A sense of danger from radiation

Radiation Research

Volumn 162, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-19

  McBride, William H ^a   Chiang, Chi Shiun ^b   Olson, Jennifer L ^c   Wang, Chun Chieh ^a   Hong, Ji Hong ^d   Pajonk, Frank ^e   Dougherty, Graeme J ^a   Iwamoto, Keisuke S ^a   Pervan, Milena ^a   Liao, Yu Pei ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d CHANG GUNG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^e UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BYSTANDER EFFECT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CELL DEATH; CONFERENCE PAPER; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IONIZING RADIATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION HAZARD; RADIATION INJURY; RADIOSENSITIVITY; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE REPAIR; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR IMMUNITY;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; NEOPLASMS; RADIATION INJURIES; RADIATION TOLERANCE; RADIOTHERAPY;

EID: 3843124144     PISSN: 00337587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1667/RR3196     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (225)

1. J. Savill, I. Dransfield, C. Gregory and C. Haslett, A blast from the past: Clearance of apoptotic cells regulates immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 965-975 (2002).
2. S. A. Lorimore, P. J. Coates, G. E. Scobie, G. Milne and E. G. Wright, Inflammatory-type responses after exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo: A mechanism for radiation-induced bystander effects? Oncogene 20, 7085-7095 (2001).
3. F. M. Burnet, The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1959.
4. R. Medzhitov and C. A. Janeway, Jr., How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself? Semin. Immunol. 12, 185-188 (2000).
5. R. Medzhitov and C. A. Janeway, Jr., Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science 296, 298-300 (2002).
6. P. Matzinger, Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 991-1045 (1994).
7. P. Matzinger, An innate sense of danger. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 961, 341-342 (2002).
8. P. Matzinger, The danger model: A renewed sense of self. Science 296, 301-305 (2002).
9. J. F. Ward, DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: Identities, mechanisms of formation and repairability. Prog. Nucleic Acids Res. Mol. Biol. 35, 96-128 (1988).
10. W. H. McBride and G. J. Dougherty, Radiotherapy for genes that cause cancer. Nat. Med. 1, 1215-1217 (1995).
11. S. Gallucci and P. Matzinger, Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 114-119 (2001).
12. Y. Shi, J. E. Evans and K. L. Rock, Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature 425, 516-521 (2003).
13. G. B. Johnson, G. J. Brunn and J. L. Platt, Activation of mammalian toll-like receptors by endogenous agonists. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 23, 15-44 (2003).
14. S. Basu, R. J. Binder, T. Ramalingam. and P. K. Srivastava, CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity 14, 303-313 (2001).
15. D. M. Pardoll, Spinning molecular immunology into successful immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 227-238 (2002).
16. M. Pervan, F. Pajonk, J-R. Sun, H. R. Withers and W. H. McBride, Molecular pathways that modify tumor radiation response. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2, 481-485 (2001).
17. X. Lin, Z. Fuks and R. Kolesnick, Ceramide mediates radiation-induced death of endothelium. Crit. Care Med. 28, N87-N93 (2000).
18. R. K. Schmidt-Ullrich, P. Dent, S. Grant, R. B. Mikkelsen and K. Valerie, Signal transduction and cellular radiation responses. Radiat. Res. 153, 245-257 (2000).
19. F. Pajonk and W. H. McBride, Ionizing radiation affects 26s proteasome function and associated molecular responses, even at low doses. Radiother. Oncol. 5, 203-212 (2001).
20. R. G. Syljuåsen, J. H. Hong and W. H. McBride, Apoptosis and delayed expression of c-jun and c-fos after gamma irradiation of Jurkat T cells. Radiat. Res. 146, 276-282 (1996).
21. Q. Li and I. M. Verma, NF-κB regulation in the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 725-734 (2002).
22. B. Guan, P. Yue, G. L. Clayman and S. Y. Sun, Evidence that the death receptor DR4 is a DNA damage-inducible, p53-regulated gene. J. Cell Physiol. 188, 98-105 (2001).
23. M. Bennett, K. MacDonald, S. W. Chan, J. P. Luzio, R. Simari and P. Weissberg, Cell surface trafficking of Fas: A rapid mechanism of p53-mediated apoptosis. Science 282, 290-293 (1998).
24. K. Inagaki-Ohara, S. Yada, N. Takamura, M. Reaves, X. Yu, E. Liu, I. Rooney, S. Nicholas, A. Castro and T. Lin, p53-dependent radiation-induced crypt intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis is mediated in part through TNF-TNFR1 system. Oncogene 20, 812-818 (2001).
25. M. Karin and A. Lin, NF-κB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat. Immunol. 221-227 (2002).
26. C. E. Canman and M. B. Kastan, Signal transduction. Three paths to stress relief. Nature 384, 213-214 (1996).
27. T. Wang, X. Zhang and J. J. Li, The role of NF-κB in the regulation of cell stress responses. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2, 1509-1520 (2002).
28. U. Raju, G. J. Gumin, F. Noel and P. J. Tofilon, IκBα degradation is not a requirement for the X-ray-induced activation of nuclear factor κB in normal rat astrocytes and human brain tumour cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 74, 617-624 (1998).
29. G. M. Hur, J. Lewis, Q. Yang, Y. Lin, H. Nakano, S. Nedospasov and Z. G. Liu, The death domain kinase RIP has an essential role in DNA damage-induced NF-κB activation. Genes Dev. 17, 873-882 (2003).
30. G. M. Sclabas, S. Fujioka, C. Schmidt, Z. Fan, D. B. Evans and P. J. Chiao, Restoring apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by targeting the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway with the anti-epidermal growth factor antibody IMC-C225. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 7, 37-43 (2003).
31. S. J. Lee, A. Dimtchev, M. F. Lavin, A. Dritschilo and M. Jung, A novel ionizing radiation-induced signaling pathway that activates the transcription factor NF-κB. Oncogene 17, 1821-1826 (1998).
32. C. J. Johnston, J. P. Williams, P. Okunieff and J. N. Finkelstein, Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Examination of chemokine and chemokine receptor families. Radiat. Res. 157, 256-265 (2002).
