Roles of cholesterol and lipids in the etiopathogenesis of alzheimer's disease

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

Volumn 2006, Issue , 2006, Pages

  Rojo, Leonel ^a,b   Sjöberg, Marcela ^a,c   Hernández, Paula ^a,c   Zambrano, Cristian ^a,c   Maccioni, Ricardo ^a,c  

^a Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio Santiago   (Chile)

^b UNIVERSIDAD ARTURO PRAT   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; CHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; GAMMA SECRETASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEMANTINE; PRAVASTATIN; RIVASTIGMINE; SIMVASTATIN; TAU PROTEIN; VALPROIC ACID;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN DISEASE; CELL DEATH; CELL INTERACTION; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; GENETIC RISK; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; LIPID MEMBRANE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID OXIDATION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NERVE DEGENERATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PAIRED HELICAL FILAMENT; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; SENILE PLAQUE;

EID: 33746860674     PISSN: 11107243     EISSN: 11107251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/JBB/2006/73976     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. J Abad-Rodriguez M D Ledesma K Craessaerts Neuronal membrane cholesterol loss enhances amyloid peptide generation. Journal of Cell Biology 167 5 2004 953 960
2. H Akiyama akiyama@prit.go.jp P L McGeer mcgeerpl@interchange.ubc.ca Specificity of mechanisms for plaque removal after Aβ immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease. Nature Medicine 10 2 2004 117 118
3. A Aliyev S G Chen D Seyidova Mitochondria DNA deletions in atherosclerotic hypoperfused brain microvessels as a primary target for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 229-230 2005 285 292
4. A Alvarez J P Mũoz R B Maccioni A cdk5-p35 stable complex is involved in the β-amyloid-induced deregulation of cdk5 activity in hippocampal neurons. Experimental Cell Research 264 2 2001 266 274
5. R GW Anderson K Jacobson A role for lipid shells in targeting proteins to caveolae, rafts, and other lipid domains. Science 296 5574 2002 1821 1825
6. A Andreadis athena.andreadis@umassmed.edu Tau gene alternative splicing: expression patterns, regulation and modulation of function in normal brain and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease 1739 2 2005 91 103
7. J Armstrong M Boada M J Rey N Vidal I Ferrer 8082ifa@comb.es Familial Alzheimer disease associated with A713T mutation in APP. Neuroscience Letters 370 2-3 2004 241 243
8. D N Arvanitis W Min Y Gong Y M Heng J M Boggs jmboggs@sickkids.ca Two types of detergent-insoluble, glycosphingolipid/cholesterol-rich membrane domains from isolated myelin. Journal of Neurochemistry 94 6 2005 1696 1710
9. J C Augustinack A Schneider E-M Mandelkow B T Hyman b_hyman@helix.mgh. harvard.edu Specific tau phosphorylation sites correlate with severity of neuronal cytopathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathologica 103 1 2002 26 35
10. P Banerjee J B Joo J T Buse G Dawson Differential solubilization of lipids along with membrane proteins by different classes of detergents. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 77 1 1995 65 78
11. M F Beal fbeal@med.cornell.edu Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 991 2003 120 131
12. K Bhaskar S-H Yen G Lee gloria-lee@uiowa.edu Disease-related modifications in tau affect the interaction between Fyn and tau. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 42 2005 35119 35125
13. J Biernat N Gustke G Drewes E-M Mandelkow E Mandelkow Phosphorylation of Ser262 strongly reduces binding of tau to microtubules: distinction between PHF-like immunoreactivity and microtubule binding. Neuron 11 1 1993 153 163
14. M L Billingsley R L Kincaid Regulated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tau protein: effects on microtubule interaction, intracellular trafficking and neurodegeneration. Biochemical Journal 323 3 1997 577 591
15. L I Binder l-binder@northwestern.edu A L Guillozet-Bongaarts F Garcia-Sierra R W Berry Tau, tangles, and Alzheimer's disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease 1739 2 2005 216 223
16. J Blonder A Terunuma T P Conrads A proteomic characterization of the plasma membrane of human epidermis by high-throughput mass spectrometry. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 123 4 2004 691 699
17. I Bourdel-Marchasson M-C Delmas-Beauvieux E Peuchant Antioxidant defences and oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes and plasma from normally nourished elderly Alzheimer patients. Age and Ageing 30 3 2001 235 241
