function of lamellar bodies, lipid-protein complexes involved in storage and secretion of cellular lipids. J. Lipid. Res. 32 (1991) 1539-1570
14. Dake M.D., Madison J.M., Montgomery C.K., Shellito J.E., Hinchcliffe W.A., Winkler M.L., and Bainton D.F. Electron microscopic demonstration of lysosomal inclusion bodies in lung, liver, lymph nodes, and blood leukocytes of patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Am. J. Med. 78 (1985) 506-512
15. Kaloyanides G.J. Drug-phospholipid interactions: role in aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Ren. Fail. 14 (1992) 351-357
16. Kodavanti U.P., and Mehendale H.M. Cationic amphiphilic drugs and phospholipid storage disorder. Pharmacol. Rev. 42 (1990) 327-354
17. Sunderji R., Kanji Z., and Gin K. Pulmonary effects of low dose amiodarone: a review of the risks and recommendations for surveillance. Can. J. Cardiol. 16 (2000) 1435-1440
18. Lewis J.H., Mullick F., Ishak K.G., Ranard R.C., Ragsdale B., Perse R.M., Rusnock E.J., Wolke A., Benjamin S.B., and Seeff L.B. Histopathologic analysis of suspected amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Hum. Pathol. 21 (1990) 59-67
19. Estes M.L., Ewing-Wilson D., Chou S.M., Mitsumoto H., Hanson M., Shirey E., and Ratliff N.B. Chloroquine neuromyotoxicity. Clinical and pathologic perspective. Am. J. Med. 82 (1987) 447-455
20. Kosek J.C., Mazze R.I., and Cousins M.J. Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Lab. Invest. 30 (1974) 48-57
21. McCloud C.M., Beard T.L., Kacew S., and Reasor M.J. In vivo and in vitro reversibility of chlorphentermine-induced phospholipidosis in rat alveolar macrophages. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 62 (1995) 12-21
22. Kannan R., Sarma J.S., Guha M., and Venkataraman K. Amiodarone toxicity. II. Desethylamiodarone-induced phospholipidosis and ultrastructural changes during repeated administration in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16 (1991) 103-109
23. Reasor M.J. A review of the biology and toxicologic implications of the induction of lysosomal lamellar bodies by drugs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 97 (1989) 47-56
24. Halliwell W.H. Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis. Toxicol. Pathol. 25 (1997) 53-60
25. Daniel W.A., Bickel M.H., and Honegger U.E. The contribution of lysosomal trapping in the uptake of desipramine and chloroquine by different tissues. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 77 (1995) 402-406
26. MacIntyre A.C., and Cutler D.J. Role of lysosomes in hepatic accumulation of chloroquine. J. Pharm. Sci. 77 (1988) 196-199
27. Van Bambeke F., Gerbaux C., Michot J.M., d'Yvoire M.B., Montenez J.P., and Tulkens P.M. Lysosomal alterations induced in cultured rat fibroblasts by long-term exposure to low concentrations of azithromycin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42 (1998) 761-767
28. Shaikh N.A., and Downar E. Effects of chronic amiodarone treatment on cat myocardial phospholipid content and on in vitro phospholipid catabolism. Mol. Cell Biochem. 78 (1987) 17-25
29. Schmitz G., Robenek H., Beuck M., Krause R., Schurek A., and Niemann R. Ca++ antagonists and ACAT inhibitors promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages by different mechanisms. I. Characterization of cellular lipid metabolism. Arteriosclerosis 8 (1988) 46-56
30. Robenek H., and Schmitz G. Ca++ antagonists and ACAT inhibitors promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages by different mechanisms. II. Characterization of intracellular morphologic changes. Arteriosclerosis 8 (1988) 57-67
31. Verkleij A.J., De Maagd R., Leunissen-Bijvelt J., and De Kruijff B. Divalent cations and chlorpromazine can induce non-bilayer structures in phosphatidic acid-containing model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 684 (1982) 255-262
32. Dean P.J., Groshart K.D., Porterfield J.G., Iansmith D.H., and Golden Jr. E.B. Amiodarone-associated pulmonary toxicity. A clinical and pathologic study of eleven cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87 (1987) 7-13
33. Schneider P., Korolenko T.A., and Busch U. A review of drug-induced lysosomal disorders of the liver in man and laboratory animals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 36 (1997) 253-275
34. Reasor M.J., and Kacew S. Drug-induced phospholipidosis: are there functional consequences?. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 226 (2001) 825-830
35. Kolter T., and Sandhoff K. Principles of lysosomal membrane digestion: stimulation of sphingolipid degradation by sphingolipid activator proteins and anionic lysosomal lipids. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21 (2005) 81-103
36. Tietz P.S., Yamazaki K., and LaRusso N.F. Time-dependent effects of chloroquine on pH of hepatocyte lysosomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 (1990) 1419-1421
37. Sawada H., Takami K., and Asahi S. A toxicogenomic approach to drug-induced phospholipidosis: analysis of its induction mechanism and establishment of a novel in vitro screening system. Toxicol. Sci. 83 (2005) 282-292
38. Antonini J.M., McCloud C.M., and Reasor M.J. Acute silica toxicity: attenuation by amiodarone-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (1994) 372-378
39. Nioi P., Perry B.K., Wang E.J., Gu Y.Z., and Snyder R.D. In vitro detection of drug-induced phospholipidosis using gene expression and fluorescent phospholipid based methodologies. Toxicol. Sci. 99 (2007) 162-173