33. D. E. Hallahan, D. R. Spriggs, M. A. Beckett, D. W. Kufe and R. R. Weichselbaum, Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA after cellular exposure to ionizing radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10104-10107 (1989).
34. C. S. Chiang, W. H. McBride and H. R. Withers, Radiation-induced astrocytic and microglial responses in mouse brain. Radiother. Oncol. 29, 60-68 (1993).
35. W. H. Baker, A. Limanni, C. M. Chang, W. E. Jackson, R. Seemann and M. L. Patchen, Comparison of interleukin-1 alpha gene expression and protein levels in the murine spleen after lethal and sublethal total-body irradiation. Radiat. Res. 143, 320-326 (1995).
36. Y. Hosoi, H. Miyachi, Y. Matsumoto, A. Enomoto, K. Nakagawa, N. Suzuki and T. Ono, Induction of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 mRNA by low doses of ionizing radiation in macrophages. Int. J. Cancer 96, 270-276 (2001).
37. J-H. Hong, M. A. Raines and W. H. McBride, Induction of early response genes and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by irradiation does not appear to occur through map kinase pathway in HL-60 cells. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 30, 315 (1994).
38. K. Abeyama, K. Kawano, T. Nakajima, I. Takasaki, I. Kitajima and I. Maruyama, Interleukin 6 mediated differentiation and rescue of cell redox in PC12 cells exposed to ionizing radiation. FEBS Lett. 364, 298-300 (1995).
39. A. Beetz, G. Messer, T. Oppel, D. van Beuningen, R. U. Peter and P. Kind, Induction of interleukin 6 by ionizing radiation in a human epithelial cell line: Control by corticosteroids. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 72, 33-43 (1997).
40. J. S. Zhang, S. Nakatsugawa, O. Niwa, G. Z. Ju and S. Z. Liu, Ionizing radiation-induced IL-1 alpha, IL-6 and GM-CSF production by human lung cancer cells. Chin. Med. J. 107, 653-657 (1994).
41. M. H. Gaugler, C. Squiban, A. Van der Meeren, J. M. Bertho, M. Vandamme and M. A. Mouthon, Late and persistent up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by ionizing radiation in human endothelial cells in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 72, 201-209 (1997).
42. U. Behrends, R. U. Peter, R. Hintermeier-Knabe, G. Eissner, E. Holler, G. W. Bornkamm, S. W. Caughman and K. Degitz, Ionizing radiation induces human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in vitro. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103, 726-730 (1994).
43. D. Hallahan, E. T. Clark, J. Kuchibhotla, B. L. Gewertz and T. Collins, E-selectin gene induction by ionizing radiation is independent of cytokine induction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217, 784-795 (1995).
44. M. Heckmann, K. Douwes, R. Peter and K. Degitz, Vascular activation of adhesion molecule mRNA and cell surface expression by ionizing radiation. Exp. Cell Res. 238, 148-154 (1998).
45. K. S. Iwamoto and W. H. McBride, Production of 13-hydroxyocta-decadienoic acid and tumor necrosis factor-α by murine peritoneal macrophages in response to irradiation. Radiat. Res. 139, 103-108 (1994).
46. V. Eisen, D. I. Walker, S. G. Binysh and R. S. Tedder, Prostaglandins and complement changes in some conditions related to inflammation. Agents Actions Suppl. 2, 99-108 (1977).
47. W. K. MacNaughton, A. R. Aurora, J. Bhamra, K. A. Sharkey and M. J. Miller, Expression, activity and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat ileum and colon post-irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 74, 255-264 (1998).
48. P. S. Lin, K. C. Ho, S. J. Sung and S. Tsai, Cytotoxicity and manganese superoxide dismutase induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ionizing radiation in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 12, 303-308 (1993).
49. G. Hildebrandt, M. P. Seed, C. N. Freemantle, C. A. Alam, P. R. Colville-Nash and K. R. Trott, Effects of low dose ionizing radiation on murine chronic granulomatous tissue. Strahlenther. Onkol. 174, 580-588 (1998).
50. T. Kondo, Y. Higashiyama, S. Goto, T. Iida, S. Cho, M. Iwanaga, K. Mori, M. Tani and Y. Urata, Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase expression in response to oxidative stress. Free Radic. Res. 31, 325-334 (1999).
51. M. Fittkau, A. Grothey, R. Gerlach and H. J. Schmoll, A low dose of ionizing radiation increases luminal release of intestinal peptidases in rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 127, 96-100 (2001).
52. S. Patel, F. H. Wang, T. L. Whiteside and U. Kasid, Ionizing radiation and TNF-α and stimulated expression of α1-antichymotrypsin gene in human squamous carcinoma cells. Acta Oncol. 37, 475-478 (1998).
53. J. S. Rao, A. Rayford, M. Yamamoto, K. K. Ang, P. Tofilon and R. Sawaya, Modulation of fibrinolysis by ionizing radiation. J. Neurooncol. 22, 161-171 (1994).
54. W. Zhao, D. R. Spitz, L. W. Oberley and M. E. Robbins, Redox modulation of the pro-fibrogenic mediator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 following ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 61, 5537-5543 (2001).
55. E. Sierra-Rivera, G. J. Voorhees and M. L. Freeman, Gamma irradiation increases hsp-70 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Radiat. Res. 135, 40-45 (1993).
56. K. Suzuki, S. Kodama and M. Watanabe, Effect of low-dose preirradiation on induction of the HSP70B-LacZ fusion gene in human cells treated with heat shock. Radiat. Res. 14.9, 195-201 (1998).
57. S. Sadekova, S. Lehnert and T. Y. Chow, Induction of PBP74/mortalin/ Grp75, a member of the hsp70 family, by low doses of ionizing radiation: A possible role in induced radioresistance. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 72, 653-660 (1997).
58. J. Lu-Hesselmann, G. Messer, D. van Beuningen, P. Kind and R. U. Peter, Transcriptional regulation of the human IL5 gene by ionizing radiation in Jurkat T cells: Evidence for repression by an NF-AT-like element. Radiat. Res. 148, 531-542 (1997).
