Monitoring immune dysfunctions in the septic patient: A new skin for the old ceremony

Molecular Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 64-78

  Monneret, Guillaume ^a   Venet, Fabienne ^b   Pachot, Alexandre ^a   Lepape, Alain ^c  

^a EDOUARD HERRIOT HOSPITAL   (France)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CENTRE HOSPITALIER LYON SUD   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIUM TRICHLORO(DIOXYETHYLENE O,O')TELLURATE; CASPASE INHIBITOR; CYTOKINE; FAS LIGAND; FLT3 LIGAND; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN KINASE FER; RITONAVIR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; AUTACOID;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL FUNCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; LYMPHOCYTE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEOPLASM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; BLOOD; CROSS INFECTION; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; PROGNOSIS; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME;

CROSS INFECTION; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; PROGNOSIS; SEPSIS; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME;

EID: 40349091729     PISSN: 10761551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2119/2007-00102.Monneret     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Angus DC, Wax RS (2001) Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit. Care. Med. 29:S109-16.
2. Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B (2004) EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive. Care. Med. 30:580-8.
3. Brun-Buisson C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Girou E, Grenier-Sennelier C, Durand-Zaleski I (2003) The costs of septic syndromes in the intensive care unit and influence of hospital-acquired sepsis. Intensive. Care. Med. 29:1464-71.
4. Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL (2007) Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit. Care. Med. 35:1244-50.
5. Zeni F, Freeman B, Natanson C (1997) Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: a reassessment. Crit. Care. Med. 25:1095-100.
6. Remick DG (2007) Pathophysiology of sepsis. Am. J. Pathol. 170:1435-44.
7. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE (2003) The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:138-150.
8. Annane D, Bellissant E, Cavaillon JM (2005) Septic shock. Lancet 365:63-78.
9. Munford RS, Pugin J (2001) Normal responses to injury prevent systemic inflammation and can be immunosuppressive. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 163:316-321.
10. Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Bohe J, Venet F, Debard AL, Thizy H, Bienvenu J, Gueyffier F, Vanhems P (2006) Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive. Care. Med. 32:1175-83
11. Pachot A, Lepape A, Vey S, Bienvenu J, Mougin B, Monneret G (2006) Systemic transcriptional analysis in survivor and non-survivor septic shock patients: a preliminary study. Immunol. Lett. 106:63-71.
12. Pugin J (2007) Immunostimulation is a rational therapeutic strategy in sepsis. Novartis. Found. Symp. 280:21-7.
13. Wesche DE, Lomas-Neira JL, Perl M, Chung CS, Ayala A (2005) Leukocyte apoptosis and its significance in sepsis and shock. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78:325-37.
14. + regulatory T cells in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Crit. Care. Med. 31:2068-71.
15. Lederer JA, Rodrick ML, Mannick JA (1999) The effects of injury on the adaptive immune response. Shock 11:153-9.
16. Manjuck J, et al. (2000) Decreased response to recall antigens is associated with depressed costimulatory receptor expression in septic critically ill patients. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 135:153-60.
17. Roth G, Moser B, Krenn C, Brunner M, Haisjackl M, Almer G, Gerlitz S, Wolner E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Ankersmit HJ (2003) Susceptibility to programmed cell death in T-lymphocytes from septic patients: a mechanism for lymphopenia and Th2 predominance. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308:840-6.
18. Meakins JL, Pietsch JB, Bubenick O, Kelly R, Rode H, Gordon J, MacLean LD (1977) Delayed hypersensitivity: indicator of acquired failure of host defenses in sepsis and trauma. Ann. Surg. 186:241-50.
19. Rode HN, Christou NV, Bubenik O, Superina R, Gordon J, Meakins JL, MacLean LD (1982) Lymphocyte function in anergic patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 47:155-61.
20. Christou NV, Meakins JL, Gordon J, Yee J, Hassan-Zahraee M, Nohr CW, Shizgal HM, MacLean LD (1995) The delayed hypersensitivity response and host resistance in surgical patients: 20 years later. Ann. Surg. 222:534-46.
21. O'Mahony JB, Palder SB, Wood JJ, McIrvine A, Rodrick ML, Demling RH, Mannick JA (1984) Depression of cellular immunity after multiple trauma in the absence of sepsis. J. Trauma 24:869-75.
22. Faist E, Kupper TS, Baker CC, Chaudry IH, Dwyer J, Baue AE (1986) Depression of cellular immunity after major injury: its association with posttraumatic complications and its reversal with immunomodulation. Arch. Surg. 121:1000-5.
