D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes

American Journal of Medical Genetics - Neuropsychiatric Genetics

Volumn 116 B, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 103-125

  Noble, Ernest P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcoholism; Association; Bipolar disorder; Brain D2 dopamine receptors; D2 dopamine receptor gene; DRD2 A1 allele; Drug dependence; Linkage; Movement disorders; Nicotine dependence; Obesity; P300; Personality; Schizophrenia; Stress; Treatment outcome

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; NICOTINE; OPIATE;

ADDICTION; ALCOHOLISM; ALLELE; CAUCASIAN; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR GENE; GENE FREQUENCY; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; META ANALYSIS; MIGRAINE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; OBESITY; OPIATE ADDICTION; PERSONALITY; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PHENOTYPE; PLEIOTROPY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DENSITY; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; REWARD; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TAQ1 A DRD2 A1 ALLELE; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0042827344     PISSN: 15524841     EISSN: 1552485X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10005     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Adams KM, Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Kluin KJ, Brunberg JA, Dede D, Berent S, Kroll PD. 1993. Neuropsychological deficits are correlated with frontal hypometabolism in positron emission tomography studies of older alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:205-210.
2. Amadéo S, Abbar M, Fourcade ML, Waksman G, Leroux MG, Madec A, Selin M, Champiat JC, Brethome A, LeClaire Y, Castelnau D, Venisse JL, Mallet J. 1993. D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism. J Psychiatr Res 27:173-179.
3. 2 receptor TaqI A1 allele and earlier age of onset of alcohol dependence according to different specified criteria. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:805-809.
4. Anokhin AP, Todorov AA, Madden PAF, Grant JD, Heath AC. 1999. Brain event-related potentials, dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism, and smoking. Genet Epidemiol 17:S37-S42.
5. Arinami T, Itokawa M, Komiyama T, Mitsushio H, Mori H, Mifune H, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. 1993. Association between severity of alcoholism and the A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI A RFLP in Japanese. Biol Psychiatry 33:108-114.
6. Arinami T, Itokawa M, Enguchi H, Tagaya H, Yano S, Shimizu H, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. 1994. Association of dopamine D2 receptor molecular variant with schizophrenia. Lancet 343:703-704.
7. Arinami T, Itokawa M, Aoki J, Shibuya H, Ookubo Y, Iwawaki A, Ota K, Shimizu H, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. 1996. Further association study on dopamine D2 receptor variant S311C in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 67:133-138.
8. Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. 1997. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 6:577-582.
9. Arinami T, Iijima Y, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Ishiguro H, Ohtsuki T, Yanagi H, Shimakura Y, Ishikawa H, Hamaguchi H. 1999. Supportive evidence for contribution of the dopamine D2 receptor gene to heritability of stature: linkage and association studies. Ann Hum Genet 63: 147-151.
10. Arranz MJ, Munro J, Li T, Collier DA, Kirov G, Kerwin RW. 1998. A polymorphism on the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and drug response: association studies. Schizophr Res 29:127.
11. Babor TF, Hofmann M, DelBoca FK, Hesselbrock V, Meyer RE, Dolinsky ZS, Rounsaville B. 1992. Types of alcoholics I: evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:599-608.
12. Batra A, Gelfort G, Bartels M, Smoltczyk H, Buchkremer G, Riess O, Schöls L. 2000. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in heavy smoking. Addict Biol 5:429-436.
13. Bau CHD, Almeida S, Hutz MH. 2000. The TaqI A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism in Brazil: association and interaction with stress and harm avoidance on severity prediction. Am J Med Genet 96: 302-306.
14. Benjamin J, Li L, Patterson C, Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Hamer DH. 1996. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking. Nat Genet 12:81-84.
15. Bennett ST, Lucassen AM, Gough SCL, Powell EE, Undlien DE, Pritchard LE, Merriman ME, Kawaguchi Y, Dronsfield MJ, Pociot F, Nerup J, Bouzekri N, Cambon-Thomsen A, Ronningen KS, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Todd JA. 1995. Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus. Nat Genet 9:284-292.
16. Berman SM, Noble EP. 1995. Reduced visuospatial performance in children with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Behav Genet 25:45-58.
17. Berman SM, Noble EP. 1997. D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene and family stress: Interactive effects on cognitive functions in children. Behav Genet 27:33-43.
18. Berrettini WH, Persico AM. 1996. Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and vulnerability to substance abuse in African Americans. Biol Psychiatry 40:144-147.
19. Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Foroud T, Cloninger CR, Begleiter H, Conneally PM, Crowe RR, Hesselbrock V, Li TK, Nurnberger JI, Porjesz B, Schuckit MA, Reich T. 2000. Family-based study of the association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) with habitual smoking. Am J Med Genet 90:299-302.
20. Blomqvist O, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR. 2000. Family-based study of DRD alleles in alcohol and drug dependence. Am J Med Genet 96:659-664.
21. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Jagadeeswaran P, Nogami H, Briggs AH, Cohn JB. 1990. Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA 263:2055-2060.
22. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Finley O, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Ozkaragoz T, Fitch RJ, Sadlack F, Sheffield D, Dahlmann T, Halbardier S, Nogami H. 1991. Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism. Alcohol 8:409-416.
23. Blum K, Braverman ER, Dinardo MJ, Wood RC, Sheridan PJ. 1994. Prolonged P300 latency in a neuropsychiatric population with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 4:313-322.
24. Blum K, Sheridan PJ, Wood RC, Braverman ER, Chen TJH, Comings DE. 1995. Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants: association and linkage studies in impulsive-addictive-compulsive behavior. Pharmacogenetics 5:121-141.