59. G. E. Woloschak, L. C. Chang, P. S. Jones and C. A. Jones, Modulation of gene expression in Syrian hamster embryo cells following ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 50, 339-344 (1990).
60. A. Haimovitz-Friedman, I. Vlodavsky, A. Chaudhuri, L. Witte and Z. Fuks, Autocrine effects of fibroblast growth factor in repair of radiation damage in endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 51, 2552-2558 (1991).
61. A. P. Broski and P. F. Halloran, Tissue distribution of IL-10 mRNA in normal mice. Evidence that a component of IL-10 expression is T and B cell-independent and increased by irradiation. Transplantation 57, 582-592 (1994).
62. P. Dent, D. B. Reardon, J. S. Park, G. Bowers, C. Logsdon, K. Valerie and R. Schmidt-Ullrich, Radiation-induced release of transforming growth factor alpha activates the epidermal growth factor receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in carcinoma cells, leading to increased proliferation and protection from radiation-induced cell death. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 2493-2506 (1999).
63. M. H. Barcellos-Hoff, Radiation-induced transforming growth factor beta and subsequent extracellular matrix reorganization in murine mammary gland. Cancer Res. 53, 3880-3886 (1993).
64. F. Roedel, N. Kley, H. U. Beuscher, G. Hildebrandt, L. Keilholz, P. Kern, R. Voll, M. Herrmann and R. Sauer, Anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose X-irradiation and the involvement of a TGF-β1-induced down-regulation of leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78, 711-719 (2002).
65. J. S. Park, L. Qiao, Z. Z. Su, D. Hinman, K. Willoughby, R. Mc- Kinstry, A. Yacoub, G. J. Duigou, C. S. Young and P. Dent, Ionizing radiation modulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression through multiple mitogen activated protein kinase dependent pathways. Oncogene 20, 3266-3280 (2001).
66. D. H. Gorski, M. A. Beckett, N. T. Jaskowiak, D. P. Calvin, H. J. Mauceri, R. M. Salloum, S. Seetharam, A. Koons, D. M. Hari and R. R. Weichselbaum, Blockage of the vascular endothelial growth factor stress response increases the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 59, 3374-3378 (1999).
67. P. Rubin, C. J. Johnston, J. P. Williams, S. McDonald and J. N. Finkelstein, A perpetual cascade of cytokines postirradiation leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33, 99-109 (1995).
68. J. H. Hong, C. S. Chiang, I. L. Campbell, J. R. Sun, H. R. Withers and W. H. McBride, Induction of acute phase gene expression by brain irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33, 619-626 (1995).
69. J. H. Hong, C. S. Chiang, C. Y. Tsao, P. Y. Lin, W. H. McBride and C. J. Wu, Rapid induction of cytokine gene expression in the lung after single and fractionated doses of radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 75, 1421-1427 (1999).
70. K. Nagafuji, K. Takenaka, T. Shibuya, M. Harada and Y. Niho, Fas antigen (CD95) and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia Lymphoma 24, 43-56 (1996).
71. O. Katoh, H. Tauchi, K. Kawaishi, A. Kimura and Y. Satow, Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor gene, KDR, in hematopoietic cells and inhibitory effect of VEGF on apoptotic cell death caused by ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 55, 5687-5692 (1995).
72. R. Winzen, M. Kracht, B. Ritter, A. Wilhelm, C. Y. Chen, A. B. Shyu, M. Muller, M. Gaestel, K. Resch and H. Holtmann, The p38 MAP kinase pathway signals for cytokine-induced mRNA stabilization via MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 and an AU-rich region-targeted mechanism. EMBO J. 18, 4969-4980 (1999).
73. U. Kuckelkorn, C. Knuehl, B. Boes-Fabian, I. Drung and P. M. Kloetzel, The effect of heat shock on 20S/26S proteasomes. Biol. Chem. 381, 1017-1023 (2000).
74. J. Pallares-Trujillo, N. Carbo, F. J. Lopez-Soriano and J. M. Argiles, Does the mechanism responsible for TNF-mediated insulin resistance involve the proteasome? Med. Hypotheses 54, 565-569 (2000).
75. K. L. Rock and A. L. Goldberg, Degradation of cell proteins and the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 739-779 (1999).
76. T. Reinheckel, N. Sitte, O. Ullrich, U. Kuckelkorn, K. J. Davies and T. Grune, Comparative resistance of the 20S and 26S proteasome to oxidative stress. Biochem. J. 335, 637-642 (1998).
77. B. Friguet, A. L. Bulteau, M. Conconi and I. Petropoulos, Redox control of 20S proteasome. Meth. Enzymol. 353, 253-262 (2002).
78. F. Pajonk and W. H. McBride, The proteasome in cancer biology and treatment. Radiat. Res. 156, 447-459 (2001).
79. F. Pajonk, K. Riess, A. Sommer and W. H. McBride, N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits 26S proteasome function: Implications for effects on NF-κB activation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32, 536-543 (2002).
80. F. Pajonk and W. H. McBride, Survival of AIDS patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma may be improved by the radiosensitizing effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 16, 1195-1196 (2002).
81. F. Pajonk, J. Himmelsbach, K. Riess, A. Sommer and W. H. McBride, The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir inhibits proteasome function and causes apoptosis and radiosensitization in non-HIV-associated human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 62, 5230-5235 (2002).
82. W. H. McBride, F. Pajonk, C. S. Chiang and J. R. Sun, NF-κB, cytokines, proteasomes and low-dose radiation exposure. Mil. Med. 167, 66-67 (2002).
83. M. Gaczynska, K. L. Rock, T. Spies and A. L. Goldberg, Peptidase activities of proteasomes are differentially regulated by the major histocompatibility complex-encoded genes for LMP2 and LMP7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9213-9217 (1994).
84. K. L. Rock, I. A. York, T. Saric and A. L. Goldberg, Protein degradation and the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. Adv. Immunol. 80, 1-70 (2002).
