Viral vectors, tools for gene transfer in the nervous system

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 399-432

  Hermens, Wim T J M C ^a   Verhaagen, Joost ^a  

^a NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR NEUROSCIENCE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; NEUROTROPHIN 4; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VIRUS VECTOR;

ADENOVIRUS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GENE TRANSFER; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; LENTIVIRINAE; NEUROPROTECTION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY;

EID: 0031802635     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00007-0     Document Type: Article

References (337)

1. Aigner, L. and Caroni, P. (1993) Depletion of 43-kD growth-associated protein in primary sensory neurons leads to diminished formation and spreading growth cones. J. Cell Biol. 123, 417-429.
2. Aebischer, P., Buchser, E., Joseph, J. M., Favre, J., De Tribolet, N., Lysaght, M., Rudnick, S. and Goddard, M. (1994) Transplantation in humans of encapsulated xenogeneic cells without immunosuppression. Transplantation 58, 1275-1277.
3. Aebischer, P., Schuep, M., Déglon, N., Joseph, J. M., Hirt, L., Heyd, B., Goddard, M., Hammang, J. P., Zurn, A. D., Kato, A. C., regli, F., Baete, E. E. (1996) Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Nature Med. 2, 696-698.
4. Akli, S., Caillaud, C., Vigne, E., Stratford-Perricaudet, L. D., Perricaudet, M. and Peschanski, M. R. (1993) Transfer of a foreign gene into the brain using adenovirus vectors. Nat. Genet. 3, 224-228.
5. ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group (1996) A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol. 46, 1244-1249.
6. Andersen, J. K., Garber, D. A., Meaney, C. A. and Breakfield, X. O. (1992) Gene transfer into mammalian central nervous system using herpes virus vectors: Extended expression of bacterial LacZ in neurons using the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Hum. Gene Ther. 3, 487-499.
7. Anderson, J. K., Frim, D. M., Isacson, O. and Breakefield, X. O. (1993) Herpesvirus-mediated gene delivery into the rat brain: specificity and efficiency of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 13, 505-515.
8. Anton, R., Kordower, J. H., Maidment, N. T., Manaster, J. S., Kane, D. J., Rabizadeh, S., Schueller, S. B., Yang, J., Rabizadeh, S., Edwards, R. H., Markham, C. H., Bredesen, D. E. (1994) Neural-targeted gene therapy for rodent and primate hemiparkinsonism. Exp. Neurol. 127, 207-218.
9. Anton, R., Kordower, J. H., Kane, D. J., Markham, C. H. and Bredesen, D. E. (1995) Neural transplantation of cells expressing the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2. Cell Transplant 4, 49-54.
10. Arenas, E. and Persson, H. (1994) Neurotrophin-3 prevents the death of adult central noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Nature 376, 368-371.
11. Armentano, D., Sookdeo, C. C., Hehir, K. M., Gregory, R. J., George, J. A. St., Prince, G. A., Wadsworth, S. C. and Smith, A. E. (1995) Characterization of an adenovirus gene transfer vector containing an E4 deletion. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 1343-1353.
12. Armentano, D., Zabner, J., Sacks, C., Sookdeo, C. C., Smith, M. P., George, J. A. S., Wadsworth, S. C., Smith, A. E. and Gregory, R. J. (1997) Effect of the E4 region on the persistence of transgene expression from adenovirus vectors. J. Virol. 71, 2408-2416.
13. Atchison, R. W., Castro, B. C. and Hammon, W. M. (1965) Adenovirus-associated defective virus particles. Science 149, 754-756.
14. Babiss, L. E. and Ginsberg, H. S. (1984) Adenovirus type 5 early region 1b gene product is required for efficient shutoff of host protein synthesis. J. Virol. 50, 202-212.
15. Bajocchi, G., Feldman, S. H., Crystal, R. G. and Mastrangeli, A. (1993) Direct in vivo gene transfer to ependymal cells in the central nervous system using recombinant adenovirus vectors. Nat. Genet. 3, 229-234.
16. Balan, P., Davis-Poynter, N., Bell, S., Atkinson, H., Brown, H. and Minson, I. (1994) An analysis of the in vitro and in vivo phenotypes of mutants of herpes simplex virus type I lacking glycoproteins gG, gE, gI or the putative gJ. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 1245-1258.
17. Battleman, D. S., Geller, A. I. and Chao, M. V. (1993) HSV-1 vector-mediated gene transfer of the human nerve growth factor receptor p75hNGFR defines high-affinity NGF binding. J. Neurosci. 13, 941-951.
18. Baumgartner, B. J. and Shine, H. D. (1997) Targeted transduction of CNS neurons with adenoviral vectors carrying neurotrophic factor genes confers neuroprotection that exceeds the transduced population. J. Neurosci. 17, 6504-6511.
19. Beltz, G. A. and Flint, S. J. (1979) Inhibition of Hela cell protein synthesis during adenovirus infection. J. Mol. Biol. 131, 353-373.
20. Bennett, J., Wilson, J., Sun, D., Forbes, B. and Maguire, A. (1994) Adenovirus vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult murine retina. Invest. Opthal. Vis. Sci. 35, 2535-2542.
21. Berns, K. I. and Adler, S. (1972) Separation of two types of adeno-associated virus particles containing complementary polynucleotide chains. J. Virol. 9, 394-396.
22. Berns, K. I. and Rose, J. A. (1970) Evidence for a single-stranded adeno-associated virus genome: isolation and separation of complementary single strands. J. Virol. 5, 693-699.
23. Berns, K. I., Pinkerton, T. C., Thomas, G. F. and Hoggan, M. D. (1975) Detection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-specific nucleotide sequences in DNA isolated from latently infected Detroit 6 cells. Virology 68, 556-560.
24. Betz, A. L., Yang, G. Y. and Davidson, B. L. (1995) Attenuation of stroke size in rats using an adenoviral vector to induce over-expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 547-551.
25. Biffo, S., Verhaagen, J., Schrama, L. H., Schotman, P., Danho, W. and Margolis, F. L. (1990) B-50/GAP-43 expression correlates with process outgrowth in the embryonic mouse nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 487-499.
26. Bilang-Bleuel, A., Revah, F., Colin, P., Locquet, I., Robert, J.-J., Malet, J. and Horellou, P. (1997) Intrastriatal injection of an adenoviral vector expressing glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents dopaminergic neuron degeneration and behavioral impairment in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8818-8823.
27. Blömer, U., Naldini, L., Kafri, T., Trono, D., Verma, I. M. and Gage, F. (1997) Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with lentivirus vector. J. Virol. 71, 6641-6649.
28. Bloom, D. C. and Stevens, J. G. (1995) Neuron-specific restriction of a herpes simplex virus recombinant maps to the UL5 gene. J. Virol. 68, 3761-3772.
29. Boer, G. J., Van Esseveldt, K. E., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Liu, R. and Verhaagen, J. (1997) Long-term transgene expression in fetal rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurografts following ex vivo adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer. Exp. Neurol. 145, 536-545.
30. Boothman, D. A., Geller, A. I. and Pardee, A. B. (1989) Expression of the E. Coli LacZ gene from a defective HSV-1 vector in various human normal, cancer-prone and tumor cells. FEBS Lett. 258, 159-162.
31. Braak, H. and Braak, E. (1992) the human entorhinal cortex: normal morphology and lamina-specific pathology in various diseases. Neurosci. Res. 15, 6-31.
32. Bridge, E. and Ketner, G. (1989) redundant control of adenovirus late expression by early region 4. J. Virol. 63, 631-638.
33. Bridge, E. and Ketner, G. (1990) Interaction of adenoviral E4 and EIb products in late gene expression. Virology 174, 345-354.
34. Brough, D. E., Lizonova, A., Hsu, C., Kulesa, V. and Kovesdi, I. (1996) A gene transfer veclor-cell-line system for complete functional complementation of adenovirus early regions E1 and E4. J. Virol. 70, 6497-6501.
35. Brooks, A. I., Muhkerjee, B., Panahian, N., Cory-Slechta, D. and Federoff, H. J. (1997) Nerve growth factor somatic mosaicism produced by herpes virus directed expression of Cre recombinase. Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 57-62.
36. Byrnes, A. P., Rusby, J. E., Wood, M. J. A. and Charlton, H. M. (1995) Adenovirus gene transfer causes inflammation in the brain. Neuroscience 66, 1015-1024.
37. Byrnes, A. P., MacLaren, R. E., and Charlton, H. M. (1996a). Immunological instability of persistent adenovirus vectors in the brain: Peripheral exposure to vector leads to renewed inflammation, reduced gene expression, and demyelination. J. Neurosci. 16, 3045-3055.
38. Byrnes, A. P., Wood, M. J. A., Charlton, H. M. (1996b). Role of T-cells in inflammation caused by adenovirus vectors in the brain. Gene Ther. 3, 644-651.
39. Carlstedt, T. (1997) Nerve fiber regeneration across the peripheral-central transitional zone. J. Anat. 190, 51-56.
40. Castel-Barthe, M. N., Poindessous, F. J., Barneoud, P., Vigne, E., Revah, F., Mallet, J. and Lamour, Y. (1996) Direct intracerebral nerve growth factor gene transfer using a recombinant adenovirus: effect on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons during aging. Neurobiol. Disease 3, 76-86.
41. Cayonette, M. and Gravel, C. (1996) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to retinal ganglion cells. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 37, 2022-2028.
42. Chang, L. S. and Shenk, T. (1990) The adenovirus DNA binding protein can stimulate the rate of transcription directed by adenovirus and adeno-associated virus promoters. J. Virol. 64, 2103-2109.