23. Hensler T, Hecker H, Heeg K, Heidecke CD, Bartels H, Barthlen W, Wagner H, Siewert JR, Holzmann B (1997) Distinct mechanisms of immunosuppression as a consequence of major surgery. Infect. Immun. 65:2283-91.
24. Puyana JC, Pellegrini JD, De AK, Kodys K, Silva WE, Miller CL (1998) Both T-helper-1- and T-helper-2-type lymphokines are depressed in posttrauma anergy. J. Trauma 44:1037-45.
25. De AK, Kodys KM, Pellegrini J, Yeh B, Furse RK, Bankey P, Miller-Graziano CL (2000) Induction of global anergy rather than inhibitory Th2 lymphokines mediates posttrauma T cell immunodepression. Clin. Immunol. 96:52-66.
26. Pellegrini JD, De AK, Kodys K, Puyana JC, Furse RK, Miller-Graziano C (2000) Relationships between T lymphocyte apoptosis and anergy following trauma. J. Surg. Res. 88:200-6.
27. Laudanski K, et al. (2006) Cell-specific expression and pathway analyses reveal alterations in trauma-related human T cell and monocyte pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:15564-9.
28. Bandyopadhyay G, De A, Laudanski K, Li F, Lentz C, Bankey P, Miller-Graziano C (2007) Negative signaling contributes to T-cell anergy in trauma patients. Crit. Care. Med. 35:794-801.
29. Murphy T, Paterson H, Rogers S, Mannick JA, Lederer JA (2003) Use of intracellular cytokine staining and bacterial superantigen to document suppression of the adaptive immune system in injured patients. Ann. Surg. 238:401-10.
30. Heidecke CD, Hensler T, Weighardt H, Zantl N, Wagner H, Siewert JR, Holzmann B (1999) Selective defects of T lymphocyte function in patients with lethal intraabdominal infection. Am. J. Surg. 178:288-92.
31. Ochoa JB, Makarenkova V (2005) T lymphocytes. Crit. Care. Med. 33:S510-3.
32. Cavaillon JM, Adib-Conquy M (2007) Determining the degree of immunodysregulation in sepsis. Contrib. Nephrol. 156:101-11.
33. Munoz C, Carlet J, Fitting C, Misset B, Bleriot JP, Cavaillon JM (1991) Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1747-54.
34. van Deuren M, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Demacker PN, Bartelink AK, van Dalen R, Sauerwein RW, Gallati H, Vannice JL, van der Meer JW (1994) Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors during the course of meningococcal infections. J. Infect. Dis. 169:157-61.
35. Munoz C, Misset B, Fitting C, Bleriot JP, Carlet J, Cavaillon JM (1991) Dissociation between plasma and monocyte-associated cytokines during sepsis. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2177-84.
36. Rigato O, Salomao R (2003) Impaired production of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factoralpha but not of interleukin 10 in whole blood of patients with sepsis. Shock 19:113-6.
37. Stanilova SA, Karakolev ZT, Dimov GS, Dobreva ZG, Miteva LD, Slavov ES, Stefanov CS, Stanilov NS (2005) High interleukin 12 and low interleukin 10 production after in vitro stimulation detected in sepsis survivors. Intensive Care Med. 31:401-7.
38. Cavaillon JM, Adrie C, Fitting C, Adib-Conquy M (2003) Endotoxin tolerance: is there a clinical relevance? J. Endotoxin. Res. 9:101-7.
39. Zhang X, Morrison DC (1993) Lipopolysaccharide structure-function relationship in activation versus reprogramming of mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 54:444-50.
40. Cavaillon JM, Adib-Conquy M (2006) Bench-to-bedside review: endotoxin tolerance as a model of leukocyte reprogramming in sepsis. Crit. Care 10:233.
41. Nierhaus A, Montag B, Timmler N, Frings DP, Gutensohn K, Jung R, Schneider CG, Pothmann W, Brassel AK, Schulte Am Esch J (2003) Reversal of immunoparalysis by recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 29:646-51.
42. Ploder M, Pelinka L, Schmuckenschlager C, Wessner B, Ankersmit HJ, Fuerst W, Redl H, Roth E, Spittler A (2006) Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production and not monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression is correlated with survival in septic trauma patients. Shock 25:129-34.
43. Marshall JC (2003) Such stuff as dreams are made on: mediator-directed therapy in sepsis. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov 2:391-405.
44. Perry SE, Mostafa SM, Wenstone R, McLaughlin PJ (2002) Low plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is an indicator of poor prognosis in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 28:981-4.
45. Wang H, et al. (1999) HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science 285:248-51.
46. Sunden-Cullberg J, et al. (2005) Persistent elevation of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 33:564-73.