40. Idborg-Bjorkman H., Edlund P.O., Kvalheim O.M., Schuppe-Koistinen I., and Jacobsson S.P. Screening of biomarkers in rat urine using LC/electrospray ionization-MS and two-way data analysis. Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) 4784-4792
41. Nicholls A.W., Holmes E., Lindon J.C., Shockcor J.P., Farrant R.D., Haselden J.N., Damment S.J., Waterfield C.J., and Nicholson J.K. Metabonomic investigations into hydrazine toxicity in the rat. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14 (2001) 975-987
42. Kasahara T., Tomita K., Murano H., Harada T., Tsubakimoto K., Ogihara T., Ohnishi S., and Kakinuma C. Establishment of an in vitro high-throughput screening assay for detecting phospholipidosis-inducing potential. Toxicol. Sci. 90 (2006) 133-141
43. Kolter T., and Sandhoff K. Sphingolipid metabolism diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758 (2006) 2057-2079
44. Vellodi A. Lysosomal storage disorders. Br. J. Haematol. 128 (2005) 413-431
45. Wada R., Tifft C.J., and Proia R.L. Microglial activation precedes acute neurodegeneration in Sandhoff disease and is suppressed by bone marrow transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 10954-10959
46. Ikonen E., and Parton R.G. Caveolins and cellular cholesterol balance. Traffic 1 (2000) 212-217
47. Haley N.J., Shio H., and Fowler S. Characterization of lipid-laden aortic cells from cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Resolution of aortic cell populations by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. Lab. Invest. 37 (1977) 287-296
48. De Duve C. The participation of lysosomes in the transformation of smooth muscle cells to foamy cells in the aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Acta Cardiol. Suppl. 20 (1974) 9-25
49. Jerome W.G. Advanced atherosclerotic foam cell formation has features of an acquired lysosomal storage disorder. Rejuvenation Res 9 (2006) 245-255
50. Huizing M., and Gahl W.A. Disorders of vesicles of lysosomal lineage: the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. Curr. Mol. Med. 2 (2002) 451-467
51. Ezaki J., and Kominami E. The intracellular location and function of proteins of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Brain Pathol. 14 (2004) 77-85
52. Rusyn E., Mousallem T., Persaud-Sawin D.A., Miller S., and Boustany R.M. CLN3p impacts galactosylceramide transport, raft morphology, and lipid content. Pediatr. Res. 63 (2008) 625-631
53. Schulz A., Mousallem T., Venkataramani M., Persaud-Sawin D.A., Zucker A., Luberto C., Bielawska A., Bielawski J., Holthuis J.C., Jazwinski S.M., Kozhaya L., Dbaibo G.S., and Boustany R.M. The CLN9 protein, a regulator of dihydroceramide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 2784-2794
54. Hazard S.E., and Patel S.B. Sterolins ABCG5 and ABCG8: regulators of whole body dietary sterols. Pflugers Arch. 453 (2007) 745-752
55. Boehm M., and Bonifacino J.S. Adaptins: the final recount. Mol. Biol. Cell 12 (2001) 2907-2920
56. Sorkin A. Cargo recognition during clathrin-mediated endocytosis: a team effort. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16 (2004) 392-399
57. Newell-Litwa K., Seong E., Burmeister M., and Faundez V. Neuronal and non-neuronal functions of the AP-3 sorting machinery. J. Cell Sci. 120 (2007) 531-541
58. Odorizzi G., Cowles C.R., and Emr S.D. The AP-3 complex: a coat of many colours. Trends Cell Biol. 8 (1998) 282-288
59. Badolato R., and Parolini S. Novel insights from adaptor protein 3 complex deficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120 (2007) 735-741
60. Engel T., Lueken A., Bode G., Hobohm U., Lorkowski S., Schlueter B., Rust S., Cullen P., Pech M., Assmann G., and Seedorf U. ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like 7 (ARL7) is induced by cholesterol loading and participates in apolipoprotein AI-dependent cholesterol export. FEBS Lett. 566 (2004) 241-246
61. Bared S.M., Buechler C., Boettcher A., Dayoub R., Sigruener A., Grandl M., Rudolph C., Dada A., and Schmitz G. Association of ABCA1 with syntaxin 13 and flotillin-1 and enhanced phagocytosis in tangier cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15 (2004) 5399-5407
62. Hirano K., Matsuura F., Tsukamoto K., Zhang Z., Matsuyama A., Takaishi K., Komuro R., Suehiro T., Yamashita S., Takai Y., and Matsuzawa Y. Decreased expression of a member of the Rho GTPase family, Cdc42Hs, in cells from Tangier disease - the small G protein may play a role in cholesterol efflux. FEBS Lett. 484 (2000) 275-279
63. Langmann T., Porsch-Ozcurumez M., Unkelbach U., Klucken J., and Schmitz G. Genomic organization and characterization of the promoter of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter-G1 (ABCG1) gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1494 (2000) 175-180
64. Wei M.L. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: a disease of protein trafficking and organelle function. Pigment Cell Res. 19 (2006) 19-42
65. Huang L., Kuo Y.M., and Gitschier J. The pallid gene encodes a novel, syntaxin 13-interacting protein involved in platelet storage pool deficiency. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 329-332
66. White R.A., Peters L.L., Adkison L.R., Korsgren C., Cohen C.M., and Lux S.E. The murine pallid mutation is a platelet storage pool disease associated with the protein 4.2 (pallidin) gene. Nat. Genet. 2 (1992) 80-83