43. Chao, M. V. et al. (1992) Neurotrophic receptors: a window into neuronal differntiation. Neuron 9, 583-593.
44. Chen, D. F., Schneider, G. E., Martinou, J.-C. and Tonegawa, S. (1997) Bcl-2 promotes regeneration of severed axons in mammalian CNS. Nature 385, 434-438.
45. Chen, K. S. and Gage, F. H. (1995) Somatic gene transfer of NGF to the aged brain: behavioral and morphological amelioration. J. Neurosci. 15, 2819-2825.
46. Cheng, H., Cao, Y. and Olson, L. (1997) Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats: partial restoration of hind limb function. Science 273, 510-513.
47. Chiocca, A. E., Choi, B. B., Cai, W., DeLuca, N. A., Schaffer, P. A., DeFiglia, M., Breakfield, X. O. and Martuza, R. L. (1990) Transfer and expression of the LacZ gene in rat brain neurons by herpes simplex virus mutants. New Biol. 2, 736-739.
48. Choi-Lundberg, D. L., Lin, Q., Chang, Y., Chiang, Y. L., Hay, C. M., Mohajeri, H., Davidson, B. L. and Bohn, M. C. (1997) Dopaminergic neurons protected from degeneration by GDNF gene therapy. Science 275, 838-841.
49. Chou, J., Chen, J., Gross, M. and Roizman, B. (1995) Association of an Mr 90 000 phosphoprotein with protein kinase PKR in cells exhibiting enhanced phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α and premature shutoff of protein synthesis after infection with γ34.5-mutants of herpes simplex virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10516-10520.
50. Chou, J. and Roizman, B. (1992) The γ1 34.5 gene of herpes simplex virus 1 precludes neuroblastoma cells from triggering total shutoff of protein synthesis characteristics of programmed cell death in neuronal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 3266-3270.
51. Chou, J. and Roizman, B. (1994) Herpes simplex virus 1 γ1 34.5 gene function, which blocks the host response to infection, maps in the homologous domain of the genes expressed during growth arrest and DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 5247-5251.
52. Clemens, P. R., Kochanek, S., Sunada, Y., Chang, S., Chen, H. H., Campbell, K. P. and Caskey, C. T. (1996) in vivo muscle gene transfer of full-length dystrophin with an adenoviral vector that lacks all viral genes. Gene Ther. 3, 965-972.
53. Coffin, R. S., Maclean, A. R., Latchman, D. S. and Brown, S. M. (1996) Gene delivery to the central and peripheral nervous systems of mice using HSV 1 ICP34.5 deletion mutant vectors. Gene Ther. 3, 886-891.
54. Cordingly, M. G., Campbell, M. E. M. and Preston, C. M. (1983) Functional analysis of a herpes simplex virus type 1 promoter: Identification of far-upstream regulatory sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 2347-2365.
55. Cunningham, L. A., Short, M. P., Vielkind, U., Breakefield, X. O., and Bohn, M. C. (1991a) Survival and differentiation within the adult mouse striatum of grafted rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) genetically modified to express recombinant β-NGF. Exp. Neurol. 112, 174-182.
56. Cunningham, L. A., Hansen, J. T., Short, M. P., and Bohn, M. C. (1991b) The use of genetically altered astrocytes to provide nerve growth factor to adrenal chromaffin cells grafted into the striatum. Brain Res. 561, 192-202.
57. Cunningham, L. A., Short, M. P., Breakefiels, X. O. and Bohn, M. C. (1994) Nerve growth factor released by transgenic astrocytes enhances the function of adrenal chromaffin cell grafts in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 658, 219-238.
58. Dai, Y., Schwartz, E., Gu, D., Zhang, W. W., Sarvetnick, N. and Verma, I. M. (1995) Cellular and humural immune responses to adenoviral vectors containing the factor IX gene: tolerization of factor IX and vector antigens allows for long-term expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1401-1405.
59. Dash, R., Lawrence, M., Ho, D. and Sapolsky, R. (1996) A herpes simplex virus vector overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protects the rat dentate gyrus from an antimetabolite toxin. Exp. Neurol. 137, 43-48.
60. Davar, G., Kramer, M. F., Garber, M. F., Roca, A. L., Anderson, J. K., Bebrin, W., Coen, D. M., Kosz-Vnenchak, M., Knipe, D. M. and Breakfield, X. O. (1994) Comparitive efficacy of expression of genes delivered to mouse sensory neurons with herpes virus vectors. J. Comp. Neurol. 339, 3-11.
61. Davidson, B. L., Allen, E. D., Kozarsky, K. F., Wilson, J. M. and Roessler, B. J. (1993) A model system for in vivo gene transfer into the CNS using an adenoviral vector. Nat. Genet. 3, 219-223.
62. Davidson, B. L., Doran, S. E., Shewach, D. S., Latta, J. L., Hartman, J. W. and Roesler, B. J. (1994) Expression of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase and rat HPRT in the CNS of Macaca mulatta following adenoviral mediated gene transfer. Exp. Neurol. 125, 258-267.
63. Davidson, B. L. (1994) in vivo transfer of a reporter gene to the retina mediated by an adenoviral vector. Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 35, 2543-2549.
64. Davison, M. J., Preston, V. G. and McGeoch, D. J. (1984) Determination of the sequence alteration in the DNA of the herpes simplex virus type 1 temperature-sensitive mutant tsK. J. Gen. Virol. 65, 859-863.
65. Dedieu, J.-F., Vigne, E., Torrent, C., Jullien, C., Mahfouz, I., Caillaud, J.-M., Aubailly, N., Orsini, C., Guillaume, J.-M., Opolon, P., Delaere, Perricaudet, M. and Yeh, P. (1997) Long-term gene delivery into the livers of immunocompetent mice with E1/E4-defective adenoviruses. J. Virol. 71, 4626-4637.
66. Dekker, A. J., Winkler, J., Ray, J., Thal, L. J. and Gage, F. H. (1994) Grafting of nerve growth factor-producing fibroblasts reduces behavioral deficits in rats with lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Neurosci. 60, 299-309.
67. DeLuca, N. A. and Schaffer, P. A. (1985) Activation of immediate-early, early, and late promoters by temperature-sensitive and wild-type forms of herpes simplex virus type 1 protein ICP4. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 558-570.
68. Devi-Rao, G. B., Goddart, S. A., Hecht, L. M., Rochford, R., Rice, M. K. and Wagner, E. K. (1991) Relationship between polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts. J. Virol. 65, 2179-2190.
69. Dijkhuizen, P. A., Hermens, W.T.J.M.C., Teunis, M.A.T., and Verhaagen, J. (1997) Adenoviral vector-directed expression of neurotrophin-3 in rat dorsal root ganglion explants results in a robust neurite outgrowth response. J. Neurobiol. 33, 172-184.
70. Dijkhuizen, P. A., Pasterkamp, R. J., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., de Winter, F., Giger, R. J., and Verhaagen, J. (1998) Adenoviral vector-mediated gene delivery to injured rat peripheral nerve. J. Neurotrauma, in press.
71. Dittrich, F., Thoenen, H. and Sendtner, M. (1994) Ciliary neurotrophic factor: pharmacokinetics and acute phase response. Ann. Neurol. 35, 151-163.
72. Dixon, R. A. F. and Schaffer, P. A. (1980) Fine-structure mapping and functional analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants in the gene encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early protein VP175.3. J. Virol. 36, 189-203.
73. Dobson, A. T. F., Sederati, F., Devi-Rao, G., Flanagan, W. M., Farrell, M. J., Stevens, J. G., Wagner, E. K. and Feldman, L. T. (1989) Identification of the latency associated transcript promoter by expression of rabbit β-globin mRNA in mouse sensory nerve ganglia latently infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 63, 3844-3851.
74. Dobson, A. T., Margolis, T. P., Sederati, F., Stevens, J. G. and Feldman, L. T. (1990) A latent, non-pathogenic HSV-1-derived vector stably expresses β-galactosidase in mouse neurons. Neuron 5, 353-360.
75. Doerig, C., Pizer, L. I. and Wilcox, C. L. (1991) An antigen encoded by the latency-associated transcripts in neuronal cell cultures latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 65, 2724-2727.
76. Doran, S. E., Ren, X. D., Betz, A. L., Pagel, M. A., Neuwelt, E. A., Roessler, B. J. and Davidson, B. L. (1995) Gene expression from recombinant viral vectors in the central nervous system after blood-brain barrier disruption. Neurosurg. 36, 965-970.
77. Douglas, J. T., Rogers, B. E., Rosenfeld, M. E., Michel, S. I., Feng, M. and Curiel, D. (1996) Targeted gene delivery by tropism-modified adenoviral vectors. Nature Biotechn. 14, 1574-1578.
78. Draghia, R., Caillaud, C., Manicom, R., Pavirani, A., Kahn, A. and Poenaru, L. (1995) Gene delivery into the central nervous system by nasal instillation in rats. Gene ther. 2, 418-423.
79. Dubois-Dauphin, M., Frankowski, H., Tsujimoto, Y., Huarte, J. and Martinou, J. C. (1994) Neonatal motoneurons overexpressing the bcl-2 protooncogene in transgenic mice are protected from axotomy-induced cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3309-3313.
80. During, M. J., Naegale, J. R., O'Malley, K. L. and Geller, A. I. (1994) Long-term behavioural recovery in Parkinsonian rats by an HSV vector expressing tyrosine hydroxylase. Science 266, 1399-1403.