47. Angus DC, Yang L, Kong L, Kellum JA, Delude RL, Tracey KJ, Weissfeld L (2007) Circulating high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations are elevated in both uncomplicated pneumonia and pneumonia with severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 35:1061-7.
48. Bianchi ME (2007) DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81:1-5.
49. Pachot A, et al. (2005) Longitudinal study of cytokine and immune transcription factor mRNA expression in septic shock. Clin. Immunol. 114:61-9.
50. Gogos CA, et al. (2000) Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options. J. Infect. Dis. 181:176-80.
51. van Dissel JT, et al. (1998) Anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and mortality in febrile patients. Lancet 351:950-3.
52. Hynninen M, et al. (2003) Predictive value of monocyte histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR expression and plasma interleukin-4 and -10 levels in critically ill patients with sepsis. Shock 20:1-4.
53. Carrol ED, Thomson AP, Jones AP, Jeffers G, Hart CA (2005) A predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokine profile is associated with disease severity in meningococcal sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 31:1415-9.
54. Monneret G, et al. (2004) The anti-inflammatory response dominates after septic shock: association of low monocyte HLA-DR expression and high interleukin-10 concentration. Immunol. Lett. 95:193-8.
55. Abe R, et al. (2007) Up-regulation of interleukin-10 mRNA expression in peripheral leukocytes predicts poor outcome and diminished human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on monocytes in septic patients. J. Surg. Res. Aug 20 [Epub ahead of print].
56. Lekkou A, et al. (2004) Cytokine production and monocyte HLA-DR expression as predictors of outcome for patients with community-acquired severe infections. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11:161-7.
57. Leonidou L, Mouzaki A, Michalaki M, Delastic AL, Kyriazopoulou V, Bassaris HP, Gogos CA (2007) Cytokine production and hospital mortality in patients with sepsis-induced stress hyperglycemia. J. Infect. 55:340-6.
58. Oberholzer A, Oberholzer C, Moldawer LL (2002) Interleukin-10: a complex role in the pathogenesis of sepsis syndromes and its potential as an anti-inflammatory drug. Crit. Care. Med. 30:S58-63.
59. Sfeir T, et al. (2001) Role of interleukin-10 in monocyte hyporesponsiveness associated with septic shock. Crit. Care. Med. 29:129-33.
60. Muehlstedt SG, Lyte M, Rodriguez JL (2002) Increased IL-10 production and HLA-DR suppression in the lungs of injured patients precede the development of nosocomial pneumonia. Shock 17:443-50.
61. Randow F, et al. (1995) Mechanism of endotoxin desensitization: involvement of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta. J. Exp. Med. 181:1887-92.
62. Astiz M, et al. (1996) Monocyte response to bacterial toxins, expression of cell surface receptors, and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines during sepsis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 128:594-600.
63. Monneret G, Voirin N, Krawice-Radanne I, Bohe J, Lepape A, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED (2007) Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G5 in septic shock: marked and persisting elevation as a predictor of survival. Crit. Care. Med. 35:1942-7.
64. Martinez C, et al. (2002) Anti-inflammatory role in septic shock of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:1053-8.
65. Yaqub S, Solhaug V, Vang T, Solberg R, Aasen A, Tasken K, Wang JE (2003) A human whole blood model of LPS-mediated suppression of T cell activation. Med. Sci. Monit. 9:BR120-6.
66. Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, Airaghi L, Valenza F, Lipton JM, Gattinoni L (2000) Plasma concentrations and anti-L-cytokine effects of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in septic patients. Crit. Care. Med. 28:1403-7.
67. Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Harbarth S, Bergmann A, Muller B (2005) Midregional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: an observational study. Crit. Care 9:R816-24.
68. Le Tulzo Y, et al. (2004) Monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR transcriptional downregulation by cortisol during septic shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 169:1144-51.
69. Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (2000) The sympathetic nerve: an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 52:595-638.
70. Tracey KJ (2007) Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 117:289-96.
71. Osuchowski MF, Welch K, Yang H, Siddiqui J, Remick DG (2007) Chronic sepsis mortality characterized by an individualized inflammatory response. J. Immunol. 179:623-30.
72. Osuchowski MF, Welch K, Siddiqui J, Remick DG (2006) Circulating cytokine/inhibitor profiles reshape the understanding of the SIRS/CARS continuum in sepsis and predict mortality. J. Immunol. 177:1967-74.
73. Oberholzer A, Souza SM, Tschoeke SK, Oberholzer C, Abouhamze A, Pribble JP, Moldawer LL (2005) Plasma cytokine measurements augment prognostic scores as indicators of outcome in patients with severe sepsis. Shock 23:488-93.