85. W. H. McBride, K. S. Iwamoto, R. Syljuasen, M. Pervan and F. Pajonk, The role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in cellular responses to radiation. Oncogene Rev. 22, 5755-5773 (2003).
86. C. S. Potten, A. Merritt, J. Hickman, P. Hall and A. Faranda, Characterization of radiation-induced apoptosis in the small intestine and its biological implications. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65, 71-78 (1994).
87. J-H. Hong, C-S. Chiang, J-R. Sun, H. R. Withers and W. H. McBride, Induction of c-fos and junB mRNA following in vivo brain irradiation. Mol. Brain Res. 48, 223-228 (1997).
88. I. Ferrer, M. Olive, R. Blanco, C. Cinos and A. M. Planas, Selective c-Jun overexpression is associated with ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in the developing cerebellum of the rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 38, 91-100 (1996).
89. D. Zhou, T. Yu, G. Chen, S. A. Brown, Z. Yu, M. P. Mattson and J. S. Thompson, Effects of NF-κB1 (p50) targeted gene disruption on ionizing radiation-induced NF-κB activation and TNFα, IL-1α IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression in vivo. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 77, 763-772 (2001).
90. C. J. Johnston, T. W. Wright, P. Rubin and J. N. Finkelstein, Alterations in the expression of chemokine mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and -sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Exp. Lung Res. 24, 321-337 (1998).
91. C. J. Johnston, B. R. Stripp, B. Piedboeuf, T. W. Wright, G. W. Mango, C. K. Reed and J. N. Finkelstein, Inflammatory and epithelial responses in mouse strains that differ in sensitivity to hyperoxic injury. Exp. Lung Res. 24, 189-202 (1998).
92. C. J. Johnston, B. Piedboeuf, P. Rubin, J. P. Williams, R. Baggs and J. N. Finkelstein, Early and persistent alterations in the expression of interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Radiat. Res. 145, 762-767 (1996).
93. C. S. Chiang and W. H. McBride, Radiation enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha production by murine brain cells. Brain Res. 566, 265-269 (1991).
94. C. S. Chiang, J. H. Hong, A. Stalder, J. R. Sun, H. R. Withers and W. H. McBride, Delayed molecular responses to brain irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 72, 45-53 (1997).
95. W. H. McBride, Cytokine cascades in late normal tissue radiation responses. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33, 233-234 (1995).
96. W. H. McBride and V. Vegesna, Role of the thymus in radiation-induced lung damage after bone marrow transplantation. Radiat. Res. 147, 501-505 (1997).
97. Z. Vujaskovic, M. S. Anscher, Q. F. Feng, Z. N. Rabbani, K. Amin, T. S. Samulski, M. W. Dewhirst and Z. A. Haroon, Radiation-induced hypoxia may perpetuate late normal tissue injury. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 50, 851-855 (2001).
98. W. H. McBride, Phenotype and functions of intratumoral macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 865, 27-41 (1986).
99. D. H. Raulet, Roles of the NKG2D immunoreceptor and its ligands. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 781-790 (2003).
100. C. S. Chiang, J. H. Hong, Y. C. Wu, W. H. McBride and G. J. Dougherty, Combining radiation therapy with interleukin-3 gene immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 7, 1172-1178 (2000).
101. J. Wilson and F. Balkwill, The role of cytokines in the epithelial cancer microenvironment. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12, 113-120 (2002).
102. K. B. Ewan, R. L. Henshall-Powell, S. A. Ravani, M. J. Pajares, C. Arteaga, R. Warters, R. J. Akhurst and M. H. Barcellos-Hoff, Transforming growth factor-β1 mediates cellular response to DNA damage in situ. Cancer Res. 62, 5627-5631 (2002).
103. R. Neta, Modulation with cytokines of radiation injury: Suggested mechanisms of action. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (Suppl.), 1463-1465 (1997).
104. R. Neta, S. Douches and J. J. Oppenheim, Interleukin 1 is a radioprotector. J. Immunol. 1362, 2483-2485 (1986).
105. C. A. Redlich, X. Gao, S. Rockwell, M. Kelley and J. A. Elias, IL-11 enhances survival and decreases TNF production after radiationinduced thoracic injury. J. Immunol. 157, 1705-1710 (1996).
106. D. Arango, R. R. Ettarh, G. Holden, M. Moriarty and P. C. Brennan, BB-10010, an analog of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, protects murine small intestine against radiation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 46, 2608-2614 (2001).
107. K. P. MacDonald and G. R. Hill, Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in hematology and oncology. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8, 395-403 (2002).
108. W. Dorr, K. Spekl and C. L. Farrell, Amelioration of acute oral mucositis by keratinocyte growth factor: fractionated irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 54, 245-251 (2002).
109. R. Neta, D. Williams, F. Selzer and J. Abrams, Inhibition of c-kit ligand/steel factor by antibodies reduces survival of lethally irradiated mice. Blood 81, 324-327 (1993).
110. S. Hudak, M. W. Leach, Y. Xu, S. Menon and D. Rennick, Radioprotective effects of flk2/flt3 ligand. Exp. Hematol. 26, 515-522 (1998).
111. R. Neta, S. M. Stiefel, F. Finkelman, S. Herrmann and N. Ali, IL-12 protects bone marrow from and sensitizes intestinal tract to ionizing radiation. J. Immunol. 153, 4230-4237 (1994).
112. C. W. Houchen, R. J. George, M. A. Sturmoski and S. M. Cohn, FGF-2 enhances intestinal stem cell survival and its expression is induced after radiation injury. Am. J. Physiol. 276, G249-258 (1999).
113. P. Okunieff, M. Mester, J. Wang, T. Maddox, X. Gong, D. Tang, M. Coffee and I. Ding, In vivo radioprotective effects of angiogenic growth factors on the small bowel of C3H mice. Radiat. Res. 150, 204-211 (1998).