81. Edelman, G. M. (1976) Surface modulation in cell recognition and cell growth. Science 192, 218-226.
82. Engelhardt, J. F., Ye, X., Doranz, B. and Wilson, J. M. (1994) Ablation of E2a in recombinant adenoviruses improves transgene expression and decreases inflammatory response in mouse liver. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6196-6200.
83. Ensinger, M. and Ginsberg, H. (1972) Selection and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 adenovirus. J. Virol. 10, 328-339.
84. Ernfors, P., Lee, K.-F. and Jeanisch, R. (1994) Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits. Nature 386, 147-150.
85. Evans, R. M., Fraser, N., Ziff, E., Weber, J., Wilson, M. and Darnell, J. E. (1977) The initiation sites for RNA transcription in Ad2 DNA. Cell 12, 733-739.
86. Federoff, H. J., Geschwind, M. D., Geller, A. I. and Kessler, J. A. (1992) Expression of nerve growth factor in vivo from a defective herpes simplex virus 1 vector prevents effects of axotomy on sympathetic ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 89, 1636-1640.
87. Felgner, P. L. (1996) Improvements in cationic liposomes for in vivo gene transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 1791-1793.
88. Felgner, P. L. (1997) Nonviral strategies for gene therapy. Scient. Am., June, pp. 86-90.
89. Finiels, F., Gimenez y Ribotta, M., Barkats, M., Samolyk, M., Robert, J., Privat, A., Revah, F. and Mallet, J. (1995) Specific and efficient gene transfer strategy offers new potentialities for the treatment of motor neurone diseases. Neuroreport 7, 373-378.
90. Fink, D. J., Sternberg, L. R., Weber, P. C., Mata, M., Goins, W. F. and Glorioso, J. S. (1992) in vivo expression of β-galactosidase in hippocampal neurons by HSV-mediated gene transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. 3, 11-19.
91. Fisher, K. J., Choi, H., Burda, J., Chen, S. and Wilson, J. M. (1996) Recombinant adenovirus deleted of all viral genes for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis. Virology 217, 11-22.
92. Fisher, K. J., Jooss, K., Alston, J., Yang, Y., Haecker, S. E., High, K., Pathak, R., Raper, S. E. and Wilson, J. M. (1997) Recombinant adeno-associated virus for muscle directed gene therapy. Nature Med. 3, 306-312.
93. Fisher, L. J., Jinnah, H. A., Kale, L. C., Higgins, G. A. and Gage, F. H. (1991) Survival and function of intrastriatally grafted primary fibroblasts genetically modified to produce L-DOPA. Neuron 6, 371-380.
94. Fisher, L. J., Schinstein, M., Salvaterra, P., Dekker, A. J., Thal, L. and Gage, F. H. (1993) In vivo production and release of acetylcholine from primary fibroblasts genetically modified to express choline acetyltransferase. J. Neurochem. 61, 1323-1332.
95. Fisher, L. J. (1995) Engineered cells: a promising therapeutic approach for neural disease. Rest. Neurol. Neurosci. 8, 49-57.
96. Fisher, W., Björklund, A., Williams, L. R., Varma, S. and Gage, F. H. (1987) Amelioration of cholinergic neuron atrophy and spatial memory impairment in aged rats by nerve growth factor. Nature 329, 65-68.
97. Flannery, J. G., Zolotukhin, S., Isabel Vaquero, M., La Vail, M. M., Muzyczka, N. and Heuswirth, W. W. (1997) Efficient photoreceptor-targeted gene expression in vivo by recombinant adeno-associated virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 6916-6921.
98. Flotte, T. R., Barraza-Ortiz, X., Solow, R., Afione, S. A., Carter, B. J. and Guggino, W. B. (1995) An improved system for packaging recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors capable of in vivo transduction. Gene Ther. 2, 29-37.
99. Fraefel, C., Song, S., Lim, F., Lang, P., Yu, L., Wang, Y., Wild, P. and Geller, A. I. (1996) Helper virus-free transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 plasmid vectors into neural cells. J. Virol. 70, 7190-7197.
100. Frim, D. M., Uhler, T. A., Short, M. P., Ezzedine, Z. D., Klagsbrun, M., Breakefield, X. O., and Isacson, O. (1993a) Effects of biologically delivered NGF, BDNF, and bFGF on striatal excitotoxic lesions. Neuroreport 4, 367-370.
101. Frim, D. M., Simpson, J., Uhler, T. A., Short, M. P., Bossie, S. R., Breakefield, X. O., and Isacson, O. (1993b) Striatal degeneration induced by mitochondrial blockade is prevented by biologically delivered NGF. J. Neurosci. Res. 35, 452-458.
102. Frim, D. M., Yee, W. M., and Isacson, O. (1993c) NGF reduces striatal excitotoxic neuronal loss without affecting concurrent neuronal stress. Neuroreport 4, 655-658.
103. Frim, D. M., Short, M. P., Rosenberg, W. S., Simpson, J., Breakefield, X. O., and Isacson, O. (1993d) Local protective effects of nerve growth factor-secreting fibroblasts against excitotoxic lesions in the rat striatum. J. Neurosurg. 78, 267-273.
104. Frim, D. M., Uhler, T. A., Galpern, W. R., Beal, M. F., Breakfield, X. O., and Isacson, O. (1994a) Implanted fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5104-5108.
105. Frim, D. M., Wullner, U., Beal, M. F., and Isacson, O. (1994b) Implanted NGF-producing fibroblasts induce catalase and modify ATP levels but do not affect glutamate receptor binding or NMDA receptor expression in the rat striatum. Exp. Neurol. 128, 172-180.
106. Fritsch, E. F. and Temin, H. M. (1977) Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with avian retroviruses. J. Virol. 24, 461-469.
107. Gage, F. H., Wolff, J. A., Rosenberg, M. B., Xy, L., Yee, J. L., Shults, C. and Friedman, T. (1987) Grafting genetically modified cells to the brain: possibilities for the future. Neuroscience 23, 795-807.
108. Gage, F. H. and Fisher, L. J. (1991) Intracerebral grafting: a tool for the neurobiologist. Neuron 6, 1-12.
109. Gage, F. H., Kawaja, M. D. and Fisher, L. J. (1991) Genetically modified cells: applications for intracerebral grafting. Trends Neurosci. 14, 328-333.
110. Gao, G., Yang, Y. and Wilson, J. M. (1996) Biology of adenovirus vectors with E1 and E4 deletions for liver-directed gene therapy. J. Virol. 70, 8934-8943.
111. Geddes, B. J., Harding, T. C., Hughes, D. S., Byrnes, A. P., Lightman, S. L., Conde, G. and Uney, J. B. (1996) Persistent transgene expression in the hypothalamus following stereotactic delivery of a recombinant adenovirus: Suppression of the immune response with cyclosporin. Endocrinology 137, 5166-5169.
112. Geller, A. I. and Breakfield, X. O. (1988) A defective HSV-1 vector expresses Escherichia coli β-galactosidase in cultured peripheral neurons. Science 241, 1667-1669.
113. Geller, A. I. and Freeze, A. (1990) Infection of cultured central nervous system neurons with a defective herpes simplex virus 1 vector results in stable expression of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1149-1153.
114. Geller, A. I., Keyomarski, K., Bryan, J. and Pardee, A. B. (1990) An efficient deletion mutant packaging system for defective HSV-1 vectors, potential applications to neuronal physiology and human gene therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8950-8954.
115. Geschwind, M. D., Kessler, J. A., Geller, A. I. and Federoff, H. J. (1994) Transfer of the nerve growth factor gene into cell lines and cultured neurons using defective herpes simplex vector. Mol. Brain Res. 24, 327-335.
116. Geschwind, M. D., Hartnick, C. J., Liu, W., Amat, J., Van de Water, T. R. and Federoff, H. J. (1996) Defective HSV-1 vector expressing BDNF in auditory ganglia elicits neurite outgrowth: model for treatment of neuron loss following cochlear degeneration. Hum. Gene Ther. 1, 173-182.
117. Ghadge, G. D., Roos, R. P., Kang, U. J., Wollmann, R., Fishman, P. S., Kalynych, A. M., Barr, E. and Leiden, J. M. (1995) CNS delivery by retrograde transport of recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses. Gene Ther. 2, 132-137.
118. Ginsberg, H. S., Lundholm-Beauchamp, U., Horswood, R. L., Pernis, B., Wold, W. S. M., Chanock, R. M. and Prince, G. A. (1989) Role of early region 3 (E3) in pathogenesis of Adenovirus disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3823-3827.
119. Giger, R. J., Ziegler, U., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Kunz, B., Kunz, S. and Sonderegger, P. (1997) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in neurons: construction and characterization of a vector for heterologous expression of the axonal cell adhesion molecule axonin-1. J. Neurosci. Meth. 71, 99-111.
120. Giménez y Ribotta, M., Revah, F., Pradier, L., Loquet, I., Mallet, J. and Privat, A. (1997) Prevention of motoneuron death by adenovirus-mediated neurotrophic factors. J. Neurosci. Res. 48, 281-285.
121. Goldman, M. J., Litzy, L. A., Engelhardt, J. F. and Wilson, J. M. (1995) Transfer of the CFTR gene to the lung of nonhuman primates with E1-deleted, E2a-defective recombinant adenoviruses: a preclinical toxicology study. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 839-851.
122. Gooding, L. R. (1992) Virus proteins that counteract the host immune defences. Cell 71, 5-7.
123. Gorziglia, M. I., Kadan, M. J., Yei, S., Lim, J., Lee, G. M., Luthra, R. and Trapnell, B. C. (1996) Elimination of both E1 and E2a from adenovirus vectors further improves prospects for in vivo human gene therapy. J. Virol. 70, 4173-4178.