25. Blum K, Braverman ER, Wood RC, Gill J, Li C, Chen TJ, Taub M, Montgomery AR, Sheridan PJ, Cull JG. 1996a. Increased prevalence of the TaqI A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) in obesity with comorbid substance use disorders: a preliminary report. Pharmacogenetics 6:297-305.
26. Blum K, Cull JG, Braverman ER, Comings DE. 1996b. Reward deficiency syndrome. Am Scientist 84:132-145.
27. Bocchetta A, Piccardi MP, Palmas MA, Oi A, Del Zompo M. 1999. Family-based association study between bipolar disorder and DRD2, DRD4, DAT, and SERT in Sardinia. Am J Med Genet 88:522-526.
28. Bolos AM, Dean M, Lucas-Derse S, Ramsburg M, Brown GL, Goldman D. 1990. Population and pedigree studies reveal a lack ofassociation between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism. JAMA 264:3156-3160.
29. Breen G, Brown J, Maude S, Fox H, Collier D, Li T, Arranz M, Shaw D, St. Clair D. 1999. -141C Del/Ins polymorphism of the dopamine receptor 2 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a British population. Am J Med Genet 88:407-410.
30. Byerley W, Plaetke R, Hoff M, Jensen S, Holik J, Reimherr F, Mellon C, Wender P, O'Connell P, Leppert M. 1992. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene not linked to manic-depression in seven of eight pedigrees. Hum Hered 42: 259-263.
31. Carmelli D, Cardon LR, Fabitz R. 1994. Clustering of hypertension, diabetes and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same environments? Am J Hum Genet 55:566-573.
32. 2 receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 41:827-829.
33. Clarke PBS. 1998. Tobacco smoking, genes, and dopamine. Lancet 352:84-85.
34. Cloninger CR. 1987. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236:410-416.
35. Cloninger CR. 1991. D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated but not linked with alcoholism. JAMA 266:1833-1834.
36. Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. 1981. Inheritance of alcohol abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:861-868.
37. Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW, Levy DL, Smith M, Borison RL, Evans DD, Klein DN, MacMurray J, Tosk JM, Sverd J, Gysin R, Flanagan SD. 1991. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 266:1793-1800.
38. Comings DE, Flanagan SD, Dietz G, Muhleman D, Knell E, Gysin R. 1993. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) as a major gene in obesity and height. Biochem Med Metab Biol 50:176-185.
39. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Ahn C, Gysin R, Flanagan SD. 1994. The dopamine D2 receptor gene: a genetic risk factor in substance abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 34:175-180.
40. Comings DE, Ferry L, Bradshaw-Robinson S, Burchette R, Chiu C, Muhleman D. 1996a. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking. Pharmacogenetics 6:73-79.
41. 2 receptor (DRD2) gene. Mol Psychiatry 1:325-335.
42. Comings DE, Rosenthal RJ, Lesieur HR, Rugle LJ, Muhleman D, Chiu C, Dietz G, Gade R. 1996c. A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling. Pharmacogenetics 6:223-234.
43. 2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry 40:368-372.
44. Connor JP, Young RM, Lawford BR, Ritchie TL, Noble EP. 2002. D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism is associated with severity of alcohol dependence. Eur Psychiatry 17:17-23.
45. Cook BL, Wang ZW, Crowe RR, Hauser R, Freimer M. 1992. Alcoholism and the D2 receptor gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:806-809.
46. Cook CCH, Brett P, Curtis D, Holmes D, Gurling HMD. 1993. Linkage analysis confirms a genetic effect of the D2 dopamine receptor locus in heavy drinking and alcoholism. Psychiatr Genet 3:130.
47. 2 dopamine receptor locus in heavy drinking and alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 169:243-248.
48. Costa-Mallen P, Costa LG, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Swanson PD, Checkoway H. 2000. Genetic polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptors in Parkinson's disease and interactions with cigarette smoking and MAO-B intron 13 polymorphism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:535-537.
49. Craddock N, Roberts Q, Williams N, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. 1995. Association study of bipolar disorder using a functional polymorphism (Ser311 → Cys) in the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Psychiatr Genet 5:63-65.
50. Crawford F, Hoyne J, Cai X, Osborne A, Poston D, Zaglul J, Dajani N, Walsh S, Bradley R, Solomon R, Mullan M. 1996. Dopamine DRD2/Cys311 is not associated with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 67:483-484.
51. Curtis D, Sham PC. 1995. Model-free linkage analysis using likelihoods. Am J Hum Genet 57:703-716.
52. Curtis D, Zhao JH, Sham PC. 1999. Comparison of GENEHUNTER and MFLINK for analysis of COGA linkage data. Genet Epidemiol 17:S115-S120.
53. Del Zompo M, Cherchi A, Palmas MA, Ponti M, Bocchetta A, Gessa GL, Piccardi MP. 1998. Association between dopamine receptor genes and migraine without aura in a Sardinian sample. Neurology 51:781-786.
54. Dubertret C, Gorwood P, Gouya L, Deybach JC, Adès J. 2001. Association and excess of transmission of a DRD2 haplotype in a sample of French schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 49:203-212.
55. Ebstein RP, Novick O, Umansky R, Priel B, Osher Y, Blaine D, Bennett ER, Nemanov L, Katz M, Belmaker RH. 1996. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nat Genet 12:78-80.
56. Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Koller DL, et al. 1998. A family-based analysis of the association of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:505-512.
57. Eriksson M, Berggren U, Blennow K, Fahlke C, Månsson JE, Balldin J. 2000. Alcoholics with the dopamine receptor DRD2 A1 allele have lower platelet monoamine oxidase-B activity than those with the A2 allele: a preliminary study. Alcohol Alcohol 35:493-498.