114. I. Ding, K. Huang, X. Wang, J. R. Greig, R. W. Miller and P. Okunieff, Radioprotection of hematopoietic tissue by fibroblast growth factors in fractionated radiation experiments. Acta Oncol. 36, 337-34O (1997).
115. R. Kolesnick and Z. Fuks, Radiation and ceramide-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 22, 5897-5906 (2003).
116. C. Herskind and H. P. Rodemann, Spontaneous and radiation-induced differentiation of fibroblasts. Exp. Gerontol. 35, 747-755 (2000).
117. A. Von Pfeil, L. Hakenjos, C. Herskind, K. Dittmann, M. Weller and H. P. Rodemann, Irradiated homozygous TGF-β1 knockout fibroblasts show enhanced clonogenic survival as compared with TGF-β1 wild-type fibroblasts. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78, 331-339 (2002).
118. M. S. Anscher, L. B. Marks, T. D. Shafman, R. Clough, H. Huang, A. Tisch, M. Munley, J. E. Herndon, 2nd, J. Garst and R. L. Jirtle, Using plasma transforming growth factor β1 during radiotherapy to select patients for dose escalation. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3758-3765 (2001).
119. J. L. Daigle, J. H. Hong, C. S. Chiang and W. H. McBride, The role of tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways in the response of murine brain to irradiation. Cancer Res. 61, 8859-8865 (2001).
120. M. Jung and A. Dritschilo, NF-kappa B signaling pathway as a target for human tumor radiosensitization. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 11, 346-351 (2001).
121. D. C. Duffey, Z. Chen, G. Dong, F. G. Ondrey, J. S. Wolf, K. Brown, U. Siebenlist and C. Van Waes, Expression of a dominant-negative mutant inhibitor-κBα of nuclear factor-κB in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma inhibits survival, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res. 59, 3468-3474 (1999).
122. I. Ader, C. Muller, J. Bonnet, G. Favre, E. Cohen-Jonathan, B. Salles and C. Toulas, The radioprotective effect of the 24 kDa FGF-2 isoform in HeLa cells is related to an increased expression and activity of the DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit. Oncogene 21, 6471-6479 (2002).
123. V. K. Gupta, N. T. Jaskowiak, M. A. Beckett, H. J. Mauceri, J. Grunstein, R. S. Johnson, D. A. Calvin, E. Nodzenski, M. Pejovic and R. R. Weichselbaum, Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances endothelial cell survival and tumor radioresistance. Cancer J. 8, 47-54 (2002).
124. J. J. Dubost, C. Rolhion, A. Tchirkov, S. Bertrand, J. Chassagne, A. Dosgilbert and P. Verrelle, Interleukin-6-producing cells in a human glioblastoma cell line are not affected by ionizing radiation. J. Neurooncol. 56, 29-34 (2002).
125. R. L. Lavey, W. H. McBride, S. M. Comora, A. S. Koo, J. D. Thacker, G. J. Dougherty and A. Belldegrun, Effect of interleukin-6 on tumor cell growth in vivo and in vitro. In IL-6 Physiopathology and Clinical Potentials (M. Revel, Ed.). Raven Press, New York, 1992.
126. R. G. Syljuåsen, A. Belldegrun, C. L. Tso, H. R. Withers and W. H. McBride, Sensitization of renal carcinoma to radiation using alpha interferon (IFNA) gene transfection. Radiat. Res. 148, 443-448 (1997).
127. P. Dent, A. Yacoub, J. Contessa, R. Caron, G. Amorino, K. Valerie, M. P. Hagan, S. Grant and R. Schmidt-Ullrich, Stress and radiation-induced activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Radiat. Res. 159, 283-300 (2003).
128. J. Mendelsohn and J. Baselga, Status of epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists in the biology and treatment of cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 2787-2799 (2003).
129. W. G. McKenna and R. J. Muschel, Targeting tumor cells by enhancing radiation sensitivity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 38, 330-338 (2003).
130. G. Lammering, P. S. Lin, J. N. Contessa, J. L. Hampton, K. Valerie and R. K. Schmidt-Ullrich, Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of dominant negative epidermal growth factor receptor-CD533 as a gene therapeutic approach radiosensitizes human carcinoma and malignant glioma cells. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51, 775-784 (2001).
131. L. Milas, K. Mason, N. Hunter, S. Petersen, M. Yamakawa, K. Ang, J. Mendelsohn and Z. Fan, In vivo enhancement of tumor radioresponse by C225 antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 701-708 (2000).
132. S. M. Hahn, E. Bernhard and W. G. McKenna, Farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Semin. Oncol. 28, 86-93 (2001).
133. L. Milas, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitors as potential enhancers of tumor radioresponse. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 11, 290-299 (2001).
134. J. Merrill, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and related cytokines in brain development: normal and pathological. Dev. Neurosci. 14, 1-10 (1992).
135. D. E. Hallahan, M. A. Beckett, D. Kufe and R. R. Weichselbaum, The interaction between recombinant human tumor necrosis factor and radiation in 13 human tumor cell lines. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 19, 69-74 (1990).
136. F. Pajonk, K. Pajonk and W. H. McBride, Apoptosis and radiosensitization of Hodgkin cells by proteasome inhibition. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 47, 1025-1032 (2000).
137. B. Fertil and E. P. Malaise, The mean inactivation dose: Experimental versus theoretical. Radiat. Res. 108, 222-225 (1986).
138. C. S. Chiang, R. G. Syljuasen, J. H. Hong, A. Wallis, G. J. Dougherty and W. H. McBride, Effects of IL-3 gene expression on tumor response to irradiation in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 57, 3899-3903 (1997).
139. C. Mothersill and C. Seymour, Radiation-induced bystander effects: Past history and future directions. Radiat. Res. 155, 759-767 (2001).
140. R. Iyer and B. E. Lehnert, Low dose, low-LET ionizing radiation-induced radioadaptation and associated early responses in unirradiated cells. Mutat. Res. 503, 1-9 (2002).
141. A. M. Fulton and Y. C. Chong, The role of macrophage-derived TNFa in the induction of sublethal tumor cell DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 13, 77-81 (1992).