67. Schmitz G., and Schambeck C.M. Molecular defects in the ABCA1 pathway affect platelet function. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 35 (2006) 166-174
68. Shotelersuk V., and Gahl W.A. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: models for intracellular vesicle formation. Mol. Genet. Metab. 65 (1998) 85-96
69. Nofer J.R., Herminghaus G., Brodde M., Morgenstern E., Rust S., Engel T., Seedorf U., Assmann G., Bluethmann H., and Kehrel B.E. Impaired platelet activation in familial high density lipoprotein deficiency (Tangier disease). J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 34032-34037
70. Orso E., Broccardo C., Kaminski W.E., Bottcher A., Liebisch G., Drobnik W., Gotz A., Chambenoit O., Diederich W., Langmann T., Spruss T., Luciani M.F., Rothe G., Lackner K.J., Chimini G., and Schmitz G. Transport of lipids from Golgi to plasma membrane is defective in tangier disease patients and Abc1-deficient mice. Nat. Genet. 24 (2000) 192-196
71. Martina J.A., Moriyama K., and Bonifacino J.S. BLOC-3, a protein complex containing the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome gene products HPS1 and HPS4. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 29376-29384
72. Phillips S.N., Benedict J.W., Weimer J.M., and Pearce D.A. CLN3, the protein associated with batten disease: structure, function and localization. J. Neurosci. Res. 79 (2005) 573-583
73. Kyttala A., Yliannala K., Schu P., Jalanko A., and Luzio J.P. AP-1 and AP-3 facilitate lysosomal targeting of Batten disease protein CLN3 via its dileucine motif. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 10277-10283
74. Bodzioch M., Aslanidis C., Kacinski M., Zhong N., Wisniewski K.E., and Schmitz G. Rapid detection of the two most common CLN2 mutations causing classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Clin. Chem. 46 (2000) 1696-1699
75. Peters T.J., Muller M., and De Duve C. Lysosomes of the arterial wall. I. Isolation and subcellular fractionation of cells from normal rabbit aorta. J. Exp. Med. 136 (1972) 1117-1139
76. Jerome W.G., and Lewis J.C. Early atherogenesis in White Carneau pigeons. II. Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations. Am. J. Pathol. 119 (1985) 210-222
77. Fowler S., Berberian P.A., Shio H., Goldfischer S., and Wolinsky H. Characterization of cell populations isolated from aortas of rhesus monkeys with experimental atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 46 (1980) 520-530
78. Miller B.F., and Kothari H.V. Increased activity of lysosomal enzymes in human atherosclerotic aortas. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 10 (1969) 288-294
79. Goldfischer S., Schiller B., and Wolinsky H. Lipid accumulation in smooth muscle cell lysosomes im primate atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 78 (1975) 497-504
80. Jialal I., and Chait A. Differences in the metabolism of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein and acetylated low density lipoprotein by human endothelial cells: inhibition of cholesterol esterification by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein. J. Lipid Res. 30 (1989) 1561-1568
81. Yancey P.G., and Jerome W.G. Lysosomal sequestration of free and esterified cholesterol from oxidized low density lipoprotein in macrophages of different species. J. Lipid Res. 39 (1998) 1349-1361
82. Yancey P.G., Miles S., Schwegel J., and Jerome W.G. Uptake and trafficking of mildly oxidized LDL and acetylated LDL in THP-1 cells does not explain the differences in lysosomal metabolism of these two lipoproteins. Microsc. Microanal. 8 (2002) 81-93
83. Yancey P.G., and Jerome W.G. Lysosomal cholesterol derived from mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein is resistant to efflux. J. Lipid Res. 42 (2001) 317-327
84. Jerome W.G., and Lewis J.C. Early atherogenesis in White Carneau pigeons: effect of a short-term regression diet. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 53 (1990) 223-238
85. Jessup W., Wilson P., Gaus K., and Kritharides L. Oxidized lipoproteins and macrophages. Vascul. Pharmacol. 38 (2002) 239-248
86. Brown A.J., Mander E.L., Gelissen I.C., Kritharides L., Dean R.T., and Jessup W. Cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism and subcellular distribution in macrophage foam cells. Accumulation of oxidized esters in lysosomes. J. Lipid Res. 41 (2000) 226-237
87. Berliner J.A., and Heinecke J.W. The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20 (1996) 707-727
88. Stocker R. Lipoprotein oxidation: mechanistic aspects, methodological approaches and clinical relevance. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 5 (1994) 422-433
89. Lougheed M., Zhang H.F., and Steinbrecher U.P. Oxidized low density lipoprotein is resistant to cathepsins and accumulates within macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 14519-14525
90. Jessup W., Mander E.L., and Dean R.T. The intracellular storage and turnover of apolipoprotein B of oxidized LDL in macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126 (1992) 167-177
91. Hoppe G., O'Neil J., and Hoff H.F. Inactivation of lysosomal proteases by oxidized low density lipoprotein is partially responsible for its poor degradation by mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Clin. Invest. 94 (1994) 1506-1512