58. Eriksson M, Berggren U, Blennow K, Fahlke C, Balldin J. 2001. Further investigation of citalopram on alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers: responsiveness possibly linked to the DRD2 A2/A2 genotype. Alcohol 24:15-23.
59. Finckh U, Giraldo-Velasquez M, Pelz J, Otto G, Sander T, Schmidt LG, Rommelspacher H, Rolfs A. 1996. Dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) haplotypes in Caucasians. Gene 179:251-255.
60. Finckh U, Rommelspacher H, Kuhn S, Dufeu P, Otto G, Heinz A, Dettling M, Giraldo-Velasquez M, Pelz J, Gräf KJ, Harms H, Sander T, Schmidt LG. 1997. Influence of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genotype on neuroadaptive effects of alcohol and the clinical outcome of alcoholism. Pharmacogenetics 7:271-281.
61. Furlong RA, Coleman TA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. 1998. No association of a functional polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor promoter region with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 81:385-387.
62. Gabbay FH, Duncan CC, Bird G, Uhl GR, Mirsky AF. 1996. D2 dopamine receptor Taq1 A genotypic differences in event-related brain potentials. In: Harris LS, editor. Problems of drug dependence 1995. NIDA Research Monograph 162. Rockville Maryland: National Institute of Drug Abuse. p 129.
63. Gehle VM, Erwin VG. 1998. Common quantitative trait loci for alcohol-related behaviors and CNS neurotensin measures: voluntary ethanol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:401-408.
64. Geijer T, Neiman J, Rydberg U, et al. 1994. Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms in Scandinavian chronic alcoholics. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 244:26-32.
65. Gelernter J, O'Malley S, Risch N, Kranzler HR, Krystal J, Merikangas K, Kennedy JL, Kidd KK. 1991. No association between an allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and alcoholism. JAMA 266:1801-1807.
66. 2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism: a reappraisal. JAMA 269:1673-1677.
67. Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Cubells JF, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T. 1998. DRD2 allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria, including the -141 C Ins/Del promoter polymorphism, in European-American, African-American, and Japanese subjects. Genomics 51:21-26.
68. Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Satel SL. 1999a. No association between D-2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence or severity of cocaine dependence in European- and African-Americans. Biol Psychiatry 45:340-345.
69. Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS. 1999b. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 45:620-625.
70. Goldman D. 1993. Genetic transmission. In: Galanter M, editor. Recent developments in alcoholism (Volume 11): New York: Plenum Press. p 232-248.
71. Goldman D, Dean M, Brown GL, et al. 1992. D2 dopamine receptor genotype and cerebral spinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in alcoholics in Finland and the United States. Acta Psychiatr Scand 86:351-357.
72. Golimbet VE, Aksenova MG, Abramova LI, Kaleda VG, Orlova VA, Braga EA, Nosikov VV, Trubnikov VI. 1998. Association of allelic DRD2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism with mental diseases of schizophrenic spectrum and affective disorders. Zh Nevrop Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova 98:32-35.
73. Golimbet VE, Mityushina NG, Scherbatykh TV, Aksenova MG, Abramova LI, Kaleda VG, Nosikov VV, Yurov YB, Rogaev EI. 2001. Molecular genetic polymorphism of the genes of neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenics with early manifestation of the disease. Zh Nevrop Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova 101:48-50.
74. Goodwin DW. 1979. Alcoholism and heredity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:57-61.
75. Gorwood P, Ades J, Feingold J. 1994. Are genes coding for dopamine receptors implicated in alcoholism. Eur Psychiatry 9:63-69.
76. Grandy DK, Litt M, Allen L, Bunzow JR, Marchionni M, Makam H, Reed L, Magenis RE, Civelli O. 1989. The human dopamine D2 receptor gene is located on chromosome 11 at q22-q23 and identifies a Taq1 RFLP. Am J Hum Genet 45:778-785.
77. Grandy DK, Zhang Y, Civelli O. 1993. PCR detection of the TaqA RFLP at the DRD2 locus. Hum Mol Genet 2:2197.
78. Grevle L, Güzey C, Hadidi H, Brennersted R, Idle JR, Aasly J. 2000. Allelic association between the DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 15:1070-1074.
79. Gurling HMD, Cook CCH. 1999. The genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 12:269-275.
80. Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Morales PA, Stern MP. 1992, Eight-year incidence of hypertension in Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites: the San Antonio heart study. Am J Hypertens 5: 147-153.
81. Hauge XY, Grandy DK, Eubanks JH, Evans GA, Civelli O, Litt M. 1991. Detection and characterization of additional DNA polymorphisms in the dopamine-D2 receptor gene. Genomics 10:527-530.
82. Heiden A, Schussler P, Itzlinger U, Leisch F, Scharfetter J, Gebhardt C, Fuchs K, Willett M, Nilsson L, Miller-Reiter E, Stompe T, Meszaros K, Sieghart W, Hornik K, Kasper S, Aschauer HN. 2000. Association studies of candidate genes in bipolar disorders. Neuropsychobiology 42:18-21.
83. Heinz A, Sander T, Harms H, et al. 1996. Lack of allelic association of dopamine D1 and D2 (TaqI A) receptor gene polymorphisms with reduced dopaminergic sensitivity in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20: 1109-1113.
84. Hietala J, West C, Syvalahti E, Nagren K, Lehikoinen P, Sonninen P, Ruotsalainen U. 1994. Striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding characteristics in vivo in patients with alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology 116:285-290.
85. Hietala J, Pohjalainen T, Heikkilä-Kallio U, West C, Salaspuro M, Syvälahti E. 1997. Allelic association between D2 but not D1 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism in Finland. Psychiatr Genet 7:19-25.
86. Hill SY. 1998. Alternative strategies for uncovering genes contributing to alcoholism risk: unpredictable findings in a genetic wonderland. Alcohol 16:53-59.