142. I. Rahman, Oxidative stress, transcription factors and chromatin remodelling in lung inflammation, Biochem. Pharmacol. 64, 935-942 (2002).
143. D. E. Hallahan, M. A. Beckett, D. Kufe and R. R. Weichselbaum, The interaction between recombinant human tumor necrosis factor and radiation in 13 human tumor cell lines. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 19, 69-74 (1990).
144. C. Mothersill, C. B. Seymour and M. C. Joiner, Relationship between radiation-induced low-dose hypersensitivity and the bystander effect. Radiat. Res. 157, 526-532 (2002).
145. C. S. Hamilton, J. W. Denham, M. O'Brien, P. Ostwald, T. Kron, S. Wright and W. Dörr, Underprediction of human skin erythema at low doses per fraction by the linear quadratic model. Radiother. Oncol. 40, 23-30 (1996).
146. M. C. Joiner, B. Marples, P. Lambin, S. C. Short and I. Turesson, Low-dose hypersensitivity: Current status and possible mechanisms. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 49, 379-389 (2001).
147. M. C. Joiner, P. Lambin, E. P. Malaise, T. Robson, J. E. Arrand, K. A. Skov and B. Marples, Hypersensitivity to very-low single radiation doses: Its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance. Mutat. Res. 358, 171-183 (1996).
148. M. C. Joiner, P. Lambin and B. Marples, Adaptive response and induced resistance. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sci. Vie 322, 167-175 (1999).
149. M. S. Sasaki, Y. Ejima, A. Tachibana, T. Yamada, K. Ishizaki, T. Shimizu and T. Nomura, DNA damage response pathway in radioadaptive response. Mutat. Res. 504, 101-118 (2002).
150. A. C. Upton, Radiation hormesis: Data and interpretations. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 31, 681-695 (2001).
151. E. J. Calabrese, Hormesis: Changing view of the dose-response, a personal account of the history and current status. Mutat. Res. 511, 181-189 (2002).
152. U. Raju, G. J. Gumin and P. J. Tofilon. NF κB activity and target gene expression in the rat brain after one and two exposures to ionizing radiation. Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 7, 145-152 (1999).
153. I. Turesson, J. Nyman, E. Holmberg and A. Oden, Prognostic factors for acute and late skin reactions in radiotherapy patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 36, 1065-1075 (1996).
154. J. W. Denham, C. S. Hamilton, M. O'Brien, P. Ostwald, T. Kron, S. Wright and W. Dorr, Erythema: Goodbye LQ! Radiother. Oncol. 44, 191-193 (1997).
155. P. Simonen, C. Hamilton, S. Ferguson, P. Ostwald, M. O'Brien, P. O'Brien, M. Back and J. Denham, Do inflammatory processes contribute to radiation induced erythema observed in the skin of humans? Radiother. Oncol. 46, 73-82 (1998).
156. I. Turesson and M. C. Joiner, Clinical evidence of hypersensitivity to low doses in radiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 40, 1-3 (1996).
157. J. E. Merrill, Effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and glial precursors in vitro. Dev. Neurosci. 13, 130-137 (1991).
158. S. M. Dubinett, M. Huang, A. Lichtenstein, W. H. McBride, J. Wang, G. Markovitz, D. Kelley, W. W. Grody, L. E. Mintz and S. Dhanani, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha plays a central role in interleukin-2-induced pulmonary vascular leak and lymphocyte accumulation. Cell Immunol. 157, 170-180 (1994).
159. L. B. Hinshaw, T. J. Emerson, A. C. Chang, M. Duerr, G. Peer and M. Fournel, Study of septic shock in the non-human primate: Relationship of pathophysiological response to therapy with anti-TNF antibody. Circ. Shock 44, 221-229 (1994).
160. J. G. Maj, F. Paris, A. Haimovitz-Friedman, E. Venkatraman, R. Kolesnick and Z. Fuks, Microvascular function regulates intestinal crypt response to radiation. Cancer Res. 63, 4338-4341 (2003).
161. M. Garcia-Barros, F. Paris, C. Cordon-Cardo, D. Lyden, S. Rafii, A. Haimovitz-Friedman, Z. Fuks and R. Kolesnick, Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science 300, 1155-1159 (2003).
162. S. Delanian, S. Balla-Mekias and J. L. Lefaix, Striking regression of chronic radiotherapy damage in a clinical trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3283-3290 (1999).
163. M. Martin, J. Lefaix and S. Delanian, TGF-β1 and radiation fibrosis: A master switch and a specific therapeutic target? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 47, 277-290 (2000).
164. S. Delanian, F. Baillet, J. Huart, J. L. Lefaix, C. Maulard and M. Housset, Successful treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis using liposomal Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase: Clinical trial. Radiother. Oncol. 32, 12-20 (1994).
165. J. E. Moulder, B. L. Fish and E. P. Cohen, ACE inhibitors and AII receptor antagonists in the treatment and prevention of bone marrow transplant nephropathy. Curr. Pharm. Des. 9, 737-749 (2003).
166. K. Ley, Integration of inflammatory signals by rolling neutrophils. Immunol. Rev. 186, 8-18 (2002).
167. W. D. Splettstoesser and P. Schuff-Werner, Oxidative stress in phagocytes-"the enemy within". Microsc. Res. Tech. 57, 441-455 (2002).
168. D. C. White, An Atlas of Radiation Histopathology. Technical Information Center, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC, 1975.
169. J. H. Hong, S. M. Jung, T. C. Tsao, C. J. Wu, C. Y. Lee, F. H. Chen, C. H. Hsu, W. H. McBride and C. S. Chiang, Bronchoalveolar lavage and interstitial cells have different roles in radiation-induced lung injury. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 79, 159-167 (2003).
170. D. E. Hallahan and S. Virudachalam, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 knockout abrogates radiation induced pulmonary inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6432-6437 (1997).
171. W. H. McBride and V. Vegesna, The role of T-cells in radiation pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76, 517-521 (2000).