92. Kritharides L., Jessup W., Mander E.L., and Dean R.T. Apolipoprotein A-I-mediated efflux of sterols from oxidized LDL-loaded macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15 (1995) 276-289
93. Roma P., Catapano A.L., Bertulli S.M., Varesi L., Fumagalli R., and Bernini F. Oxidized LDL increase free cholesterol and fail to stimulate cholesterol esterification in murine macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171 (1990) 123-131
94. Kritharides L., Christian A., Stoudt G., Morel D., and Rothblat G.H. Cholesterol metabolism and efflux in human THP-1 macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18 (1998) 1589-1599
95. Adcox C., Boyd L., Oehrl L., Allen J., and Fenner G. Comparative effects of phytosterol oxides and cholesterol oxides in cultured macrophage-derived cell lines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 (2001) 2090-2095
96. Hovenkamp E., Lourbakos A., Duchateau G.S., Tareilus E.W., and Trautwein E.A. Preferential efflux of phytosterols over cholesterol from macrophages. Lipids 42 (2007) 1125-1132
97. Fehrenbacher N., and Jaattela M. Lysosomes as targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 2993-2995
98. Dhaliwal B.S., and Steinbrecher U.P. Cholesterol delivered to macrophages by oxidized low density lipoprotein is sequestered in lysosomes and fails to efflux normally. J. Lipid Res. 41 (2000) 1658-1665
99. Jerome W.G., Cash C., Webber R., Horton R., and Yancey P.G. Lysosomal lipid accumulation from oxidized low density lipoprotein is correlated with hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network. J. Lipid Res. 39 (1998) 1362-1371
100. Hand A.R., and Oliver C. Effects of secretory stimulation on the Golgi apparatus and GERL of rat parotid acinar cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 32 (1984) 403-412
101. Cox B.E., Griffin E.E., Ullery J.C., and Jerome W.G. Effects of cellular cholesterol loading on macrophage foam cell lysosome acidification. J. Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 1012-1021
102. Soyombo A.A., Tjon-Kon-Sang S., Rbaibi Y., Bashllari E., Bisceglia J., Muallem S., and Kiselyov K. TRP-ML1 regulates lysosomal pH and acidic lysosomal lipid hydrolytic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 7294-7301
103. Kiselyov K., Chen J., Rbaibi Y., Oberdick D., Tjon-Kon-Sang S., Shcheynikov N., Muallem S., and Soyombo A. TRP-ML1 is a lysosomal monovalent cation channel that undergoes proteolytic cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 43218-43223
104. Arai K., Shimaya A., Hiratani N., and Ohkuma S. Purification and characterization of lysosomal H(+)-ATPase. An anion-sensitive v-type H(+)-ATPase from rat liver lysosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 5649-5660
105. Eskelinen E.L., Tanaka Y., and Saftig P. At the acidic edge: emerging functions for lysosomal membrane proteins. Trends Cell Biol. 13 (2003) 137-145
106. Yuan X.M., Li W., Brunk U.T., Dalen H., Chang Y.H., and Sevanian A. Lysosomal destabilization during macrophage damage induced by cholesterol oxidation products. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28 (2000) 208-218
107. Gelissen I.C., Brown A.J., Mander E.L., Kritharides L., Dean R.T., and Jessup W. Sterol efflux is impaired from macrophage foam cells selectively enriched with 7-ketocholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 17852-17860
108. Feng B., Yao P.M., Li Y., Devlin C.M., Zhang D., Harding H.P., Sweeney M., Rong J.X., Kuriakose G., Fisher E.A., Marks A.R., Ron D., and Tabas I. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. Nat. Cell Biol. 5 (2003) 781-792
109. Fu X., Menke J.G., Chen Y., Zhou G., MacNaul K.L., Wright S.D., Sparrow C.P., and Lund E.G. 27-hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous ligand for liver X receptor in cholesterol-loaded cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 38378-38387
110. Joseph S.B., Castrillo A., Laffitte B.A., Mangelsdorf D.J., and Tontonoz P. Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors. Nat. Med. 9 (2003) 213-219
111. Repa J.J., Turley S.D., Lobaccaro J.A., Medina J., Li L., Lustig K., Shan B., Heyman R.A., Dietschy J.M., and Mangelsdorf D.J. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science 289 (2000) 1524-1529
112. Tontonoz P., and Mangelsdorf D.J. Liver X receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease. Mol. Endocrinol. 17 (2003) 985-993
113. Stroikin Y., Dalen H., Brunk U.T., and Terman A. Testing the "garbage" accumulation theory of ageing: mitotic activity protects cells from death induced by inhibition of autophagy. Biogerontology 6 (2005) 39-47
114. Luzio J.P., Rous B.A., Bright N.A., Pryor P.R., Mullock B.M., and Piper R.C. Lysosome-endosome fusion and lysosome biogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 113 Pt 9 (2000) 1515-1524
115. Edinger A.L., and Thompson C.B. Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16 (2004) 663-669
116. Cuervo A.M. Autophagy: in sickness and in health. Trends Cell Biol. 14 (2004) 70-77
117. Munafo D.B., and Colombo M.I. A novel assay to study autophagy: regulation of autophagosome vacuole size by amino acid deprivation. J. Cell Sci. 114 (2001) 3619-3629
118. Codogno P., and Meijer A.J. Autophagy and signaling: their role in cell survival and cell death. Cell Death Differ 12 Suppl 2 (2005) 1509-1518