74. Huang X, Venet F, Chung CS, Lomas-Neira J, Ayala A (2007) Changes in dendritic cell function in the immune response to sepsis: cell- and tissue-based therapy. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 7:929-38.
75. Benjamim CF, Lundy SK, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL (2005) Reversal of long-term sepsis-induced immunosuppression by dendritic cells. Blood 105:3588-95.
76. Toliver-Kinsky TE, Cui W, Murphey ED, Lin C, Sherwood ER (2005) Enhancement of dendritic cell production by fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand increases the resistance of mice to a burn wound infection. J. Immunol. 174:404-10.
77. Wysocka M, Montaner LJ, Karp CL (2005) Flt3 ligand treatment reverses endotoxin tolerance-related immunoparalysis. J. Immunol. 174:7398-402.
78. Guisset O, Dilhuydy MS, Thiebaut R, Lefevre J, Camou F, Sarrat A, Gabinski C, Moreau JF, Blanco P (2007) Decrease in circulating dendritic cells predicts fatal outcome in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 33:148-52.
79. Ho CS, Lopez JA, Vuckovic S, Pyke CM, Hockey RL, Hart DN (2001) Surgical and physical stress increases circulating blood dendritic cell counts independently of monocyte counts. Blood 98:140-5.
80. Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE, Grayson MH, Osborne DF, Wagner TH, Cobb JP, Coopersmith C, Karl IE (2002) Depletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients with sepsis. J. Immunol. 168:2493-500.
81. Faivre V, Lukaszewicz AC, Alves A, Charron D, Payen D, Haziot A (2007) Accelerated in vitro differentiation of blood monocytes into dendritic cells in human sepsis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 147:426-39.
82. De AK, Laudanski K, Miller-Graziano CL (2003) Failure of monocytes of trauma patients to convert to immature dendritic cells is related to preferential macrophage-colony-stimulating factordriven macrophage differentiation. J. Immunol. 170:6355-62.
83. Koppelman B, Neefjes JJ, de Vries JE, de Waal Malefyt R (1997) Interleukin-10 down-regulates MHC class II alphabeta peptide complexes at the plasma membrane of monocytes by affecting arrival and recycling. Immunity 7:861-71.
84. Krakauer T, Oppenheim JJ (1993) IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha each up-regulate both the expression of IFN-gamma receptors and enhance IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression on human monocytes and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). J. Immunol. 150:1205-11.
85. Schwiebert LM, Schleimer RP, Radka SF, Ono SJ (1995) Modulation of MHC class II expression in human cells by dexamethasone. Cell. Immunol. 165:12-93.
86. Basta PV, Moore TL, Yokota S, Ting JP (1989) A beta-adrenergic agonist modulates DR alpha gene transcription via enhanced cAMP levels in a glioblastoma multiforme line. J. Immunol. 142:2895-901.
87. Fumeaux T, Pugin J (2006) Is the measurement of monocytes HLA-DR expression useful in patients with sepsis? Intensive Care Med. 32:1106-8.
88. Tschoeke SK, Moldawer LL (2005) Human leukocyte antigen expression in sepsis: what have we learned? Crit. Care Med. 33:236-7.
89. Wolk K, et al. (2000) Impaired antigen presentation by human monocytes during endotoxin tolerance. Blood 96:218-23.
90. Schneider C, et al. (2004) Perioperative recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) treatment prevents immunoinflammatory dysfunction associated with major surgery. Ann. Surg. 239:75-81.
91. Piani A, et al. (2000) Expression of MHC class II molecules contributes to lipopolysaccharide responsiveness. Eur. J. Immunol. 30:3140-6.
92. Hershman MJ, et al. (1990) Monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression characterizes clinical outcome in the trauma patient. Br. J. Surg. 77:204-7.
93. Wakefield CH, Carey PD, Foulds S, Monson JR, Guillou PJ (1993) Changes in major histocompatibility complex class II expression in monocytes and T cells of patients developing infection after surgery. Br. J. Surg. 80:205-9.
94. Giannoudis PV, et al. (2000) Immediate IL-10 expression following major orthopaedic trauma: relationship to anti-inflammatory response and subsequent development of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 26:1076-81.
95. Ditschkowski M, et al. (1999) HLA-DR expression and soluble HLA-DR levels in septic patients after trauma. Ann. Surg. 229:246-54.
96. Satoh A, et al. (2002) Human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on peripheral monocytes as a predictive marker of sepsis during acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 25:245-50.
97. Tschaikowsky K, et al. (2002) Coincidence of proand anti-inflammatory responses in the early phase of severe sepsis: longitudinal study of mononuclear histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR expression, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and changes in T-cell subsets in septic and postoperative patients. Crit. Care. Med. 30:1015-23.