172. J. Kipnis, T. Mizrahi, E. Yoles, A. Ben-Nun, M. Schwartz and A. Ben-Nur, Myelin specific Th1 cells are necessary for post-traumatic protective autoimmunity. J. Neuroimmunol. 130, 78-85 (2002).
173. V. Vegesna, H. R. Withers, F. E. Holly and W. H. McBride, The effect of local and systemic irradiation on impairment of wound healing in mice. Radiat. Res. 135, 431-433 (1993).
174. J. Banchereau and R. M. Steinman, Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245-252 (1998).
175. A. Ribas, L. H. Butterfield, J. A. Glaspy and J. S. Economou, Cancer immunotherapy using gene-modified dendritic cells. Curr. Gene Ther. 2, 57-78 (2002).
176. F. O. Nestle, J. Banchereau and D. Hart, Dendritic cells: On the move from bench to bedside. Nat. Med. 7, 761-765 (2001).
177. H. Rouard, J. Marquet, A. Leon, P. Maison, C. Haioun, C. Copie-Bergman, A. Plonquet, J. P. Farcet and M. H. Delfau-Larue, IL-12 secreting dendritic cells are required for optimum activation of human secondary lymphoid tissue T cells. J. Immunother. 25, 324-333 (2002).
178. G. M. Zou and Y. K. Tam, Cytokines in the generation and maturation of dendritic cells: Recent advances. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 13, 186-199 (2002).
179. M. V. Dhodapkar, R. M. Steinman, J. Krasovsky, C. Munz and N. Bhardwaj, Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 193, 233-238 (2001).
180. H. Feng, Y. Zeng, M. W. Graner and E. Katsanis, Stressed apoptotic tumor cells stimulate dendritic cells and induce specific cytotoxic T cells. Blood 100, 4108-4115 (2002).
181. B. Sauter, M. L. Albert, L. Francisco, M. Larsson, S. Somersan and N. Bhardwaj, Consequences of cell death: Exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 19, 423-434 (2000).
182. M. Korbelik and G. J. Dougherty, Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors. Cancer Res. 5, 1941-1946 (1999).
183. L. Puccetti, R. Manetti, P. Parronchi, M. P. Piccinni, C. Mavilia, M. Carini, S. Romagnani and E. Maggi, Role of low nuclear grading of renal carcinoma cells in the functional profile of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Int. J. Cancer 98, 674-681 (2002).
184. + T-lymphocytes as a prognostic factor in human renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic demonstration of antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 61, 5132-5136 (2001).
185. P. Y. Wong, E. D. Staren, N. Tereshkova and D. P. Braun, Functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Res. 76, 95-103 (1998).
186. I. Puisieux, C. Bain, Y. Merrouche, P. Malacher, P. Kourilsky, J. Even and M. Favrot, Restriction of the T-cell repertoire in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from nine patients with renal-cell carcinoma. Relevance of the CDR3 length analysis for the identification of in situ clonal T-cell expansions. Int. J. Cancer 66, 201-208 (1996).
187. M. A. Perales, N. E. Blachere, M. E. Engelhorn, C. R. Ferrone, J. S. Gold, P. D. Gregor, G. Noffz, J. D. Wolchok and A. N. Houghton, Strategies to overcome immune ignorance and tolerance. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12, 63-71 (2002).
188. T. Boon, Towards a genetic analysis of tumor rejection. Adv. Cancer Res. 58, 177-210 (1991).
189. S. Lucas, E. De Plaen and T. Boon, MAGE-B5, MAGE-B6, MAGE-C2 and MAGE-C3: Four new members of the MAGE family with tumor-specific expression. Int. J. Cancer 87, 55-60 (2000).
190. T. E. Reichert, C. Scheuer, R. Day, W. Wagner and T. L. Whiteside, The number of intratumoral dendritic cells and zeta-chain expression in T cells as prognostic and survival biomarkers in patients with oral carcinoma. Cancer 91, 2136-2147 (2001).
191. D. Garcia-Plata, M. Lessana-Leibowitch, A. Palangie, J. Guilmette, D. Sedel, L. Mendez and E. Mozos, Immunophenotype analysis of dendritic cells and lymphocytes associated with cutaneous malignant melanomas. Invasion Metastasis 15, 125-134 (1995).
192. G. J. Dougherty and W. H. McBride, Accessory cell activity of murine tumor-associated macrophages. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76, 541-548 (1986).
193. G. J. Dougherty and W. H. McBride, Immunoregulating activity of tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 23, 67-72 (1986).
194. Z. Cao, D. Daniel and D. Hanahan, Sub-lethal radiation enhances anti-tumor immunotherapy in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2, 11 (2002).
195. R. J. North, The murine anti-tumor response and its therapeutic manipulation. Adv. Immunol. 35, 89 (1984).
196. Y. Kawase, S. Naito, M. Ito, I. Sekine and H. Fujii, The effect of ionizing radiation on epidermal Langerhans cells - a quantitative analysis of autopsy cases with radiation therapy. J. Radiat. Res. 31, 246-255 (1990).
197. S. Cole, Long-term effects of local ionizing radiation treatment on Langerhans cells in mouse footpad epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 87, 608-612 (1986).
198. S. Cole and K. M. Townsend, Dose response of Langerhans cells in mouse footpad epidermis after X irradiation. Radiat. Res. 103, 251-259 (1985).
199. R. F. James, S. P. Lake, J. Chamberlain, S. Thirdborough, P. D. Bassett, N. Mistry and P. R. Bell, Gamma irradiation of isolated rat islets pretransplantation produces indefinite allograft survival in cyclosporine-treated recipients. Transplantation 47, 929-933 (1989).
200. I. M. Loftus, N. J. London, S. M. Thirdborough, P. R. Bell and R. F. James, Isogeneic islet transplantation. The effect of gamma irradiation. Transplantation 52, 567-569 (1991).
201. W. H. McBride, Y. Liao, L. Butterfield and A. Ribas, Ionizing radiation affects tumor antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 57 (Suppl.), S258 (2003).
202. Y-P. Liao, W. S. Meng and W. H. McBride, Antigen presentation by dendritic cells is affected after irradiation. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 43, 480-481 (2002).
