Drug dependence: Stress and dysregulation of brain reward pathways

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 51, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 23-47

  Kreek, Mary Jeanne ^a   Koob, George F ^b  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ADENYLATE CYCLASE; ALCOHOL; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DYNORPHIN[1-13]; ENDORPHIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; METHADONE; MORPHINE; NALTREXONE; OPIATE; OPIATE PEPTIDE; OPIATE RECEPTOR; PROLACTIN; PROTEIN KINASE C; SEROTONIN;

ABSTINENCE; ADAPTATION; AFFECT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BRAIN FUNCTION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DYSPHORIA; EUPHORIA; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LOCOMOTION; MOTIVATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; RELAPSE; REVIEW; REWARD; SENSITIZATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM;

EUPHORIA;

EID: 0032104659     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00064-7     Document Type: Article

References (235)

1. Adams, J.U., Holtzman, S.G., 1990. Pharmacologic characterization of the sensitization to the rate-decreasing effects of naltrexone induced by acute opioid pretreatment in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253, 483-489.
2. Alheid, G.F., Heimer, L., 1988. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 27, 1-39.
3. Antelman, S.M., Chiodo, L.A., 1981. Dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity: a mechanism common to the treatment of depression and the induction of amphetamine psychosis. Biol. Psychiatry 16, 717-727.
4. Aouizerate, B., et al., 1999. Enhanced sensitivity to negative glucocorticoid feedback in methadone patients with ongoing cocaine dependence. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1998; Proceedings of the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., in press.
5. Azaryan, A.V., Coughlin, L.J., Buzas, B., Clock, B.J., Cox, B.M., 1996a. Effect of chronic cocaine treatment on mu and delta opioid receptor mRNA levels in dopaminergically innervated brain regions. J. Neurochem. 66, 443-448.
6. Azaryan, A.V., Clock, B.J., Cox, B.M., 1996b. Mu opioid receptor mRNA in nucleus accumbens is elevated following dopamine receptor activation. Neurochem. Res. 21, 1411-1415.
7. Badiani, A., Morano, M.J., Akil, H., Robinson, T.E., 1995. Circulating adrenal hormones are not necessary for the development of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine. Brain Res. 673, 13-24.
8. Baldo, B.A., Markou, A., Koob, G.F., 1998. Increased sensitivity to the locomotor depressant effect of a dopamine receptor antagonist during cocaine withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology, in press.
9. Baldwin, H.A., Koob, G.F., 1993. Rapid induction of conditioned opiate withdrawal in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 8, 5-21.
10. Beitner-Johnson, D., Nestler, E.J., 1991. Morphine and cocaine exert common chronic actions on tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic brain reward regions. J. Neurochem. 57, 344-347.
11. Beitner-Johnson, D., Guitart, X., Nestler, E.J., 1992. Neurofilament proteins and the mesolimbic dopamine system: common regulation by chronic morphine and chronic cocaine in the rat ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 12, 2165-2176.
12. Bickel, W.K., Stitzer, M.L., Liebson, I.A., Bigelow, G.E., 1988. Acute physical dependence in man: effects of naloxone after brief morphine exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244, 126-132.
13. Branch, A.D., Unterwald, E.M., Lee, S.E., Kreek, M.J., 1992. Quantization of preproenkephalin mRNA levels in brain regions from male Fischer rats following chronic cocaine treatment using a recently developed solution hybridization procedure. Mol. Brain. Res. 14, 231-238.
14. Caine, S.B., Heinrichs, S.C., Coffin, V.L., Koob, G.F., 1995. Effects of the dopamine D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 microinjected into the accumbens, amygdala or striatum on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Brain Res. 692, 47-56.
15. Cambor, R., Ho, A., Bodner, G., Lampert, S., Kennedy, J., Kreek, M.J., 1992. Changes in clinical status of newly abstinent hospitalized cocaine users. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1991: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 92-1888, Washington, D.C., 119, p. 440.
16. Chandler, L.J., Sutton, G., Norwood, D., Sumners, C., Crews, F.T., 1997. Chronic ethanol increases N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated nitric oxide formation but not receptor density in cultured cortical neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 733-740.
17. α5 subunits in the ventral tegmental area and hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 68, 121-127.
18. Chou, J.Z., Albeck, H., Kreek, M.J., 1993. Determination of nalmefene in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. J. Chromatog. 613, 359-364.
19. 1-17 reduces extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1996; Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 97-4236, Washington, D.C., 174, p. 113.
20. Collins, A.C., Bhat, R.V., Pauly, J.R., Marks, M.J., 1990. Modulation of nicotine receptors by chronic exposure to nicotinic agonists and antagonists. In: Bock, G., Marsh, J. (Eds.), The Biology of Nicotine Dependence. John Wiley, New York. pp. 87-105.
21. Colombo, G., Agabio, R., Lobina, C., et al., 1995. Effects of the calcium channel antagonist darodipine on ethanol withdrawal in rats. Alcohol 30, 125-131.
22. Crabbe, J.C., Belknap, J.K., 1992. Genetic approaches to drug dependence. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 212-219.
23. Culpepper-Morgan, J.A., Kreek, M.J., 1997. HPA axis hypersensitivity to naloxone in opioid dependence: a case of naloxone induced withdrawal. Metabolism 46, 130-134.