124. Gravel, C., Götz, R., Lorrain, A. and Sendtner, M. (1997) Adenoviral gene transfer of ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor leads to long-term survival of axotomized motor neurons. Nature Med. 3, 765-770.
125. Greber, U. F., Willets, M., Webster, P. and Helenius, A. (1993) Stepwise dismantling of adenovirus 2 during entry into cells. Cell 75, 477-486.
126. Green, M. R., Straus, S. E. and Roeder, R. G. (1980) Transcripts of the adenovirus-associated virus genome: Mapping of the major RNAs. J. Virol. 36, 79-92.
127. Green, M. R., and Roeder, R. G. (1980a) Definition of a novel promoter for the major adenovirus-associated virus mRNA. Cell 1, 231-241.
128. Green, M. R., and Roeder, R. G. (1980b) Transcripts of the adeno-associated virus genome: mapping of the major RNA's. J. Virol. 36, 79-92.
129. Griesbeck, O., Parsadanian, A. S., Sendtner, M. and Thoenen, H. (1995) Expression of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle: quantitative comparison and significance for motoneuron survival and maintenance of function. J. Neurosci. Res. 42, 21-33.
130. Grill, R., Murai, K., Blesch, A., Gage, F. H. and Tuszinski, M. H. (1997) Cellular delivery of neurotrophin-3 promotes cortical axonal growth and partial functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 17, 5560-5572.
131. Haase, G., Kennel, P., Pettmann, E., Vigne, E., Akli, S., Revah, F., Schmalbruch, H. and Kahn, A. (1997) Gene therapy of murine motor neuron disease using adenoviral vectors for neurotrophic factors. Nature Medicine 3, 429-436.
132. Halbert, D. N., Cutt, J. R. and Shenk, T. (1985) Adenovirus early region 4 encodes functions required for efficient DNA replication, late gene expression, and host cell shutoff. J. Virol. 56, 250-257.
133. Hardy, S., Kitamura, M., Harris-stansil, T., Dai, Y. and Phipps, M. L. (1997) Construction of adenovirus vectors through Crelox recombinase. J. Virol. 71, 1842-1849.
134. Harel, J., Rassart, E. and Jolicoeur, P. (1981) Cell cycle dependence of synthesis of unintegrated viral DNA in mouse cells newly infected with murine leukemia virus. Virology 110, 202-207.
135. Hashimoto, M., Aruga, J., Hosoya, Y., Kanegae, Y., Saito, I. and Mikoshiba, K. (1996) A neural cell-type-specific expression system using recombinant adenoviraus vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 149-158.
136. Heine, J. W., Honess, R. W., Cassai, E. and Roizman, B. (1974) Proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. XII. The virion polypeptides of type I strains. J. Virol. 14, 640-651.
137. Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Giger, R. J., Holtmaat, A. J. G. D., Dijkhuizen, P. A., Houweling, D. A. and Verhaagen, J. (1997) Transient gene transfer to neurons and glia: analysis of adenoviral vector performance in the CNS and PNS. J. Neurosci. Meth. 71, 85-98.
138. Hermens, W. T. J. M. C. and Verhaagen, J. (1997) Adenoviral vector-mediated gene expression in the nervous system of immunocompetent Wistar and T cell-deficient nude rats: preferential survival of transduced astroglial cells in nude rats.. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 1049-1063.
139. Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., and Verhaagen, J. (1998) Suppression of inflammation by dexamethasone prolongs adenoviral vector-mediated transgene expression in the facial nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. Bull., in press.
140. Hermonat, P. L., Labow, M. A., Wright, R., Berns, K. I. and Muzyczka, N. (1984) Genetics of adeno-associated virus: isolation and preliminary characterization of adeno-associated virus type 2 mutants. J. Virol. 51, 329-333.
141. Hermonat, P. L. and Muzyczka, N. (1984) Use of adeno-associated virus as a mammalian DNA cloning vector: transduction of neomycin resistence in mammalian tissue culture cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6466-6470.
142. Ho, D. Y. and Mocarski, E. S. (1988) β-galactosidase as a marker in the peripheral neural tissues of the herpes simplex virus-infected mouse. Virology 167, 279-283.
143. Ho, D. Y. and Mocarski, E. S. (1989) Herpes simplex virus latent RNA (LAT) is not required for latent infection in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7596-7600.
144. Ho, D. Y., Mocarski, E. S. and Sapolski, R. M. (1993) Altering central nervous system physiology with a defective herpes simplex virus vector expressing the glucose transporter gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3655-3659.
145. Ho, D. Y., Lawrence, M. S., Meier, T. J., Fink, S. L., Dash, R., Saydam, T. C. and Sapolsky, R. M. (1995) Use of herpes simplex virus vectors for protection from necrotic neuron death. In: Viral Vectors: Gene therapy and neuroscience applications, pp. 133-155. Eds. M. G. Kaplitt and A. D. Loewy.
146. Hoelscher, C., Hoerer, M., Kleinsmidt, J. A., Zentgraf, H., Buerkle, A. and Heilbronn, R. (1994) Cell lines inducibly expressing the adeno-associated virus (AAV) rep gene: requirements for productive replication of rep-negative AAV mutants. J. Virol. 68, 7169-7177.
147. Hoggan, M. D., Blacklow, N. R. and Rowe, W. P. (1966) Studies of small DNA viruses found in various adenovirus preparations: physical, biological and immunological characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 55, 1467-1474.
148. Hoggan, M. D., Thomas, G. F., and Johnson, F. B. (1972) Continuous "carriage" of the adenovirus-associated virus genome in cell cultures in the absence of helper adenoviruses. In The Proceedings of the Fourth Lepedit Colloquium, pp. 243, Cocoyac, Mexico, North-Holland Publ. Amsterdam.
149. Holtmaat, A. J. G. D., Dijkhuizen, P. A., Oestreicher, A. B., Romijn, H. J., Van der Lugt, N. M. T., Berns, A., Margolis, F. L., Gispen, W. H. and Verhaagen, J. (1995) Directed expression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP-43 to olfactory neurons in transgenic mice results in changes in axon morphology and extraglomerular growth. J. Neurosci. 15, 7953-7965.
150. Holtmaat, A. J. G. D., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Oestreicher, A. B., Gispen, W. H., Kaplitt, M. G. and Verhaagen, J. (1996) Efficient adenoviral vector directed expression of a foreign gene to neurons and sustentacular cells in the mouse olfactory neuroepithelium. Mol. Brain Res. 41, 148-156.
151. Holtmaat, A. J. G. D., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Sonnemans, M. A. F., Giger, R. J., Van Leeuwen, F. W., Kaplitt, M. G., Oestreicher, A. B., Gispen, W. H. and Verhaagen, J. (1997) Adenoviral vector-mediated expression of B-50/GAP-43 induces alterations in the membrane organization of olfactory axon terminals in vivo. J. Neurosci. 17, 6575-6586.
152. Horellou, P., Marlier, L., Privat, A., and Mallet, J. (1990a) Behavioural effect of engineered cells that synthesize L-DOPA or dopamine after grafting into the rat neostriatum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 116-119.
153. Horellou, P., Brundin, P., Kalen, P., Mallet, J., and Björklund, A. (199Ob) In vivo release of DOPA and dopamine from genetically engineered cells grafted to the denervated rat striatum. Neuron 5, 393-402.
154. Horellou, P., Vigne, E., Castel, M., Barneoud, P., Colin, P., Perricaudet, M., Declaere, P. and Mallet, J. (1994) Direct intracerebral gene transfer of an adenoviral vector expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. NeuroReport 6, 49-53.
155. Huang, Q., Vonsattel, J., Schaffer, P. A., Martuza, R. L., Breakefield, X. O. and DiFiglia, M. (1992) Introduction of a foreign gene (Escherichia coli LacZ) into rat neostriatal neurons using herpes simplex virus mutants: a light and electron microscopic study. Exp. Neurol. 115, 303-316.
156. Huard, J., Lochmuller, H., Ascadi, G., Jani, A., Massie, B. and Karpati, G. (1995) The route of administration is a major determinant of the transduction efficiency of rat tissues by adenoviral recombinants. Gene Ther. 2, 107-115.
157. Ikari, H., Zhang, L., Chernak, J. M., Mastrangeli, A., Kato, S., Kuo, H., Crystal, R. G., Ingram, D. K. and Roth, G. S. (1995) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of dopamine D2 receptor cDNA into rat striatum. Mol. Brain Res. 34, 315-320.
158. Imperiale, M. J., Kao, H. T., Feldman, L. T., Nevins, J. R. and Strickland, S. (1984) Comman control of the heat shock gene and early adenovirus genes: evidence for a cellular E1A-like activity. Mot. Cell. Biol. 4, 867-874.
159. Jin, B. K., Belloni, M., Conti, B., Federoff, H. J., Starr, R., Son, J. H., Baker, H. and Job, T. H. (1996) Prolonged in vivo gene expression driven by a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter in a defective herpes simplex virus vector. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 2015-2024.
160. Johnson, F. B., Ozer, H. L. and Hoggan, M. D. (1971) Structural proteins of adenovirus type 3. J. Virol. 8, 860-863.
161. Johnson, F. B., Thomson, T. A., Taylor, P. A. and Vlazny, D. A. (1977) Molecular similarities among the adenovirus associated virus polypeptides and evidence of precursor protein. Virology 82, 1-13.