203. A. Macagno, L. Kuehn, R. de Giuli and M. Groettrup, Pronounced up-regulation of the PA28α/β proteasome regulator but little increase in the steady-state content of immunoproteasome during dendritic cell maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 3271-3280 (2001).
204. S. Morel, F. Levy, O. Burlet-Schiltz, F. Brasseur, M. Probst-Kepper, A. L. Peitrequin, B. Monsarrat, R. Van Velthoven, J. C. Cerottini and B. J. Van den Eynde, Processing of some antigens by the standard proteasome but not by the immunoproteasome results in poor presentation by dendritic cells. Immunity 12, 107-117 (2000).
205. Y. Sun, A. J. Sijts, M. Song, K. Janek, A. K. Nussbaum, S. Kral, M. Schirle, S. Stevanovic, A. Paschen and D. Schadendorf, Expression of the proteasome activator PA28 rescues the presentation of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope on melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 62, 2875-2882 (2002).
206. E. S. Schultz, J. Chapiro, C. Lurquin, S. Claverol, O. Burlet-Schiltz, G. Warnier, V. Russo, S. Morel, F. Levy and P. van der Bruggen, The production of a new MAGE-3 peptide presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes by HLA-B40 requires the immunoproteasome. J. Exp. Med. 195, 391-399 (2002).
207. S. H. Hauser, L. Calorini, D. E. Wazer and S. Gattoni-Celli, Radiation-enhanced expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen H-2Db in B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 53, 1952-1955 (1993).
208. Z. Abdel-Wahab, M. M. Dar, D. Hester, C. Vervaert, R. Gangavalli, J. Barber, T. L. Darrow and H. F. Seigler, Effect of irradiation on cytokine production, MHC antigen expression, and vaccine potential of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma gene-modified melanoma cells. Cell Immunol. 171, 246-254 (1996).
209. H. R. Withers, Treatment-induced accelerated human tumor growth. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 3, 135-143 (1993).
210. B. Maciejewski, H. R. Withers, J. M. Taylor and A. Hliniak, Dose fractionation and regeneration in radiotherapy for cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx: Tumor dose-response and repopulation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 16, 831-843 (1989).
211. J. Lee, J. P. Moran, B. M. Fenton, C. J. Koch, J. G. Frelinger, P. C. Keng and E. M. Lord, Alteration of tumour response to radiation by interleukin-2 gene transfer. Br. J. Cancer 82, 937-944 (2000).
212. K. Y. Yeh, A. J. McAdam, B. A. Pulaski, N. Shastri, J. G. Frelinger and E. M. Lord, IL-3 enhances both presentation of exogenous particulate antigen in association with class I major histocompatibility antigen and generation of primary tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 160, 5773-5780 (1998).
213. S. Seetharam, M. J. Staba, L. P. Schumm, K. Schreiber, H. Schreiber, D. W. Kufe and R. R. Weichselbaum, Enhanced eradication of local and distant tumors by genetically produced interleukin-12 and radiation. Int. J. Oncol. 15, 769-773 (1999).
214. F. Lohr, K. Hu, Z. Haroon, T. V. Samulski, Q. Huang, J. Beaty, M. W. Dewhirst and C. Y. Li, Combination treatment of murine tumors by adenovirus-mediated local B7/IL12 immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Mol. Ther. 2, 195-203 (2000).
215. V. K. Gupta, J. O. Park, N. T. Jaskowiak, H. J. Mauceri, S. Seetharam, R. R. Weichselbaum and M. C. Posner, Combined gene therapy and ionizing radiation is a novel approach to treat human esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9, 500-504 (2002).
216. R. R. Weichselbaum, D. W. Kufe, S. Hellman, H. S. Rasmussen, C. R. King, P. H. Fischer and H. J. Mauceri, Radiation-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression: clinical application of transcriptional and physical targeting of gene therapy. Lancet Oncol. 3, 665-671 (2002).
217. D. S. Gridley, J. Li, E. H. Kajioka, M. L. Andres, M. F. Moyers and J. M. Slater, Combination of pGL1-TNF-α gene and radiation (proton and gamma-ray) therapy against brain tumor. Anticancer Res. 20, 4195-4203 (2000).
218. H. J. Mauceri, N. N. Hanna, J. D. Wayne, D. E. Hallahan, S. Hellman and R. R. Weichselbaum, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene therapy targeted by ionizing radiation selectively damages tumor vasculature. Cancer Res. 56, 4311-4314 (1996).
219. W. H. McBride, G. D. Dougherty, A. E. Wallis, J. S. Economou and C. S. Chiang, Interleukin-3 in gene therapy of cancer. Folia Biol. (Praha) 40, 62-73 (1994).
220. E. Storozynsky, J. G. Woodward, J. G. Frelinger and E. M. Lord, Interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhance the generation and function of dendritic cells. Immunology 97, 138-149 (1999).
221. D. M. Pardoll, Cancer vaccines. Nat. Med. 4, 525-531 (1998).
222. W. H. McBride, J. S. Economou, R. G. Syljuåsen C. Parrish, D. Hackman, V. Latham, C. S. Chiang and G. J. Dougherty, The effects of cytokine gene transfer into tumors on host cell infiltration and regression. Anticancer Res. 16, 1139-1143 (1996).
223. I. Borrello and D. Pardoll, GM-CSF-based cellular vaccines: A review of the clinical experience. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13, 185-193 (2002).
224. P. J. Mosca, A. C. Hobeika, K. Colling, T. M. Clay, E. K. Thomas, D. Caron, H. K. Lyerly and M. A. Morse, Multiple signals are required for maturation of human dendritic cells mobilized in vivo with Flt3 ligand. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72, 546-553 (2002).
225. E. Y. Nikitina and D. I. Gabrilovich, Combination of gamma-irradiation and dendritic cell administration induces a potent antitumor response in tumor-bearing mice: Approach to treatment of advanced stage cancer. Int. J. Cancer 94, 825-833 (2001).