87. Hill SY, Locke J, Zezza N, Kaplan B, Neiswanger K, Steinhauer SR, Wipprecht G, Xu J. 1998. Genetic association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 43:40-51.
88. Hill SY, Zezza N, Wipprecht G, Locke J, Neiswanger K. 1999a. Personality traits and dopamine receptors (D2 and D4): linkage studies in families of alcoholics. Am J Med Genet 88:634-641.
89. Hill SY, Zezza N, Wipprecht G, Xu J, Neiswanger K. 1999b. Linkage studies of D2 and D4 receptor genes and alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 88:676-685.
90. 2 dopamine receptor expression. Mol Psychiatry 3:198-203.
91. Holmes D, Brynjolfsson J, Brett P, Curtis D, Petursson H, Sherrington R, Gurling H. 1991. No evidence for a susceptibility locus predisposing to manic depression in the region of the dopamine (D2) receptor gene. Br J Psychiatry 158:635-641.
92. Hori H, Ohmori O, Shinkai T, Kojima H, Nakamura J. 2001. Association analysis between two functional dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 105:176-178.
93. Ibanez A, Blanco C, Donahue E, Lesieur HR, de Castro IP, Fernandez-Piqueras J, Saiz-Ruiz J. 2001. Psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Am J Psychiat 158:1733-1735.
94. Inada T, Arinami T, Yagi G. 1999. Association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia in Japanese subjects: replication and evaluation for antipsychotic-related features. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2:181-186.
95. Itokawa M, Arinami T, Futamura N, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. 1993. A structural polymorphism of human dopamine D2 receptor, D2(Ser311→Cys). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 196:1369-1375.
96. Jönsson EG, Nöthen MM, Gustavsson JP, Neidt H. 1997. Lack of evidence for the allelic association between personality traits and the dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms. Am J Psychiatry 154:697-699.
97. Jönsson EG, Nöthen MM, Neidt H, Forslund K, Matila-Evenden M, Åsberg M, Propping P, Sedvall GC. 1999a. Association between a promoter polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 40:31-36.
98. Jonsson EG, Nöthen MM, Grünhage F, Farde L, Nakashima Y, Propping P, Sedvall GC. 1999b. Polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and their relationships to striatal dopamine receptor density of health volunteers. Mol Psychiatry 4:290-296.
99. Jenkinson CP, Hanson R, Cray K, Wiedrich C, Knowler WC, Bogardus C, Baier L. 2000. Association of dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms Ser311Cys and TaqIA with obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1233-1238.
100. Kanes SJ, Hitzemann BA, Hitzemann RJ. 1993. On the relationship between D2 receptor density and neuroleptic-induced catalepsy among 8 inbred strains of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:538-547.
101. Katsuragi S, Kiyota A, Tsutsumi T, Isogawa K, Nagayama H, Arinami T, Akiyoshi J. 2001. Lack of association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor and personality traits. Psychiatr Res 105:123-127.
102. Kidd KK, Morar B, Castiglione CM, Zhao H, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, Bonne-Tamir B, Lu RB, Goldman D, Lee C, Nam YS, Grandy DK, Jenkins T, Kidd JR. 1998. A global survey of haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium at the DRD2 locus. Hum Genet 103:211-227.
103. Kirov G, Jones I, McCandless F, Craddock N, Owen MJ. 1999. Family-based association studies of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission: DBH, DAT1, COMT, DRD2, DRD3 and DRD5. Mol Psychiatry 4:558-565.
104. Klein C, Brin MF, Kramer P, Sena-Esteves M, DeLeon D, Doheny D, Bressman S, Fahn S, Breakefield XO, Ozelius LJ. 1999. Association of a missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor with myoclonus dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5173-5176.
105. Koehnke MD, Kolb W, Gaertner I. 2000. Delirium in alcohol withdrawal and DRD2 and DAT1 gene polymorphisms. Amer J Med Genet 96:156.
106. Koob GR. 1992. Drugs of abuse. Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:177-184.
107. Kreek MJ, Koob GF. 1998. Drug dependence: stress and dysregulation of brain reward pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 51:23-47.
108. Kruglyak L, Lander ES. 1998. Faster multipoint linkage analysis using Fourier transforms. J Comp Biol 5:1-7.
109. Laine TPJ, Ahonen A, Räsänen P, Pohjalainen T, Tiihonen J, Hietala J. 2001. The A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with high dopamine transporter density in detoxified alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 36:262-265.
110. 2 receptor gene. Mol Psychiatry 3:261-265.
111. Lawford BR, Young RM, Rowell JA, Qualichefski J, Fletcher BH, Syndulko K, Ritchie T, Noble EP. 1995. Bromocriptine in the treatment of alcoholics with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Nat Med 1:337-341.
112. Lawford BR, Young RM, Rowell JA, Gibson JN, Feeney GFX, Ritchie T, Noble EP. 1997. Association of the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele with alcoholism: medical severity of alcoholism and type of controls. Biol Psychiatry 41:386-393.
113. Lawford BR, Young RM, Noble EP, Sargent J, Rowell J, Shadforth S, Zhang X, Ritchie T. 2000. The D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele and opioid dependence: association with heroin use and response to methadone treatment. Am J Med Genet 96:592-598.
114. Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Audrain J, Main D, Bowman ED, Lockshin B, Boyd NR, Shields PG. 1999. Evidence suggesting the role of specific genetic factors in cigarette smoking. Health Psychol 18:14-20.
115. Li T, Liu X, Sham PC, Aitchison KJ, Cai G, Arranz MJ, Deng H, Liu J, Kirov G, Murray RM, Collier DA. 1999. Association analysis between dopamine receptor genes and bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 86: 193-201.
116. Aγ2 receptors and serotonin transporter genes with heroin abuse in Chinese subjects. Am J Med Genet 114:329-335.
117. 2 receptor Taq1 polymorphism with P300 event-related potential for normal young females. Psychiatr Genet 11:165-169.
118. Lu R-B, Lee J-F, Ko H-C, Lin W-W. 2001. Dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) is associated with alcoholism with conduct disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:177-184.
119. Lucht MJ, Kuehn KU, Schroeder W, Armbruster J, Abraham G, Schattenberg A, Gaensicke M, Barnow S, Tretzel H, Herrmann FH, Freyberger HJ. 2001. Influence of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) exon 8 genotype on efficacy of tiapride and clinical outcome of alcohol withdrawal. Pharmacogenetics 11:647-653.
120. Madrid GA, MacMurray J, Lee JW, Anderson BA, Comings DE. 2001. Stress as a mediating factor in the association between the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism and alcoholism. Alcohol 23:117-122.
121. Makoff AJ, Graham JM, Arranz MJ, Forsyth J, Li T, Aitchison KJ, Shaikh S, Grünewald RA. 2000. Association study of dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms with drug-induced hallucinations in patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease. Pharmacogenetics 10:43-48.
122. Malhotra AK, Virkkunen M, Rooney W, Eggert M, Linnoila M, Goldman D. 1996. The association between the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) 16 amino acid repeat polymorphism and novelty seeking. Mol Psychiatry 1:388-391.
123. Manki H, Kanba S, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S, Suzuki E, Matsushita S, Ono Y, Chiba H, Shintani F, Nakamura M, Yagi G, Asai M. 1996. Dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptor and transporter gene polymorphism and mood disorders. J Affect Disord 40:7-13.
124. Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Van Gestel S, Serretti A, Macciardi F, Smeraldi E, Kaneva R, Adolfsson R, Nylander PO, Blackwood D, Muir W, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Oru L, Segman RH, Ivezi S, Aschauer H, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Dam H, Jakovljevi M, Peltonen L, Hilger C, Hentges F, Staner L, Milanova V, Jazin E, Lerer B, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. 2002. Positive association of dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism with bipolar affective disorder in a European multicenter association study of affective disorders. Am J Med Genet 114:177-185.
125. Maude S, Curtin J, Breen G, Collier D, Russell G, Shaw D, St. Clair D. 2001. The -141C Ins/Del polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is not associated with either migraine or Parkinson's disease. Psychiatr Genet 11:49-52.
126. McBride WJ, Chernet E, Dyr W, Lumeng L, Li TK. 1993. Densities of dopamine D2 receptors are reduced in CNS regions of alcohol-preferring P rats. Alcohol 10:387-390.
127. McCarthy LC, Hosford DA, Riley JH, Bird MI, White NJ, Hewett DR, Peroutka SJ, Griffiths LR, Boyd PR, Lea RA, Bhatti SM, Hosking LK, Hood CM, Jones KW, Handley AR, Rallan R, Lewis KF, Yeo AJM, Williams PM, Priest RC, Khan P, Donnelly C, Lumsden SM, O'Sullivan J, See CG, Smart DH, Shaw-Hawkins S, Patel J, Langrish TC, Feniuk W, Knowles RG, Thomas M, Libri V, Montgomery DS, Manasco PK, Xu CF, Dykes C, Humphrey PPA, Roses AD, Purvis IJ. 2001. Single-nucleotide polymorphism alleles in the insulin receptor gene are associated with typical migraine. Genomics 78:135-149.
128. 2 like dopamine receptors, in schizophrenic patients in relation to Taq1A polymorphism of DRD2 gene. Psychopharmacology 149:246-250.
129. Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kondo T, Nagashima U, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S. 2000b. No relationship between Taq1 A polymorphism of dopamine D-2 receptor gene and extrapyramidal adverse effects of selective D-2 antagonists, bromperidol, and nemonapride in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Am J Med Genet 96:422-424.
130. Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kondo T, Yasui-Furukori N, Ono S, Otani K, Kaneko S, Inoue Y. 2001. Relationship between Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism and prolactin response to bromperidol. Am J Med Genet 105:271-274.
131. Miyake H, Nagashima K, Onigata K, Nagashima T, Takano Y, Morikawa A. 1999. Allelic variations of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in children with idiopathic short stature. J Hum Genet 44:26-29.
132. Nanko S, Ueki A, Hattori M, Dai XY, Sasaki T, Fukuda R, Ikeda K, Kazamatsuri H. 1994. No allelic association between Parkinson's disease and dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor gene polymorphisms. Am J Med Genet 54:361-364.
133. 2 receptor gene in samples of female and male alcoholics. Am J Med Genet 60:267-271.
134. Noble EP. 1996. The gene that rewards alcoholism. Sci Am Sci Med 3:52-61.
135. Noble EP. 1998a. The D2 dopamine receptor gene: a review of association studies in alcoholism and phenotypes. Alcohol 16:33-45.
136. Noble EP. 1998b. The DRD2 gene, smoking, and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:343-345.
137. Noble EP. 1998c. DRD2 gene and alcoholism. Science 281:1287-1288.
138. Noble EP, Blum K. 1993. Alcoholism and the D2 receptor gene (letter). JAMA 270:1547.
139. Noble EP, Blum K, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Sheridan PJ. 1991. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:648-654.
140. Noble EP, Blum K, Khalsa ME, Ritchie T, Montgomery A, Wood RD, Fitch RJ, Ozkaragoz T, Sheridan PJ, Anglin MD, Paredes A, Treiman LJ, Sparkes RS. 1993. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 33:271-285.
141. Noble EP, Syndulko K, Fitch RJ, Ritchie T, Bohlman MC, Guth P, Sheridan PJ, Montgomery A, Heinzmann C, Sparkes RS, Blum K. 1994a. D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A alleles in medically ill alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. Alcohol Alcohol 29:729-744.
142. Noble EP, St. Jeor ST, Ritchie T, Syndulko K, St. Jeor SC, Fitch RJ, Brunner RL, Sparkes RS. 1994b. D2 dopamine receptor gene and cigarette smoking: a reward gene? Med Hypotheses 42:257-260.
143. Noble EP, Noble RE, Ritchie T, Syndulko K, Bohlman MC, Noble LA, Zhang Y, Sparkes RS, Grandy DK. 1994c. Allelic association of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene with obesity. Int J Eating Disord 15: 205-217.
144. Noble EP, Berman SM, Ozkaragoz TZ, Ritchie T. 1994d. Prolonged P300 latency in children with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Am J Hum Genet 54:658-668.
145. Noble EP, Gottschalk LA, Fallon JH, Ritchie T, Wu JC. 1997. D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism. Am J Med Genet 74:162-166.
146. Noble EP, Ozkaragoz TZ, Ritchie TL, Zhang X, Belin TR, Sparkes RS. 1998. D2 and D4 dopamine receptor polymorphism and personality. Am J Med Genet 81:257-267.
147. Noble EP, Zhang X, Ritchie TL, Sparkes RS. 2000. Haplotypes at the DRD2 locus and severe alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 96:622-631.
148. Nothen MM, Erdmann J, Korner J, Lanczik M, Fritze J, Fimmers R, Grandy DK, O'Dowd B, Propping P. 1992. Lack of association between dopamine D1 and D2 receptor genes and bipolar affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149:199-201.
149. O'Hara BF, Smith SS, Bird G, et al. 1993. Dopamine D2 receptor RFLPs, haplotypes and their association with substance use in black and Caucasian research volunteers. Hum Heredity 43:209-218.
150. Oliveri RL, Annesi G, Zappia M, Civitelli D, Montesanti R, Branca D, Nicoletti G, Spadafora P, Pasqua AA, Cittadella R, Andreoli V, Gambardella A, Aguglia U, Quattrone A. 1999. Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in PD. Neurology 53:1425-1430.
151. Oliveri RL, Annesi G, Zappia M, Civitelli D, De Marco EV, Pasqua AA, Annesi F, Spadafora P, Gambardella A, Nicoletti G, Branca D, Caracciolo M, Aguglia U, Quattrone A. 2000. The dopamine D2 receptor gene is a susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 15: 127-131.
152. Oruc L, Furac I, Croux C, Jakovljevic M, Kracun I, Folnegovic A, Van Broeckhoven C. 1996. Association study between bipolar disorder and candidate genes involved in dopamine-serotonin metabolism and GABAergic neurotransmission:
153. Ovchinnikov IV, Druzina E, Ovtchinnikova O, Zagorovskaya T, Nebarakova T, Anokhina IP. 1999. Polymorphism of dopamine D2 and D4 receptor genes and Slavic-surnamed alcoholic patients. Addict Biol 4:399-404.
154. Owen MJ, Cardno AG, O'Donovan MC. 2000. Psychiatric genetics: back to the future. Psychiatr Genet 5:22-31.
155. Pani L, Porcella A, Gessa GL. 2000. The role of stress in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic system. Mol Psychiatry 5:14-21.
156. Parsian A, Fisher L, O'Malley KL, Todd RD. 1991a. A new TaqI RFLP within intron-2 of human dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2). Nucleic Acids Res 19:6977.
157. Parsian A, Todd RD, Devor EJ, O'Malley KL, Suarez BK, Reich T, Cloninger CR. 1991b. Alcoholism and alleles of the human D2 dopamine receptor locus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:655-663.
158. Pastor P, Muñoz E, Obach V, Marti MJ, Blesa R, Oliva R, Tolosa E. 1999. Dopamine receptor D2 intronic polymorphism in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 273:151-154.
159. Pastorelli R, Bardazzi G, Saieva C, Cerri A, Gestri D, Allamani A, Airoldi L, Palli D. 2001. Genetic determinants of alcohol addiction and metabolism: a survey in Italy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:221-227.
160. Pato CN, Macciardi F, Pato MT, Verga M, Kennedy H. 1993. Review of the putative association of dopamine D2 receptor and alcoholism: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet 48:78-82.
161. Peroutka SJ. 1997. Dopamine and migraine. Neurology 49:650-656.
162. Peroutka SJ, Wilhoit T, Jones K. 1997. Clinical susceptibility to migraine with aura is modified by dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) NcoI alleles. Neurology 49:201-206.
163. Peroutka SJ, Price SC, Wilhoit TL, Jones KW. 1998. Comorbid migraine with aura, anxiety, and depression is associated with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) NcoI alleles. Mol Med 4:14-21.
164. 2 dopamine receptor gene TaqI A1 and B1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms: enhanced frequencies in psychostimulant-preferring polysubstance abusers. Biol Psychiatry 40:776-784.
165. Phillips TJ, Crabbe JC, Metten P, Belknap JK. 1994. Localization of genes affecting alcohol drinking in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:931-941.
166. Phillips TJ, Huson M, Gwiazdon C, Burkhartkasch S, Shen EH. 1995. Effects of acute and repeated ethanol exposures on the locomotor activity of BXD recombinant inbred mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:269-278.
167. Pickens RW, Svikis DS, McGue M, Lykken DT, Heston LL, Clayton PJ. 1991. Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism: a study of male and female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:19-28.