119. Griffin E.E., Ullery J.C., Cox B.E., and Jerome W.G. Aggregated LDL and lipid dispersions induce lysosomal cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophage foam cells. J. Lipid Res. 46 (2005) 2052-2060
120. Brown M.S., and Goldstein J.L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52 (1983) 223-261
121. Smith E.B., Evans P.H., and Downham M.D. Lipid in the aortic intima. The correlation of morphological and chemical characteristics. J. Atheroscler. Res. 7 (1967) 171-186
122. Kapinsky M., Torzewski M., Buchler C., Duong C.Q., Rothe G., and Schmitz G. Enzymatically degraded LDL preferentially binds to CD14(high) CD16(+) monocytes and induces foam cell formation mediated only in part by the class B scavenger-receptor CD36. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21 (2001) 1004-1010
123. Nicholson A.C., Frieda S., Pearce A., and Silverstein R.L. Oxidized LDL binds to CD36 on human monocyte-derived macrophages and transfected cell lines. Evidence implicating the lipid moiety of the lipoprotein as the binding site. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15 (1995) 269-275
124. Abdel Shakor A.B., Kwiatkowska K., and Sobota A. Cell surface ceramide generation precedes and controls FcgammaRII clustering and phosphorylation in rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 36778-36787
125. Devaraj S., Davis B., Simon S.I., and Jialal I. CRP promotes monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion via Fcgamma receptors in human aortic endothelial cells under static and shear flow conditions. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291 (2006) H1170-H1176
126. Bhakdi S., Dorweiler B., Kirchmann R., Torzewski J., Weise E., Tranum-Jensen J., Walev I., and Wieland E. On the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: enzymatic transformation of human low density lipoprotein to an atherogenic moiety. J. Exp. Med. 182 (1995) 1959-1971
127. Seifert P.S., Hugo F., Tranum-Jensen J., Zahringer U., Muhly M., and Bhakdi S. Isolation and characterization of a complement-activating lipid extracted from human atherosclerotic lesions. J. Exp. Med. 172 (1990) 547-557
128. Torzewski M., Klouche M., Hock J., Messner M., Dorweiler B., Torzewski J., Gabbert H.E., and Bhakdi S. Immunohistochemical demonstration of enzymatically modified human LDL and its colocalization with the terminal complement complex in the early atherosclerotic lesion. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18 (1998) 369-378
129. Chao F.F., Blanchette-Mackie E.J., Tertov V.V., Skarlatos S.I., Chen Y.J., and Kruth H.S. Hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester in low density lipoprotein converts this lipoprotein to a liposome. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 4992-4998
130. Kruth H.S. Localization of unesterified cholesterol in human atherosclerotic lesions. Demonstration of filipin-positive, oil-red-O-negative particles. Am. J. Pathol. 114 (1984) 201-208
131. Simionescu N., Vasile E., Lupu F., Popescu G., and Simionescu M. Prelesional events in atherogenesis. Accumulation of extracellular cholesterol-rich liposomes in the arterial intima and cardiac valves of the hyperlipidemic rabbit. Am. J. Pathol. 123 (1986) 109-125
132. Williams K.J., and Tabas I. The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15 (1995) 551-561
133. Hajjar D.P., Weksler B.B., Falcone D.J., Hefton J.M., Tack-Goldman K., and Minick C.R. Prostacyclin modulates cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity by its effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 70 (1982) 479-488
134. Sakurada T., Orimo H., Okabe H., Noma A., and Murakami M. Purification and properties of cholesterol ester hydrolase from human aortic intima and media. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 424 (1976) 204-212
135. Hakala J.K., Oksjoki R., Laine P., Du H., Grabowski G.A., Kovanen P.T., and Pentikainen M.O. Lysosomal enzymes are released from cultured human macrophages, hydrolyze LDL in vitro, and are present extracellularly in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23 (2003) 1430-1436
136. Bhakdi S., Torzewski M., Klouche M., and Hemmes M. Complement and atherogenesis: binding of CRP to degraded, nonoxidized LDL enhances complement activation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 (1999) 2348-2354
137. Klouche M., Rose-John S., Schmiedt W., and Bhakdi S. Enzymatically degraded, nonoxidized LDL induces human vascular smooth muscle cell activation, foam cell transformation, and proliferation. Circulation 101 (2000) 1799-1805
138. Klouche M., Gottschling S., Gerl V., Hell W., Husmann M., Dorweiler B., Messner M., and Bhakdi S. Atherogenic properties of enzymatically degraded LDL: selective induction of MCP-1 and cytotoxic effects on human macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18 (1998) 1376-1385
139. Klouche M., May A.E., Hemmes M., Messner M., Kanse S.M., Preissner K.T., and Bhakdi S. Enzymatically modified, nonoxidized LDL induces selective adhesion and transmigration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through human endothelial cell monolayers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 (1999) 784-793
140. Chandler A.B., and Hand R.A. Phagocytized platelets: a source of lipids in human thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques. Science 134 (1961) 946-947
141. Curtiss L.K., Black A.S., Takagi Y., and Plow E.F. New mechanism for foam cell generation in atherosclerotic lesions. J. Clin. Invest. 80 (1987) 367-373