18. R Brandt G Lee Orientation, assembly, and stability of microtubule bundles induced by a fragment of tau protein. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 28 2 1994 143 154
19. D Brigger T J Muckle Comparison of Sirius red and Congo red as stains for amyloid in animal tissues. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 23 1 1975 84 88
20. D A Brown Seeing is believing: visualization of rafts in model membranes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 19 2001 10517 10518
21. D A Brown deborah.brown@sunysb.edu E London Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 23 2000 17221 17224
22. V Buée-Scherrer M Goedert Phosphorylation of microtubule- associated protein tau by stress-activated protein kinases in intact cells. FEBS Letters 515 1-3 2002 151 154
23. D A Butterfield dabcns@uky.edu C B Pocernich The glutamatergic system and Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 17 9 2003 641 652
24. J D Buxbaum E I Cullen L T Friedhoff Pharmacological concentrations of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin decrease the formation of the Alzheimer β-amyloid peptide in vitro and in patients. Frontiers in Bioscience 7 2002 a50 a59
25. H Cheng J Xu D W Jr McKeel X Han Specificity and potential mechanism of sulfatide deficiency in Alzheimer's disease: an electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study. Cellular and Molecular Biology 49 5 2003 809 818
26. M Citron Alzheimer's disease: treatments in discovery and development. Nature Neuroscience 5 suppl 2002 1055 1057
27. M Citron mcitron@amgen.com β-Secretase inhibition for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease - promise and challenge. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 25 2 2004 92 97
28. E H Corder A M Saunders W J Strittmatter Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261 5123 1993 921 923
29. A Cordle J Koenigsknecht-Talboo B Wilkinson A Limpert G Landreth gel2@cwru.edu Mechanisms of statin-mediated inhibition of small G-protein function. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 40 2005 34202 34209
30. A Cordle J Koenigsknecht-Talboo B Wilkinson A Limpert G Landreth gel2@cwru.edu Mechanisms of statin-mediated inhibition of small G-protein function. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 40 2005 34202 34209
31. A Cordle G Landreth gel2@cwru.edu 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors attenuate β-amyloid-induced microglial inflammatory responses. Journal of Neuroscience 25 2 2005 299 307
32. A Cordle G Landreth gel2@cwru.edu 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors attenuate β-amyloid-induced microglial inflammatory responses. Journal of Neuroscience 25 2 2005 299 307
33. P E Coskun M F Beal D C Wallace dwallace@uci.edu Alzheimer's brains harbor somatic mtDNA control-region mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 29 2004 10726 10731
34. J L Cummings G Cole Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 287 18 2002 2335 2338
35. R E Davis davisr@mitokor.com S Miller C Herrnstadt Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 9 1997 4526 4531
36. P Derkinderen T M.E Scales D P Hanger Tyrosine 394 is phosphorylated in Alzheimer's paired helical filament tau and in fetal tau with c-Abl as the candidate tyrosine kinase. Journal of Neuroscience 25 28 2005 6584 6593
37. L Désiré J Bourdin N Loiseau RAC1 inhibition targets amyloid precursor protein processing by γ-secretase and decreases Aβ production in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 45 2005 37516 37525
38. J M Dietschy john.dietschy@utsouthwestern.edu S D Turley Thematic review series: brain Lipids. Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system during early development and in the mature animal. Journal of Lipid Research 45 8 2004 1375 1397
39. M Edidin edidin@jhu.edu The state of lipid rafts: from model membranes to cells. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 2003 257 283
40. R Ehehalt P Keller C Haass C Thiele K Simons simons@mpi-cbg.de Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein depends on lipid rafts. Journal of Cell Biology 160 1 2003 113 123
41. J M Ellis IMdocjay@aol.com Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 105 3 2005 145 158
42. R M Evans revans1@iupui.edu S Hui A Perkins D K Lahiri J Poirier M R Farlow Cholesterol and APOE genotype interact to influence Alzheimer disease progression. Neurology 62 10 2004 1869 1871
43. M Ezquerra A Lleó M Castellví A novel mutation in the PSEN2 gene (T430M) associated with variable expression in a family with early-onset Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 60 8 2003 1149 1151