98. Walsh DS, et al. (2005) Characterization of circulating monocytes expressing HLA-DR or CD71 and related soluble factors for 2 weeks after severe, non-thermal injury. J. Surg. Res. 129:221-30.
99. Allen ML, et al. (2002) Early postoperative monocyte deactivation predicts systemic inflammation and prolonged stay in pediatric cardiac intensive care. Crit. Care. Med. 30:1140-5.
100. Sachse C, Prigge M, Cramer G, Pallua N, Henkel E (1999) Association between reduced human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on blood monocytes and increased plasma level of interleukin-10 in patients with severe burns. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 37:193-8.
101. Venet F, Tissot S, Debard AL, Faudot C, Crampe C, Pachot A, Ayala A, Monneret G (2007) Decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression after severe burn injury: correlation with severity and secondary septic shock. Crit. Care. Med. 35:1910-1917.
102. Haveman JW, van den Berg AP, van den Berk JM, Mesander G, Slooff MJ, de Leij LH, The TH (1999) Low HLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes predicts bacterial sepsis after liver transplantation: relation with prednisolone intake. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 1:146-52.
103. Haveman JW, van den Berg AP, Verhoeven EL, Nijsten MW, van den Dungen JJ, The HT, Zwaveling JH (2006) HLA-DR expression on monocytes and systemic inflammation in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Crit. Care. 10:R119.
104. Perry SE, et al. (2003) Is low monocyte HLA-DR expression helpful to predict outcome in severe sepsis? Intensive Care Med. 29:1245-52.
105. Muller Kobold AC, et al. (2000) Leukocyte activation in sepsis; correlations with disease state and mortality. Intensive Care Med. 26:883-92.
106. Fumeaux T, Pugin J (2002) Role of interleukin-10 in the intracellular sequestration of human leukocyte antigen-DR in monocytes during septic shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166:1475-82.
107. Docke WD, et al. (1997) Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-gamma treatment. Nat. Med. 3:678-81.
108. Saenz JJ, et al. (2002) Early prognosis in severe sepsis via analyzing the monocyte immunophenotype. Intensive Care Med. 27:970-7.
109. Monneret G, et al. (2002) Analytical requirements for measuring monocytic HLA-DR by flow cytometry: application to the monitoring of patients with septic shock. Clin. Chem. 48:1589-92.
110. Monneret G, et al. (2006) Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 32:1175-83.
111. Pachot A, Monneret G, Brion A, Venet F, Bohe J, Bienvenu J, Mougin B, Lepape A (2005) Messenger RNA expression of major histocompatibility complex class II genes in whole blood from septic shock patients. Crit. Care Med. 33:31-8.
112. Docke WD, et al. (2005) Monitoring temporary immunodepression by flow cytometric measurement of monocytic HLA-DR expression: a multicenter study. Clin. Chem. 51:2341-7.
113. Heinzelmann M, Mercer-Jones M, Cheadle WG, Polk HC Jr (1996) CD14 expression in injured patients correlates with outcome. Ann. Surg. 224:91-6.
114. + regulatory T lymphocytes inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte survival through a Fas/Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 177:6540-7.
115. Aalto H, Takala A, Kautiainen H, Siitonen S, Repo H (2007) Monocyte CD14 and soluble CD14 in predicting mortality of patients with severe community acquired infection. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39:596-603.
116. Wolk K, Hoflich C, Zuckermann-Becker H, Docke WD, Volk HD, Sabat R (2007) Reduced monocyte CD86 expression in postinflammatory immunodeficiency. Crit. Care Med. 35:458-67.
117. Pangault C, Le Tulzo Y, Tattevin P, Guilloux V, Bescher N, Drenou B (2006) Down-modulation of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor on monocytes during human septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 34:1193-201.
118. Pachot A, Faudot C, Cazalis MA, Mougin B, Lepape A, Monneret G (2007) Decreased expression of CX3CR1 in septic shock: transcriptional regulation by LPS, cortisol and soluble fractalkine. Inflammation Res. 56:S131.
119. Shelley O, Murphy T, Paterson H, Mannick JA, Lederer JA (2003) Interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems is required to survive sepsis and control inflammation after injury. Shock 20:123-9.
120. Hotchkiss RS, Osmon SB, Chang KC, Wagner TH, Coopersmith CM, Karl IE (2005) Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. J. Immunol. 174:5110-8.
121. Menges T, Engel L, Welters I, Wagner RM, Little S, Ruwoldt R, Wollbrueck M, Hempelmann G (1999) Changes in blood lymphocyte populations after multiple trauma: association with posttraumatic complications. Crit. Care Med. 27:733-40.
