Kynurenines in the CNS: From endogenous obscurity to therapeutic importance

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 185-218

  Stone, Trevor W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Excitotoxicity; Kynurenic acid; Kynurenine; Neurodegeneration; Neuroprotection; Quinolinic acid; Tryptophan

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMIC ACID; KYNURENIC ACID; KYNURENIC ACID DERIVATIVE; KYNURENINE; QUINOLINIC ACID; TRYPTOPHAN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANALGESIA (SENSORY DYSFUNCTION); BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; EOSINOPHILIA MYALGIA SYNDROME; EPILEPSY; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERAMMONEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; LIPID METABOLISM; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; KYNURENINE; NEUROTOXINS; QUINOLINIC ACID; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE;

EID: 0035123904     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00032-0     Document Type: Review

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179. Progressive slowing of reaction time and increasing cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of quinolinic acid in HIV-infected individuals
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198. Kynurenic acid is present in the rat brain and its content increases during development and aging processes
199. Thiokynurenates-a new group of antagonists of the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor
200. No changes in central quinolinic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease
201. Relationships between methoxyindole and kynurenine pathway metabolites in plasma and urine in children suffering from febrile and epileptic seizures
202. Comparison between tryptophan methoxyindole and kynurenine metabolic pathways in normal and preterm neonates and in neonates with acute fetal distress
203. Melatonin's role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: Experimental and clinical evidence
204. Viral load and its relationship to quinolinic acid, TNF alpha, and IL-6 levels in the CNS of retroviral infected mice
205. 3-hydroxykynurenine toxicity on the rat striatum in vivo
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210. High levels of quinolinic acid in brain of epilepsy-prone E1 mice
211. Effects of -phenyl-t-butyl nitrone on neuronal survival and motor function following intrastriatal injections of quinolinate or 3-nitropropionic acid
212. Increased quinolinate immunoreactivity in the peripheral blood macrocytes/macrophages from SIV-infected monkeys
213. Metabolism of L-tryptophan to kynurenate and quinolinate in the central nervous system: Effects of 6-chlorotryptophan and 4-chloro-3-hydroyxanthranilate
214. Synthesis and activity of enantiopure (S) (m-nitrobenzoyl) alanine, potent kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor
215. Neurobiological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Neurotoxic mechanisms
216. Anticonvulsant activity of antagonists for the NMDA-associated glycine binding site
217. A receptor changes in the substantia nigra of the rat following quinolinic acid lesions in the striatum closely resemble Huntington's disease
218. 2,3-Dihydro-2-carboxy-1H-indole-3-acetic acids as tools for the study of excitatory amino acid receptors
219. Differential loss of neurochemical markers following quinolinic acid -induced lesions of rat striatum
220. The regulation of quinolinic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes
221. Kynurenine pathway abnormalities in Parkinson's disease
222. Intrahippocampal administration of a glycine site antagonist impairs working memory performance of rats
223. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated neuronal cell death induced by an endogenous neurotoxin, 3-hydroxykynurenine
224. 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity
225. Brain lesions, obesity and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate
226. Kynurenine in blood plasma and the dexamethasone suppression test in patients wit 'endogenous anxiety' and endogenous depression
227. Caffeine-induced anxiety and increase of kynurenine concentrations in plasma of healthy subjects: A pilot study
228. Differential stimulation of somatostatin but not neuropeptide Y gene expression by quinolinic acid in cultured cortical neurones
229. Determination of 3-hydroxykynurenine in human brain and plasma by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Increased concentrations in hepatic encephalopathy
230. Increased brain concentrations of a neurotoxin, 3-hydroxykynurenine, in Huntington's disease
231. An investigation of the activities of 3-hydroxykynureninase and kynurenine aminotransferase in the brain in Huntington's disease
232. Modulation of the kynurenine pathway in search for new neuroprotective agents. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (m-nitrobenzoyl)alanine, a potent inhibitor of kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
233. Quinolinic acid production by macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha
234. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevents acute quinolinate-induced striatal neurotoxicity
235. An iontophoretic investigation of the actions of convulsant kynurenines and their interaction with the endogenous excitant quinolinic acid
236. Quinolinic acid: Regional variations in neuronal sensitivity
237. Pharmacology and regional variations of quinolinic acid-evoked excitations in the rat central nervous system
238. Putative cognition enhancers reverse kynurenic acid antagonism at hippocampal NMDA receptors