44. L A Farrer farrer@neugen.bu.edu L A Cupples J L Haines Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 278 16 1997 1349 1356
45. A M Gallegos A L McIntosh B P Atshaves F Schroeder Fschroeder@cvm.tamu. edu Structure and cholesterol domain dynamics of an enriched caveolae/raft isolate. Biochemical Journal 382 2 2004 451 461
46. S Gao H C Hendrie K S Hall S Hui The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 1998 9 809 815
47. S G Gauthier serge.gauthier@mcgill.ca Alzheimer's disease: the benefits of early treatment. European Journal of Neurology 12 suppl 3 2005 11 16
48. A J George R MD Holsinger C A McLean APP intracellular domain is increased and soluble Aβ is reduced with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiology of Disease 16 1 2004 124 132
49. F G Gervais D Xu G S Robertson Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid-β precursor protein and amyloidogenic Aβ peptide formation. Cell 97 3 1999 395 406
50. G G Glenner C W Wong Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 122 3 1984 1131 1135
51. R Godemann mand@mpasmb.desy.de J Biernat E Mandelkow E-M Mandelkow Phosphorylation of tau protein by recombinant GSK-3β: pronounced phosphorylation at select Ser/Thr-Pro motifs but no phosphorylation at Ser262 in the repeat domain. FEBS Letters 454 1-2 1999 157 164
52. O Grip S Janciauskiene S Lindgren Atorvastatin activates PPAR-γ and attenuates the inflammatory response in human monocytes. Inflammation Research 51 2 2002 58 62
53. H Grossman hillel.grossman@mssm.edu Does diabetes protect or provoke Alzheimer's disease? Insights into the pathobiology and future treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Spectrums 8 11 2003 815 823
54. X Han xianlin@pcg.wustl.edu A M Fagan H Cheng J C Morris C Xiong D M Holtzman Cerebrospinal fluid sulfatide is decreased in subjects with incipient dementia. Annals of Neurology 54 1 2003 115 119
55. T Harder Harder@embl-heidelberg.de K Simons Simons@embl-heidelberg.de Caveolae, DIGs, and the dynamics of sphingolipid-cholesterol microdomains. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 9 4 1997 534 542
56. R D Harry K K Zakzanis zakzanis@utsc.utoronto.ca A comparison of donepezil and galantamine in the treatment of cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Human Psychopharmacology 20 3 2005 183 187
57. K Höglund kina.hoglund@neuro.gu.se K M Thelen S Syversen The effect of simvastatin treatment on the amyloid precursor protein and brain cholesterol metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 19 5-6 2005 256 265
58. W G Honer honer@interchg.ubc.ca Pathology of presynaptic proteins in Alzheimer's disease: more than simple loss of terminals. Neurobiology of Aging 24 8 2003 1047 1062
59. C Hope J Mettenburg S L Gonias S T DeKosky M I Kamboh C T Chu chu@np.awing.upmc.edu Functional analysis of plasma α2-macroglobulin from Alzheimer's disease patients with the A2M intronic deletion. Neurobiology of Disease 14 3 2003 504 512
60. T Hutchin G Cortopassi A mitochondrial DNA clone is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 15 1995 6892 6895
61. J H Ipsen G Karlström O G Mouritsen H Wennerström M J Zuckermann Phase equilibria in the phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease 905 1 1987 162 172
62. S Ishibashi J Herz N Maeda J L Goldstein M S Brown The two-receptor model of lipoprotein clearance: tests of the hypothesis in "knockout" mice lacking the low density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein E, or both proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 10 1994 4431 4435
63. A Ishikawa ishikawa@agano.or.jp Y-S Piao A Miyashita A mutant PSEN1 causes dementia with Lewy bodies and variant Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 57 3 2005 429 434
64. G P Jarvik E M Wijsman W A Kukull G D Schellenberg C Yu E B Larson Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Neurology 45 6 1995 1092 1096
65. H Jick G L Zornberg S S Jick S Seshadri D A Drachman Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356 9242 2000 1627 1631
66. H Kaduszkiewicz Kaduszkiewiczkaduszki@uke.uni-hamburg.de T Zimmermann H-P Beck-Bornholdt H van den Bussche Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. British Medical Journal 331 7512 2005 321 323
67. N Kahya E-I Pécheur W P de Boeij D A Wiersma D Hoekstra Reconstitution of membrane proteins into giant unilamellar vesicles via peptide-induced fusion. Biophysical Journal 81 3 2001 1464 1474