122. Felmet KA, Hall MW, Clark RS, Jaffe R, Carcillo JA (2005) Prolonged lymphopenia, lymphoid depletion, and hypoprolactinemia in children with nosocomial sepsis and multiple organ failure. J. Immunol. 174:3765-72.
123. Spolarics Z, Siddigi M, Siegel JH, Garcia ZC, Stein DS, Denny T, Deitch EA (2003) Depressed interleukin-12-producing activity by monocytes correlates with adverse clinical course and a shift toward Th2-type lymphocyte pattern in severely injured male trauma patients. Crit. Care Med. 31:1722-9.
124. Wick M, Kollig E, Muhr G, Koller M (2000) The potential pattern of circulating lymphocytes TH1/TH2 is not altered after multiple injuries. Arch. Surg. 135:1309-14.
125. Venet F, Lepape A, Debard AL, Bienvenu J, Bohe J, Monneret G (2004) The Th2 response as monitored by CRTH2 or CCR3 expression is severely decreased during septic shock. Clin. Immunol. 113:278-84.
126. +CD25- lymphocytes. Crit. Care Med. 32:2329-31.
127. Venet F, Bohe J, Debard AL, Bienvenu J, Lepape A, Monneret G (2005) Both percentage of gammadelta T lymphocytes and CD3 expression are reduced during septic shock. Crit. Care. Med. 33:2836-40.
128. Scumpia PO, et al. (2007) Treatment with GITR agonistic antibody corrects adaptive immune dysfunction in sepsis. Blood 110:3673-81.
129. + regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22:531-62.
130. + T regulatory cell activity in trauma patients depresses protective Th1 immunity. Ann. Surg. 244:514-23.
131. + regulatory T cells and their suppressor activity do not contribute to mortality in murine polymicrobial sepsis. J. Immunol. 177:7943-9.
132. + T-regulatory-cells to immune suppression in sepsis. Shock 27:251-7.
133. Offner H, Subramanian S, Parker SM, Wang C, Afentoulis ME, Lewis A, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD (2006) Splenic atrophy in experimental stroke is accompanied by increased regulatory T cells and circulating macrophages. J. Immunol. 176:6523-31.
134. + T regulatory cells. J. Immunol. 179:154-61.
135. Schneider DF, Glenn CH, Faunce DE (2007) Innate lymphocyte subsets and their immunoregulatory roles in burn injury and sepsis. J. Burn Care Res. 28:365-79.
136. Matsushima A, et al. (2004) Early activation of gammadelta T lymphocytes in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Shock 22:11-5.
137. Chang KC, Unsinger J, Davis CG, Schwulst SJ, Muenzer JT, Strasser A, Hotchkiss RS (2007) Multiple triggers of cell death in sepsis: death receptor and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. FASEB J. 21:708-19.
138. Hotchkiss RS, Nicholson DW (2006) Apoptosis and caspases regulate death and inflammation in sepsis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6:813-22.
139. Hotchkiss RS, et al. (1999) Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit. Care Med. 27:1230-51.
140. + T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol. 166:6952-63.
141. Toti P, De Felice C, Occhini R, Schuerfeld K, Stumpo M, Epistolato MC, Vatti R, Buonocore G (2004) Spleen depletion in neonatal sepsis and chorioamnionitis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 122:765-71.
142. Le Tulzo Y, et al. (2002) Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated with poor outcome. Shock 18:487-94.
143. Bilbault P, et al. (2004) Transient Bcl-2 gene down-expression in circulating mononuclear cells of severe sepsis patients who died despite appropriate intensive care. Intensive. Care Med. 30:408-15.
144. Bilbault P, Lavaux T, Launoy A, Gaub MP, Meyer N, Oudet P, Pottecher T, Jaeger A, Schneider F (2007) Influence of drotrecogin alpha (activated) infusion on the variation of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/ Bcl-xl ratios in circulating mononuclear cells: a cohort study in septic shock patients. Crit. Care Med. 35:69-75.
145. Williams TE, Ayala A, Chaudry IH (1997) Inducible macrophage apoptosis following sepsis is mediated by cysteine protease activation and nitric oxide release. J. Surg. Res. 70:113-8.
146. Adrie C, et al. (2001) Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis peripheral blood monocytes in severe human sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164:389-95.
147. Swan R, Chung CS, Albina J, Cioffi W, Perl M, Ayala A (2007) Polymicrobial sepsis enhances clearance of apoptotic immune cells by splenic macrophages. Surgery 142:253-61.