24. Culpepper-Morgan, J.A., Inturrisi, C.E., Portenoy, R.K., et al., 1992a. Treatment of opioid induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23, 90-95.
25. Culpepper-Morgan, J.M., Twist, D.J., Petrillo, C.R., Soda, K.M., Kreek, M.J., 1992b. Betaendorphin and cortisol abnormalities in spinal cord injured individuals. Metabolism 41, 578-581.
26. Cunningham, K.A., Paris, J.M., Goeders, N.B., 1992. Chronic cocaine enhances serotonin autoregulation and serotonin uptake binding. Synapse 11, 112-123.
27. Cushman, P., Kreek, M.J., 1974a. Methadone-maintained patients. Effects of methadone on plasma testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin. N.Y. State J. Med. 74, 1970-1973.
28. Cushman, P., Kreek, M.J., 1974b. Some endocrinologic observations in narcotic addicts. In: Zimmerman, E., George, R. (Eds.), Narcotic and the Hypothalamus. Raven Press, New York, NY. pp. 161-173.
29. Cushman, P., Jr., Bordier, B., Hilton, J.G., 1970. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in methadone-treated heroin addicts. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 30, 24-29.
30. Dani, J.A., Heinemann, S., 1996. Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse. Neuron 16, 905-908.
31. Daunais, J.B., Roberts, D.C.S., McGinty, J.F., 1993. Cocaine self-administration increases preprodynorphin, but not c-fos, mRNA in rat striatum. NeuroReport 4, 543-546.
32. Daunais, J.B., McGinty, J.F., 1995. Cocaine binges differentially alter striatal preprodynorphin mRNA. Mol. Brain Res. 29, 201-210.
33. Davis, M., 1997. Neurobiology of fear responses: the role of the amygdala. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9, 382-402.
34. Deroche, V., Piazza, P.V., Casolini, P., Maccari, S., LeMoal, M., Simon, H., 1992. Stress-induced sensitization to amphetamine and morphine psychomotor effects depend on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. Brain Res. 598, 343-348.
35. A receptor subunit mRNAs in rat cerebral cortex: Competitive, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions analysis. Mol. Pharmacol. 48, 861-868.
36. A receptor subunit peptide levels in rat cortex during chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal. J. Neurochem. 69, 126-130.
37. deWit, H., Stewart, J., 1981. Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 75, 134-143.
38. Diana, M., Pistis, M., Muntoni, A.L., Gessa, G.L., 1995. Ethanol withdrawal does not induce a reduction in the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system. Brain Res. 682, 29-34.
39. Dole, V.P., Nyswander, M.E., Kreek, M.J., 1966. Narcotic blockade. Arch. Intern. Med. 118, 304-309.
40. Eisenman, A.J., Fraser, H.F., Sloan, J., Isbell, H., 1958. Urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion during a cycle of addiction to morphine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 124, 305-311.
41. Eisenman, A.J., Fraser, H.F., Brooks, J.W., 1961. Urinary excretion and plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids during a cycle of addiction to morphine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 132, 226-231.
42. Epping-Jordan, M.P., Markou, A., Koob, G.F., 1997. The dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 injected into the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis decreased cocaine reinforcement in the rat. Brain Res., in press.
43. Farfel, G.M., Kleven, M.S., Woolverton, W.L., Seiden, L.S., Perry, B.D., 1992. Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on catecholamine receptor-binding sites, dopamine transporter binding sites and behavior in rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 578, 235-243.
44. Fitzgerald, L.W., Nestler, E.J., 1995. Molecular and cellular adaptations in signal transduction pathways following ethanol exposure. Clin. Neurosci. 3, 165-173.
45. Follesa, P., Ticku, M.K., 1995. Chronic ethanol treatment differentially regulates NMDA receptor subunit mRNA expression in rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 29, 99-106.
46. Frank, M.M., Sergent, J.S., Kane, M.A., Alling, D.W., 1972. Epsilon aminocaproic acid therapy of hereditary angioneurotic edema. N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 808.
47. Gawin, F.H., Kleber, H.D., 1986. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 107-113.
48. Goldberg, S.R., 1976. Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior. Pharmacol. Rev. 27, 325-340.
49. Hammer, R.P., 1989. Cocaine alters opiate receptor-binding in critical brain reward regions. Synapse 3, 55-60.
50. Hand, T.H., Koob, G.F., Stinus, L., LeMoal, M., 1988. Aversive properties of opiate receptor blockade are centrally mediated and are potentiated by previous exposure to opiates. Brain Res. 474, 364-368.
51. Heimer, L., Alheid, G., 1991. Piecing together the puzzle of basal forebrain anatomy. In: Napier, T.C., Kalivas, P.W., Hanin, I. (Eds.), The Basal Forebrain: Anatomy to Function. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1-42.
52. Heimer, L., Zahm, D.S., Churchill, L., Kalivas, P.W., Wohltmann, C., 1991. Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 41, 89-125.
53. Heinrichs, S.C., Menzaghi, F., Schulteis, G., Koob, G.F., Stinus, L., 1995. Suppression of corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdala attenuates aversive consequences of morphine withdrawal. Behav. Pharmacol. 6, 74-80.