162. Johnson, P. A., Miyanohara, A., Levine, F., Cahill, T. and Freidman, T. (1992) Cytotoxicity of a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 66, 2952-2965.
163. Johnson, P. A., Wang, M. J. and Freidman, T. (1994) Improved cell survival by the reduction of immediate-early gene expression in replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 but not by a mutation in the virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 68, 6347-6362.
164. Johnson, H., Hökfelt, T. and Ulfhake, B. (1996) Decreased expression of TrkB and TrkC mRNA in spinal motor neurons of aged rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 494-499.
165. Jomary, C., Piper, T. A., Dickson, G., Couture, L. A., Smith, A. E., Neal, M. J. and Jones, S. E. (1994) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into murine retinal cells in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 347, 117-122.
166. Jones, N. and Shenk, T. (1979) An adenovirus type 5 early gene function regulates expression of other early viral genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3665-3669.
167. Joyner, A. L., Herrup, K., Auerbach, B. A., Davis, C. A. and Rossant, J. (1991) Subtle cerebellar phenotype in mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the En-2 homeobox. Science 251, 1239-1242.
168. Kammesheidt, A., Ito, K., Villarreal, L. P. and Sumikawa, K. (1996) Transduction of hippocampal CA1 by adenovirus in vivo. Brain Res. 736, 297-304.
169. Kang, U. J. (1995) Genetic modification of cells with retrovirus vectors for grafting into the central nervous system. In Viral Vectors: Gene Therapy and Neuroscience Applications, pp. 211-237, Eds. M. G. Kaplitt and A. D. Loewy. Acad. Press, NY.
170. Kaplitt, M. G., Pfaus, J. G., Kleopoulos, S. P., Hanlon, B. A., Rabkin, S. D. and Pfaff, D. W. (1991) Expression of a functional foreign gene in adult mammalian brain following in vivo transfer via a herpes simplex virus type 1 defective viral vector. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2, 320-330.
171. Kaplitt, M. G., Kwong, A. D., Kleopoulos, S. P., Mobbs, C. V., Rabkin, S. D. and Pfaff, D. W. (1994a) Preproenkaphalin promoter yieds region-specific and long-term expression in adult brain after direct in vivo gene transfer via a defective herpes simplex viral vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8979-8983.
172. Kaplitt, M. G., Leone, P., Samulski, R. J., Xiao, X., Pfaff, D. W., O'Malley, K. L. and During, M. J. (1994b) Long-term gene expression and phenotypic correction using adeno-associated virus vectors in the mammalian brain. Nat. Genet. 8: 148-154.
173. Kajiwara, K., Byrnes, A. P., Charlton, H. M., Wood, M. J. A. and Wood, K. J. (1997) Immune responses to adenoviral vectors during gene transfer in the brain. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 253-265.
174. Kawaja, M. D. and Gage, F. H. (1991) Reactive astrocytes are substrates for the growth of adult CNS axons in the presence of elevated levels of nerve growth factor. Neuron 7, 1019-1030.
175. Kawaja, M. J., Rosenberg, M. B., Yoshida, K. and Gage, F. H. (1992) Somatic gene transfer of nerve growth factor promotes the survival of axotomized septal neurons and the regeneration of their axons in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 12, 2849-2864.
176. Kenny, M. K. (1984) In The Adenoviruses, pp. 271-308. Ed. H. S. Ginsberg. Plenum, New York.
177. Kenny, M. K., Baloch, L. A. and Hurwitz, J. (1988) Initiation of adenovirus DNA replication. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9801-9808.
178. Kesari, S., Randazzo, B. P., Valyi-Nagy, Y., Huang, Q. S., Brown, S. M., MacLean, A. R., Lee, V. M., Trojanowski, J. Q. and Fraser, N. W. (1995) Therapy of experimental human brain tumors using a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus mutant. Lab. Invest. 73, 636-648.
179. Kesari, S., Lee, V. M., Brown, S. M., Trojanowski, J. Q. and Fraser, N. W. (1996) Selective vulnerability of mouse CNS neurons to latent infection with a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus-1. J. Neurosci. 16, 5644-5653.
180. Kit, S. and Dubbs, D. R. (1963) Acquisition of the thymidine kinase activity by herpes simplex infected mouse fibroblast cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 11, 55-59.
181. Klessig, K. F., Brough, K. E. and Cleghon, V. (1984) Introduction, stable integration, and controlled expression of a chimeric adenovirus gene whose product is toxic to the recipient human cell. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 1354-1362.
182. Klein, R., Smeyne, R. J., Wurst, W., Long, L. K., Auerbach, B. A., Joyner, A. L. and Barbacid, M. (1993) Targeted disruption of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor gene results in nervous system lesions and neuronal death. Cell 75, 113-122.
183. Kochanek, S., Clemens, P. R., Mitani, K., Chen, H., Chan, S. and Caskey, C. T. (1996) A new adenoviral vector: replacement of all viral coding sequences with 28 kb of DNA independently expressing both full-length dystrophin and β-galactosidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5731-5736.
184. Kojima, H., Inuzuka, S., Miwa, T., Furukawa, S., Hayashi, K., Kanegae, Y., Saito, I., Ohishi, N., Takamori, M. and Yagi, K. (1995) Construction and characterization of adenoviral vector expressing biological active brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 212, 712-717.
185. Korsching, S. (1993) The neurotrophic factor concept: a reexamination. J. Neurosci. 13, 2739-2748.
186. Kotin, R. M., Siniscalo, M., Samulski, R. J., Zhu, X., Hunter, L., Laughlin, C. A., McLaughlin, S., Muzyczka, N., Rocchi, M. and Berns, K. I. (1990) Site-specific integration by adeno-associated virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 2211-2215.
187. Kotin, R. M., Menninger, J. C., Ward, D. C. and Berns, K. I. (1991) Mapping and direct visualization of a region-specific viral DNA integration on chromosome 19q13-qter. Genomics 10, 831-841.
188. Kuo, H., Ingram, D. K., Crystal, R. G. and Mastrangeli, A. (1995) Retrograde transfer of replication deficient recombinant adenovirus vector in the central nervous system for tracing studies. Brain Res. 705, 31-38.
189. Krasnykh, V. N., Mikheeva, G. V., Douglas, J. T. and Curiel, D. T. (1996) Generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors with modified fibers for altering viral trophism. J. Virol. 70, 6839-6846.
190. Kristjansson, G. I., Zwiers, H., Oestreicher, A. B. and Gispen, W. H. (1982) Evidence that the synaptic phosphoprotein B-50 is localized exclusively in nerve tissue. J. Neurochem. 39, 371-378.
191. Krougliak, V. and Graham, F. L. (1995) Development of cell lines capable of complementing E1, E4, and protein IX defective adenovirus type 5 mutants. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 1575-1586.
192. Kwong, A. D. and Frenkel, N. (1987) Herpes simplex virus-infected cells contain a function(s) that destabalizes both host and viral mRNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1926-1930.
193. Labow, M. A. and Berns, K. I. (1988) The adeno-associated virus rep gene inhibits replication of an adeno-associated virus/simian virus 40 hybrid genome in cos-7 cells. J. Virol. 62, 1705-1712.
194. Laughlin, C. A., Westphale, H. and Carter, B. J. (1979) Spliced adenovirus-associated virus RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 5567-5571.
195. Laughlin, C. A., Tratschin, J. D. and Carter, B. J. (1983) Cloning of infectious adeno-associated virus genomes in bacterial plasmids. Gene 23, 65-73.
196. Lawrence, M. S., Ho, D. Y., Dash, R. and Sapolsky, R. M. (1995) Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7247-7251.
197. Lawrence, M. S., Ho, D. Y., Sun, G. H., Steinberg, G. K. and Sapolsky, R. M. (1996) Overexpression of Bcl-2 with herpes simplex virus vectors protects CNS neurons against neurological insults in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurosci. 16, 486-496.
198. Le Gal La Salle, G., Robert, J. J., Berrard, S., Ridoux, V., Stratford-Perricaudet, L. D., Perricaudet, M. and Mallet, J. (1993) An adenovirus vector for gene transfer into neurons and glia in the brain. Science 259, 988-990.
199. Leib, D. A. and Olivo, P. D. (1993) Gene delivery to neurons: is herpes simplex virus the right tool for the job? Bioessays 15, 547-554.
200. Levi-Montalcini, R. (1982) Developmental neurobiology and the natural history of nerve growth factor. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 341-362.
201. Lewin, G. R. and Barde, Y. (1996) Physiology of the neurotrophins. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 289-317.
202. Li, T., Adamian, M., Roof, D. J., Berson, E. L., Dryja, T. P., Roessler, B. J. and Davidson, B. L. (1994) in vivo transfer of a reporter gene to the retina mediated by an adenoviral vector. Invest. Opthat. Vis. Sci. 35, 2543-2549.
203. Li, J., Samulski, R. J. and Xiao, X. (1997) Role for highly regulated rep gene expression in adeno-associated virus vector production. J. Virol. 71, 5236-5243.
204. Lieber, A., He, C., Kirillova, I. and Kay, M. A. (1996) Recombinant adenoviruses with large deletions generated by cre-mediated excision exhibited different biological properties compared with first-generation vectors in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 70, 8944-8960.
205. Lim, F., Starr, P., Song, S., Hertley, D., Lang, P., Wang, Y., and Geller, A. I. (1994) Methods for using a defective HSV-1 vector system. In DNA cloning: Mammalian systems. Ed. Glover, D.
206. Linnik, M. D., Zahos, P., Geschwind, M. D. and Federoff, H. J. (1995) Expression of Bcl-2 from a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector limits neuronal death in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 26, 1670-1674.
207. Lisovoski, F., Cadusseau, J., Akli, S., Caillaud, C., Vigne, E., Poenaru, L., Stratford-Perricaudet, L., Perricaudet, M., Kahn, A. and Peschanski, M. R. (1994) In vivo transfer of a marker gene to study motoneuronal development. Neuroreport 5, 1069-1072.
208. Lisovoski, F., Peltekian, E., Akli, S., Vigne, E., Bouchard, C., Haase, G., Dreyfus, P., Perricaudet, M., Kahn, A. and Peschanski, M. (1995) Using adenoviral vectors to transfer the CNTF gene into the CNS. Rest. Neurol. Neurosci. 8, 45-46.
209. Lisovoski, F., Wahrman, J. P., Pages, J. C., Cadusseau, J., Rieu, M., Weber, A., Kahn, A., and Peschanski, M. (1997a) Long-term histological follow-up of genetically modified myoblasts grafted into the brain. Mol. Brain Res. 44, 125-133.
210. Lisovoski, F., Akli, S., Peltekian, E., Vigne, E., Haase, G., Perricaudet, M., Dreyfus, P. A., Kahn, A., and Peschanski, M. (1997b) Phenotypic alteration of astrocytes induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor in the intact adult brain, as revealed by ade-novirus-mediated gene transfer. J. Neurosci. 17, 7228-7236.
211. Liu, Y., Himes, B. T., Moul, J., Huang, W., Chow, S. Y., Tessler, A. and Fischer, I. (1997) Application of recombinant adenovirus for in vivo gene delivery to spinal cord. Brain Res. 768, 19-29.
212. Lowenstein, P. R. (1994) Molecular neurosurgery: mending the broken brain. Gene Therapy for neurological disease? BioTechnol. 12, 1075-1079.
213. Longnecker, R. and Roizman, B. (1986) Generation of an inverted herpes simplex virus 1 mutant lacking the L-S junction a sequence, an origin of DNA synthesis, and several genes including those specifying glycoprotein E and the α47 gene. J. Virol. 58, 583-591.
214. Longnecker, R. and Roizman, B. (1987) Clustering of genes dispensible for growth in culture in the small component of the HSV-1 genome. Science 236, 573-579.
215. Lowenstein, P. R., Wilkinson, G. W. G., Castro, M. G., Shering, A. F., Fooks, A. R., and Bain, D. (1996) Non-neurotropic adenovirus: a vector for gene transfer to the brain and possible gene therapy of neurological disorders. In Neuroscience perspectives: Genetic manipulation of the nervous system, pp. 11-39, Eds. P. Jenner and D. Latchman. Academic Press.
216. Lusby, E. and Berns, K. I. (1982) Mapping of the 5′ termini of two adeno-associated virus 2 RNAs in the left half of the genome. J. Virol. 41, 518-526.
217. Mackem, S. and Roizman, B. (1982) Structural features of the herpes simplex virus alpha gene 4, 0, and 27 promoter-regulatory sequences which confer alpha regulation on chimeric thymidine kinase genes. J. Virol. 44, 939-949.
218. + between immediate early gene 1 and the "a" sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 631-639.
219. Mandel, R. J., Spratt, S. K., Snyder, R. O. and Leff, S. E. (1997) Midbrain injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding rat glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects nigral neurons in a progressive 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration model of Parkinson's disease in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14083-14088.
220. Maidment, N. T., Tan, A. M., Bloom, D. C., Anton, B., feldman, L. T. and Stevens, J. G. (1996) Expression of the LacZ reporter gene in the rat basal forebrain, hippocampus, and nigrostriatal pathway using a non-replicating herpes simplex vector. Exp. Neurol. 139, 107-114.
221. Martinou, J. C., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Staple, J. K., Ridriguez, I., Frankowski, H., Missotten, M., Albertini, P., Talabot, D., Catsicas, S. and Pietra, C. et al. (1994) Overexpression of bcl-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occuring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron 13, 1017-1030.
222. McCown, T. J., Xiao, X., Li, J., Breese, G. R. and Samulski, R. J. (1996) Differential and persistent expression patterns of CNS gene transfer by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. Brain Res. 713, 99-107.
223. McLaughlin, S. K., Collis, P., Hermonat, P. L. and Muzyczka, N. (1988) Adeno-associated virus general transduction vectors: analysis of proviral structures. J. Virol. 62, 1963-1973.
224. Micheal, S., Huang, C., Romer, M., Wagner, E., Hu, P. and Curiel, D. (1995) Addition of a shortpeptide ligand to the adenovirus fiber protein. Gene Ther. 2, 660-669.
225. Miller, D. G., Adam, M. A. and Miller, A. D. (1990) Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 4239-4242.
226. Miller, R. G. et al. (1996) A placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 39, 256-260.
227. Miyoshi, H., Takahashi, M., Gage, F. H. and Verma, I. M. (1997) Stable and efficient gene transfer into the retina using an HIV-based lentiviral vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10319-10323.
228. Mendelson, E., Trempe, J. P. and Carter, B. J. (1986) Identification of the trans-active rep proteins of adeno-associated virus by antibodies to a synthetic oligopeptide. J. Virol. 60, 823-832.
229. Merry, D. E. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1997) Bcl-2 gene family in the nervous system. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 20, 245-267.
230. Mitani, K., Graham, F. L., Caskey, C. T. and Kockanek, S. (1995) Rescue, propagation, and partial purification of a helper virus-dependent adenovirus vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3854-3858.
231. Naldini, L., Blomer, U., Gallay, P., Ory, D., Mulligan, R., Gage, F. H., Verma, I. M. and Trono, D. (1996) In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272, 263-267.
232. Nevins, J. R. (1987) Regulation of early adenovirus gene expression. Microbiol. Rev. 51, 419-430.
233. Oroskar, A. A. and Read, G. S. (1989) Control of mRNA stability by the virion host shut-off function of herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 63, 1897-1906.
234. Pakzaban, P., Geller, A. I. and Isacson, O. (1994) Effect of exogenous nerve growth factor on neurotoxicity of and neuronal gene delivery by herpes simplex amplicon vector in the rat brain. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 987-995.
235. Palella, T. D., Silverman, L. J., Schroll, C. T., Homa, F. L., Levine, M., Glorioso, J. C. and Kelley, W. M. (1988) Herpes simplex virus-mediated human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene transfer into neuronal cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 457-460.
236. Palella, T. D., Hidaka, Y., Silverman, L. J., Levine, M., Glorioso, J. C. and Kelley, W. M. (1989) Expression of human HPRT mRNA in brains of mice infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus-1 vector. Gene 80, 137-144.
237. Panning, B. and Smiley, J. R. (1989) Regulation of cellular genes transduced by herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 63, 1929-1937.
238. Pechan, P. A., Yoshida, T., Panahian, N., Moskowitz, M. A. and Breakefield, X. O. (1995) Genetically modified fibroblasts producing NGF protect hippocampal neurons after ischemia in the rat. Neuroreport 6, 669-672.
239. Peel, A. L., Zolotukhin, S., Schrimsher, G. W., Muzyczka, N. and Reier, P. J. (1997) Efficient transduction of green fluoresceny protein in spinal cord neurons using adeno-associated virus vectors containing cell type specific promoters. Gene Ther. 4, 16-24.
240. Piccardo, P., Maysinger, D. and Cuello, A. C. (1992) Recovery of nucleus basalis cholinergic neurons by grafting NGF secretor fibroblasts. Neuroreport 3, 353-356.
241. Pilder, S., Moore, M., Logan, J. and Shenk, T. (1986) The adeno-virus E1B-55 K transforming polypeptide modulates transport or cytoplasmic stabilization of viral and host cell mRNAs. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 470-476.
242. Preston, C. M. (1979) Control of herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA synthesis in cells infected with wild-type virus or the temperature-sensitive mutant tsK. J. Virol. 29, 275-284.
243. Rao, L., Debbas, M., Sabbatini, P., Hockenbery, D., Korsmeyer, S. and White, E. (1992) The adenovirus E1A proteins induce apoptosis, which is inhibited by the E1B 19 kDa and Bcl-2 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9974.
244. Rasty, S., Thatikunta, P., Gordon, J., Khalili, K., Amini, S. and Glorioso, J. C. (1996) Human immunodeficiency tat gene transfer to the murine central nervous system using a replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector stimulates transforming growth factor beta 1 gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6073-6078.
245. Read, G. S. and Frenkel, N. (1983) Herpes simplex virus mutants defective in the virion associated shut-off of host polypeptide synthesis and exhibiting abnormal synthesis of α (immediate-early) viral polypeptides. J. Virol. 46, 498-512.
246. Reiser, J., Harmison, G., Kluepfel-Stahl, S., Brady, R. O., Karlsson, S. and Schubert, M. (1996) Transduction of nondividing cells using pseudotyped defective high titer HIV type 1 particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15266-15271.
247. Relton, J. K. and Rothwell, N. J. (1992) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonistinhibits ischemia and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 29, 243-246.
248. Rekosh, D. M. K., Russel, W. C., Bellet, A. J. D. and Robinson, A. J. (1977) Identification of a protein linked to the ends of adenovirus DNA. Cell 11, 283-295.
249. Ridoux, V., Robert, J. J., Zhang, X., Perricaudet, M., Mallet, J. and Le Gal La Salle, G. (1994) The use of adenovirus vectors for intracerebral grafting of transfected nervous cells. NeuroReport 5, 801-804.