239. The 'kynurenate test,' a biochemical assay for putative cognition enhancers
240. Dopaminergic control of kynurenate levels and NMDA toxicity in the developing rat striatum
241. Elevation of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid occurs following spinal cord trauma
242. HIV-1 associated dementia: Clinical features and pathogenesis
243. Electrophysiological characterisation of the antagonist properties of two novel NMDA receptor glycine site antagonists, L-695 902 and L-701 324
244. Effects of quinolinic acid on messenger RNAs encoding somatostatin and glutamic acid decarboxylases in the striatum of adult rats
245. Indole-2-carboxylates, novel antagonists of the NMDA-associated glycine recognition site-in vivo characterization
246. Excitatory amino acids and morphine withdrawal: Differential effects of central and peripheral kynurenic administration
247. Systemic D-amphetamine administration causes a reduction of kynurenic acid levels in rat brain
248. Cytopathologic and neurochemical correlates of progression to motor/cognitive impairment in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys
249. Altered tryptophan metabolism in mice with herpes simplex virus encephalitis: Increases in spinal cord quinolinic acid
250. Quinolinic acid in neurological disease: Opportunities for novel drug discovery
251. Increased brain 3-hydroxykynurenine in Huntington's disease
252. Brain quinolinic acid in Huntington's disease
253. Increased plasma kynurenine and its relationship to neopterin and tryptophan in Tourette's syndrome
254. Increased levels of kynurenic acid in brains of genetically dystonic hamsters
255. Quinolinic acid is a potent lipid peroxidant in rat brain homogenates
256. Intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid or kainic acid: Differential patterns of cell survival and the effects of data analysis on outcome
257. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamides as high-affinity inhibitors of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase
258. 2-carboxy-indolines and indoles as potential glycine/NMDA antagonists: Effect of five-membered ring conformation on affinity
259. 3-Acyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones. Systemically active anticonvulsants acting by antagonism at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex
260. Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat. 1. Comparison of the effects of various excitotoxins with particular reference to the loss of immunohistochemically identified cholinergic neurones
261. Nicotinylalanine increases the formation of kynurenic acid in the brain and antagonizes convulsions
262. Cerebral cortex and lung indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity is increased in type D retrovirus infected macaques
263. Delayed increases in kynurenine pathway metabolism in damaged brain regions following transient cerebral ischemia
264. Effects of immune activation on quinolinic acid and neuroactive kynurenines in the mouse
265. A mechanism for increased quinolinic acid formation following acute systemic immune stimulation
266. 6-Chloro-D,L-tryptophan,4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate and dexamethasone attentuate quinolinic acid accumulation in brain and blood following systemic immune activation
267. 3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid derivatives: Antagonists of the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor associated with the NMDA receptor complex
268. Design, synthesis and molecular modeling of 3-acylamino-2-carboxyindole NMDA receptor glycine-site antagonists
269. 3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid based antagonists of the NMDA receptor associated glycine binding site
270. Design of NMDA receptor glycine site antagonists
271. Brain concentrations of kynurenic acid after a systemic neuroprotective dose in the gerbil model of global ischaemia
272. Dramatic changes in oxidative trptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malari
273. Effects of N-omega-nitro-L-arginine and L-arginine on quinolinic acid-induced lipid peroxidation
274. Frontal cortex indoleamin-2,3-dioxygenase activity is increased in HIV-1-associated dementia
275. Increased concentrations of the neurotoxin 3-hydroxykynurenine in the frontal cortex of HIV-1-positive patients
276. Effects of central and peripheral administration of kynurenic acid on hippocampal evoked responses in vivo and in vitro
277. Pretreatment with L-kynurenine, the precursor to the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid, suppresses epileptiform activity in combined entorhinal/hippocampal slices
278. Qualitative differences in the effects of de novo produced and exogenous kynurenic acid in rat brain slices
279. Quinolinic acid: An endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain
280. 3-Hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase activity is increased in the brains of Huntington disease victims
281. CSF levels of quinolinic acid in Huntington's disease and schizophrenia
282. Quinolinic acid levels in a murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome
283. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in macrophages by 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite
284. Seizure activity in pyridoxine-deficient adult rats
285. Comparison of intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid and 3-nitropropionic acid for use in animal models of Huntington's disease
286. Chronic administration of quinolinic acid in the rat striatum causes spatial learning deficits in a radial arm water maze task