68. N Kahya D Scherfeld K Bacia B Poolman b-poolman@chem.rug.nl P Schwille Probing lipid mobility of raft-exhibiting model membranes by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 30 2003 28109 28115
69. N Kahya D Scherfeld K Bacia P Schwille schwille@mpi-cbg.de Lipid domain formation and dynamics in giant unilamellar vesicles explored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Journal of Structural Biology 147 1 2004 77 89
70. L Kalvodova N Kahya P Schwille Lipids as modulators of proteolytic activity of BACE: involvement of cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and anionic phospholipids in vitro. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 44 2005 36815 36823
71. L Kalvodova N Kahya P Schwille Lipids as modulators of proteolytic activity of BACE: involvement of cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and anionic phospholipids in vitro. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 44 2005 36815 36823
72. J Kang H-G Lemaire A Unterbeck The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325 6106 1987 733 736
73. B L Kelly R Vassar A Ferreira a-ferreira@northwestern.edu β-amyloid-induced dynamin 1 depletion in hippocampal neurons: a potential mechanism for early cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 36 2005 31746 31753
74. C Kirsch G P Eckert G.P.Eckert@em.uni-frankfurt.de W E Mueller Statin effects on cholesterol micro-domains in brain plasma membranes. Biochemical Pharmacology 65 5 2003 843 856
75. M Kivipelto miia.kivipelto@neurotec.ki.se T Ngandu L Fratiglioni Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 62 10 2005 1556 1560
76. C Klein E-M Krämer A-M Cardine B Schraven R Brandt J Trotter Process outgrowth of oligodendrocytes is promoted by interaction of Fyn kinase with the cytoskeletal protein Tau. Journal of Neuroscience 22 3 2002 698 707
77. W L Klein W B Jr Stine D B Teplow Small assemblies of unmodified amyloid β-protein are the proximate neurotoxin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 25 2004 5 569 580
78. A R Koudinov T T Berezov Cholesterol, statins, and Alzheimer disease. PLoS Medicine 2 3 2005 e81
79. W A Kukull R Higdon J D Bowen Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: a prospective cohort study. Archives of Neurology 59 11 2002 1737 1746
80. Y-M Kuo M R Emmerling C L Bisgaier Elevated low-density lipoprotein in Alzheimer's disease correlates with brain Aβ 1-42 levels. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 252 3 1998 711 715
81. D K Lahiri Advances in the four major pillars of Alzheimer's disease research: pathobiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment. Current Alzheimer Research 1 3 2004 i ii
82. M Lavados G Farías F Rothhammer ApoE alleles and tau markers in patients with different levels of cognitive impairment. Archives of Medical Research 36 5 2005 474 479
83. G Lee gloria-lee@uiowa.edu Tau and src family tyrosine kinases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease 1739 2 2005 323 330
84. G Lee gloria-lee@uiowa.edu R Thangavel V M Sharma Phosphorylation of tau by fyn: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 24 9 2004 2304 2312
85. L Li lili@uab.edu D Cao D W Garber H Kim K-I Fukuchi Association of aortic atherosclerosis with cerebral β-amyloidosis and learning deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Pathology 163 6 2003 2155 2164
86. L Li lili@uab.edu D Cao D W Garber H Kim K-I Fukuchi Association of aortic atherosclerosis with cerebral β-amyloidosis and learning deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Pathology 163 6 2003 2155 2164
87. J K Liao Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins. Journal of Clinical Investigation 110 3 2002 285 288
88. J K Liao jliao@rics.bwh.harvard.edu U Laufs ulrich@laufs.com Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 45 2005 89 118
89. S Locatelli D Lütjohann H H-J Schmidt C Otto U Beisiegel K von Bergmann Reduction of plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) levels using high-dosage simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: evidence that simvastatin affects cholesterol metabolism in the human brain. Archives of Neurology 59 2 2002 213 216
90. M A Lovell C Xie W R Markesbery Acrolein is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain and is toxic to primary hippocampal cultures. Neurobiology of Aging 22 2 2001 187 194
91. J A Luchsinger jal94@columbia.edu C Reitz L S Honig M-X Tang S Shea R Mayeux Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 65 4 2005 545 551
92. D Lütjohann A Papassotiropoulos I Björkhem Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) is increased in Alzheimer and vascular demented patients. Journal of Lipid Research 41 2 2000 195 198