54. Heishman, S.J., Stitzer, M.L., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., 1989a. Acute opioid physical dependence in post-addict humans; naloxone dose effects after brief morphine exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248, 127-134.
55. Heishman, S.J., Stitzer, M.L., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., 1989b. Acute opioid physical dependence in humans: effect of varying the morphine-naloxone interval. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 250, 485-491.
56. Henry, D.J., White, F.J., 1991. Repeated cocaine administration causes persistent enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor sensitivity within the rat nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258, 882-890.
57. Heyser, C.J., Roberts, A.J., Schulteis, G., Hyytia, P., Koob, G.F., 1995. Central administration of an opiate antagonist decreases oral ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 1698.
58. Heyser, C.J., Schulteis, G., Durbin, P., Koob, G.F., 1998. Chronic acamprosate decreases deprivation-induced ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 20, 15A.
59. Higgins, S.T., Preston, K.L., Cone, E.J., Henningfield, J.E., Jaffe, J.H., 1992. Supersensitivity to naloxone following acute morphine pretreatment in humans: behavioral, hormonal and physiological effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 30, 13-26.
60. Himmelsbach, C.K., 1942. Clinical studies of drug addiction: physical dependence, withdrawal and recovery. Arch. Intern. Med. 69, 766-772.
61. Ho, A., Cambor, R., Bodner, G., Kreek, M.J., 1992. Intensity of craving is independent of depression in newly abstinent chronic cocaine users. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1991: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 92-1888, Washington, D.C., 119, pp. 441.
62. Ho, W.K.K., Wen, H.L., Fung, K.P., Ng, Y.H., Au, K.K., Ma, L., 1977. Comparison of plasma hormonal levels between heroin-addicted and normal subjects. Clin. Chim. Acta. 75, 415-419.
63. Hope, B.T., Nye, H.E., Kelz, M.B., et al., 1994. Induction of a long-lasting AP-1 complex composed of altered fos-like proteins in brain by chronic cocaine and other chronic treatments. Neuron 13, 1235-1244.
64. Hu, J., Ticku, M.K., 1995. Chronic ethanol treatment upregulates the NMDA receptor function and binding in mammalian cortical neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 30, 347-356.
65. Huidobro, F., Huidobro-Toro, J.P., Way, E.L., 1976. Studies on tolerance development to single doses of morphine in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 198, 318-329.
66. Hurd, Y.L., Herkenham, M., 1992. Influence of a single injection of cocaine, amphetamine or GBR 12909 on mRNA expression of striatal neuropeptides. Mol. Brain Res. 16, 97-104.
67. Hurd, Y.L., Brown, E.E., Finlay, J.M., Fibiger, H.C., Gerfen, C.R., 1992. Cocaine self-administration differentially alters mRNA expression of striatal peptides. Mol. Brain Res. 13, 165-170.
68. Hyman, S.E., 1996. Addiction to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron 16, 901-904.
69. A receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 283, 151-159.
70. Inturrisi, C.E., Verebey, K., 1972a. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of methadone in human plasma and urine. J. Chromatogr. 65, 361-369.
71. Inturrisi, C.E., Verebey, K., 1972b. The levels of methadone in the plasma in methadone maintenance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 13, 633.
72. Inturrisi, C.E., Max, M.B., Foley, K.M., Schultz, M., Shin, S.U., Houde, R.W., 1984. The pharmacokinetics of heroin in patients with chronic pain. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 1213-1217.
73. Johnston, J.B., 1923. Further contributions to the study of the evolution of the forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 35, 337-481.
74. Jones, R.T., 1979. Dependence in non-addict humans after a single dose of morphine. In: Way, E.L. (Ed.), Endogenous and Exogenous Opioid Agonists and Antagonists. Pergamon Press, New York.
75. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., 1990. Effect of acute and daily cocaine treatment on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Synapse 5, 48-58.
76. Kalivas, P.W., Duffy, P., 1993. Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine: I. Dopamine axon terminals. J. Neurosci. 13, 266-275.
77. Karobath, M., Rogers, J., Bloom, F.E., 1980. Benzodiazepine receptors remain unchanged after chronic ethanol administration. Neuropharmacology 19, 125-128.
78. Kavaliers, M., 1990. Inhibitory influences of mammalian FMR-Famide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide)-related peptides on nociception and morphine- and stress-induced analgesia in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 115, 307-312.
79. Kennedy, J.A., Hartman, N., Sbriglio, R., Khuri, E., Kreek, M.J., 1990. Metyrapone-induced withdrawal symptoms. Br. J. Addict. 85, 1133-1140.
80. 1-13 in normal controls and methadone maintenance patients. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1997; Proceedings of the 59th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 98-4305, 178: 111.
81. King, G.R., Joyner, C.M., Ellinwood, E.H., Jr., 1993. Withdrawal from continuous or intermittent cocaine: behavior responsitivity to 5-HT1 receptor agonists. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45, 577-587.
82. 2 dopamine receptors in rat brain. Brain Res. 532, 265-270.
83. Koob, G.F., 1995. Animal models of drug addiction. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp. 759-772.
84. Koob, G.F., Bloom, F.E., 1988. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242, 715-723.
85. Koob, G.F., LeMoal, M., 1997. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278, 52-58.
86. Koob, G.F., Wall, T.L., Bloom, F.E., 1989. Nucleus accumbens as a substrate for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 98, 530-534.