287. 3H]MDL 105 519 to homomeric NMDA-NR 1a receptors
288. Tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway in patients with eosinophilia myalgia syndrome
289. Quinolinic acid is increased in CSF and associated with mortality after traumatic brain injury in humans
290. Effects of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists kynurenate and indole-2-carboxylic acid on behavioural and neurochemical outcome following experimental brain injury
291. SAR of a series of glycine antagonists related to 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid and 3-(2-carboxy-6-chloroindol-3-yl)acetic acid
292. Induction of feeding by 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site antagonist
293. Melatonin plays a protective role in quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus
294. (R,S)-3,4-dichlorobenzoylalanine (FCE 28833A) causes a large and persistent increase in brain kynurenic acid levels in rats
295. 7-Chlorokynurenate, an antagonist of the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, inhibits memory formation in day-old chicks (Gallus-domesticus)
296. Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids
297. Subtypes of NMDA receptors
298. Excitant activity of methyl derivatives of quinolinic acid on rat cortical neurones
299. Kynurenines do not antagonise GABA in rat hippocampus
300. Comparison of kynurenic acid and 2-APV suppression of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices
301. Sensitivity of hippocampal neurones to kainic acid, and antagonism by kynurenate
302. Glycine and kynurenine enhance NMDA sensitivity in rat hippocampal slices
303. Excitatory amino acids
304. The development and therapeutic potential of kynurenic acid and kynurenine derivatives for cns neuroprotection
305. Inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway
306. NMDA receptors and their endogenous ligands in vertebrate CNS
307. Quinolinic acid and other kynurenines in the central nervous system
308. Quinolinic acid: A potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS
309. Actions of excitatory amino acids and kynurenic acid in the primate hippocampus: A preliminary study
310. Endogenous excitoxic agents
311. The cortical lesion of Huntington's disease-further neurochemical characterization and reproduction of some of the histological and neurochemical features by NMDA lesions of rat cortex
312. Movement disorder following excitotoxin lesions in primates
313. Immune-electron microscopy reveals that the excitotoxin quinolinate is associated with the plasma membrane in human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages
314. Prolonged infusion of quinolinic acid into rat striatum as an excitotoxic model of neurodegenerative disease
315. Regional distribution of tyrosine, tryptophan, and their metabolites in the brain of epileptic E1 mice
316. Monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid in infantile spinal muscular atrophy
317. Schizophrenia and glutamatergic transmission
318. Effects of striatal excitotoxicity on huntingtin-like immunoreactivity
319. Nitric oxide inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in interferon-gamma primed mononuclear phagocytes
320. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is an efficient, cell-derived co-antioxidant for alpha-tocopherol, inhibiting human low density lipoprotein and plasma lipid peroxidation
321. Effects of kynurenic acid on amygdaloid kindling in the rat
322. Response of kynurenine pathway enzymes to pregnancy and dietary level of vitamin B-6
323. Derivatives of kynurenine as inhibitors of rat brain kynurenine aminotransferase
324. Quinolinic acid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric manifestations
325. Kynurenine specifically increases in the cerebrospinal fluid of the aged rats
326. Differential sensitivity of calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactive cells in the striatum to excitotoxins
327. Kynurenic acid in brain and CSF of fetal, newborn and adult sheep and effects of placental embolization
328. 4-Halo-3-hydroxyanthanilic acids: Potent competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase in vitrol
329. 4-Chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate inhibits quinolinate production in the rat hippocamus in vivo
330. The effects of kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid and other metabolites of tryptophan on the development of the high pressure neurological syndrome in the rat
331. In vivo models of cerebral ischaemia: Effects of parenterally administered NMDA receptor glycine site antagonists
332. Extracellular levels of quinolinic acid are moderately increased in rat striatum following severe insulin induced hypoglycaemia
333. Prolonged exposure to submicromolar concentrations of quinolinic acid causes excitotoxic damage in organotypic cultures of rat corticostriatal system
334. NMDA antagonists for stroke and head trauma
335. A glycine antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid attenuates ischemia-induced learning deficits
336. Neurotoxicity induced by continuous infusion of quinolinic acid into the lateral ventricle in rats
337. Kynurenic acid is decreased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infantile spasms
338. Studies on cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid concentrations in epileptic children
339. Genomic organisation and expression analysis of mouse kynurenine aminotransferase II, A possible factor in the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease