A role for transcription factor NF-κB in intestinal inflammation

International Journal of Colorectal Disease

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 18-28

  Schottelius, A J G ^a   Baldwin Jr , A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Inflammatory bowel disease; Transcription factor

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; DEXAMETHASONE; ENDOTOXIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; MESALAZINE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PROTEASOME INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SALICYLATE SODIUM; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; STEROID; SYNAPTOTAGMIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; ENTERITIS; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INTESTINE MUCOSA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; RECTAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; MICE; NF-KAPPA B;

EID: 0033022837     PISSN: 01791958     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s003840050178     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Strober W, Neurath M (1995) Immunological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Rich R (ed) Clinical immunology. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 28
2. Podolsky D (1995) Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 325:928-935
3. Mahida Y, Wu K, Jewell D (1989) Enhanced production of interleukin-β by mononuclear cells isolated from mucosa with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 30:835-838
4. Nikolaus S, Bauditz J, Gionchetti P, Witt C, Lochs H, Schreiber S (1998) Increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and regulation by interleukin 10 during intestinal inflammation. Gut 42:470-476
5. Ligumsky M, Simon P, Karmeli F, Rachmilewitz D (1990) Role of interleukin 1 in inflammatory bowel disease: enhanced production during active disease. Gut 31:686-689
6. MacDonald T, Hutchings P, Choy M (1990) Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-gamma production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine. Clin Exp Immunol 81:301-305
7. Pullman WE, Elsbury S, Kobayashi M, Hapel AJ, Doe WF (1992) Enhanced mucosal cytokine production in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 102:529-537
8. Brynskov J, Tvede N, Andersen CB, et al (1992) Increased concentrations of interleukin 1β, interleukin 2, and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 33:55-58
9. Schreiber S, Raedler A, Conn AF, et al (1992) Increased release of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 32:239-241
10. Stevens C, Walz G, Singaram C, et al (1992) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 37:818-826
11. Isaacs KL, Sartor RB, Haskill S (1992) Cytokine messenger RNA profiles in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Gastroenterology 103:1587-1595
12. Reinecker HC, Steffen M, Whitthoeft T, et al (1993) Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 94:174-181
13. Elson C, Sartor R, Tennyson GS, et al (1995) Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 109: 1344-1367
14. Strober W, Ludviksson B, Fuss I (1998) The pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease and Crohns disease. Ann Intern Med 128:848-856
15. Sadlack B, Merz H, Schorle H, Schimpl A, Feller C, Horvak I (1993) Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 75:253-261
16. Kühn R, Löhler J, Rennick D, Rajewski K, Müller W (1993) Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop enterocolitis. Cell 75:263-274
17. + T cells. Immunity 1:553-562
18. Neurath MF, Fuss I, Kelsall B, Stuber E, Strober W (1995) Antibodies to IL-12 abrogate established experimental colitis in mice. J Exp Med 182:1280-1289
19. Strober W, Kelsall B, Fuss I, et al (1997) Reciprocal IFN-gamma and TGF-beta responses regulate the occurrence of mucosal inflammation. Immunol Today 18:61-64
20. Baldwin AS Jr (1996) The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu Rev Immunol 14:649-683
21. Barnes PJ, Karin M (1997) Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N Engl J Med 336:1066-1071
22. Xie QW, Kashiwabara Y, Nathan C (1994) Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 269:4705-4708
23. Herulf M, Ljung T, Hellstrom PM, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO (1998) Increased luminal nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease as shown with a novel minimally invasive method. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:164-169
24. Lundberg JO, Hellstrom PM, Lundberg JM, Alving K (1994) Greatly increased luminal nitric oxide in ulcerative colitis. Lancet 344: 1673-1674
25. Rachmilewitz D, Stamler JS, Bachwich D, Karmeli F, Ackerman Z, Podolsky DK (1995) Enhanced colonic nitric oxide generation and nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 36:718-723
26. Chen CC, Manning AM (1995) Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: a dominant role for NF-kappa. B. Agents Actions [Suppl] 47: 135-141
27. Kawai M, Nishikomori R, Jung EY, et al (1995) Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1 biosynthesis induced by cytokines in human fibroblasts. J Immunol 154:2333-2341
28. Ledebur HC, Parks TP (1995) Transcriptional regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by inflammatory cytokines in human endothelial cells. Essential roles of a variant NF-kappa B site and p65 homodimers. J Biol Chem 270: 933-943
29. Hou J, Baichwal V, Cao Z (1994) Regulatory elements and transcription factors controlling basal and cytokine-induced expression of the gene encoding intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 11641-11645
30. Neish AS, Read MA, Thanos D, Pine R, Maniatis T, Collins T (1995) Endothelial interferon regulatory factor 1 cooperates with NF-kappa B as a transcriptional activator of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Mol Cell Biol 15:2558-2569
31. Jamieson C, Mauxion F, Sen R (1989) Identification of a functional NF-kappa B binding site in the murine T cell receptor beta 2 locus. J Exp Med 170: 1737-1743
32. Pessara U, Koch N (1990) Tumor necrosis factor alpha regulates expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain by binding of an NF-kappa B-like factor to a promoter element. Mol Cell Biol 10:4146-4154
33. Blanar MA, Burkly LC, Flavell RA (1989) NF-kappa B binds within a region required for B-cell-specific expression of major histocompatibility complex class II gene E alpha d. Mol Cell Biol 9:844-846
34. Weih F, Durham SK, Barton DS, Sha WC, Baltimore D, Bravo R (1997) p50-NF-kappaB complexes partially compensate for the absence of RelB: severely increased pathology in p50(-/-) relB(-/-) double-knockout mice. J Exp Med 185: 1359-1370
35. Ishikawa H, Claudio E, Dambach D, Raventos-Suarez C, Ryan C, Bravo R (1998) Chronic inflammation and susceptibility to bacterial infections in mice lacking the polypeptide (p) 105 precursor (NF-kappaB1) but expressing p50. J Exp Med 187:985-996
36. Weih F, Carrasco D, Durham SK, et al (1995) Multiorgan inflammation and hematopoietic abnormalities in mice with a targeted disruption of RelB, a member of the NF-kappa B/Rel family. Cell 80:331-340
37. Weih F, Durham SK, Barton DS, Sha WC, Baltimore D, Bravo R (1996) Both multiorgan inflammation and myeloid hyperplasia in RelB-deficient mice are T cell dependent. J Immunol 157:3974-3979
38. Weih F, Warr G, Yang H, Bravo R (1997) Multifocal defects in immune responses in RelB-deficient mice. J Immunol 158:5211-5218
39. Kontgen F, Grumont RJ, Strasser A, et al (1995) Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes Dev 9:1965-1977
40. Finco T, Baldwin A (1995) Mechanistic aspects of NF-κB regulation: the emerging role of phosphorylation and proteolysis. Immunity 3:263-272
41. Beg A, Baldwin AJ (1993) The IκB proteins: multifunctional regulators of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors. Genes Dev 7:2064-2070
42. 2) of p65 NF-κB. J Biol Chem 270: 15576-15584
43. Whiteside ST, Epinat JC, Rice NR, Israel A (1997) I kappa B epsilon, a novel member of the I kappa B family, controls Re1A and cRel NF-kappa B activity. EMBO J 16: 1413-1426
44. DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E, Karin M (1997) A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 388:548-554
45. Regnier CH. Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z, Rothe M (1997) Identification and characterization of an IκB kinase. Cell 90:373-383
46. Di Donato J, Mercurio F, Karin M (1995) Phosphorylation of IκBα precedes but is not sufficient for its dissociation from NF-κB. Mol Cell Biol 15:1302-1311
47. Brown K, Gerstenberger S, Carlson L, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U (1995) Control of 1κBα proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation. Science 267: 1485-1491
48. Chen Z, Parent L, Maniatis T (1996) Site-specific phosphorylation of IκBα by novel ubiquitination-dependent protein kinase activity. Cell 84:853-862
49. Chen Z, Hagler J, Palombella A, Melandri F, Scherer D. Ballard D (1995) Signal-induced site-specific phosphorylation targets IκBα to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Genes Dev 9:1586-1597
50. Alkalay I, Yaron A, Hatzubai A, et al (1995) In vivo stimulation of I kappa B phosphorylation is not sufficient to activate NF-kappa B. Mol Cell 15: 1294-1301
51. Henkel T, Machleidt T, Alkalay I, Kronke M, Ben-Neriah Y, Baeuerle PA (1993) Rapid proteolysis of I kappa B-alpha is necessary for activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B. Nature 365:182-185
52. Rothwarf D, Zandi E, Natoli G, Karin M (1998) IKK-gamma is an essential regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase complex. Nature 395:297-300
53. Yamaoka S. Courtois G, Bessia C, et al (1998) Complementation cloning of NEMO, a component of the IkappaB kinase complex essential for NF-kappaB activation. Cell 93: 1231-1240
54. Zandi E, Rothward DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Karin M (1997) The IκB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, necessary for IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Cell 91:243-252
55. Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M, Goeddel DV (1997) IkappaB kinase-beta: NF-kappa B activation and complex formation with IkappaB-alpha and NIK. Science 278: 866-869
56. Mercurio F, Zhu H, Murray BW, et al (1997) IKK-1 and IKK-2: Cytokine-activated IκB kinases essential for NF-κB activation. Science 278:860-866
57. Ling L, Cao Z, Goeddel D (1998) NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activates IKK-alpha by phosphorylation of Ser-176. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3792-3797
58. Cao Z, Henzel WJ, Gao X (1996) IRAK: a kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 271: 1128
59. O'Neill LA, Green C (1998) Signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: ancient signaling machinery in mammals, insects, and plants. J Leukoc Biol 63:650-657
60. Cohen L, Henzel W, Baeuerle P (1998) IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IkappaB kinase complex. Nature 395:292-296
61. Neurath MF, Pettersson S, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Strober W (1996) Local administration of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B abrogates established experimental colitis in mice. Nat Med 2:998-1004
62. Neurath MF, Pettersson S (1997) Predominant role of NF-kappa B p65 in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. Immunobiology 198:91-98
63. Kühn R, Lohler J, Rennick D, Rajewski K, Müller W (1993) Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75:263-274
64. Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Hampe J (1998) Activation of nuclear factor κB in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 42: 477-484
65. Miyamoto S, Verma IM (1995) Rel/NF-κB/I κB story. Adv Cancer Res 66:255-292
66. Neurath MF, Fuss I, Schürmann G, et al (1998) Cytokine gene transcription by NF-κB family members in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 859:149-159
67. Baeuerle PA, Henkel T (1994) Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system. Ann Rev Immunol 12: 141-179
68. Gosh S, Baltimore D (1990) Activation in vitro of NF-κB by phosphorylation of its inhibitor IκB. Nature 344:678-682
69. Ziegler-Heitbrock HW (1995) Molecular mechanism in tolerance to lipopolysaccharide. J Inflamm 45:13-26
70. Ardite E, Panes J, Miranda M, et al (1998) Effects of steroid treatment on activation of nuclear factor kappaB in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Pharmacol 124: 431-433
71. Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin AS Jr (1995) Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science 270:283-286
72. Auphan N, Di Donato J, Rosette C, Helmberg A, Karin M (1995) Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis. Science 270: 286-290
73. Rogler G, Brand K, Vogl D, et al (1998) Nuclear factor kappa-B is activated in macrophages and epithelial cells of inflamed intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 115:357-369
74. Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Henkel T, Stockinger H, Baeuerle PA (1995) Selective recognition of the activated form of transcription factor NF-κB by a monoclonal antibody. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 376:9-16
75. Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Hampe J (1998) Activation of nuclear factor kappa B inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 42: 477-484
76. Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM (1998) Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest 101:1163-1174
77. Jobin C, Hellerbrand C, Licato LL, Brenner DA, Sartor RB (1998) Mediation by NF-kappa-B of cytokine induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in an intestinal epithelial cell line, a process blocked by proteasome inhibitors. Gut 42:779-787
78. Jobin C, Panja A, Hellerbrand C, et al (1998) Inhibition of proinflammatory molecule production by adenovirus-mediated expression of a nuclear factor kappa-B super-repressor in human intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 160:410-418
79. Hecht G, Savkovic SD (1997) Effector role of epithelia in inflammation-interaction with bacteria. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11:64-68 (discussion 68-69)
80. Savkovic S, Koutsouris A, Hecht G (1996) Transcription factor NF-κB regulation of IL-8 is involved in neurophil transmigration associated with infection by enteropathogenic E. coli (abstract). Gastroenterology 110:A357
81. Andus T, Rogler G, Daig R, Falk W, Schölmerich J, Gross V (1995) The role of macrophages. In: Tygat G, Bartelsman J, van Deventer S (eds) Inflammatory bowel disease. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 281-297
82. Stein B, Baldwin AS Jr (1993) Distinct mechanisms for regulation of the interleukin-8 gene involve synergism and cooperativity between C/EBP and NF-kappa B. Mol Cell Biol 13:7191-7198
83. Kunsch C, Rosen C (1993) NF-κB subunit specific regulation of the interleukin-8 promotor. Mol Cell Biol 13:6137-6146
84. Hellerbrand C, Jobin C, Sartor RB, Brenner DA (1996) NF-κB mediates cytokine induced expression of ICAM-1 in IEC-6 cells (abstract). Gastroenterology 110: A329
85. Guthrie LA, McPhail LC, Henson PM, et al (1984) Priming of neutrophils for enhanced release of oxygen metabolites by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, evidence for increased activity of the superoxide-producing enzyme. J Exp Med 160: 1656-1671
86. Schreiber S, Raedler A, Stenson WF, MacDermott RP (1992) The role of the mucosal immune system in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21:451-502
87. Cassatella MA (1995) The production of cytokines by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Immunol Today 16:21-26
88. Cassatella MA, Meda L, Bonara S, et al (1993) Interleukin-10 inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for an autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β in mediating the production of IL-8 triggered by lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 178:2207-2211
89. Mahida YR, Patel S, Gionchetti P, Vaux D, Jewell DP (1989) Macrophage subpopulations in lamina propria of normal colon and inflamed colon and terminal ileum. Gut 30:826-834
90. Rogler G, Andus T, Aschenbrenner E, et al (1997) Alterations of the phenotype of colonic macrophages in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:893-899
91. Sartor RB (1995) Current concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 24:475-507
92. Sartor RB (1994) Cytokines in intestinal inflammation: pathophysiological and clinical considerations. Gastroenterology 106:533-539
93. Ray A, Prefontaine KE (1994) Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:752-756
94. Mukaida N, Morita M, Ishikawa Y, et al (1994) Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression: NF-κB is a target for glucocorticoid-mediated IL-8 gene repression. J Biol Chem 269:289-295
95. Scheinman RI, Gualberto A, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA, Baldwin AS Jr (1995) Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-kappa B by activated glucocorticoid receptors. Mol Cell Biol 15:943-953
96. Caldenhoven E, Liden J, Wissink S, et al (1995) Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. Mol Endocrinol 9:401-412
97. Florentino D, Zlotnik A, Mosmann T, Howard M, O'Garra A (1991) IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J Immunol 147:3815-3822
98. Bogdan C, Vodovotz Y, Nathan C (1991) Macrophage deactivation by interleukin-10. J Exp Med 174: 1549-1555
99. de Waal Malefyt R, Abrams J, Bennett B, Figdor CG, de Vries JE (1991) IL-10 inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes. J Exp Med 174:1209-1220
100. Moore K, O'Garra A, de Waal Malefyt R, Vieira P, Mosmann T (1993) Interleukin-10. Annu Rev Immunol 11:165-190
101. Wang P, Wu P, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Billah MM (1994) IL-10 inhibits transcription of cytokine genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 153:811-816
102. Wang P, Wu P, Anthes J, Siegel M, Egan R, Biliah M (1994) Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils. Blood 83:2678-2683
103. Wang P, Wu P, Siegel MI, Egan RW, Billah MM (1995) Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) activation in human monocytes. IL-10 and IL-4 suppress cytokine synthesis by different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 270:9558-9563
104. Romano MF, Lamberti A, Petrella A, et al (1996) IL-10 inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B/Rel nuclear activity in CD3-stimulated human peripheral T lymphocytes. J Immunol 156:2119-2123
105. Herfarth HH, Mohanty SP, Rath HC, Tonkonogy S, Sartor RB (1996) Interleukin 10 suppresses experimental chronic, granulomatous inflammation induced by bacterial cell wall polymers. Gut 39:836-845
106. Herfarth HH, Böcker U, Janardhanam R, Sartor RB (1998) Subtherapeutic corticosterids potentiate the ability of interleukin 10 to prevent chronic inflammation in rats. Gastroenterology 115:856-865
107. Schreiber S, Heinig T, Thiele HG, Raedler A (1995) Immunoregulatory role of interleukin 10 in patients with inflammato-ry bowel disease. Gastroenterology 108:1434-1444
108. van Deventer S, Elson C, Fedorak R (1997) Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin-10 in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 113:383-389
109. Fedorak R, Gangl A, Elson C, et al (1998) Safety, tolerance and efficacy of multiple doses of subcutaneous interleukin-10 in mild to moderate active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 114:A974
110. Schreiber S, Fedorak R, Wild G, et al (1998) Safety, tolerance of rHuIL-10 treatment in patients with mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 114:A1080
111. Schreiber S, Fedorak R, Nielson O, et al (1998) A safety and efficacy study of recombinant human interleukin-10 (rHuIL-10) treatment in 329 patients with chronic active Crohn's disease (CACD). Gastroenterology 114: A1080
112. Clarke CJP, Hales A, Hunt A, Foxwell BMJ (1998) IL-10-mediated suppression of TNF-α production is independent of its ability to inhibit NF-κB activity. Eur J Immunol 28:1719-1726
113. Gautam SC, Pindolia KR, Noth CJ, Janakiraman N, Xu YX, Chapman RA (1995) Chemokine gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells: downregulation with sodium salicylate. Blood 86:2541-2550
114. Grilli M, Pizzi M, Memo M, Spano P (1996) Neuroprotection by aspirin and sodium salicylate through blockade of NF-kappaB activation. Science 274: 1383-1385
115. Kopp E, Ghosh S (1994) Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265:956-959
116. Pierce JW, Read MA, Ding H, Luscinskas FW, Collins T (1996) Salicylates inhibit I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, and neutrophil transmigration. J Immunol 156:3961-3969
117. Oeth P, Mackman N (1995) Salicylates inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional activation of the tissue factor gene in human monocytic cells. Blood 86:4144-4152
118. Yin M-J, Yamamoto Y, Gaynor RB (1998) The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of IκB kinase-β. Nature 396:77-80
119. Schwenger P, Alpert D, Skolnik EY, Vilcek J (1998) Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by sodium salicylate leads to inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced I-kappa-B-alpha phosphorylation and degradation. Mol Cell Biol 18:78-84
120. Egan LJ, Sandborn WJ, Schmid RM, Adler G (1998) Inhibition of nuclear factor κB by sulfasalazine: a new target for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Gastroenterology 115: 1295-1296
121. Greenfield SM, Punchard NA, Teare JP, Thompson RP (1993) The mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 7:369-383
122. Kaiser GC, Polk DB (1988) The tumor necrosis factor alpha antiproliferative effect, the activation of MAP kinase and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB are inhibited by 5-aminosalicylic acid. Gastroenterology 114:A887
123. Scherer DC, Brockman JA, Chen Z, Maniatis T, Ballard DW (1995) Signal-induced degradation of IκBα requires site-specific ubiquitination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:11259-11263
124. Conner EM, Brand S, Davis JM, et al (1997) Proteasome inhibition attenuates nitric oxide synthase expression, VCAM-1 transcription and the development of chronic colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:1615-1622
125. Frantz B, Nordby E, Bren G, et al (1994) Calcineurin acts in synergy with PMA to inactivate IκB/MAD-3, an inhibitor of NF-κB. EMBO J 13:861-870
126. Meyer S, Kohler NG, Joly A (1997) Cyclosporine A is an uncompetitive inhibitor of proteasome activity and prevents NF-kappaB activation. FEBS Lett 413:354-358
127. Lai JH, Tan TH (1994) CD28 signaling causes a sustained downregulation of IκB which can be prevented by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. J Biol Chem 269:77-80
128. Venkataraman L, Burakoff S, Sen R (1995) FK506 inhibits antigen receptor-mediated induction of c-Rel in B and T lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 181: 1091-1099
129. Halloran PF (1996) Molecular mechanisms of new immunosuppressants. Clin Transpl 10: 118-123
130. Burkhardt H, Kalden JR (1997) Xenobiotic immunosuppressive agents: therapeutic effects in animal models of autoimmune diseases. Rheumatol Int 17:85-90
131. Biswas DK, Ahlers CM, Dezube BJ, Pardee AB (1994) Pentoxifylline and other protein kinase C inhibitors down-regulate HIV-LTR NF-kappa B induced gene expression. Mol Med 1:31-43
132. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS Jr (1996) TNF-and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Science 274:784-787