87. Koob, G.F., Heinrichs, S.C., Menzaghi, F., Merlo-Pich, E., Britton, K.T., 1994. Corticotropin releasing factor, stress and behavior. Semin. Neurosci. 6, 221-229.
88. Kosten, T.R., Kreek, M.J., Raghunath, J., Kleber, H.D., 1986a. Cortisol levels during chronic naltrexone maintenance treatment in ex-opiate addicts. Biol. Psychiatry 21, 217-220.
89. Kosten, T.R., Kreek, M.J., Raghunath, J., Kleber, H.D., 1986b. A preliminary study of β-endorphin during chronic naltrexone maintenance treatment in ex-opiate addicts. Life Sci. 39, 55-59.
90. Kosten, T.R., Morgan, C., Kreek, M.J., 1992. β-endorphin levels during heroin, methadone, buprenorphine and naloxone challenges: preliminary findings. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 523-528.
91. Kreek, M.J., 1972. Medical safety, side effects and toxicity of methadone. Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Methadone Treatment, pp. 171-174.
92. Kreek, M.J., 1973a. Medical safety and side effects of methadone in tolerant individuals. J. Am. Med. Assn. 223, 665-668.
93. Kreek, M.J., 1973b. Physiological implications of methadone treatment. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference of Methadone Treatment, pp. 85-91.
94. Kreek, M.J., 1973c. Plasma and urine levels of methadone. N.Y. State J. Med. 73, 2773-2777.
95. Kreek, M.J., 1975. Pharmacologic modalities of therapy: methadone maintenance and the use of narcotic antagonists. In: Stimmel, B. (Ed.), Heroin dependency: Medical, Economic and Social Aspects. Stratton Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., New York, NY, pp. 232-290.
96. Kreek, M.J., 1978. Medical complications in methadone patients. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 311, 110-134.
97. Kreek, M.J., 1987. Multiple drug abuse patterns and medical consequences. In: Meltzer, H.Y. (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp. 1597-1604.
98. Kreek, M.J., 1992. Rationale for maintenance pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence. In: O'Brien, C.P., Jaffe, J.H. (Eds.), Addictive States. Raven Press, Ltd., New York, pp. 205-230.
99. Kreek, M.J., 1996a. Opiates, opioids and addiction. Mol. Psychiatry 1, 232-254.
100. Kreek, M.J., 1996b. Opioid receptors: Some perspectives from early studies of their role in normal physiology, stress responsivity and in specific addictive diseases. J. Neurochem. Res. 21, 1469-1488.
101. Kreek, M.J., 1997. Opiate and cocaine addictions: challenge for pharmacotherapies. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 57, 551-569.
102. Kreek, M.J., Hartman, N., 1982. Chronic use of opioids and antipsychotic drugs: Side effects, effects on endogenous opioids and toxicity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398, 151-172.
103. Kreek, M.J., Hachey, D.L., Klein, P.D., 1979. Stereoselective disposition of methadone in man. Life Sci. 24, 925-932.
104. Kreek, M.J., Wardlaw, S.L., Friedman, J., Schneider, B., Frantz, A.G., 1981. Effects of chronic exogenous opioid administration on levels of one endogenous opioid (β-endorphin) in man. In: Simon, E., Takagi, H. (Eds.), Advances in Endogenous and Exogenous Opioids. Kodansha Ltd. Publishers, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 364-366.
105. Kreek, M.J., Wardlaw, S.L., Hartman, N., et al., 1983. Circadian rhythms and levels of β-endorphin, ACTH, and cortisol during chronic methadone maintenance treatment in humans. Life Sci. 33, 409-411.
106. Kreek, M.J., Ragunath, J., Plevy, S., Hamer, D., Schneider, B., Hartman, N., 1984. ACTH, cortisol and β-endorphin response to metyrapone testing during chronic methadone maintenance treatment in humans. Neuropeptides 5, 277-278.
107. 2 receptors in the rat brain as measured by PET. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1997. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 98-4305, 178: 153.
108. Kuhar, M.J., Pilotte, N.S., 1996. Neurochemical changes in cocaine withdrawal. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 260-264.
109. Lake, J.R., Hebert, K.M., Payza, K., et al., 1992. Analog of neuropeptide FF attenuates morphine tolerance. Neurosci. Lett. 146, 203-206.
110. Laurier, L.G., Corrigall, W.A., George, S.R., 1994. Dopamine receptor density, sensitivity and mRNA levels are altered following self-administration of cocaine in the rat. Brain Res. 634(1), 31-40.
111. Legault, M., Wise, R.A., 1994. Effects of withdrawal from nicotine on intracranial self-stimulation. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 1032.
112. Leith, N.J., Barrett, R.J., 1976. Amphetamine and the reward system: evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression. Psychopharmacologia 46, 19-25.
113. 2 receptor agonist DOI. Eur. J. Pharmacol 221, 121-127.
114. Lucas, L.R., Schlussman, S.D., Ho, A., McEwen, B.S., Kreek, M.J., 1998. Novelty-induced locomotor activity in Long-Evans rats pre- and post-chronic 'binge'-pattern cocaine treatment. Neurosci. Lett. 237, 1-4.
115. Maggos, C.E., Spangler, R., Zhou, Y., Schlussman, S.D., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1997. Quantization of dopamine transporter mRNA in the rat brain: mapping, effects of 'binge' cocaine administration and withdrawal. Synapse 26, 55-61.
116. 2 receptor-binding after chronic 'binge' cocaine: a positron emission tomography study in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, in press.
117. α4-subunit expression: possible relevance to alcohol dependence. J. Neurochem. 68, 2485-2492.
118. Maisonneuve, I.M., Kreek, M.J., 1994. Acute tolerance to the dopamine response induced by a 'binge' pattern of cocaine administration in male rats: an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268, 916-921.
119. Maisonneuve, I.M., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1995. Chronic administration of a cocaine 'binge' alters basal extracellular levels in male rats: an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272, 652-657.
120. Malin, D.H., Lake, J.R., Hammond, M.V., et al., 1990. FMRF-NH2-like mammalian octapeptide: possible role in opiate dependence and abstinence. Peptides 11, 969-972.
121. Malin, D.H., Lake, J.R., Short, P.E., et al., 1996. Nicotine abstinence syndrome precipitated by an analog of neuropeptide FF. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54, 581-585.
122. Mansour, A., Watson, S.J., Akil, H., 1995. Opioid receptors: past, present and future. Trends Neurosci. 18, 69-70.
123. Markou, A., Koob, G.F., 1991. Post cocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 4, 17-26.
124. Martin, W.R., Jasinski, D.R., 1969. Physiological parameters of morphine dependence in man - tolerance, early abstinence, protracted abstinence. J. Psychiatry Res. 7, 9-17.
125. Mason, B.J., et al., 1994. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HCl for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 18, 1162-1167.
126. Melia, K.R., Trembleau, A., Oddi, R., Sanna, P.P., Bloom, F.E., 1994. Detection and regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in catecholaminergic terminal fields: possible axonal compartmentalization. Exp. Neurol. 130, 394-406.
127. Mello, N.K., Mendelson, J.H., 1997. Cocaine's effects on neuroendocrine systems: clinical and preclinical studies. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 57, 571-599.
128. Merlo-Pich, E., Lorang, M., Yaganeh, M., et al., 1995. Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis. J. Neurosci. 15, 5439-5447.
129. Messing, R.O., Sneade, A.B., Savidge, B., 1990. Protein kinase C participates in upregulation of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels by ethanol. J. Neurochem. 55, 1383-1389.
130. Messing, R.O., Petersen, P.J., Henrich, C.J., 1991. Chronic ethanol exposure increases levels of protein kinase C delta and epsilon and protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation in cultured neural cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23428-23432.
131. Meyer, D.R., Sparber, S.B., 1977. Evidence of possible opiate dependence during the behavioral depressant action of a single dose of morphine. Life Sci. 21, 1087-1094.
132. Mhatre, M.C., Pena, G., Sieghart, W., Ticku, M.K., 1993. Antibodies specific for GABA-A receptor α subunits reveal that chronic alcohol treatment down-regulates α-subunit expression in rat brain regions. J. Neurochem. 61, 1620-1625.
133. Mogil, J.S., Grisel, J.E., Zhangs, G., Belknap, J.K., Grandy, D.K., 1996. Functional antagonism of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid antinociception by orphanin FQ. Neurosci. Lett. 214, 131-134.
134. 36Cl-uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 246, 158-164.
135. Murphy, J.M., McBride, W.J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., 1987. Contents of monoamines in forebrain regions of alcohol-preferring (P) and non-preferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26, 389-392.
136. 8 methadone. J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 39-43.
137. Nestler, E.J., 1992. Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. J. Neurosci. 12, 2439-2450.
138. Nestler, E.J., 1996. Under siege: the brain on opiates. Neuron 16, 897-900.
139. oα in discrete regions of rat brain. J. Neurochem. 55, 1079-1082.
140. O'Brien, C.P., 1975. Experimental analysis of conditioning factors in human narcotic addiction. Pharmacol. Rev. 27, 533-543.
141. O'Brien, C.P., Testa, T., O'Brien, T.J., Brady, J.P., Wells, B., 1977. Conditioned narcotic withdrawal in humans. Science 195, 1000-1002.
142. O'Brien, C.P., Eckardt, M.J., Linnoila, V.M.I., 1995. Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York, pp. 1745-1755.
143. Ohnishi, A., Mihara, M., Yasuda, S., Tomono, Y., Hasegawa, J., Tanaka, T., 1994. Aquaretic effect of the stable dynrophin-A analog E2078 in the human. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 342-347.
144. O'Malley, S.S., Jaffe, A.J., Chang, G., Schottenfeld, R.S., Meyer, R.E., Rounsaville, B., 1992. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 881-887.
145. Ortiz, J., Fitzgerald, L.W., Charlton, M., et al., 1995. Biochemical actions of chronic ethanol exposure in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Synapse 21, 289-298.
146. Parsons, L.H., Koob, G.F., Weiss, F., 1995. Serotonin dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens of rats during withdrawal after unlimited access to intravenous cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274, 1182-1191.
147. Parsons, L.H., Koob, G.F., Weiss, F., 1996. Extracellular serotonin is decreased in the nucleus accumbens during withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. Behav. Brain Res. 73, 225-228.