168. Planté-Bordeneuve V, Taussig D, Thomas F, Said G, Wood NW, Marsden CD, Harding AE. 1997. Evaluation of four candidate genes encoding proteins of the dopamine pathway in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease: evidence for association of a DRD2 allele. Neurology 48:1589-1593.
169. Plomin R. 1990. The role of inheritance in behavior. Science 248:183-186.
170. 2 receptor in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 232:143-146.
171. 2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Mol Psychiatry 3:256-260.
172. Prescott CA, Aggen SH, Kendler KS. 1999. Sex differences in the sources of genetic liability to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of U.S. twins. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:1136-1144.
173. Ratsma JE, van der Stelt O, Schoffelmeer ANM, Westerveld A, Gunning WB. 2001. P3 event-related potential, dopamine D2 receptor A1 allele, and sensation-seeking in adult children of alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:960-967.
174. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, Goodwin FK. 1990. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. JAMA 264:2511-2518.
175. Risch N, Merikangas K. 1996. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273:1516-1517.
176. Risch N, Teng J. 1998. The relative power of family-based and case-control designs for linkage disequilibrium studies of complex human diseases. I. DNA pooling. Genome Res 8:1273-1288.
177. 3H]Naloxone binding in the human brain: alcoholism and the Taq1 A D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism. Brain Res 718:193-197.
178. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Przybeck TR, Regier DA. 1988. Alcohol disorders in the community: a report from the epidemiologic catchment area. In: Rose RM, Barrett J, editors. Alcoholism: origins and outcome. New York: Raven Press. p 15-29.
179. 2 receptor gene (DRD2) is associated with elevated blood pressure and personality disorders in men. J Hum Hypertens 15:553-558.
180. Samochowiec J, Ladehoff M, Pelz J, Smolka M, Schmidt LG, Rommelspacher H, Finckh U. 2000. Predominant influence of the 3′ region of dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) on the clinical phenotype in German alcoholics. Pharmacogenetics 10:471-475.
181. Sander T, Harms H, Dufeu P, Kuhn S, Rommelspacher H, Schmidt LG. 1997. Dopamine D4 receptor exon III alleles and variation of novelty seeking in alcoholics. Am J Med Genet 74:483-487.
182. Sarkar G, Kapelner S, Grandy DK, Marchionni M, Civelli O, Sobell J, Heston L, Somer S. 1991. Direct sequencing of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in schizophrenics reveals three polymorphisms but no structural change in the receptor. Genomics 11:8-14.
183. Savoye C, Laurent C, Amadeo S, Gheysen F, Leboyer M, Lejeune J, Zarifian E, Mallet J. 1998. No association between dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor genes and manic-depressive illness. Biol Psychiatry 44:644-647.
184. Schäfer M, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Guntermann A, Erfurth A, Bondy B, Möller H-J. 2001. Association of short-term response to haloperidol treatment with a polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Am J Psychiatry 158:802-804.
185. Seeman P. 1987. Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse 1:133-152.
186. Serretti A, Macciardi F, Smeraldi E. 1998. Dopamine receptor D2 Ser/Cys311 variant associated with disorganized symptomatology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 34:207-210.
187. Serretti A, Lattuada E, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. 2000. Dopamine receptor D2 Ser/Cys 311 variant is associated with delusion and disorganization symptomatology in major psychoses. Mol Psychiatry 5: 270-274.
188. Serretti A, Macciardi F, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Van Broeckhoven C, Blackwood D, Muir W, Aschauer HN, Heiden AM, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Raeymaekers P, Verheyen G, Kaneva R, Jablensky A, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Stefanis CN, Smeraldi E, Mendlewicz J. 2000. Linkage of mood disorders with D2, D3 and TH genes: a multicenter study. J Affect Disord 58:51-61.
189. Serretti A, Zanardi R, Cusin C, Rossini D, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Lattuada E, Smeraldi E. 2001. No association between dopamine D-2 and D-4 receptor gene variants and antidepressant activity of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychiatry Res 104:195-203.
190. Seŕy O, Vojtová V, Zvolský P. 2001. The association study of DRD2, ACE and AGT gene polymorphisms and methamphetamine dependence. Physiol Res 50:43-50.
191. Shaikh S, Collier D, Arranz M, Ball D, Gill M, Kerwin R. 1994. DRD2 Ser311/Cys311 polymorphism in schizophrenia. Lancet 343:1045-1046.
192. 2 receptor binding after long-term treatment with antipsychotics in humans: a clinical PET study. Psychopharmacology 152:174-180.
193. Singleton AB, Thomson JH, Morris CM, Court JA, Lloyd S, Cholerton S. 1998. Lack of association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene allele DRD2*A1 and cigarette smoking in a United Kingdom population. Pharmacogenetics 8:125-128.
194. 2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:723-727.
195. Sobell J, Sigurdson DC, Heston L, Sommer S. 1994. S311C D2DR variant: no association with schizophrenia. Lancet 344:621-622.
196. Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Martelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. 1996. Association study of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmissiom; DRD2, DRD3, DAT1, and TH genes. Am J Med Genet 67:551-555.
197. Spitz MR, Shi H, Yang F, Hudmon KS, Jiang H, Chamberlain RM, Amos CI, Wan Y, Cinciripini P, Hong WK, Wu X. 1998. Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:358-363.
198. Spitz MR, Detry MA, Pillow P, Hu YH, Amos CI, Hong WK, Wu XF. 2000. Variant alleles of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and obesity. Nutrition Res 20:371-380.
199. Stober G, Jatzke S, Heils A, Jungkunz G, Knapp M, Mossner R, Riederer P, Lesch KP. 1998. Insertion/deletion variant (-141C Ins/Del) in the 5′ regulatory region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene: lack of association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J Neural Transm 105: 101-109.