148. Hoesel LM, et al. (2005) Harmful and protective roles of neutrophils in sepsis. Shock 24:40-7.
149. Mutunga M, Fulton B, Bullock R, Batchelor A, Gascoigne A, Gillespie JI, Baudouin SV (2001) Circulating endothelial cells in patients with septic shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.. 163:195-200.
150. Roth GA, et al. (2004) Elevated serum levels of epithelial cell apoptosis-specific cytokeratin 18 neoepitope m30 in critically ill patients. Shock 22:218-20.
151. Kumar A, Kumar A, Michael P, Brabant D, Parissenti AM, Ramana CV, Xu X, Parrillo JE (2005) Human serum from patients with septic shock activates transcription factors STAT1, IRF1, and NF-kappaB and induces apoptosis in human cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280:42619-26.
152. Minambres E, Lopez-Escribano H, Ballesteros MA, Pena M, Lopez-Hoyos M (2005) Apoptosis of Jurkat cells induced by serum of patients with acute severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 31:791-8.
153. Ballesteros MA, Lopez-Hoyos M, Munoz P, Marin MJ, Minambres E (2007) Apoptosis of neuronal cells induced by serum of patients with acute brain injury: a new in vitro prognostic model. Intensive Care Med. 33:58-65.
154. De Freitas I, Fernandez-Somoza M, Essenfeld-Sekler E, Cardier JE (2004) Serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, tumor necrosis factor-alpha/tumor necrosis factor type-I receptor and Fas/FasL, in sepsis. Chest 125:2238-46.
155. Papathanassoglou ED, Moynihan JA, McDermott MP, Ackerman MH (2001) Expression of Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in critical illness and association with multiorgan dysfunction severity and survival. Crit. Care Med. 29:709-18.
156. Hotchkiss RS, Coopersmith CM, Karl IE (2005) Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis: a potential treatment of sepsis? Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:S465-9.
157. Wesche-Soldato DE, Swan RZ, Chung CS, Ayala A (2007) The apoptotic pathway as a therapeutic target in sepsis. Curr. Drug Targets 8:493-500.
158. Greineder CF, Nelson PW, Dressel AL, Erba HP, Younger JG (2007) In vitro and in silico analysis of annexin V binding to lymphocytes as a biomarker in emergency department sepsis studies. Acad. Emerg. Med. 14:763-71.
159. Cobb JP, O'Keefe GE (2004) Injury research in the genomic era. Lancet 363:2076-83.
160. Feezor RJ, Cheng A, Paddock HN, Baker HV, Moldawer LL (2005) Functional genomics and gene expression profiling in sepsis: beyond class prediction. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(Suppl 7):S427-35.
161. Feezor RJ, Oberholzer C, Baker HV, Novick D, Rubinstein M, Moldawer LL et al. (2003) Molecular characterization of the acute inflammatory response to infections with gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria. Infect. Immun. 71:5803-13.
162. Huang Q, et al. (2001) The plasticity of dendritic cell responses to pathogens and their components. Science 294:870-5.
163. Zhao B, Bowden RA, Stavchansky SA, Bowman PD (2001) Human endothelial cell response to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide assessed with cDNA microarrays. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 281:C1587-95.
164. Nau GJ, Richmond JF, Schlesinger A, Jennings EG, Lander ES, Young RA (2002) Human macrophage activation programs induced by bacterial pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:1503-8.
165. Yu SL, et al. (2004) Differential gene expression in gram-negative and gram-positive sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169:1135-43.
166. Chinnaiyan AM, et al. (2001) Molecular signatures of sepsis: multiorgan gene expression profiles of systemic inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 159:1199-1209.
167. Chung TP, et al. (2006) Molecular diagnostics in sepsis: from bedside to bench. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 203:585-98.
168. Prucha M, et al. (2004) Expression profiling: toward an application in sepsis diagnostics. Shock 22:29-33.
169. Johnson SB, Lissauer M, Bochicchio GV, Moore R, Cross AS, Scalea TM (2007) Gene expression profiles differentiate between sterile SIRS and early sepsis. Ann. Surg. 245:611-21.
170. Ramilo O, et al. (2007). Gene expression patterns in blood leukocytes discriminate patients with acute infections. Blood 109:2066-77.
171. Feezor RJ, et al. (2004) Genomic and proteomic determinants of outcome in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J. Immunol. 172:7103-9.
172. Biberthaler P, et al. (2003) Initial RNA expression in human monocytes after multiple injury: a screening pilot study on potentially trauma-sensitive factors by using the microarray-technique. Eur. J. Med. Res. 8:473-84.