148. Perret, G., Schluger, J., Unterwald, E.M., Kreuter, J., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1998. Down-regulation of 5HT1A receptors in rat hypothalamus and dentate gyrus after 'binge' pattern cocaine administration. Synapse, in press.
149. Piazza, P.V., LeMoal, M., 1995. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress glucocorticoids and dopaminergic neurons. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, 359-378.
150. Piazza, P.V., LeMoal, M.L., 1996. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36, 359-378.
151. Piazza, P.V., LeMoal, M., 1997. Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Brain Res. Rev., in press.
152. Piazza, P.V., Deminiere, J.-M., LeMoal, M., Simon, H., 1989. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245, 1511-1513.
153. Piazza, P.V., Deminiere, J.M., Maccari, S., Mormede, P., LeMoal, M., Simon, H., 1990. Individual reactivity to novelty predicts probability of amphetamine self-administration. Behav. Pharmacol. 1, 339-345.
154. Pierce, R.C., Kalivas, P.W., 1997a. A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants. Brain Res. Rev. 25, 192-216.
155. Pierce, R.C., Kalivas, P.W., 1997b. Repeated cocaine modifies the mechanism by which amphetamine releases dopamine. J. Neurosci. 17, 3254-3261.
156. Pontieri, F.E., Tanda, G., Di Chiara, G., 1995. Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the 'shell' as compared with the 'core' of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12304-12308.
157. Pontieri, F.E., Tanda, G., Orzi, F., Di Chiara, G., 1996. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382, 255-257.
158. Poulos, C.X., Cappell, H., 1991. Homeostatic theory of drug tolerance: a general model of physiological adaptation. Psychol. Rev. 98, 390-408.
159. Rassnick, S., Heinrichs, S.C., Britton, K.T., Koob, G.F., 1993. Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res. 605, 25-32.
160. Richter, R.M., Weiss, F., 1997. In vivo CRF release in rat amygdala is increased during withdrawal after cocaine self-administration with unlimited access, unpublished.
161. Rivier, C., Vale, W., 1987. Cocaine stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion through a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated mechanism. Brain Res. 422, 403-406.
162. Rivier, C., Lee, S., 1994. Stimulatory effects of cocaine on ACTH secretion: role of the hypothalamus. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5, 189-195.
163. Roberts, A.J., Koob, G.F., 1996. Intra-amygdala muscimol decreases operant ethanol self-administration in dependent rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 20, 1289-1298.
164. Roberts, A.J., Cole, M., Koob, G.F., 1996. Intra-amygdala muscimol decreases operant ethanol self-administration in dependent rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 20, 1289-1298.
165. Robinson, T.E., Berridge, K.C., 1993. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 18, 247-291.
166. Rodriguez de Fonseca, F., Carrera, M.R.A., Navarro, M., Koob, G.F., Weiss, F., 1997. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal. Science 276, 2050-2054.
167. Rosen, M.I., McMahon, T.J., Margolin, A., et al., 1995. Reliability of sequential naloxone challenge tests. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 21, 453-467.
168. Rosen, M.I., McMahon, T.J., Hameedi, F.A., et al., 1996. Effect of clonidine pretreatment on naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 1128-1135.
169. Rossetti, Z.L., Carboni, S., 1995. Ethanol withdrawal is associated with increased extracellular glutamate in the rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 283, 177-183.
170. Russell, M.A.H., 1976. What is dependence? In: Edwards, G., Russell, M.A.H., Hawks, D., MacCafferty, M. (Eds.), Drugs and Drug Dependence. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp. 182-187.
171. Ryabinin, A.E., Criado, J.R., Henriksen, S.J., Bloom, F.E., Wilson, M.C., 1997. Differential sensitivity of c-fos expression in hippocampus and other brain regions to moderate and low doses of alcohol. Mol. Psychiatry 2, 32-43.
172. Sarnyai, Z., Biro, E., Penke, B., Telegdy, G., 1992. The cocaine-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone is mediated by endogenous corticotropin-releasing factors (CRF) in rats. Brain Res. 489, 154-156.
173. Sarnyai, Z., Biro, E., Gardi, J., Vecsernyes, M., Julesz, J., Telegdy, G., 1993. Alterations of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in different brain regions after acute cocaine administration in rats. Brain Res. 616, 315-319.
174. Sarnyai, Z., Biro, E., Gardi, J., Vecsernyes, M., Julesz, J., Telegdy, G., 1995. Brain corticotropin-releasing factor mediates 'anxiety-like' behavior induced by cocaine withdrawal in rats. Brain Res. 675, 89-97.
175. Sass, H., Soyka, M., Mann, K., Zieglgansberger, W., 1996. Relapse prevention by acamprosate: results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53, 673-680.
176. Schluger, J., Bodner, G., Gunduz, M., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1998. Abnormal metyrapone tests during cocaine abstinence. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1997; Proceedings of the 59th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 98-4305, 178: 105.
177. Schluger, J., Porter, M., Maniar, N., Gunduz, M., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1997. Differential effects of two opioid antagonists on hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function in normal controls. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1996; Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 97-423 6, Washington, D.C. 174. pp. 137.
178. Schulteis, G., Heyser, C.J., Koob, G.F., 1997. Opiate withdrawal signs precipitated by naloxone following a single exposure to morphine: potentiation with a second morphine treatment. Psychopharmacology 129, 56-65.