142. Sambrano G.R., Parthasarathy S., and Steinberg D. Recognition of oxidatively damaged erythrocytes by a macrophage receptor with specificity for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994) 3265-3269
143. Jain S.K. Evidence for membrane lipid peroxidation during the in vivo aging of human erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 937 (1988) 205-210
144. Martin S., and Parton R.G. Caveolin, cholesterol, and lipid bodies. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 (2005) 163-174
145. Martin S., and Parton R.G. Lipid droplets: a unified view of a dynamic organelle. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7 (2006) 373-378
146. Stiban J., Caputo L., and Colombini M. Ceramide synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum can permeabilize mitochondria to proapoptotic proteins. J. Lipid. Res. 49 (2008) 625-634
147. Bionda C., Portoukalian J., Schmitt D., Rodriguez-Lafrasse C., and Ardail D. Subcellular compartmentalization of ceramide metabolism: MAM (mitochondria-associated membrane) and/or mitochondria?. Biochem. J. 382 (2004) 527-533
148. Merrill Jr. A.H. De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis: a necessary, but dangerous, pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 25843-25846
149. Ardail D., Popa I., Bodennec J., Louisot P., Schmitt D., and Portoukalian J. The mitochondria-associated endoplasmic-reticulum subcompartment (MAM fraction) of rat liver contains highly active sphingolipid-specific glycosyltransferases. Biochem. J. 371 (2003) 1013-1019
150. Vance J.E. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically-related aminophospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 49 (2008) 1377-1387
151. Boulant S., Douglas M.W., Moody L., Budkowska A., Targett-Adams P., and McLauchlan J. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces lipid droplet redistribution in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner. Traffic 9 (2008) 1268-1282
152. Tauchi-Sato K., Ozeki S., Houjou T., Taguchi R., and Fujimoto T. The surface of lipid droplets is a phospholipid monolayer with a unique fatty acid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 44507-44512
153. Blanchette-Mackie E.J., Dwyer N.K., Barber T., Coxey R.A., Takeda T., Rondinone C.M., Theodorakis J.L., Greenberg A.S., and Londos C. Perilipin is located on the surface layer of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes. J. Lipid Res. 36 (1995) 1211-1226
154. Franke W.W., Hergt M., and Grund C. Rearrangement of the vimentin cytoskeleton during adipose conversion: formation of an intermediate filament cage around lipid globules. Cell 49 (1987) 131-141
155. Lieber J.G., and Evans R.M. Disruption of the vimentin intermediate filament system during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells inhibits lipid droplet accumulation. J. Cell Sci. 109 Pt 13 (1996) 3047-3058
156. Brasaemle D.L., Barber T., Wolins N.E., Serrero G., Blanchette-Mackie E.J., and Londos C. Adipose differentiation-related protein is an ubiquitously expressed lipid storage droplet-associated protein. J. Lipid Res. 38 (1997) 2249-2263
157. Heid H.W., Moll R., Schwetlick I., Rackwitz H.R., and Keenan T.W. Adipophilin is a specific marker of lipid accumulation in diverse cell types and diseases. Cell Tissue Res. 294 (1998) 309-321
158. Londos C., Brasaemle D.L., Schultz C.J., Segrest J.P., and Kimmel A.R. Perilipins, ADRP, and other proteins that associate with intracellular neutral lipid droplets in animal cells. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10 (1999) 51-58
159. Fujimoto T., Kogo H., Ishiguro K., Tauchi K., and Nomura R. Caveolin-2 is targeted to lipid droplets, a new "membrane domain" in the cell. J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001) 1079-1085
160. Murphy D.J., and Vance J. Mechanisms of lipid-body formation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24 (1999) 109-115
161. Brasaemle D.L., Rubin B., Harten I.A., Gruia-Gray J., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 38486-38493
162. Imamura M., Inoguchi T., Ikuyama S., Taniguchi S., Kobayashi K., Nakashima N., and Nawata H. ADRP stimulates lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation in murine fibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283 (2002) E775-E783
163. Nakamura N., Akashi T., Taneda T., Kogo H., Kikuchi A., and Fujimoto T. ADRP is dissociated from lipid droplets by ARF1-dependent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 322 (2004) 957-965
164. Wolins N.E., Quaynor B.K., Skinner J.R., Schoenfish M.J., Tzekov A., and Bickel P.E. S3-12, Adipophilin, and TIP47 package lipid in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 19146-19155
165. Bozza P.T., and Bandeira-Melo C. Mechanisms of leukocyte lipid body formation and function in inflammation. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 100 Suppl. 1 (2005) 113-120
166. Lass A., Zimmermann R., Haemmerle G., Riederer M., Schoiswohl G., Schweiger M., Kienesberger P., Strauss J.G., Gorkiewicz G., and Zechner R. Adipose triglyceride lipase-mediated lipolysis of cellular fat stores is activated by CGI-58 and defective in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome. Cell Metab. 3 (2006) 309-319