173. Schneider EM, et al. (2006) MAPkinase gene expression, as determined by microarray analysis, distinguishes uncomplicated from complicated reconstitution after major surgical trauma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1090:429-44.
174. Bogner V, et al. (2007) Gene expression profiles are influenced by ISS, MOF, and clinical outcome in multiple injured patients: a genome-wide comparative analysis. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 392:255-65.
175. Auffray C, Fogg D, Garfa M, Elain G, Join-Lambert O, Kayal S, Sarnacki S, Cumano A, Lauvau G, Geissmann F (2007) Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior. Science 317:666-70.
176. Wong HR, et al. (2007) Genome-level expression profiles in pediatric septic shock indicate a role for altered zinc homeostasis in poor outcome. Physiol. Genomics 30:146-55.
177. Shanley TP, et al. (2007) Genome-level longitudinal expression of signaling pathways and gene networks in pediatric septic shock. Mol. Med. 13:495-508.
178. de Reynies A, et al. (2006) Comparison of the latest commercial short and long oligonucleotide microarray technologies. BMC Genomics 7:51.
179. Bammler T, et al. (2005) Standardizing global gene expression analysis between laboratories and across platforms. Nat. Methods 2:351-6.
180. Irizarry RA, et al. (2005) Multiple-laboratory comparison of microarray platforms. Nat. Methods 2:345-50.
181. Storey JD, Xiao W, Leek JT, Tompkins RG, Davis RW (2005) Significance analysis of time course microarray experiments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:12837-42.
182. Calvano SE, et al. (2005) A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans. Nature 437:1032-7.
183. Dahmer MK, Randolph A, Vitali S, Quasney MW (2005) Genetic polymorphisms in sepsis. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 6:S61-73.
184. Papathanassoglou ED, Giannakopoulou MD, Bozas E (2006) Genomic variations and susceptibility to sepsis. AACN Adv. Crit. Care 17:394-422.
185. Kalechman Y, Gafter U, Gal R, Rushkin G, Yan D, Albeck M, Sredni B (2002) Anti-IL-10 therapeutic strategy using the immunomodulator AS101 in protecting mice from sepsis-induced death: dependence on timing of immunomodulating intervention. J. Immunol. 169:384-92.
186. Murphey ED, Sherwood ER (2006) Bacterial clearance and mortality are not improved by a combination of IL-10 neutralization and IFN-gamma administration in a murine model of post-CLP immunosuppression. Shock 26:417-24.
187. Polk HC Jr, Cheadle WG, Livingston DH, Rodriguez JL, Starko KM, Izu AE, Jaffe HS, Sonnenfeld G (1992) A randomized prospective clinical trial to determine the efficacy of interferon-gamma in severely injured patients. Am. J. Surg. 163:191-6.
188. Dries DJ, et al. (1994) Effect of interferon gamma on infection-related death in patients with severe injuries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Surg. 129:1031-41.
189. Presneill JJ, Harris T, Stewart AG, Cade JF, Wilson JW (2002) A randomized phase II trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in severe sepsis with respiratory dysfunction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166:138-43.
190. Rosenbloom AJ, Linden PK, Dorrance A, Penkosky N, Cohen-Melamed MH, Pinsky MR (2005) Effect of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy on leukocyte function and clearance of serious infection in nonneutropenic patients. Chest 127:2139-50.
191. Nakos G, et al. (2002) Immunoparalysis in patients with severe trauma and the effect of inhaled interferon-?. Crit. Care Med. 30:1488-94.
192. Leaver SK, Finney SJ, Burke-Gaffney A, Evans TW (2007) Sepsis since the discovery of Toll-like receptors: disease concepts and therapeutic opportunities. Crit. Care Med. 35:1404-10.
193. Alpdogan O, van den Brink MR (2005) IL-7 and IL-15: therapeutic cytokines for immunodeficiency. Trends Immunol. 26:56-64.
194. Snyder KM, Mackall CL, Fry TJ (2006) IL-7 in allogeneic transplant: clinical promise and potential pitfalls. Leuk. Lymphoma 47:1222-8.
195. Turgeon AF, Hutton B, Fergusson DA, McIntyre L, Tinmouth AA, Cameron DW, Hebert PC (2007) Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann. Intern. Med. 146:193-203.
196. Norrby-Teglund A, Haque KN, Hammarstrom L (2006) Intravenous polyclonal IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in sepsis: a review of clinical efficacy in relation to microbiological etiology and severity of sepsis. J. Intern. Med. 260:509-16.
197. Weaver JG, Rouse MS, Steckelberg JM, Badley AD (2004) Improved survival in experimental sepsis with an orally administered inhibitor of apoptosis. FASEB J. 18:1185-91.