179. Self, D.W., Nestler, E.J., 1995. Molecular mechanisms of drug reinforcement and addiction. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 463-495.
180. o proteins in nucleus accumbens reduces both cocaine and heroin reinforcement. J. Neurosci. 14, 6239-6247.
181. 2-like dopamine receptor agonists. Science 271, 1586-1589.
182. Shaham, Y., Rajabi, H., Stewart, J., 1996. Relapse to heroin-seeking in rats under opioid maintenance: the effects of stress, heroin, priming and withdrawal. J. Neurosci. 16, 1957-1963.
183. Shindou, T., Watanabe, S., Kamata, O., Yamamoto, K., Nakanishi, H., 1994. Calcium-dependent hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in an in vitro slice after ethanol withdrawal of the rat. Brain Res. 656, 432-436.
184. Siegel, S., 1975. Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89, 498-506.
185. Sivam, S.P., 1989. Cocaine selectively increases striatonigral dynorphin levels by a dopaminergic mechanism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 250, 818-824.
186. Smiley, P.L., Johnson, M., Bush, L., Gibb, J.W., Hanson, G.R., 1990. Effects of cocaine on extrapyramidal and limbic dynorphin systems. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253, 938-943.
187. Smith D., Ho, A., Cambor, R., Kreek, M.J., 1997. Changes in physiological parameters of recently abstinent hospitalized cocaine addicts. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1996; Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 97-4236, Washington, D.C., 174, pp. 177.
188. Solomon, R.L., 1977. The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the affective dynamics of addiction. In: Maser, J.D., Seligman, M.E.P. (Eds.), Psychopathology: Experimental Models. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, pp. 124-145.
189. Solomon, R.L., Corbit, J.D., 1974. An opponent-process theory of motivation: 1. temporal dynamics of affect. Psychol. Rev. 81, 119-145.
190. Spanagel, R., Hertz, A., Shippenberg, T.S., 1990. The effects of opioid peptides on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 55, 1734-1740.
191. Spanagel, R., Hertz, A., Shippenberg, T.S., 1992. Opposing tonically active endogenous opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 2046-2050.
192. Spangler, R., Unterwald, E.M., Kreek, M.J., 1993. 'Binge' cocaine administration induces a sustained increase of prodynorphin mRNA in rat caudate-putamen. Mol. Brain Res. 19, 323-327.
193. Spangler, R., Zhou, Y., Maggos, C.E., Zlobin, A., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1996a. Dopamine antagonist and 'binge' cocaine effects on rat opioid and dopamine transporter mRNAs. Neuroreport 7, 2196-2200.
194. Spangler, R., Ho, A., Zhou, Y., Maggos, C., Yuferov, V., Kreek, M.J., 1996b. Regulation of kappa opioid receptor mRNA in the rat brain by 'binge' pattern cocaine administration and correlation with preprodynorphin mRNA. Mol. Brain Res. 38, 71-76.
195. Spangler, R., Zhou, Y., Maggos, C.E., Schlussman, S.D., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1997a. Prodynorphin, proenkephalin and kappa opioid receptor mRNA responses to acute 'binge' cocaine. Mol. Brain Res. 44, 139-142.
196. Spangler, R., Zhou, Y., Schlussman, S.D., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1997b. Behavioral stereotypes induced by 'binge' cocaine administration are independent of drug-induced increases in corticosterone levels. Behav. Brain Res. 86, 201-204.
197. Specker, S., Wanaukul, W., Hatsukami, D.E., Nolin, K., Hooke, L., Kreek, M.J., Pentel, P.R., 1998. Effects of dynorphin A (1-13) on opiate withdrawal in humans. Psychopharmacology, in press.
198. Steiner, H., Gerfen, C.R., 1993. Cocaine-induced c-fos messenger RNA is inversely related to dynorphin expression in striatum. J. Neurosci. 13, 5066-5081.
199. Stewart, J., de Wit, H., 1987. Reinstatement of drug-taking behavior as a method of assessing incentive motivational properties of drugs. In: Bozarth, M.A. (Ed.), Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 211-227.
200. Stimmel, B., Kreek, M.J., 1975. Pharmacologic actions of heroin. In: Stimmel, B. (Ed.), Heroin Dependency: Medical, Economic and Social Aspects. Stratton Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., New York, NY, pp. 71-87.
201. Stimmel, B., Kreek, M.J., 1975. Dependence, tolerance and withdrawal. In: Stimmel, B. (Ed.), Heroin Dependency: Medical, Economic and Social Aspects. Stratton Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., New York, NY, pp. 88-97.
202. Stinus, L., LeMoal, M., Koob, G.F., 1990. Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Neuroscience 37, 767-773.
203. Striplin, C.D., Kalivas, P.W., 1992. Correlation between behavioral sensitization to cocaine and G protein ADP-ribosylation in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 579, 181-186.
204. Tabakoff, B., Hoffman, P.L., 1996. Alcohol addiction: an enigma among us. Neuron 16, 909-912.
205. Tanda, G., Pontieri, F.E., Di Chiara, G., 1997. Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science 276, 2048-2050.
206. Terwilliger, R.Z., Beitner-Johnson, D., Sevarino, K.A., Crain, S.M., Nestler, E.J., 1991. A general role for adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function. Brain Res. 548, 100-110.