167. Smirnova E., Goldberg E.B., Makarova K.S., Lin L., Brown W.J., and Jackson C.L. ATGL has a key role in lipid droplet/adiposome degradation in mammalian cells. EMBO Rep. 7 (2006) 106-113
168. Miyoshi H., Souza S.C., Zhang H.H., Strissel K.J., Christoffolete M.A., Kovsan J., Rudich A., Kraemer F.B., Bianco A.C., Obin M.S., and Greenberg A.S. Perilipin promotes hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated adipocyte lipolysis via phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 15837-15844
169. Pol A., Luetterforst R., Lindsay M., Heino S., Ikonen E., and Parton R.G. A caveolin dominant negative mutant associates with lipid bodies and induces intracellular cholesterol imbalance. J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001) 1057-1070
170. Roy S., Luetterforst R., Harding A., Apolloni A., Etheridge M., Stang E., Rolls B., Hancock J.F., and Parton R.G. Dominant-negative caveolin inhibits H-Ras function by disrupting cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains. Nat. Cell Biol. 1 (1999) 98-105
171. Herbert A. The fat tail of obesity as told by the genome. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 11 (2008) 366-370
172. Pomp D., Nehrenberg D., and Estrada-Smith D. Complex genetics of obesity in mouse models. Annu. Rev. Nutr. (2008)
173. Agarwal A.K., and Garg A. Genetic disorders of adipose tissue development, differentiation, and death. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 7 (2006) 175-199
174. Wellen K.E., and Hotamisligil G.S. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J. Clin. Invest. 112 (2003) 1785-1788
175. Wellen K.E., and Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (2005) 1111-1119
176. Lumeng C.N., Bodzin J.L., and Saltiel A.R. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J. Clin. Invest. 117 (2007) 175-184
177. Tang X., Halleck M.S., Schlegel R.A., and Williamson P. A subfamily of P-type ATPases with aminophospholipid transporting activity. Science 272 (1996) 1495-1497
178. Paulusma C.C., Folmer D.E., Ho-Mok K.S., de Waart D.R., Hilarius P.M., Verhoeven A.J., and Oude Elferink R.P. ATP8B1 requires an accessory protein for endoplasmic reticulum exit and plasma membrane lipid flippase activity. Hepatology 47 (2008) 268-278
179. Flamant S., Pescher P., Lemercier B., Clement-Ziza M., Kepes F., Fellous M., Milon G., Marchal G., and Besmond C. Characterization of a putative type IV aminophospholipid transporter P-type ATPase. Mamm. Genome 14 (2003) 21-30
180. Meguro M., Kashiwagi A., Mitsuya K., Nakao M., Kondo I., Saitoh S., and Oshimura M. A novel maternally expressed gene, ATP10C, encodes a putative aminophospholipid translocase associated with Angelman syndrome. Nat. Genet. 28 (2001) 19-20
181. Cattanach B.M., Barr J.A., Beechey C.V., Martin J., Noebels J., and Jones J. A candidate model for Angelman syndrome in the mouse. Mamm. Genome 8 (1997) 472-478
182. Dhar M.S., Yuan J.S., Elliott S.B., and Sommardahl C. A type IV P-type ATPase affects insulin-mediated glucose uptake in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17 (2006) 811-820
183. Bruno C., Bertini E., Di Rocco M., Cassandrini D., Ruffa G., De Toni T., Seri M., Spada M., Li V.G., D'Amico A., Trucco F., Arca M., Casali C., Angelini C., Dimauro S., and Minetti C. Clinical and genetic characterization of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 369 (2008) 1125-1128
184. Benedetti S., and Merlini L. Laminopathies: from the heart of the cell to the clinics. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17 (2004) 553-560
185. Reue K. The role of lipin 1 in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Novartis Found Symp. 286 (2007) 58-68
186. Ferguson P.J., Chen S., Tayeh M.K., Ochoa L., Leal S.M., Pelet A., Munnich A., Lyonnet S., Majeed H.A., and El Shanti H. Homozygous mutations in LPIN2 are responsible for the syndrome of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (Majeed syndrome). J. Med. Genet. 42 (2005) 551-557
187. Ross S.E., Hemati N., Longo K.A., Bennett C.N., Lucas P.C., Erickson R.L., and MacDougald O.A. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt signaling. Science 289 (2000) 950-953
188. Bennett C.N., Ross S.E., Longo K.A., Bajnok L., Hemati N., Johnson K.W., Harrison S.D., and MacDougald O.A. Regulation of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 30998-31004
189. Koyama N., Nagahiro T., Yamaguchi Y., Ohshiro T., Masuma R., Tomoda H., and Omura S. Spylidone, a novel inhibitor of lipid droplet accumulation in mouse macrophages produced by Phoma sp. FKI-1840. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58 (2005) 338-345
190. Tomoda H., Namatame I., Tabata N., Kawaguchi K., Si S., and Omura S. Structure elucidation of fungal phenochalasins, novel inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 857-861
191. Tomoda H., Namatame I., Si S., Kawaguchi K., Masuma R., Namikoshi M., and Omura S. Phenochalasins, inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Phomopsis sp. FT-0211. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 851-856
192. Namatame I., Tomoda H., Arai M., and Omura S. Effect of fungal metabolites cytochalasans on lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 53 (2000) 19-25
193. Namatame I., Tomoda H., Si S., Yamaguchi Y., Masuma R., and Omura S. Beauveriolides, specific inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Beauveria sp. FO-6979. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 1-6