93. T Maas J Eidenmüller R Brandt Brandt@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de Interaction of tau with the neural membrane cortex is regulated by phosphorylation at sites that are modified in paired helical filaments. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 21 2000 15733 15740
94. R B Maccioni V Cambiazo Role of microtubule-associated proteins in the control of microtubule assembly. Physiological Reviews 75 4 1995 835 864
95. R B Maccioni M Lavados C B Maccioni A Mendoza-Naranjo Biological markers of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Current Alzheimer Research 1 4 2004 307 314
96. R B Maccioni J P Mũoz L Barbeito The molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Archives of Medical Research 32 5 2001 367 381
97. R B Maccioni C Otth I I Concha J P Mũoz The protein kinase cdk5: structural aspects, roles in neurogenesis and involvement in Alzheimer's pathology. European Journal of Biochemistry 268 6 2001 1518 1527
98. E-M Mandelkow J Biernat G Drewes N Gustke B Trinczek E Mandelkow Tau domains, phosphorylation, and interactions with microtubules. Neurobiology of Aging 16 3 1995 355 362
99. E-M Mandelkow mandelkow@mpasmb.desy.de E Thies B Trinczek J Biernat E Mandelkow MARK/PAR1 kinase is a regulator of microtubule-dependent transport in axons. Journal of Cell Biology 167 1 2004 99 110
100. L T McGrath B M McGleenon S Brennan D McColl S McIlroy A P Passmore Increased oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease as assessed with 4-hydroxynonenal but not malondialdehyde. QJM 94 9 2001 485 490
101. Megha E London Ceramide selectively displaces cholesterol from ordered lipid domains (rafts). Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 2004 11 9997 10004
102. C Merchant M-X Tang S Albert J Manly Y Stern R Mayeux The influence of smoking on the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 52 7 1999 1408 1412
103. T J Montine V Amarnath M E Martin W J Strittmatter D G Graham E-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is cytotoxic and cross-links cytoskeletal proteins in P19 neuroglial cultures. American Journal of Pathology 148 1 1996 89 93
104. D M Moraga P Nunez J Garrido R B Maccioni A tau fragment containing a repetitive sequence induces bundling of actin filaments. Journal of Neurochemistry 61 3 1993 979 986
105. P I Moreira M A Smith X Zhu A Nunomura R J Castellani G Perry george.perry@case.edu Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1043 2005 545 552
106. L Nanetti A Vignini C Moroni Peroxynitrite production and NOS expression in astrocytes U373MG incubated with lipoproteins from Alzheimer patients. Brain Research 1054 1 2005 38 44
107. T J Nelson tjnelson@brni-jhu.org D L Alkon Oxidation of cholesterol by amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid peptide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 8 2005 7377 7387
108. M R Nicolls The clinical and biological relationship between Type II diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Current Alzheimer Research 1 1 2004 47 54
109. R A Nixon Nixon@nki.rfmh.org Niemann-Pick type C disease and Alzheimer's disease: the APP-endosome connection fattens up. American Journal of Pathology 164 2004 3 757 761
110. J M Olson K AB Goddard D M Dudek A second locus for very-late-onset Alzheimer disease: a genome scan reveals linkage to 20p and epistasis between 20p and the Amyloid Precursor Protein region. American Journal of Human Genetics 71 1 2002 154 161
111. D I Orellana R A Quintanilla C Gonzalez-Billault R B Maccioni Role of the JAKs/STATs pathway in the intracellular calcium changes induced by interleukin-6 in hippocampal neurons. Neurotoxicity Research 8 3-4 2005 295 304
112. A Ott ott@epib.fgg.eur.nl M MB Breteler M C De Bruyne F van Harskamp D E Grobbee A Hofman Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 28 2 1997 316 321
113. C Otth I I Concha T Arendt AβPP induces cdk5-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation in transgenic mice Tg2576. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 4 5 2002 417 430
114. K Pahan F G Sheikh M S Namboodiri I Singh singhi@musc.edu Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100 11 1997 2671 2679
115. R Pankov rpankov@biofac.uni-sofia.bg T Markovska R Hazarosova P Antonov L Ivanova A Momchilova Cholesterol distribution in plasma membranes of β1 integrin-expressing and β1 integrin-deficient fibroblasts. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 442 2 2005 160 168
116. A Papassotiropoulos D Lütjohann M Bagli Plasma 24S- hydroxycholesterol: a peripheral indicator of neuronal degeneration and potential state marker for Alzheimer's disease. NeuroReport 11 9 2000 1959 1961