200. Suarez BK, Parsian A, Hampe CL, Todd RD, Reich T, Cloninger CR. 1994. Linkage disequilibria at the D2 dopamine receptor locus (DRD2) in alcoholics and controls. Genomics 19:12-20.
201. Sugiura M, Kawashima R, Nakagawa M, Okada K, Sato T, Goto R, Sato K, Ono S, Schormann T, Zilles K, Fukuda H. 2000. Correlation between human personality and neural activity in cerebral cortex. Neuroimage 11:541-546.
202. Suhara T, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Yamamoto M, Inoue M, Okubo Y, Suzuki K. 2001. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroimage 13:891-895.
203. Suzuki A, Mihara K, Kondo T, Tanaka O, Nagashima U, Otani K, Kaneko S. 2000. The relationship between dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism at the Taq1 A locus and therapeutic response to nemonapride, a selective dopamine antagonist, in schizophrenic patients. Pharmacogenetics 10:335-341.
204. Suzuki A, Kondo T, Otani K, Mihara K, Yasui-Furukori N, Sano A, Koshiro K, Kaneko S. 2001. Association of the Taq1 A polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene with predisposition to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 158:1714-1716.
205. Tallerico T, Ulpian C, Liu ISC. 1999. Dopamine D2 receptor promoter polymorphism: no association with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 85:215-219.
206. Tanaka T, Igarashi S, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Fukushima N, Takahashi M, Kameda K, Tsuji S, Ihda S. 1996. Lack of association between dopamine D2 receptor gene Cys311 variant and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 67:208-211.
207. Tarantino LM, McClearn GE, Rodriguez LA, Plomin R. 1998. Confirmation of quantitative trait loci for alcohol preference in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:1099-1105.
208. Tataranni PA, Baier L, Jenkinson C, Harper I, Del Parigi A, Bogardus CA. 2001. Ser311Cys mutation in the human dopamine receptor D2 gene is associated with reduced energy expenditure. Diabetes 50:901-904.
209. Thanos PK, Volkow ND, Freimuth P, Umegaki H, Ikari H, Roth G, Ingram DK, Hitzemann R. 2001. Overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors reduces alcohol self-administration. J Neurochem 78:1094-1103.
210. Thomas GN, Young RP, Tomlinson B, Anderson PJ, Woo KS, Sanderson JE, Critchley JAJH. 1999. A sibling-pair analysis of fasting lipids and anthropometric measurements and their relationship to hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 21:1161-1176.
211. Thomas GN, Tomlinson B, Critchley AJH. 2000. Modulation of blood pressure and obesity with the dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI polymorphism. Hypertension 36:177-182.
212. Thomas GN, Critchley JAJH, Tomlinson B, Cockram CS, Chan JCN. 2001. Relationships between the TaqI polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor and blood pressure in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic Chinese subjects. Clin Endocrinol 55:605-611.
213. Thompson J, Thomas N, Singleton A, Piggott M, Lloyd S, Perry EK, Morris CM, Perry RH, Ferrier IN, Court JA. 1997. D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 7:479-484.
214. Turner E, Ewing J, Shilling P, Smith TL, Irwin M, Schuckit M, Kelsoe JR. 1992. Lack of association between an RFLP near the D2 dopamine receptor gene and severe alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 31:285-290.
215. Tyroler HA, Hayden S, Hames CG. 1975. Weight and hypertension: Evans County studies of blacks and whites. In: Oglesby P, editor. Epidemiology and control of hypertension. New York, NY: Stratton Intercontinental. p 177-201.
216. Uhl G, Blum K, Noble E, Smith S. 1993. Substance abuse vulnerability and D2 dopamine genes. Trends Neurosci 16:83-88.
217. Vandenbergh DJ, Zonderman AB, Wang J, Uhl GR, Costa PT. 1997. No association between novelty seeking and dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven repeat alleles in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants, Mol Psychiatry 2:417-419.
218. 311 DRD2 molecular variant with schizophrenia using a classical case control study and the haplotype relative risk. Schizophr Res 25:117-121.
219. Virgos C, Martorell L, Valero J, Figuera L, Civeira F, Joven J, Labad A, Vilella E. 2001. Association study of schizophrenia with polymorphisms at six candidate genes. Schizophr Res 49:65-71.
220. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Dewey SL, Handlesman L. 1992. Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers. Synapse 11:184-190.
221. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer DJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP. 1993. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14:169-177.
222. Wacholder S, Rothman N, Caporaso N. 2000. Population stratification in epidemiologic studies of common genetic variants and cancer: quantification of bias. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1151-1158.
223. Waldman ID, Robinson BF, Rhee SH. 1999. Alogistic regression extension of the transmission disequilibrium test for continuous traits: Application to linkage disequilibrium between alcoholism and the candidate genes DRD2 and ADH3. Genet Epidemiol 17:S379-S384.
224. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Logan J, Abumrad NN, Hitzemann RJ, Pappas NS, Pascani K. 1997. Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 16:174-182.
225. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, Netusil N, Fowler JS. 2001. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 357:354-357.
226. Wang J, Liu Z-L, Chen B. 2001. Association study of dopamine D2, D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with motor fluctuations in PD. Neurology 56:1757-1759.
227. 11C-glucose. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78:234-241.
228. Wise RA, Rompre P-P. 1989. Brain dopamine and reward. Ann Rev Psychol 40:191-225.
229. Wu X, Hudmon KS, Detry MA, Chamberlain RM, Spitz MR. 2000. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms among African-Americans and Mexican-Americans: a lung cancer case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1021-1026.
230. Young R McD, Lawford BL, Noble EP, Kann B, Wilkie A, Ritchie T, Arnold L, Shadforth S. Harmful drinking in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: association with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Alcohol Alcohol (in press).