194. Namatame I., Tomoda H., Tabata N., Si S., and Omura III S. Structure elucidation of fungal beauveriolide. a novel inhibitor of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 52 (1999) 7-12
195. Obata R., Ohshiro T., Tomoda H., and Nishiyama S. Discovery of halogenated eurypamide B analogues as inhibitors of lipid droplet accumulation in macrophages. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15 (2005) 4189-4191
196. Chen J.S., Chen Y.L., Greenberg A.S., Chen Y.J., and Wang S.M. Magnolol stimulates lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Cell Biochem. 94 (2005) 1028-1037
197. Guilherme A., Virbasius J.V., Puri V., and Czech M.P. Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9 (2008) 367-377
198. Hodgkinson C.P., and Ye S. Microarray analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma induced changes in gene expression in macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308 (2003) 505-510
199. Seo J.B., Moon H.M., Kim W.S., Lee Y.S., Jeong H.W., Yoo E.J., Ham J., Kang H., Park M.G., Steffensen K.R., Stulnig T.M., Gustafsson J.A., Park S.D., and Kim J.B. Activated liver X receptors stimulate adipocyte differentiation through induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 24 (2004) 3430-3444
200. Inazawa Y., Nakatsu M., Yasugi E., Saeki K., and Yuo A. Lipid droplet formation in human myeloid NB4 cells stimulated by all trans retinoic acid and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: possible involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Cell Struct. Funct. 28 (2003) 487-493
201. Yu C., Markan K., Temple K.A., Deplewski D., Brady M.J., and Cohen R.N. The nuclear receptor corepressors NCoR and SMRT decrease peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcriptional activity and repress 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 13600-13605
202. Pascual G., Fong A.L., Ogawa S., Gamliel A., Li A.C., Perissi V., Rose D.W., Willson T.M., Rosenfeld M.G., and Glass C.K. A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-gamma. Nature 437 (2005) 759-763
203. Ghisletti S., Huang W., Ogawa S., Pascual G., Lin M.E., Willson T.M., Rosenfeld M.G., and Glass C.K. Parallel SUMOylation-dependent pathways mediate gene- and signal-specific transrepression by LXRs and PPARgamma. Mol. Cell 25 (2007) 57-70
204. Takeda K., and Akira S. TLR signaling pathways. Semin. Immunol. 16 (2004) 3-9
205. Odegaard J.I., Ricardo-Gonzalez R.R., Goforth M.H., Morel C.R., Subramanian V., Mukundan L., Eagle A.R., Vats D., Brombacher F., Ferrante A.W., and Chawla A. Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Nature 447 (2007) 1116-1120
206. Vats D., Mukundan L., Odegaard J.I., Zhang L., Smith K.L., Morel C.R., Wagner R.A., Greaves D.R., Murray P.J., and Chawla A. Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1beta attenuate macrophage-mediated inflammation. Cell Metab. 4 (2006) 13-24
207. Shimada J., Suzuki Y., Kim S.J., Wang P.C., Matsumura M., and Kojima S. Transactivation via RAR/RXR-Sp1 interaction: characterization of binding between Sp1 and GC box motif. Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (2001) 1677-1692
208. Brown M.S., and Goldstein J.L. A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 11041-11048
209. Shimano H. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs): transcriptional regulators of lipid synthetic genes. Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (2001) 439-452
210. Reed B.D., Charos A.E., Szekely A.M., Weissman S.M., and Snyder M. Genome-wide occupancy of SREBP1 and its partners NFY and SP1 reveals novel functional roles and combinatorial regulation of distinct classes of genes. PLoS Genet. 4 (2008) e1000133
211. Goldstein J.L., DeBose-Boyd R.A., and Brown M.S. Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell 124 (2006) 35-46
212. Schmitz G., and Ecker J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. (2007)
213. Ecker J., Langmann T., Moehle C., and Schmitz G. Isomer specific effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on macrophage ABCG1 transcription by a SREBP-1c dependent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 352 (2007) 805-811
214. Robenek H., and Severs N.J. Recent advances in freeze-fracture electron microscopy: the replica immunolabeling technique. Biol. Proced. Online 10 (2008) 9-19
215. Robenek H., Hofnagel O., Buers I., Robenek M.J., Troyer D., and Severs N.J. Adipophilin-enriched domains in the ER membrane are sites of lipid droplet biogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 119 (2006) 4215-4224
216. Mason R.J., and Crystal R.G. Pulmonary cell biology. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (1998) S72-S81
217. Morelli J.K., Buehrle M., Pognan F., Barone L.R., Fieles W., and Ciaccio P.J. Validation of an in vitro screen for phospholipidosis using a high-content biology platform. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 22 (2006) 15-27
218. Liu P., Bartz R., Zehmer J.K., Ying Y.S., Zhu M., Serrero G., and Anderson R.G. Rab-regulated interaction of early endosomes with lipid droplets. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1773 (2007) 784-793
219. Jaffrezou J.P., Chen G., Duran G.E., Muller C., Bordier C., Laurent G., Sikic B.I., and Levade T. Inhibition of lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase by agents which reverse multidrug resistance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1266 (1995) 1-8