250. Roizman, B. and Furlong, D. (1974) The replication of herpes-viruses. In Comprehensive Virology, Vol. 3, pp. 229-403, Ed. H. Freankel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner. Plenum Press, New York.
251. Roizman, B. and Sears, A. E. (1990) Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. In Virology, second edition, pp. 1795-1841, Ed. B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, M. S. Hirsh, J. L. Melnick, T. P. Monath, and B. Roizman. Raven Press, New York.
252. Roizman, B. and Sears, A. (1992) Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. Virology 2, 1795-1887.
253. Roizman, B. and Sears, A. E. (1993) Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. In The human herpes viruses, pp. 11-68, Ed. B. Roizman, R. J. Withley, and C. Lopez. Raven Press, New York.
254. Rose, J. A., Berns, K. I., Hoggan, M. D. and Koczot, F. J. (1969) Evidence for a single-stranded adenovirus-associated virus genome: formation of a DNA density hybrid on release of viral DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 863-869.
255. Rose, J. A., Maizel, J. V., Jr, Inman, J. K. and Shatkin, A. J. (1971) Structural proteins of adenovirus-associated viruses. J. Virol. 8, 766-770.
256. Rosen, D. R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D. A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J. P. and Deng, H. X. et al. (1993) Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are asssociated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59-62.
257. Rosenberg, M. B., Friedmann, T., Robertson, R. C., Tuszynski, M., Wolff, J. A., Breakefield, X. O. and Gage, F. H. (1988) Grafting genetically modified cells to the damaged brain: restorative effects of NGF expression. Science 248, 1575-1578.
258. Rosenfeld, M. A., Yoshimura, K., Trapnell, C., Yoneyama, K., Rosenthal, E. R., Dalemans, W., Fukayama, M., Bargan, J., Stier, L. E., Stratford-Perricaudet, L., Perricaudet, M., Guggino, W. B., Pavirani, A., Lecocq, J. and Crystal, R. G. (1992) in vivo transfer of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene to the airway epithelium. Cell 68, 143-155.
259. Ruffing, M., Zentgraf, H. and Kleinsmidt, J. A. (1992) Assembly of viruslike particles by recombinant structural proteins of adeno-associated virus type 2 in insect cells. J. Virol. 66, 6922-6930.
260. Rutishauer, U. (1993) Adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3, 709-715.
261. Sabaté, O., Horellou, P., Vigne, E., Colin, P., Perricaudet, M., Buc-Caron, M. H. and Mallet, J. (1995) Transplantation to the rat brain of human neural progenitors that were genetically modified using adenoviruses. Nat. Genet. 9, 256-260.
262. Sacks, W. R., Greene, C. C., Aschman, D. A. and Schaffer, P. A. (1985) Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 is an essential regulatory protein. J. Virol. 55, 796-805.
263. Salehi, A., Verhaagen, J., Dijkhuizen, P. A. and Swaab, D. F. (1996) Colocalization of high affinity neurotrophin receptors in nucleus basalis of Meynert neurons and their differential reduction in Altzheimer's disease is not related to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurosci. 75, 373-387.
264. Samulski, R. J., Berns, K. I., Tan, M. and Muzyczka, N. (1982) Cloning of adeno-associated virus into pBR322: rescue of intact virus from the recombinant plasmid in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2077-2081.
265. Samulski, R. J., Chang, L. S. and Shenk, T. (1987) A recombinant plasmid from which an infectious adeno-associated virus genome can be excised in vitro and its use to study viral replication. J. Virol. 61, 3096-3101.
266. Samulski, R. J., Chang, L. S. and Shenk, T. (1989) Helper-free stocks of recombinant adeno-associated viruses: Normal integration does not require viral gene expression. J. Virol. 63, 3822-3828.
267. Samulski, R. J., Zhu, X., Xiao, X., Brook, J. D., Housman, D. E., Epstein, N. and Hunter, L. A. (1991) Targeted integration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into human chromosome 19. EMBO J. 10, 3941-3950.
268. Sawai, H., Clarke, D. B., Kittlerova, P., Bray, G. M. and Aguayo, A. J. (1996) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4/5 stimulate growth of axonal branches from regenerating retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 16, 3887-3894.
269. Schaack, J., Guo, X. and Langer, S. J. (1996) Characterization of a replication-incompetent adenovirus type 5 mutant deleted for the preterminal protein gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14686-14691.
270. Schnell, L., Schneider, R., Kolbeck, R., Barde, Y.-A. and Schwab, M. E. (1994) Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticalspinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion. Nature 367, 170-173.
271. Schumacher, J. M., Short, M. P., Hyman, B. T., Breakefield, X. O. and Isacson, O. (1991) Intracerebral implantation of nerve growth factor-producing fibroblasts protects striatum against neurotoxic levels of excitatory amino acids. Neurosci. 45, 561-570.
272. Senut, M-C, Suhr, S. T., and Gage, F. H. (1996) Transplantation of genetically modified non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system. In Genetic Manipulation of the nervous system, pp. 181-202, Ed. D. Latchman.
273. Sendtner, M. (1997) Gene therapy for motor neuron disease. Nature Med. 3, 380-381.
274. Shenk, T. (1995) Group C adenoviruses for gene therapy. In Viral Vectors, pp. 43-54, Eds M. G. Kaplitt and A. D. Loewy. Academic Press.
275. Shih, M. F., Arsenakis, M., Tiollais, P. and Roizman, B. (1984) Expression of hepatitis B virus S gene by herpes simplex type 1 vectors carrying α- and β-regulated gene chimeras. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 5867-5870.
276. Shy, M. E., Tani, M., Shi, Y.-J., Whyatt, S. A., Chbihi, T., Scherer, S. S. and Kamholz, J. (1995) An adenoviral vector can transfer lacZ expression into Schwann cells in culture and in sciatic nerve. Ann. Neurol. 38, 429-436.
277. Siegl, G., Bates, R. C., Berns, K. I., Carter, B. J., Kelly, D. C., Kurstuk, E. and Tattersall, P. (1985) Characteristics and taxonomy of parvovirdea. Intervirol. 23, 61-73.
278. Simmons, A., Tscharke, D., and Speck, P. (1992) The role of immune mechanisms in control of herpes simplex virus infection of the peripheral nervous system. In Herpes simplex viruses, pp. 31-56, Ed. B. T. Rouse.
279. Skene, J. H. P. and Willard, M. (1981) Axonally transported proteins associated with axon growth in rabbit central and peripheral nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 89, 96-103.
280. Smith, D. S., and Rouse, B. T. (1992) The role of T cell immunity in control of herpes simplex virus. In Herpes simplex viruses, pp. 57-74, Ed. B. T. Rouse.
281. Smith, G. M., Hale, J., Pasnikowski, E. M., Lindsay, R. M., Wong, V. and Rudge, J. S. (1996) Astrocytes infected with replication-defective adenovirus containing a secreted form of CNTF or NT-3 show enhanced support of neuronal populations in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 139, 156-166.
282. Smiley, J. R., Smibert, C. and Everett, R. D. (1987) Expression of a cellular gene cloned in herpes simplex virus: Rabbit β-globin is regulated as an early viral gene in infected fibroblasts. J. Virol. 61, 2368-2377.
283. Snyder, E. Y., Taylor, R. M. and Wolfe, J. H. (1995) Neural progenitor cell engraftment corrects lysosomal storage throughout the MPS-VII mouse brain. Nature 374, 367-374.
284. Speate, R. R. and Frenkel, N. (1982) The herpes simplex virus amplicon: a new eukaryotic defective-virus cloning amplifying vector. Cell 30, 295-304.
285. Sonderegger, P. and Rathjen, F. G. (1992) Regulation of axonal growth in the vertebrate nervous system by interaction between glycoproteins belonging to two subgroups of the immunoglobin superfamily. J. Cell Biol. 119, 1387-1394.
286. Srivastava, A., Lusby, E. W. and Berns, K. I. (1983) Nucleotide sequence and organization of the adeno-associated virus 2 genome. J. Virol. 45, 555-564.
287. Srivastava, C. H., Samulski, R. J., Lu, L., Larsen, S. H. and Srivastava, A. (1989) Construction of a recombinant human parvovirus, B19, adeno-associated 2 DNA inverted terminal repeats are functional in an AAV-B19 recombinant virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8078-8082.
288. Sternberg, N. and Hamilton, D. (1981) Bacteriophage P1 site-specific recombination. I. Recombination between loxP sites. J. Mol. Biol. 150, 467-486.
289. Stevenson, S. C., Rollence, M., Marshall-Neff, J. and McClelland, A. (1997) Selective targeting of human cells by a chimeric adenovirus vector containing a modified fiber protein. J. Virol. 71, 4782-4790.
290. Stratford-Perricaudet, L., Makeh, I., Perricaudet, M. and Briand, P. (1992) Widespread long-term gene transfer to mouse skeletal muscles and heart. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 626-630.
291. Strömberg, I., Wetmore, C. J., Ebendal, T., Ernfors, P., Persson, H. and Olson, L. (1990) Resecue of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after implantation of genetically modified cells producing recombinant NGF. J. Neurosci. Res. 25, 405-411.
292. Taha, M. Y., Clements, G. B., and Brown, S. M. (1989a) The herpes simplex virus type2 (HG52) variant JH2604 has a 1488 bp deletion which eliminates neurovirulence in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 3073-3078.
293. 1 between 0 to 0.02 and 0.81 to 0.83 map units is non-neurovirulent for mice. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 705-716.