117. A Papassotiropoulos papas@bli.unizh.ch M A Wollmer M Tsolaki A cluster of cholesterol-related genes confers susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66 7 2005 940 947
118. M A Pappolla T K Bryant-Thomas D Herbert Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology. Neurology 61 2 2003 199 205
119. I-H Park E M Hwang H S Hong Lovastatin enhances Aβ production and senile plaque deposition in female Tg2576 mice. Neurobiology of Aging 24 5 2003 637 643
120. I-H Park E M Hwang H S Hong Lovastatin enhances Aβ production and senile plaque deposition in female Tg2576 mice. Neurobiology of Aging 24 5 2003 637 643
121. L J Pike pike@biochem.wustl.edu Lipid rafts: heterogeneity on the high seas. Biochemical Journal 378 2 2004 281 292
122. D Potyk potykd@empirehealth.org Treatments for Alzheimer disease. Southern Medical Journal 98 6 2005 628 635
123. A Pralle P Keller E-L Florin K Simons J KH Hörber Sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts diffuse as small entities in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Biology 148 5 2000 997 1008
124. L Puglielli A L Friedlich K DR Setchell Alzheimer disease β-amyloid activity mimics cholesterol oxidase. Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 9 2005 2556 2563
125. R A Quintanilla D I Orellana C González-Billault R B Maccioni Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5/p35 pathway. Experimental Cell Research 295 1 2004 245 257
126. H Rafael hrtumi@yahoo.com Cerebral atherosclerosis and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 5 6 2003 479 480
127. L Rajendran K Simons simons@mpi-cbg.de Lipid rafts and membrane dynamics. Journal of Cell Science 118 6 2005 1099 1102
128. E T Saez M Pehar M Vargas L Barbeito R B Maccioni Astrocytic nitric oxide triggers tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons. In Vivo 18 3 2004 275 280
129. Y Saito S Murayama Expression of tau immunoreactivity in the spinal motor neurons of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 55 11 2000 1727 1729
130. S C Samuels steven.samuels@med.va.gov H Grossman Emerging therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: an avenue of hope. CNS Spectrums 8 11 2003 834 845
131. L M Sayre D A Zelasko P LR Harris G Perry R G Salomon M A Smith 4-Hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 68 5 1997 2092 2097
132. L M Sayre D A Zelasko P LR Harris G Perry R G Salomon M A Smith 4-Hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 68 5 1997 2092 2097
133. P Schönknecht D Lütjohann J Pantel Cerebrospinal fluid 24S-hydroxycholesterol is increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to healthy controls. Neuroscience Letters 324 1 2002 83 85
134. P Schwille U Kettling Analyzing single protein molecules using optical methods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12 4 2001 382 386
135. D J Selkoe Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 298 5594 2002 789 791
136. M L Selley D R Close S E Stern The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 23 3 2002 383 388
137. S Seshadri A Beiser J Selhub Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine 346 7 2002 476 483
138. T B Shea SheaTH@woods.uml.edu Phospholipids alter tau conformation, phosphorylation, proteolysis, and association with microtubules: implication for tau function under normal and degenerative conditions. Journal of Neuroscience Research 50 1 1997 114 122
139. J Shepherd jshepherd@gri-biochem.org.uk G J Blauw M B Murphy Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360 9346 2002 1623 1630
140. D K Simon dsimon1@caregroup.harvard.edu M T Lin L Zheng Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in cortex and substantia nigra in aging and Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 25 1 2004 71 81
141. K Simons E Ikonen Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature 387 6633 1997 569 572
142. A J Sinclair A J Bayer J O Johnston C Warner S RJ Maxwell Altered plasma antioxidant status in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13 12 1998 840 845
143. M Sjögren magnus.sjogren@neurotec.ki.se K Blennow The link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 6 2 2005 85 97
144. M Sjögren magnus.sjogren@medfak.gu.se K Gustafsson S Syversen Treatment with simvastatin in patients with Alzheimer's disease lowers both α- and β-cleaved amyloid precursor protein. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 16 1 2003 25 30
145. I Skoog Ingmar.Skoog@neuro.gu.se Hypertension and cognition. International Psychogeriatrics 15 suppl 1 2003 139 146
146. I Skoog B Lernfelt S Landahl 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 347 9009 1996 1141 1145