207. Trevisan, L., Fitzgerald, L.W., Brose, N., et al., 1994. Chronic ingestion of ethanol up-regulates NMDA-R1 receptor subunit immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 62, 1635-1638.
208. 2 receptors in the rat brain: an in vivo study using positron emission tomography. J. Neurosci. 16, 7670-7677.
209. Unterwald, E.M., Home-King, J., Kreek, M.J., 1992. Chronic cocaine alaters brain mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. 584, 314-318.
210. Unterwald, E.M., Rubenfeld, J.M., Kreek, M.J., 1994a. Repeated cocaine administration upregulates κ and μ, but not δ, opioid receptors. NeuroReport 5, 1613-1616.
211. Unterwald, E.M., Ho, A., Rubenfeld, J.M., Kreek, M.J., 1994b. Time course of the development of behavioral sensitization and dopamine receptor upregulation during 'binge' cocaine administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 1387-1397.
212. Unterwald, E.M., Rubenfeld, J.M., Imai, Y., Wang, J.-B., Uhl, G.R., Kreek, M.J., 1995. Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor-binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels. Mol. Brain Res. 33, 351-355.
213. 1 receptor-mediated signal transduction. Eur. J. Pharm. 318, 31-35.
214. Unterwald, E.M., Tsukada, H., Kakiuchi, T., Kosugi, T., Nishiyama, S., Kreek, M.J., 1997. Use of PET to measure the effects of nalmefene on D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat brain. Brain Res. 775(1-2), 183-188.
215. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wolf, A.P., et al., 1990. Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on post-synaptic dopamine receptor. J. Psychiatry 147, 719-724.
216. 2 receptor availability as associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14, 169-177.
217. Volpicelli, J.R., Davis, M.A., Olgin, J.E., 1986. Naltrexone blocks the post-shock increase of ethanol consumption. Life Sci. 38, 841-847.
218. Volpicelli, J.R., Alterman, A.I., Hayashida, M., O'Brien, C.P., 1992. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 876-880.
219. Watson, W.P., Little, J.J., 1997. Effects of dihydropyridines on the components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome: possible evidence for involvement of potassium, as well as calcium? Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 21, 409-416.
220. Weddington, W.W., Jr., Brown, B.S., Haertzen, C.A., et al., 1991. Comparison of amantadine and desipramine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 17, 137-152.
221. Weiss, F., Markou, A., Lorang, M.T., Koob, G.F., 1992. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration. Brain Res. 593, 314-318.
222. Weiss, F., Parsons, L.H., Schulteis, G., et al., 1996. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. J. Neurosci. 16, 3474-3485.
223. Widnell, K., Self, D.W., Lane, S.B., et al., 1996. Regulation of CREB expression: in vivo evidence for a functional role in morphine action in the nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 306-315.
224. Wikler, A., 1973. Dynamics of drug dependence: implications of a conditioning theory for research and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28, 611-616.
225. Wikler, A., Pescor, F.T., 1967. Classical conditioning of a morphine abstinence phenomenon, reinforcement of opioid-drinking behavior and 'relapse' in morphine-addicted rats. Psychopharmacologia 10, 255-284.
226. Wikler, A., Fraser, H.F., Isbell, M., 1953. N-allynormorphine: effects of single doses and precipitation of acute 'abstinence syndromes' during addiction to morphine, methadone or heroin in man (post-addicts). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 109, 8-20.
227. Wise, R.A., 1988. The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 97, 118-132.
228. Young, A.M., 1986. Effects of acute morphine pretreatment on the rate-decreasing and antagonist activity of naloxone. Psychopharmacology 88, 201-208.
229. 1-8 analog, E-2078, crosses the blood-brain barrier in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282, 633-638.
230. Yuferov, V.P., Zhou, Y., Maggos, C.E., Ho, A., Spangler, R., Kreek, M.J., 1999. Acute 'binge' pattern cocaine elevates mu opioid receptor mRNA in regions of the rat mesolimbic dopaminergic system. In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1998; Proceedings of the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., in press.
231. Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.J., Kastin, A.J., 1997. A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu opiate receptor. Nature 386, 499-502.
232. Zhou, Y., Spangler, R., LaForge, K.S., Maggos, C.E., Kreek, M.J., 1996a. Modulation of CRF-R1mRNA in rat anterior pituitary by dexamethasone: correlation with POMC mRNA. Peptides 17, 435-441.
233. Zhou, Y., Spangler, R., Maggos, C.E., LaForge, K.S., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1996b. Steady-state methadone in rats does not change mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing factor, its pituitary receptor or poopiomelanocortin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 315, 31-35.
234. Zhou, Y., Spangler, R., LaForge, K.S., Maggos, C.E., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 1996c. Corticotropin-releasing factor and CRF-R1 mRNAs in rat brain and pituitary during 'binge' pattern cocaine administration and chronic withdrawal. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279, 351-358.
235. Zubieta, J.-K., Gorelick, D.A., Stauffer, R., Ravert, H.T., Dannals, R.F., Frost, J.J., 1996. Increased mu opioid receptor-binding detected by PET in cocaine-dependent men is associated with cocaine craving. Nature Med. 2, 1225-1229.