294. Takayama, H., Ray, J., Raymond, H. K., Baird, A., Hogg, J., Fisher, L. J. and Gage, F. H. (1995) Basic fibroblast growth factor increases dopaminergic graft survival and function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Nature Med. 1, 53-58.
295. Tamayose, K., Hirai, Y. and Shimada, T. (1996) A new strategy for large-scale preparation of high-titer recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors by using packaging cell lines and sulfonated cellulose column chromatography. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 507-513.
296. Thompson, R. L. and Stevens, J. G. (1983) Biological characterization of a herpes simplex virus intertypic recombinant which is completely and specifically nonneurovirulent. Virology 131, 171-179.
297. Thompson, R. L., Rogers, S. K. and Zerhusen, M. A. (1989) Herpes simplex virus neurovirulence and productive infection of neural cells is associated with a function which maps between 0.82 and 0.832 map units on the HSV genome. Virology 172, 435-450.
298. Tratschin, J. D., West, M. H., Sandbank, T. and Carter, B. J. (1984) A human parvovirus, adeno-associated virus, as a eukaryotic vector: transient expression and encapsidation of the prokariotic gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 2072-2081.
299. Tratschin, J. D., Miller, I. L., Smith, M. G. and Carter, B. J. (1985) Adeno-associated virus vectors for high frequency integration, expression, and rescue of genes in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 3251-3260.
300. Trempe, J. P., Mendelson, E. and Carter, B. J. (1987) Characterization of adeno-associated virus rep proteins in human cells by antibodies raised against rep expressed in Escherichia coli. Virology 161, 18-28.
301. Tripathy, S. K., Black, H. B., Goldwasser, E. and Leiden, J. M. (1996) Immune responses to transgene-encoded proteins limit the stability of gene expression after injection of replication-defective adenovirus vectors. Nature Med. 2, 545-550.
302. Tuszynski, M. H., Peterson, D. A., Ray, J., Baird, A., Nakahara, Y. and Gage, F. H. (1994) Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 126, 1-14.
303. Valentine, R. C. and Pereira, H. G. (1965) Antigens and structure of the adenovirus. J. Mol. Biol. 68, 2544-2555.
304. Van Esseveldt, K. E., Liu, R., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Verhaagen, J. and Boer, G. J. (1997) Adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer and neurotransplantation: approaches, possibilities and limitations in suprachiasmatic nucleus grafting. J. Neurosci. Meth. 71, 113-124.
305. Van der Vliet, P. C. (1995) Adenovirus DNA replication, In The molecular repertoire of adenoviruses, vol. 2, pp. 1-31, Eds W. Doerfler and P. Bohm.
306. Van Lockeren Campagne, M., Oestreicher, A. B., Van Bergen en Henegouwen, P. M. P. and Gispen, W. H. (1989) Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of B-50/GAP-43, a protein kinase C substrate, in isolated presynaptic nerve terminals and neuronal growth cones. J. Neurocytol. 18, 479-489.
307. Verhaagen, J., Oestreicher, A. B., Edwards, P. M., Veldman, H., Jennekens, F. G. I. and Gispen, W. H. (1988) Light and electron microscopical study of phosphoprotein B-50 following denervation and reinnervation of the rat soleus muscle. J. Neurosci. 8, 1759-1766.
308. Verhaagen, J., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Oestreicher, A. B., Gispen, W. H., Rabkin, S. D., Pfaff, D. W. and Kaplitt, M. G. (1994) Expression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP-43 via a defective herpes-simplex virus vector results in profound morphological changes in non-neuronal cells. Mol. Brain Res. 26, 26-36.
309. Vogt, L., Giger, R. J., Ziegler, U., Kunz, B., Buchstaller, A., Hermens, W. T. J. M. C., Kaplitt, M. G., Rosenfeld, M. R., Pfaff, D. W., Verhaagen, J. and Sonderegger, P. (1996) Curr. Biol. 6, 1153-1158.
310. Watson, R. J. and Clemens, J. B. (1978) Characterization of transcription-deficient temperature sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 91, 364-379.
311. Wang, Q. and Taylor, M. W. (1995) Correction of deletion mutant using adenovirus vector. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 918-927.
312. Wang, S. and Vos, J. (1996) A hybrid herpesvirus infectious vector based on Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 for gene transfer into human cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 70, 8422-8430.
313. Wickham, T. J., Mathias, P., Cheresh, D. A. and Nemerow, G. R. (1993) Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 promote adenovirus internalization but not virus attachment. Cell 73, 309-319.
314. Whitehouse, P. J., Price, D. L. and Struble, R. G. et al. (1982) Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science 215, 1237-1239.
315. Wold, W. S. and Gooding, L. R. (1991) Region E3 of adenovirus: a cassette of genes involved in host immunosurveillance and virus-cell interactions. Virology 184, 1-8.
316. Wolfe, J. H., Deshmane, S. L. and Fraser, N. W. (1992) Herpesvirus vector gene transfer and expression of β-glucuronidase in the central and peripheral nervous system of MPS VII mice. Nature Genet. 1, 379-384.
317. Wolff, J. A., Fisher, L. J., Xu, L., Jinnah, H. A., Langlais, P. J., luvone, P. M., O'Malley, K. L., Rosenberg, M. B., Shimohama, S., Friedmann, T. and Gage, F. H. (1989) Grafting fibroblasts genetically modified to produce L-DOPA in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9011-9014.
318. Wood, M. J. A., Byrnes, A. P., Pfaff, D. W., Rabkin, S. D. and Charlton, H. M. (1994) Inflammatory effects of gene transfer into the CNS with defective HSV-1 vectors. Gene Ther. 1, 283-291.
319. Wood, M. J. A., Charlton, H. M., Wood, K. J., Kajiwara, K. and Byrnes, A. P. (1996) Immune responses to adenovirus vectors in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 19, 497-501.
320. Wu, L., and Morahan, P. S. (1992) Macrophages and other non-specific defences: role in modulating resistance against herpes simplex virus. In Herpes simplex viruses, pp. 89-110. Ed. B. T. Rouse.
321. Xiao, X., Li, J. and Samulski, R. J. (1996) Efficient long-term gene transfer into muscle tissue of immunocompetent mice by adeno-associated virus vector. J. Virol. 70, 8098-8108.
322. 1 containing receptors and increases inferior collicular seizure sensitivity. Brain Res. 756, 76-83.
323. Xu, H., Federoff, H., Maragos, J., Parada, L. F. and Kessler, J. A. (1994) Viral transduction of TrkA into cultured nodose and spinal motor neurons conveys NGF responsiveness. Dev. Biol. 163, 152-161.
324. Yang, Q., Chen, F., and Trempe, J. P. (1994a) Characterization of cell lines that inducibly express the adeno-associated virus rep proteins. J. Virol. 68, 4847-4856.
325. Yang, Y., Nunes, F. A., Berencsi, K., Goncol, E., Engelhardt, J. F., Wilson, J. M. (1994b) Cellular immunity to viral antigens limits E1-deleted adenoviruses for gene therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4407-4411.
326. Yang, Y., Nunes, F. A., Berencsi, K., Gonczol, E., Engelhardt, J. F. and Wilson, J. M. (1994c). Inactivation of E2a in recombinant adenoviruses limits cellular immunity and improves the prospect for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis. Nat. Genet. 7: 362-369.
327. Yang, Y., Ertl, H. C. J. and Wilson, J. M. (1994d) MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes to viral antigens destroy hep-atocytes in mice infected with E1-deleted recombinant adeno-viruses. Immunity 1: 433-442.
328. Yang, Y., Li, Q., Ertl, H. C. and Wilson, J. M. (1995a) Cellular and humural immune response to viral antigens create barriers to lung-directed gene therapy with recombinant adenoviruses. J. Virol. 69: 2004-2015.
329. Yang, Y., Trinchieri, G. and Wilson, J. M. (1995b) Recombinant IL-12 prevents formation of blocking IgA antibodies to recombinant adenovirus and allows repeated gene therapy to mouse lung. Nat. Med. 1: 890-893.
330. Yakobson, B., Koch, T. and Winocour, E. (1987) Replication of adeno-associated virus in synchronized cells without the addition of a helper virus. J. Virol. 61, 972-981.
331. Yeh, P., Dedieu, J., Orsini, C., Vigne, E., Denefle, P. and Perricaudet, M. (1996) Efficient dual transcomplementation of adenovirus E1 and E4 regions from a 293-derived cell line expressing a minimal E4 functional unit. J. Virol. 70, 559-565.
332. Yonish-Rouach, E., Resnitzky, D., Lotem, J., Sachs, L., Kimchi, A. and Oren, M. (1991) Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 352, 345-347.
333. Zhang, Y. and Sneider, R. (1993) Adenovirus inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and the specific translation of late viral genes. Semin. Virol. 4, 229-236.
334. Zhang, Y. and Sneider, R. (1994) Adenovirus inhibition of cell translation facilitates release of virus particles and enhances degradation of the cytokeratin network. J. Virol. 68, 2544-2555.
335. Zhao, H., Otaki, J. M. and Firestein, S. (1996) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in olfactory neurons in vivo. J. Neurobiol. 30, 521-530.
336. Zhou, H., O'Neal, W., Morral, N. and Beaudet, A. L. (1996) Development of a complementing cell line and a system for construction of adenovirus vectors with E1 and E2a deleted. J. Virol. 70, 7030-7038.
337. Zwiers, H., Wiegant, V. M., Schotman, P. and Gispen, W. H. (1978) ACTH-induced inhibition of endogenous rat brain protein phosphorylation in vitro: structure activity. Neurochem. Res. 3, 455-463.