147. D L Sparks larry.sparks@sunhealth.org M N Sabbagh D J Connor Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Archives of Neurology 62 5 2005 753 757
148. K Stamer R Vogel E Thies E Mandelkow E-M Mandelkow Tau blocks traffic of organelles, neurofilaments, and APP vesicles in neurons and enhances oxidative stress. Journal of Cell Biology 156 6 2002 1051 1063
149. F Stellaard f.stellaard@med.rug.nl F Kuipers Assessment of modes of action and efficacy of plasma cholesterol-lowering drugs: measurement of cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis and turnover using novel stable isotope techniques. Current Drug Targets: Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 5 2 2005 209 218
150. S A Tatulian statulia@mail.ucf.edu S Qin A H Pande X He Positioning membrane proteins by novel protein engineering and biophysical approaches. Journal of Molecular Biology 351 2005 5 939 947
151. R D Terry E Masliah D P Salmon Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Annals of Neurology 30 4 1991 572 580
152. K M Thelen K M Rentsch U Gutteck Brain cholesterol synthesis in mice is affected by high dose of simvastatin but not of pravastatin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 316 3 2006 1146 1152
153. S Treiber-Held R Distl V Meske F Albert T G Ohm thomas_georg.ohm@charite. de Spatial and temporal distribution of intracellular free cholesterol in brains of a Niemann-Pick type C mouse model showing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Pathology 200 1 2003 95 103
154. H Tun L Marlow I Pinnix R Kinsey K Sambamurti Lipid rafts play an important role in Aβ biogenesis by regulating the β-secretase pathway. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 19 1-2 2002 31 35
155. K Uchida M Kanematsu Y Morimitsu T Osawa N Noguchi E Niki Acrolein is a product of lipid peroxidation reaction: formation of free acrolein and its conjugate with lysine residues in oxidized low density lipoproteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 26 1998 16058 16066
156. M T Vanier K Suzuki Recent advances in elucidating Niemann-Pick C disease. Brain Pathology 8 1998 1 163 174
157. G L Vega M Weiner H Kölsch The effects of gender and CYP46 and apo E polymorphism on 24S-hydroxycholesterol levels in Alzheimer's patients treated with statins. Current Alzheimer Research 1 1 2004 71 77
158. G L Vega Gloria.Vega@utsouthwestern.edu M F Weiner A M Lipton Reduction in levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol by statin treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 60 4 2003 510 515
159. E Von Strauss Eva.von.Strauss@neurotec.ki.se M Viitanen D De Ronchi B Winblad L Fratiglioni Aging and the occurrence of dementia: findings from a population-based cohort with a large sample of nonagenarians. Archives of Neurology 56 5 1999 587 592
160. S Wada M Morishima-Kawashima Y Qi γ-secretase activity is present in rafts but is not cholesterol-dependent. Biochemistry 42 47 2003 13977 13986
161. S Wahrle P Das A C Nyborg Cholesterol-dependent γ-secretase activity in buoyant cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Neurobiology of Disease 9 1 2002 11 23
162. K A Wesnes I G McKeith R Ferrara Effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function in dementia with lewy bodies: a randomised placebo-controlled international study using the cognitive drug research computerised assessment system. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 13 3 2002 183 192
163. C M Wischik R A Crowther Subunit structure of the Alzheimer tangle. British Medical Bulletin 42 1 1986 51 56
164. B Wolozin W Kellman P Ruosseau G G Celesia G Siegel Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Archives of Neurology 57 10 2000 1439 1443
165. P J Yao M Zhu E I Pyun Defects in expression of genes related to synaptic vesicle trafficking in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Disease 12 2 2003 97 109
166. C A Zambrano J T Egãa M T Nú̃ez R B Maccioni C González-Billault Oxidative stress promotes τ dephosphorylation in neuronal cells: the roles of cdk5 and PP1. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36 11 2004 1393 1402
167. M Zappia I Manna P Serra Increased risk for Alzheimer disease with the interaction of MPO and A2M polymorphisms. Archives of Neurology 61 3 2004 341 344
168. F L Zhang P J Casey Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Annual Review of Biochemistry 65 1996 241 269
169. G S Zubenko H B III Hughes J S Stiffler D10S1423 identifies a susceptibility locus for Alzheimer's disease in a prospective, longitudinal, double-blind study of asymptomatic individuals. Molecular Psychiatry 6 4 2001 413 419